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Introduction: Telehealth systems, including patient telemonitoring systems, have consistently faced challenges in user adoption since their introduction. The diversity and conflicts in users' views, needs, and concerns about changes in health service delivery create a complex situation, which can be defined as a "soft problem." Designing these systems requires an approach to understand the issues and complexities and achieve feasible solutions considering the social and cultural conditions of the implementation environment. This research aims to use the modified soft systems methodology framework as a structured method to tackle these soft problems in the design and implementation of patient telemonitoring systems from the perspective of human factors. Methods: This research employs a hybrid approach, incorporating soft systems methodology to identify problems, define requirements, and determine actions, alongside the NASSS framework as a theoretical lens to guide participants' views. This approach was used to develop the patient telemonitoring system with a focus on system adoption. The study involved conducting interviews, drawing rich pictures, analyzing users' views, identifying problems during the finding phase, and performing root definition, CATWOE analysis, and presenting conceptual models in the modeling phase. During the discussion and definition phases, based on conceptual models from physicians' and patients' perspectives, desirable and feasible actions were defined. Results and discussion: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 physicians and 13 patients, individually and in groups of two and three, as end-users of the patient telemonitoring system. The interview results were analyzed, and participants' views were categorized into four issues: telemonitoring process requirements, trust in the system, cost-effectiveness, and the implementation of the telemonitoring system within the current hospital structure and procedures. In the modeling phase, root definitions were created using the PQR formula and enriched with CATWOE analysis. Conceptual models of the problems were then presented based on patients' and physicians' perspectives. Finally, after the discussion and definition phases, desirable and feasible actions for developing the patient telemonitoring system were defined in four dimensions: expected system features, executive processes, required rules and instructions, and necessary policies. Conclusions: The results show that soft systems methodology, by understanding human factors' perspectives and identifying and conceptualizing the problems and complexities of various aspects of the patient telemonitoring system, can significantly aid system developers, implementers, and health system policymakers. It helps them understand the requirements and agreed processes of potential users before design and implementation, reducing resistance and increasing user adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Telehealth systems, including patient telemonitoring systems, have consistently faced challenges in user adoption since their introduction. The diversity and conflicts in users' views, needs, and concerns about changes in health service delivery create a complex situation, which can be defined as a "soft problem." Designing these systems requires an approach to understand the issues and complexities and achieve feasible solutions considering the social and cultural conditions of the implementation environment. This research aims to use the modified soft systems methodology framework as a structured method to tackle these soft problems in the design and implementation of patient telemonitoring systems from the perspective of human factors.Methods: This research employs a hybrid approach, incorporating soft systems methodology to identify problems, define requirements, and determine actions, alongside the NASSS framework as a theoretical lens to guide participants' views. This approach was used to develop the patient telemonitoring system with a focus on system adoption. The study involved conducting interviews, drawing rich pictures, analyzing users' views, identifying problems during the finding phase, and performing root definition, CATWOE analysis, and presenting conceptual models in the modeling phase. During the discussion and definition phases, based on conceptual models from physicians' and patients' perspectives, desirable and feasible actions were defined.Results and discussion: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 physicians and 13 patients, individually and in groups of two and three, as end-users of the patient telemonitoring system. The interview results were analyzed, and participants' views were categorized into four issues: telemonitoring process requirements, trust in the system, cost-effectiveness, and the implementation of the telemonitoring system within the current hospital structure and procedures. In the modeling phase, root definitions were created using the PQR formula and enriched with CATWOE analysis. Conceptual models of the problems were then presented based on patients' and physicians' perspectives. Finally, after the discussion and definition phases, desirable and feasible actions for developing the patient telemonitoring system were defined in four dimensions: expected system features, executive processes, required rules and instructions, and necessary policies.Conclusions: The results show that soft systems methodology, by understanding human factors' perspectives and identifying and conceptualizing the problems and complexities of various aspects of the patient telemonitoring system, can significantly aid system developers, implementers, and health system policymakers. It helps them understand the requirements and agreed processes of potential users before design and implementation, reducing resistance and increasing user adherence.

Introduction: The increasing growth of science and specialized articles in various fields, especially in health and treatment, has faced researchers with the challenge of keeping up with this progress. Review research provides researchers with the possibility to gain access to an acceptable and categorized amount of information by spending less time and money and helps them reach the original essence of the research. However, carrying out such research is very difficult because it requires deep knowledge of the specific field as well as reviewing several studies to find and gather appropriate information. By developing a system, we intended to help researchers in the process of categorizing, extracting, and aggregating data and findings. This study aimed to design and implement a database management system to review studies in the field of medicine and health. Method: This practical study was done in 2022, and associated with software development. The system was developed in three stages as follows: 1) analysis, 2) implementation, and 3) testing and troubleshooting. This system is implemented using the frameworks based on JavaScript, Angular on the front-end side and Node JS on the back-end side. In the final stage, the system was tested using actual research, and possible defects and problems were detected and solved; finally, the system was handed over to the research team to conduct new research. Results: In the process of testing the system, we found that by using this system, the accuracy of the information entry process can be greatly increased, and the analysis of the results can be done online with high speed and accuracy. Conclusion: The results of the present analysis can help policy makers for appropriate legislation and business managers to solve identified problems and increase user trust and satisfaction.

Turbopump propulsion systems have been used in almost all launch vehicles. With the advancement of manufacturing technologies, especially in the use of composite and lightweight structures, the use of non-turbopump propulsion systems has been considered due to the reduction of operating costs. This study has been investigated the multi-disciplinary optimization design of a two-stage launch vehicle using a pressure-fed propulsion system for both stages. Two main propulsion systems including gas-pressure and self-pressure feeding systems, have been evaluated in different configurations on two launcher stages. To extracting the optimum and possible solution, the launcher mission also has been added as a design variable in the optimization algorithm. The launcher has been extracted and introduced for each specific configuration of the launcher to achieve a certain orbital altitude with the maximum carrying payload and minimum gross mass. For this purpose, the AAO multidisciplinary optimization design framework has been used. The system-level and subsystem optimizer of the GA-SQP algorithm have been chosen.

Objective: Objective: After explaining the relationship between constraints and future research, one of the things that are effective in predicting or even making future in all areas is future literacy. It can be acknowledged that future literacy is a scientific skill that develops a better understanding of the predicted assumptions. Future literacy or future is an educational framework that makes it possible to visualize the approaches for the future.Health-centric exercise or sports for all are sports activities that are followed by the vitality of joy and health at the level of different societies. Future or lost literacy is a valuable futures study in sports. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to design a general informed forecasting system based on future literacy, which in this study was specifically tested on public sports.Methodology: This qualitative research, which is exploratory-fundamental in nature, with a focus on social constructivism and using the constructivist approach of the basic theory, presents a short-range theory in conscious forecasting based on future literacy. Research data were collected through purposive sampling using snowball technique and based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with experts in the field of futures, research and sports management. The number of participants in the study using the theoretical saturation index reached 14 people.In this study, data were coded and decomposed according to the field theory and with the construction approach. Instead of emphasizing the collection of facts and describing the actions, this approach emphasizes views, values, beliefs, feelings, defaults and ideologies of individuals. At the same time, interviews and receive feedback from interviewees during return to existing texts and documents, initial implications and codes were modified and modified. In this research, in all sampling process, three stages of free, communication and theoretical sampling stages were observed in the basis of the use of the construction approach of data theorem.Results: In this study, a multi-part model consisting of the main components of support processes, main processes, future images, future literacy and approaches was obtained. In this model, it was found that future literacy, which means encoding and decoding future images, can make conscious predictions about the future of public sports by using present-day potentials and existing processes.Conclusion: The arbitrary theory acknowledges that future literacy, which is an accessible skill based on human intrinsic capacity, can be based on current time potentials such as the main processes, such as identifying weak signals, surprises, macro trends, propulsion forces, uncertainties, design Strategic radar, based on environmental scanning and backup processes, such as inter-surface participation, key actor analysis, perspective, planning, entirely, cramps, and reengineering, make upcoming images; The upcoming literacy by decoding or coding these images based on the empowerment loop, which consists of four elements of awareness of the past and present, choosing and participating in the present and discovering in the coming time, provide information for different future.The existing system, beyond the conventional views in futures studies, can be a starting point for modeling informed predictions in sports.

Orbital transfer blocks has the task of transferring satellites to objective orbits from parking orbit. In this paper, Attention will be given to multidisciplinary optimal design of the propulsion system of two liquid component which is one of the most important subsystems of Orbital transfer blocks. Designing with multi objective bipropellant system, based on minimum total mass and maximum Isp, and at the end mentioned to costs and compared. For combinations of NTO as Oxidizer and fuels which are: UDMH, MMH, Hydrazine and RP-1 then for usual structures that utilized in this systems, design and optimization occurred by multi objective hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithms.

The CANSAT design, a simple and small scale of a satellite, is an experience for preparing for the design of a Life cycle of the space project. In this paper, the process of design and construction of ARTA CanSat, which is participated in the scientific-exploratory class of international competition in CANSAT Iran, has been written. The operation scenario is that an automatic scanner system, lands after releasing from 300 meters above ground level with using a recovery subsystem (parachute), which is controlled its downfall and landing position by the parachute controller system. During the descent, the data is transmitted by the sensors and sent to the ground station. After touchdown, the Hotwire system's operates and separates the parachute from the Rover section; Then CanSat with the moving on the ground by using the simpler section embedded underneath the structure, performing excavation while moving to the target point. Throughout the mission, the health of the biological payload is preserved.

Background: Information technology application in health care is increasing. The aim of this study, is to introduce a scientific model for designing an electronic system for managing patient transfer. Materials and Methods: This study is an exploratory qualitative study. At first a review of literature was carried out for identifying clinical, managerial and process indicators necessary for patient transfer. Then 30 experts, who had vast experiences on patient transfer, were selected using purposive sampling approach and their informational needs were extracted using focus group discussion and semi-structured interviews. Then clinical indicators extracted from literature review and informational needs collected from interviews were distributed among 51 experts in the form of Delphi questionnaires. Process indicators were also distributed among 35 experts to summarize all necessary indicators for designing patient transfer system. At the final step an expert panel approved the model. Results: Thirty eight process indicators and 249 clinical and managerial components were finalized for designing the system. The process indicators were used for designing “monitoring and reports sections” of the system. The clinical indicators were used for designing “main sections” of the system including request for patient transfer, automatic algorithm for selecting destination hospital, information flow cycle, communicating clinical data and documentation. Final model also includes user interfaces relevant to responsibility of the user. Conclusion: The proposed model, which contains necessary indicators for patient transfer, can communicate clinical information among hospitals and by providing proper infrastructure, will be able to improve patient transfer process.

Background: Information technology application in health care is increasing. The aim of this study, is to introduce a scientific model for designing an electronic system for managing patient transfer. Materials and Methods: This study is an exploratory qualitative study. At first a review of literature was carried out for identifying clinical, managerial and process indicators necessary for patient transfer. Then 30 experts, who had vast experiences on patient transfer, were selected using purposive sampling approach and their informational needs were extracted using focus group discussion and semi-structured interviews. Then clinical indicators extracted from literature review and informational needs collected from interviews were distributed among 51 experts in the form of Delphi questionnaires. Process indicators were also distributed among 35 experts to summarize all necessary indicators for designing patient transfer system. At the final step an expert panel approved the model. Results: Thirty eight process indicators and 249 clinical and managerial components were finalized for designing the system. The process indicators were used for designing “monitoring and reports sections” of the system. The clinical indicators were used for designing “main sections” of the system including request for patient transfer, automatic algorithm for selecting destination hospital, information flow cycle, communicating clinical data and documentation. Final model also includes user interfaces relevant to responsibility of the user. Conclusion: The proposed model, which contains necessary indicators for patient transfer, can communicate clinical information among hospitals and by providing proper infrastructure, will be able to improve patient transfer process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design method presented in this paper is for utilizing, fast and easy system designing of orbital transfer block for transferring satellite from park orbit to destination orbit. The main purpose of this paper is system designing liquid propellant orbital transfer block with a new approach for ideal orbital transfer and presenting a simple interfered systematic method for designing aerospace products. Designing orbital transfer block consists of designing all subsystems and integrating all parts of design. Designing all subsystems can be achieved with a meaningful connection between all system and subsystem constraints. In addition to systematic design approach to each of the design sub algorithms, creating subsystem optimization environment according to physical performance of subsystem and also general integration of orbital transfer block system design in an optimized environment have been carried out. Final result of orbital transfer block design for a specific mission is through mass-dimension convergence of equations in integrated design. Design integration according to design matrix and optimizations and convergences of the design is discussed in the paper. According to presented method, which is scientific, functional and extensible to final design of the product, parametric process of results is briefly validated. So in this paper new method is provided for integrating the design in an optimized and collaborative convergence environment maintaining all systemic constraints and limitations to specify specifications of orbital transfer block systems and subsystems.

The design method presented in this paper is for utilizing, fast and easy system designing of orbital transfer block for transferring satellite from park orbit to destination orbit. The main purpose of this paper is system designing liquid propellant orbital transfer block with a new approach for ideal orbital transfer and presenting a simple interfered systematic method for designing aerospace products. Designing orbital transfer block consists of designing all subsystems and integrating all parts of design. Designing all subsystems can be achieved with a meaningful connection between all system and subsystem constraints. In addition to systematic design approach to each of the design sub- algorithms, creating subsystem optimization environment according to physical performance of subsystem and also general integration of orbital transfer block system design in an optimized environment have been carried out. Final result of orbital transfer block design for a specific mission is through mass-dimension convergence of equations in integrated design. Design integration according to design matrix and optimizations and convergences of the design is discussed in the paper. According to presented method, which is scientific, functional and extensible to final design of the product, parametric process of results is briefly validated. So in this paper new method is provided for integrating the design in an optimized and collaborative convergence environment maintaining all systemic constraints and limitations to specify specifications of orbital transfer block systems and subsystems.

The purpose of this article is to system design methodology of Propellant Management Device (PMD) for hydrazine fuel tank which used in low (zero) gravity conditions. To this end, the suggestion system design flowchart has three main steps that concluded: step one, Tank design and modeling; step two, PMD design and modeling and step three, stored fuel treatment simulation and analysis. In the design flowchart has performed the result of each step based on mission inputs. Therefore, rejected results in each step led to vary the related parameters. Thus Solid Works software is used to primary PMD and tank modeling. Then, numerical simulation is performed to consider PMD's performance and to illustrate the capillary phenomenon for continues fuel transferring in zero-gravity conditions.Also, numerical methods are used to analysis of the tank and the fuel behavior inside the tank with PMD to optimize system design parameters. Hence, Ansys software used to finalize modelling, analysis, meshing and consideration of fuel behavior in PMD by utilizing the Volume Of Fluid (VOF) method. The optimal system parameters related to specifications of PMD with maHimum performance of mass and volume flow rates in zero gravity. In conclusion, by comparing the results (PMD performance) with experimental and existing results will be verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To design a manned spacecraft carrying one to two crews to the low Earth orbits, design phases should be completed in various levels. It also needs to gather manned spacecrafts technical data which is developed in the same category. In the system design algorithm presented in this paper, the conceptual design sequences of a manned spacecraft named Dousti is accomplished systematically.First of all, in accordance with a target group of manned spacecrafts’ mission, Dousti’s mission profile is defined and system level requirements are recognized. User’s requirements are also considered in the mission profile and subsequently in system level requirements.General characteristics of Dousti spacecraft as well as its mass and dimensional features are derived in the next step. Statistics and parametric models are systematically applied in design sequence. Then, final characteristics of the spacecraft’s main subsystems designed through engineering methods and applying parametric models are introduced.Afterwards, resulting characteristics of the spacecraft are traded off to reform and then validated by statistics and parametric models to present the final plan.

Designing a manned spacecraft carrying one or two persons to low Earth orbits needs to recognize system level requirements and acquire technical data developed in this eria. Revising manned spacecrafts’ characteristics leads to recognize system level requirements and achieve applicable results which are needed to design and development of such a spacecraft. Manned spacecraft characteristics comparing charts and figures show a roughly analogous pattern in terms of mass and dimensions and confirm the parallel subsystems have similar performance.

The purpose of this article is the implementing the upper stage design according to multistep sequential optimization design process for specific maneuvers with less mass in reality. In this method there is two optimization and design loops which are connected to each other in mass analysis. So all the output parameters in inner loop are used as input parameters of outer loop. In the inner loop, optimization control algorithm is used to optimize the target function, as for two control factors including thrust vector angle and thrust magnitude for putting upper stage into final orbit. In outer loop, subdivision designed separately according to design matrix using input parameters from inner loop. Design convergence checked in mass analysis. Innovation of this article is implementing a fully systematic upper stages design. Also a system-based method is provided by cooperation of human and machine (multistep collaborative design) which in addition to system design discussed subsystem design such as orbital optimization and subdivision algorithms. Results of this design are verified according to result of statistical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]