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Identifying, detecting, classifying and separating unexploded ordnance (UXO) is one of the essential needs of countries and societies that have been involved in war. Marine mines submerged in seawater or buried in land are a common danger in many areas of the world. The majority of mines are composed of metal and explosive materials. There are many non- destructive schemes for detecting the location, orientation and depth of a metallic mine (modeled as a perfectly conducting sphere and spheroid). These methods of exploration of such materials, which are mainly based on geophysical methods, have a special importance and capability in terms of economy and safety. A major challenge of detecting a metallic object is to discriminate the object, such as an unexploded ordnance, from the noisy environment. It takes time and resources to identify the object, especially due to false signals from other metal objects and cultural features such as metal buildings, pipelines, and oil well casings. By measuring the secondary response of an electrically conductive object placed in a low frequency primary magnetic field, distinct spectral characteristics such as electrical conductivity, magnetic permeability, object geometry, and size can be obtained. Being one of the frequency domain methods, the Electromagnetic Induction method (EMI) is an efficient geophysical method that is used to identify land mines and sea mines. This technique takes into account Eddy-Current Response (ECR) induced on the conducting marine mines as well as Current-Channeling Response (CCR) associated with the perturbation of currents induced in the conductive marine environment. In the processing of the data obtained from geophysical surveys, especially in the EMI, such anomalies are modeled with simple geometric objects such as spheres or spheroids. In the first step of data interpretation and to determine the dimensions of the model that indicates the type of mine or bomb and also to determine its location, it is necessary for the interpreter to have a clear view of how the electromagnetic induction response depends on the geometrical and physical parameters of such materials. For this purpose, in this article, the changes and behavior of the received electromagnetic induction response in the receiver coil are investigated according to the depth, dimension and orientation of the abnormality. The graphs obtained are examined and analyzed using the mentioned variables. While qualitatively determining the state of abnormality to a large extent, the obtained results can be useful in numerical methods of calculation of geometrical and physical quantities of anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

مقدمه:سندرم اهلرز- دانلس (Ehlers-Danlos یاEDS) شامل گروهی از اختلالات ارثی نادر و ناهمگون بافت همبند است که با افزایش محدوده‌ی حرکات مفصل، شکنندگی و افزایش قابلیت ارتجاعی پوست مشخص می‌شود. تشخیص این سندرم اغلب دشوار می‌باشد و بیشتر بر معیارهای بالینی و سابقه‌ی فامیلی استوار است. تاکنون ضایعات پوستی مختلفی از این بیماری گزارش شده است و علت اصلی گزارش این مورد، وجود ضایعات پوستی مختلف و همزمان در این بیمار بود. معرفی بیمار:بیمار، پسر 11 ساله‌ای بود که با ضایعات پوستی در ساعد راست، آرنج چپ و زانوی راست در پی ترومای خفیف مراجعه نمود؛ وی سابقه‌ی ضایعات مشابه، تأخیر در ترمیم زخم، کبودی آسان و دررفتگی مکرر مچ‌ها را نیز از کودکی ذکر می‌کرد. با توجه به علائم بالینی، تشخیص احتمالی سندرم اهلرز- دانلس برای وی مطرح گردید ولی به دلیل عدم وجود تست تشخیصی اختصاصی آن در کشور، این تشخیص قطعی نشد. پس از برداشت و ارسال ضایعات پوستی بیمار به آزمایشگاه آسیب شناسی، ندول اسفروئید ساعد، هماتوم سازمان یافته در آرنج و کیست کراتینی در زانوی راست تشخیص داده شد. نتیجه‌گیری:در سندرم اهلرز- دانلس ضایعات پوستی مختلفی، مانند نکروز چربی و هماتوم تروماتیک، فتق چربی به داخل درم با کلسیفیکاسیون و اسکارهای آتروفیک، گزارش شده است. وجود سه ضایعه‌ی پوستی هم‌زمان، به ویژه کیست کراتینی پرفوره با آماس برجسته‌ی جسم خارجی، این مورد را از گزارش‌های قبلی متمایز می‌کند. بنا بر بررسی‌های صورت گرفته، بیمار گزارش شده اولین مورد سندرم اهلرز- دانلس با تظاهرات اختصاصی پوستی در کشور می‌باشد. معرفی بیمار:بیمار، پسر 11 ساله‌ای بود که با ضایعات پوستی در ساعد راست، آرنج چپ و زانوی راست در پی ترومای خفیف مراجعه نمود؛ وی سابقه‌ی ضایعات مشابه، تأخیر در ترمیم زخم، کبودی آسان و دررفتگی مکرر مچ‌ها را نیز از کودکی ذکر می‌کرد. با توجه به علائم بالینی، تشخیص احتمالی سندرم Ehlers-Danlos برای وی مطرح گردید ولی به دلیل عدم وجود تست تشخیصی اختصاصی آن در کشور، این تشخیص قطعی نشد. پس از برداشت و ارسال ضایعات پوستی بیمار به آزمایشگاه آسیب شناسی، ندول اسفروئید ساعد، هماتوم سازمان یافته در آرنج و کیست کراتینی در زانوی راست تشخیص داده شد. نتیجه‌گیری:در سندرم Ehlers-Danlosضایعات پوستی مختلفی، مانند نکروز چربی و هماتوم تروماتیک، فتق چربی به داخل درم با کلسیفیکاسیون و اسکارهای آتروفیک، گزارش شده است. وجود سه ضایعه‌ی پوستی هم‌زمان، به ویژه کیست کراتینی پرفوره با آماس برجسته‌ی جسم خارجی، این مورد را از گزارش‌های قبلی متمایز می‌کند. بنا بر بررسی‌های صورت گرفته، بیمار گزارش شده اولین مورد سندرم Ehlers-Danlos با تظاهرات اختصاصی پوستی در کشور می‌باشد. واژگان کلیدی: سندرم Ehlers-Danlos (EDS)، تومور کاذب مولوسکوئید، اسفروئید، کیست کراتینی

Background: Proliferation and expansion of cancer stem cells as spheroids were proved in previous studies. But, capability of primary tumor-derived stem cells to keep their unique properties in vitro is still disputed. So, the goal of this study was to isolate, expand and characterize of colon cancer-derived stem cells. Materials and Methods: In the present work, colon cancer stem cells markers including CD44 and EPCAM in spheroid and parental cells were analyzed by low cytometry. The expression levels of stemness genes in both spheroid and parental cells were investigated using real-time PCR. Tumorigenic potential of spheroid cells was evaluated and used implantation of tumor xenografts into nude mice. Results: Our data shows 79% of spheroids were CD44+/EpCAM+, while parental cells only expressed 20% of CD44/EpCAM markers (p< 0.01). In compared with the parental cells, the expression levels of "stemness" genes, like Sox2, Oct4, Nanog, C-myc, and Klf4 were significantly increased in spheroid cells (p< 0.05). Furthermore, as little as 1000 spheroid cells were suficient to obtain tumor growth in nude mice, while 1x106 of parental cells was needed to generate tumor. Conclusion: Sphere formation assay is a useful method to enrich cancer stem cells. Spheroid cells showed increasing expression of stemness genes and tumorigenic activity in nude mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cancer stem cells are subpopulation of cancer cells that show self-renewal potential and the capacity to differentiate into diverse populations comprising a tumor. One of the characteristics of CSCs is their ability to form floating spheroids under anchorage-independent conditions in a serum-free media. The aim of this study was isolation of colon cancer stem cells by sphere formation assay and characterization of them in human colonic adenocarcinoma HT-29. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, colon CSCs markers including CD44 and EPCAM in spheroid and HT-29 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression levels of stemness genes in both spheroid and HT-29 cells were investigated using real-time PCR. Tumorigenic potential of spheroid cells was evaluated using in vivo xenografts assay. Results: Our data showed over 92% of spheroids were CD44+ /EpCAM+ , while HT-29 cells only have expressed 37% of CD44/EpCAM markers. In compared with the HT-29 cells, expression levels of ‘‘stemness'' genes, like Sox2, Oct4, Nanog, C-myc, and Klf4 were significantly increased in spheroid cells (p< 0.05). Further, As little as 2500 spheroid cells were sufficient to obtain tumor growth in nude mice, while 1x106 of HT-29 cells was needed to form tumor. Conclusion: Our data suggest that spheroid formed by colon cancer cell lines highly enriched in CSCs and showed increasing expression of stemness genes and tumorigenic in nude mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ehlers-danlos syndrome is consisted of a group of heterogeneous and rare inherited disorders of connective tissue that is diagnosed by increased range of joint movements, friability, and increasing of skin elasticity. The diagnosis of this syndrome is often difficult and based on clinical criteria and family history. Many skin lesions are reported from the disease up to now and various and simultaneously skin lesions in this case is the main propose of this report. Case report: A 11-year-old male with cutaneous lesions on the right forearm, left elbow, and right knee was referred after a mild injury. Patient recalled history of similar lessions, delay in wound healing, easy bruising, and recurrent dislocation of wrist from childhood period. According to clinical manifestation, Ehlers-danlos syndrome was probable diagnosis for this patient. However due to the disavailability of specific diagnostic test in our country, there was no definite diagnosis. After sending biopsies of skin lesions to the pathology laboratory, spheroid nodule of forearm, organized hematoma in the elbow, and keratinous cyst in the right knee were diagnosed. Conclusion: Fat necrosis, traumatic hematoma, hernia of fat into the dermis with calcification and atrophic scars have been reported as various skin lesions in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Three synchronous skin lesions and perforated keratinous cyst with marked inflammatory of foreign body distinguished this case from other similar previous cases. This case is the first case of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome with mentioned cutaneous dermatologic manifestations in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]