Search

Introduction: Potato is the one of the important crop in the world. This plant in terms of consumption rate in the world levels is after rice and wheat. Thus, this crop is considered the maintain food security. However, potato influences the abiotic stress particularly drought and cold. The C-repeat binding factors (CBFs), also termed dehydration-responsive element-binding protein 1 (DREB1) family members, play crucial roles in the acquisition of stress tolerance, but in potato, the underlying mechanisms of stress tolerance remain elusive. The cold and drought stresses are the most abiotic stresses across the world causing to decrease of the crop yield. To gain insight into these mechanisms, CBF1 gene was selected from four potato and was assessed their expression under drought and cold stress conditions. Materials and methods: In order to investigate the effect of cold and drought on growth and development on potato, a experiment was conducted at the the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute located at Karaj, Iran. The experimental design used was randomized complete block design with three replications under drought and cold stress (normal and stressed). Gene expression of CBF1 gene was performed in different tissues (root, stem, leaves, and tuber) under control condiotin. Further, analysis of expression in root and leaves under stress condition. After 3 weeks after cultivated in Karaj, the water stress was induced by irrigation suppression in 2 weeks. sampling was performed 5 weeks after sprouting under drought. Under cold stress, analysis of expression in root and leaves was performed at the 24h and 48h after 3 weeks of sprouting. CBF1 gene was selected as one of important gene in the investigation of molecular mechanism under cold and heat stress in potato. Results and discussion: Average induced expression in response to cold suggested a correlation between potato CBF1 expression and the acquisition of cold tolerance in root. Whereas, the expression of this gene was decreased in leaves. Under drought stress, the expression of CBF1 gene was up-regulated in root. However, the expression rate of CBF1 decreased under stress. Responses that varied between sections may reflect tissue-specific stress tolerance mechanisms, suggesting an effect of ecological context on the development of CBF1 mediated stress tolerance in potato. In this study, the investigation of transcription factor binding sites, co-expressed genes, and gene ontology of CBF1 in potato was performed. This gene is involved in multiple biological processes and pathways. The analysis of promoter showed that CBF1 gene had the highest and the lowest number of the TFBS in MYB and WRKY, respectively. The present study revealed that the CBF1 gene expression in root was the higher than leaves. Conclusion: Overall, it can be concluded that CBF1 gene can contribute to cold and drought tolerance in potato and can be used for genetic and breeding manipulation to improve tolerance to stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Cucumber is one of the important greenhouse vegetables in Iran and the world. This product, in Iran, has the largest area under cultivation in comparison with other greenhouse vegetables, and according to the statistic in 2020, the Office of herbs, vegetables and ornamental plants Ministry of Agriculture, the greenhouse cucumbers area under cultivation in Iran is 15000 ha. Cucumber is the product of warm and temperate season (with mild winters) and is very sensitive to adverse environmental conditions and even rare changes in soil moisture content will have a significant adverse effect on its growth and yield. Cucumber root is shallow, it is fibrous, and its shallow root causes its sensitivity to drought so that its main root penetrates 5–10 cm in heavy soil and 20-30 cm in light soils. This plant has an extensive and almost thin root system that has the possibility of expansion in a wide range horizontally, and, therefore, it can produce mass root, at the depth of 30 cm. In order to study the effect of grafting and water stress on morphological characteristics greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus L), an experiment was conducted as complete randomized block design with three replications. Materials and Methods This research has been carried out in the city of Pars-Abad, Ardabil province, Iran. The longitude of Pars-Abad is 47°55ʹ E, latitude is 39°38ʹ N, and its height distance sea level is 32 meters. This research was done in the greenhouse of the Moghan Agriculture and Natural Resources Faculty in a complete randomized block arranged in split plot with three replications. To determine the characteristic curve of soil moisture, soil samples was selected and the weight moisture percentage at pressures of -0.3, -5, -10 and -15 bar, which include the important potential of the soil, was determined by using Pressure plate’s apparatus and soil moisture characteristic curve was mapped and soil parameters characteristic curve was determined. this study, the main factor included water stress in three levels of 90, 60 and 40% field capacity and the secondary factor included three rootstocks of Shintoza cucurbits (Cucurbita moschata × Cucurbita maxima), Flexi Fort cucurbits (Cucurbita moschata × Cucurbita maxima, cucumber varieties Nagen 972 (Cucumis sativus L.) self-grafted and check (ungrafted) cucumber varieties Nagen was studied as a scion. In this study, the grafting method of hole insertion was used as the best grafting method for Cucurbitaceous. Results and Discussion Duncan test results showed that with increasing stress, the diameter of the main root, at the rootstocks of Shintoza and Flexi Fort, increased almost twice as much as the control. The results showed an approximately 3 times increase in the yield, at the rootstocks of cucurbits at different levels of stress and it had a significant positive relationship at 1% level with the length, diameter and weight of root. The highest yield related to the Flexi Fort rootstocks was obtained 2.99 kg per plant in the water stress condition 90% of field capacity and then Shintoza rootstocks ranked second with 2.617 kg per plant, at 60% water stress. The maximum water use efficiency related to Shintoza rootstocks was at 32% and Flexi Fort rootstocks, Nagen and control, were respectively 30, 22 and 36% of Potential evapotranspiration. Conclusion The results showed that, with increasing water stress, unlike the control, which was associated with decreasing linear trend of yield, Treatments with cucurbits grafting at Shintoza and Flexi Fort rootstock, faced with increased water stress, from 40 % to 90 % of field capacity by minor reducing of product. This can be due to increasing root uptake parameters such as length, weight and length of the main root in these Treatments. Correlation analysis showed a significant relationship at **P

Introduction Drought stress is one of the most important environmental stresses affecting plant growth and yield. Chickpeas are drought tolerant plant, but drought as a limiting factor affects their yield. Drought stress in chickpeas reduces the length of flowering period and decrees the growth period. There are various strategies for mitigating drought stress, in which nanotechnology has received special attention in plant sciences in recent years. The use of nanoparticles in various plant species indicates their positive effects on plant growth and development. Nanoparticles are atomic or molecular assemblies with dimensions of 1-100 nanometers. Highly permeable nanoparticles increase the water uptake of nutrients and ultimately improve growth. The use of nanoparticles can be effective as a way to mitigate the effects of drought stress. Materials and methods The experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment with three replications in a completely randomized design in a greenhouse. The morphological and physiological characteristics of the plant were assessed at different levels (40, 60 and 90 percentage) of field capacity (FC). FC was measured by calculating the amount of soil humidity. The titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) are used in five concentration including 0, 5, 20, 10 and 40 mg/L. Firstly characteristics of nanoparticles were investigated by measuring zeta potential, XRD and TEM. Secondly, a 100 mg/l mother solution was prepared in deionized water. TiO2-NPs were dispersed by ultrasonic bath for 40 min before spraying the solution on the plants. The plants completely were soaked by sprayed solution 4 times each 14 days .Finally after the growth duration some morphological and physiological parameters were measured. The data were analyzed using ANOVA with Statistical Analysis System (Minitab .17) software and the significance of difference between means was determined by Tuky test. Result and discussions The results showed that the leaf area of chickpea was significantly affected by the test factors and their interactions. A 35%-increase in leaf area was observed at the lowest level of irrigation after exposure to 20 mg/L of TiO2-NPs. Chlorophyll index of chickpea was significantly affected by the test factors and their interactions. The interaction of two test factors showed that with an increase in the concentration of TiO2-NPs to 20 mg/L, chlorophyll index of chickpea was increased in all levels of irrigation. At all levels of irrigation, using the concentration of 40 mg/L of TiO2-NPs, the chlorophyll index in chickpea leaves were reduced compared to the concentration of 20 mg/L. The highest osmotic potential was observed in 40% capacity after treatment with 5 and 10 mg/L titanium dioxide nanoparticles. There were no significant differences between 40 and 20 mg/L at this level of irrigation. At all irrigation levels, the application of the nanoparticle produced the highest osmotic potential, and thus, the use of nanoparticles increases the osmotic potential compared to control plants. Osmotic regulation under the water shortage conditions decreases cellular inflammation by maintaining water and collecting material in the cell. Also, the percentage of dry weight of the whole chickpea plants was significantly affected by the test factors and their interactions. The interaction of two factors showed that with the increasing concentration of TiO2-NPs to 20 mg/L, the dry weight of chickpea in the lowest irrigation level was increased by10% compared to control plants. Stomatal conductivity in all irrigation levels had an upward trend by using TiO2-NPs. Conclusion Generally, TiO2-NPs showed a positive effect on the total dry and fresh weight of the whole chickpea plants. The application of 20 mg/L TiO2-NPs at all levels of irrigation reduced drought stress and prevented further plant losses. The application of low concentration of nanoparticles promoted plant growth and at high levels showed inhibitory effects on growth. Taken all together, due to the increasing use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture, nano compounds can be used as an appropriate alternative that increases product quality.

Some rhizobacteria have positive effects on plants growth. Syrian bean-caper (Zygophyllum fabago) is a weed plant with medicinal value. This study was conducted to isolate and identify bacteria from Syrian bean-caper rhizosphere. Characteristics associated with plant growth stimulation, such as phosphate and zinc dissolution, production of Indole acetic acid and antifungal activity, were investigated. The isolates were separately inoculated to the plant and after plant root establishment was ensured, their effectiveness in increasing plant growth in greenhouse conditions was measured. Biochemical and molecular identification results showed that five isolates belonged to the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Pantoea, and Brevibacterium. All five isolates showed some degree of plant growth promotion capabilities. Among the isolates, only the genus Bacillus increased the dry weights of plants significantly. The amount of phosphate solubilization for this isolate was 440 μg ml-1 and its acid production in the culture medium was higher than that in other isolates. The isolate had zinc solubilisation capability and produced 3.89 mg ml-1 indole acetic acid. However, this isolate did not show antifungal activity against two fungal pathogens of Aspergillus niger and Botrytis cinerea.

In order to investigate the effect of water deficit stress and stress modifiers on some morphological and physiological characteristics and yield of Quinoa, a pots factorial experiment, based on a completely randomized design, with 16 treatments and 6 iterations has been done during 2019 at Urmia University. The first factor includes water deficit stress at four levels, stress at the vegetative growth stage, stress at the reproductive growth stage, stress at seed filling stage, and no stress (control). The second factor is foliar spraying of ascorbic acid, salicylic acid, nano-micronutrient chelate fertilizer, and control (water spray). Water deficit stress at different growth stages decreases plant height, a number of laterals, dry weight, fresh weight of vegetative organs, root volume, fresh, and dry weight of root and root length, compared to the control. However, electrolyte leakage and leaf temperature are increased. Results show that water deficit stress at post-anthesis stage decrease grain yield via decreasing 1000-grain weight. Foliar application of growth regulators by improving yield components, increase the yield of quinoa under water deficit stress condition. Therefore, according to the results, it seems that the use of stress modulators in quinoa under water deficit stress with stimulating growth and metabolism, lead to water deficit stress tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have a special place in plant science and promising effects have been reported. To study the effects of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs), 0 (control), 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg L-1, on rooting of cuttings in Lippia citriodora L., a factorial pot experiment in the form of randomized complete block design was set up in the research field of Shiraz University with 4 replications. Results showed that the application of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (10-50 mg L-1) significantly improved the root morphological traits compared to the control treatment. The highest increase in root weight (around 200% compared with control) was recorded in response to 50 mg L-1 MWCNT treatment. The root volume also increased by 165% under 50 mg L-1 MWCNT treatment while the lowest value was observed in cuttings treated with 100 mg L-1MWCNT. The lowest number of roots in cuttings belonged to 100 mg L-1MWCNT treatment. Application of 50 ppm MWCNT in comparison with control treatment significantly increased the number of roots in cuttings (by 50%). The application of this concentration caused the highest amount of root length which was 65.94% more than the control treatment. Although our finding showed promising effects of MWCNT on root of Lippia citriodora, the further comprehensive studies can are suggested on shoot biomass of the herbal plant.

Water stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth and production of crops in arid and semi-arid regions. To evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi species on the growth and yield (quantity and quality) of Onobrychis sativa under water deficit condition, a greenhouse factorial experiment based on completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications was conducted in 2014. Treatments included five species of mycorrhizal fungi (Fanelormis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices, Claroideoglomus claroideum, Funneliformis caledonius, Glomus versiforme and non-mycorrhizal control) and two levels of irrigation (irrigation at 80% [well watering] and 50% [water deficit] field capacity [FC]). The highest grain yield (9.187 g/plant) was obtained from the stressed plants inoculated with Rh. intraradices with the same grain yield of F. mosseae inoculated plants (8.867 g/plant). With a significant reduction in the grain yield of stressed plants, mycorrhizal relationships even increased the yield more than the well-watered plants. Despite the decreases in the grain protein and phosphorous of water-deficit stressed mycorrhizal plants, the highest grain protein content was obtained from the plants inoculated with G. versiforme, and the highest grain phosphorus content was obtained from the plants inoculated with F. mosseae. Mycorrhizal symbiosis enhanced the yield and the quality of Sanfoin grain in water deficit stressed plants due to reducing root volume against the stimulating root elongation. In this way, the species G. versiforme exhibited the greatest positive effect.

In the 3rd issue of the Journal of Language Science, Ehsan Changizi wrote a review on the Aban Yasht written by Changiz Mowlaee. In the 4th issue of the same journal, Mowlaee wrote a critique of that review and evaluated it as being false and incorrect in terms of its contents. In Mowlaee’s response, some subjects of the Avestan language are propounded that must be examined in more detail and be analyzed from the linguistic point of view. In the present article, the most important points are categorized in six classes, but under each subject the other subjects such as phoneme and sound, root, enclitic, clitic and host, relative pronoun or demonstrative pronoun ya, copula verb and attributive clause, predicate possession, enclitic pronoun mē and functions of ethical dative are also discussed. In these discussions it has become clear that for studying ancient texts it is necessary to be familiar with generalities of linguistics. It is only by using modern linguistic issues that one can study the Avestan language free from its rules of writing system. For instance, in Avestan writing system the enclitic pronouns are written separately from their hosts and after each of them a dot has been written. In transcribing the ancient texts, on the other hand, these pronouns should be written connected to their hosts since the pronounced form of the ancient texts is shown in the transcription.

Objective Cold is one of the important stresses in cold and temperate regions and improving cold tolerance is in the top priority of the lentil breeding programs. NAC transcription factors play an important role in response to various biological stresses, including cold stress. Materials and Methods: In this study, to evaluate the expression of MfNAC, MtNAC57 and GmNAC2 genes, the plants of Gachsaran lentil cultivar were subjected to five temprature treatments in a completely randomized design with three replications. Twenty-nine old plants were subjected to duration of cold stress treatments including 6h, 12h, 24h and 48h at 2°-4°c and plants grown under greenhouse conditions (23°C) were considered as controls. Total RNA extraction from tissues was performed using lithium chloride method and cDNA was synthesized using TaKara kit. For each treatment, real-time PCR was performed in both shoot and root in three biological and two technical replications. Actin gene was used as internal control. Results The results of analysis of variance of all studied genes showed that there was a significant difference between the different duration of cold treatments in both shoot and root. GmNAC2 gene expression decreased significantly in the shoot, 6 hours after stress, while in the root, the expression decreased 24 hours after stress. The expression of MtNAC57 gene in 6h, 12h, and 24h treatments decreased compared to control, but in the root in 12h treatment, a significant expression was observed. MfNAC gene in shoot showed a significant reduction in expression in all treatments, while in root a significant increase was only observed during long-term treatment of 48h. Conclusions In the present study, for first time, the expression pattern of some members of NAC gene family was examined in lentils under cold stress and the results could be useful for studies on this plant and other legumes.

Studies have shown that the global climate has been dramatically changed during last decades. The results of the investigations have shown that enhancement of greenhouse gases due to human activities is one of the main factors of climate change in the present century. CO2 is one of the most important greenhouse gases, which has begun to increase rapidly since the mid-19th century. Studies have shown that carbon dioxide concentrations have risen by about 43% from 277-280 ppm since the late 1700s and now the concentration of this gas is close to 400 ppm (Samenow, 2013). According to scientists, carbon dioxide is responsible for 61% of the total global warming. In addition to the harmful effects of increasing the carbon dioxide concentration and global warming, this gas has a positive effect on agriculture, which increases its importance. The results of the research indicate that increasing CO2 concentration causes photosynthesis enhancement also by increasing the photosynthesis dry matter weight increase, and consequently the amount of production increases (Semenow et al., 2012‎). Rogers et al., (1994), indicated that doubling carbon dioxide concentration has led to an increase in plants’ yield approximately by 33%. In addition, environmental conditions such as light, temperature, water and available nutrients, moisture, etc., and the interaction between them, overwhelms the effect of plants on changes in carbon dioxide concentration.

Water shortage in root environment is the main factor limiting crop growth and productivity in dry regions. There are many reports on the role of methanol spraying for increasing drought tolerance in C3 plants. For this reason, a factorial experiment was conducted using completely randomized block design with 3 replications at Khatam Alanbia University of Behbahan. Methanol applied with five levels; (control, 5, 15, 25 and 35% v/v) and water deficit stress with three levels: irrigation at 100% of field capacity, moderate water stress, irrigation at 75% of field capacity and severe water stress, irrigation at 25% of field capacity. Foliar application of methanol was applied 3 times during the growing season (at seedling, flowering and podding stages) with 10-days intervals. Results showed that the interactions of methanol × drought on the root dry weight, root diameter, root length (p

In this research morphological and physiological responses of root and leaves of Gleditschia caspica were studied under salinity stress (control, 4. 8 and 12 ds/m) based on a randomized split plot design with four replicates. The results showed that salinity (12 ds/m) decreased all morphological characteristics exept for root length, aerial biomass and number of leaflet. Root proline in 12 ds/m salinity was equal to 27 mg g-1fw that were 5 times more than control. In contrast to root, leave proline decreased in all salinity treatments. Salinity significantly increased the amount of soluble sugar where in 12 ds/m salinity its amount was 4 times more than control. In contrast to leave, the amount of MDA in root (0.05 mol/g µfw ) was 2.5 times more than control. Salinity decreased the amount of chlorophyll (a, b and total chlorophyll) and the lowest amount for total chlorophyll found in 12 ds/m and was equal to 10.6 mg g-1fw. Salinity decreased root and leave potassium but increased the amount of sodium. The amount of sodium in 12 ds/m salinity was 4 times more than control. Salinity decreased root phosphor and its amounts in control were equal to 1055 mg/kg and in 12 ds/m salinity were equal to 833 mg/kg. Salinity increased leave phosphor in 8 ds/m. It is concluded that the responses of root and leaves to salinity stress were different. Root responsed to salinity by increasing the amounts of proline and leaves responsed by accumulation of sodium in cell vacuoles.

Due to wheat cultivation in semi-arid regions of the world, much attention is paid to the production these days and introduction of cultivars that do not have a significant yield reduction during drought condition. The healthy and developed roots increase the efficiency of water and nutrients absorption that increase the yield. In this research, root length and number, total length of roots and shoot in embryo stage, root fresh and dry weights, volume, length, shoot length and weight, number of leaves and tillers and also root traits like fineness, diameter, water content, root length, length density, specific mass, texture density, mass density, surface area and density indices in seedling were measured. Descriptive statistics of traits estimated and genotypes were classified into nine groups based on the root depth and texture density. Also, analysis of variance of different groups was estimated. Based on the results, 20 genotypes had dense and deep roots, the best indices for drought tolerance. Most traits, except embryonic stage traits, showed significant differences among genotypes. Discriminant function was performed and the amounts of functions were calculated for each group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chia (Salvia hispanica) seeds are so interesting for farmers and researchers and farmers due to their high nutritional value. However, Chia response to environmental factors has poorly been studied. In the present study, the chia response to waterlogging intensity at early growth stages was studied under a factorial experiment with three replications. The experimental treatments were five periods of waterlogging (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks) occurring at different growth stages of Chia (i.e. seedling emergence as well as 2, 4, 6 and 8 leaves stages). Results showed that the waterlogging intensity had a significant interaction effect with the time of the waterlogging occurrence. Leaf number, area and dry weight and root dry weight were strongly reduced by waterlogging while stem growth, height and root volume showed a lower depression. The increase in shoot/root weight ratio in water logging showed the more sensitivity of root to waterlogging. It was observed that the leaf antioxidant capacity was increased by waterlogging during first two weeks and thereafter was diminished while it descended in root after the first week. Totally, the antioxidant activity of leaves was more than roots. Generally, the most chia growth reduction was observed after four weeks of waterlogging and the seedling emergence stage was the most sensitive stage responding to waterlogging stress. After seedling emergence, the chia tolerance to waterlogging was increased; so that it could tolerate the waterlogging for at least one week. In addition, the chia tolerance to waterlogging was commensurate with its antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determaine th effect of root inoculation of Rasha grape cultivar with three species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (G.versiforme, G. etunicatum, G. intraradices) on shoot growth, macro nutrient elements, chlorophyll content, leaf temperature, RWC, soluble sugars and drought symptoms rate under deficiet irrigation condition (75%, 50% and 35% water requirment) a factorial experiment based on RBCD was conducted in Kahriz Horticultural Research Station, Urmia, Iran. Results showed that increasing deficiet irrigation level, reduced shoot growth and fungus inoculation did not have a posetive effect on this trait in comparision with control. Leaf temperature and dry symptoms on leaves was lowest in vines that inoculated with G. versiforme under 35% deficiet irrigation condition. Leaves of vines with this fungus showed the high RWC in all stress tretments, too. By increasing deficiet irrigation level, soluble sugars were decreased in 55% water requirement and then increased in 35% water requirement. Among macro nutrient elements, the highest amount of P (0.14%) was measured in leaves of vines inoculated by G. versiforme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress is one of the most important factors reducing the plant growth and yield. Due to the complexity of factors affecting the drought tolerance or resistance in plants and access to relevant mechanisms, researchers are faced with challenges. Studying the root development can be considered as an important indicator in this regard. On the basis of this study how the development of two species of Eucalyptus roots under drought conditions and at different depths in lysimetric conditions were taken into account. Drought stress was applied in three irrigation levels, including: 100% field capacity (control), 70% field capacity (moderate stress) and 40% field capacity (sever stress) in three replicates. Effects of drought stress on root weight development were studied in six deeps, including: 0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80, 80-100 and 100-120 cm. The results showed that increasing drought stress reduced the roots development in both species significantly. E. micortheca produced more roots than E. sargentii in varying levels of drought stress. The roots of E. microtheca had more deep penetration than E. sargentii in all drought stress treatments. Due to the reasons mentioned, E. microtheca is more resistant to drought stress than E. sargentii.

Water stress is one of the most important factors limiting the growth and production of crops in arid and semi-arid regions. To evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi species on the growth and yield (quantity and quality) of Onobrychis sativa under water deficit condition, a greenhouse factorial experiment based on completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications was conducted in 2014. Treatments included five species of mycorrhizal fungi (Fanelormis mosseae, Rhizophagus intraradices, Claroideoglomus claroideum, Funneliformis caledonius, Glomus versiforme and non-mycorrhizal control) and two levels of irrigation (irrigation at 80% [well watering] and 50% [water deficit] field capacity [FC]). The highest grain yield (9.187 g/plant) was obtained from the stressed plants inoculated with Rh. intraradices with the same grain yield of F. mosseae inoculated plants (8.867 g/plant). With a significant reduction in the grain yield of stressed plants, mycorrhizal relationships even increased the yield more than the wellwatered plants. Despite the decreases in the grain protein and phosphorous of water-deficit stressed mycorrhizal plants, the highest grain protein content was obtained from the plants inoculated with G. versiforme, and the highest grain phosphorus content was obtained from the plants inoculated with F. mosseae. Mycorrhizal symbiosis enhanced the yield and the quality of Sanfoin grain in water deficit stressed plants due to reducing root volume against the stimulating root elongation. In this way, the species G. versiforme exhibited the greatest positive effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Lentil (Lens culinaris Medic) is a member of the leguminosae (Fabaceae) family and an important pulse crop grown in Iran. Growth of lentil plant is highly sensitive to environmental conditions, especially solar radiation, high temperature and water availability. One of the important reasons for unstable lentil yield is the indeterminate growth habit of lentil plants. Extensive vegetative growth, lodging, pod abortion due to limited light interception in the lower part of the canopy, excessive flower and pod shedding, and competition between pods and vegetative parts for photosynthates are all the consequences of indeterminacy and late maturity. Radiation (sunlight) is one the limiting factors in mixed and agroforestry cultivation systems. Crop yield is a function of radiation intercepted over the growing season, the efficiency of converting the intercepted radiation to biomass and the partitioning efficiency of biomass to seed yield. Therefore, in agroforestry production systems, maximizing the limited solar radiation with improved crop management practices such as seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rizobacteria (PGPR) could lead to yield improvement. Intensive use of chemical fertilizers has produced environmental problems and increased the production costs. The recent economic crisis and environmental problems has raised interest in environmental friendly sustainable agricultural practices, which can reduce input costs. N2-fixing may be important for plant nutrition by increasing nitrogen uptake by the plants, and playing a significant role as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in the bio-fertilization of crops. Plant growth-promoting rhizohacteria are able exit a beneficial upon plant growth. Nitrogen fixation and P. solubilization production of antibiotic and increased root dry weight are the principal mechanism for the PGPR. A number of different bacteria promote plant growth, including Azospirillum sp., Azospirillum species are plant growth-promotive bacteria whose beneficial effects have been postulated to be partially due to production of phytohormons, including gibberellins. Materials and Methods An experimental field to study the effect of light intensity on lentil cultivars was conducted using a factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station of Ilam University during the 2012-2013 growing season. Studied factors included shading (control (without shading), 25, 50, 75 and 100% by shading) and bio-priming (control and inoculation with Azospirillum). Lentil Seeds (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivar ILL4400 were sown on 21 February, 2013. 5 rows with 25 cm width and 2 m long designed in a 2×1.3 m plots and seeds planted with 2 cm intervals in North to South direction. Special net cloth with exact thickness was used for shading. The nets were cut and attached on 2×2 m frames according to the plot size and placed 1 m height on plots. During the growth season, hand weeding was done in necessary times, too. Samplings were included plant height, number of branches per plant, number of flowers per plant, leaf dry weight, shoot dry weight, active node in the root, total nodes in root and grain yield. For analysis of variance SAS software version 9.1 was used and graphs charted with excel. Results and Discussion Interaction effects between shading ×bio-priming had the significant effect on studying traits. Increasing the shading and application of Azospirillum increased plant height and total nodes in the root, so that the highest plant height (44 cm) and total nodes in the root (11.3 nodes) were obtained from 100% shading and application of Azospirillum. In this study, the number of leaves per plant, the number of branches per plant, total of flowers per plant, leaf dry weight, shoot dry weight, active node in root and grain yield decreased with increasing shading × check treatment so that the highest number of leaf per plant (91 leaves), number of branch per plant (15.6 branches), total flower per plant (65 flowers), leaf dry weight (1.6 g), shoot dry weight (2.2 g), active node in root (16.6 nodes) and grain yield (2994 kg/ha). Conclusion This study indicated that Azospirillum had a positive effect on lentil and morphologic traits and grain yield revealed a better status in the presence of Azospirillum. In fact, Azospirillum could alleviate the partial of grain yield in presence of shading. In general, using bio-fertilizers and manage integrated nourishment quantitatively and qualitatively is one of the efficient ways to improve plant production. Moreover, the environment would have a better condition if chemical fertilizer consumption reduces. Recent studies demonstrated that using bio- fertilizers not only improve the soil physiological structure but also increase organic matters content and nitrogen available to coexistent plant. Undoubtedly, before massive production and widely application of such products, it is necessary to implement and replicate this experiment in different regions.

In arid and semi-arid regions due to restriction of access to fresh water resources for agricultural production, the major source of irrigation water is salt water. It was argued that the use of magnetic technology and salt water pass through a magnetic field can be helped to improve crop yield where salt water is used. In this regard to investigate effect of salt water passes through the magnetic field on the growth characteristics and yield components of green pepper, an experiment was conducted as completely randomized with split plot design by six treatments and three replications at University of Shahrekord in the summer of 2013. Treatments included two water levels (magnetic and non-magnetic) and salinity at three levels (0.3, 2.3 and 4.2 dS/m). The results showed that magnetic water increases of 12, 19 and 33 percent of the total fruit yield in irrigation water with salinity respectively 0.3, 2.3 and 4.2 dS/m. Also all yield components of the including fresh and dry weight of leaves, stems, roots and root volume of treated water with salinity of 0.3 dS/m highest values than the two others. Magnetic water increases 15 and 11 percent in the weight of stems in salinity of 2.3 and 4.2 dS/m than other non-magnetic levels of its.

A pot experiment was performed to investigate the effects of root, shoot and full plant interference of barley by wild oat on leaf characteristics and root to shoot ratio. This experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete design with four replications. The treatments consisted of four interference levels control, root, shoot and full plant interferences) and four wild oat densities (2, 4, 6 and 8 plants/pot). The effects of full plant and root interferences of barley and wild oat traits were higher than shoot interference. Full and below ground interactions of both species decreased the grain yield, flag leaf area and its chlorophyll content significantly, as compared to above ground interaction and control. All traits under study of wild oat were reduced by above ground interaction compared to control. Grain yield of barley and wild oat showed highest sensitivity to interaction of treatments. There was no significant difference between full and root interferences. Increasing plant density of wild oat decreased per plant seed yield, flag leaf area and chlorophyll content of barley leaf. Reduction of barley grain yield concering root, shoot and full interferences, as compared with control, were 28.75, 73.09 and 77.22 percent respectively. Results also revealed that interference of roots increased competitative ability of oats against barley. This indicates higher sensitivity of shoot than root to interference competition. This ratio for wild oat was more than barley. Therefore wild oat has higher rooting ability as compared to barley.

The capability of plant species to accumulate heavy metals in their organs is a factor to alleviate the pollution in the environment. Plants can alleviate environmental pollution using accumulation, uptake and transformation methods, which can change their antioxidant activities. The present study was conducted to investigate Fe and Cu accumulation in root and shoot of Alyssum linifolium, Salvia multicaulis, Muscari neglactum, and Verbascum Thapsus and their antioxidant responses in a Copper mine located in East Azarbaijan. The results showed that the maximum and minimum accumulation of Fe was respectively recorded in the roots of M. neglactum and V. thapsus). In addition, the highest and lowest Cu accumulation was also found in the roots of M. neglactum and V. Thapsus, while there was no significant difference among plant shoots for Fe and Cu. The maximum and minimum SOD and APX activities were observed in M. neglactum and V. Thapsus, respectively, whereas there was no significant difference for MAD among all plant species.

Introduction: Providing the nutritional requirements of agricultural crops by non-chemical resources is a new approach in the organic farming that has attracted the attention of both the researchers and the consumers in recent years. Therefore, it is highly important to find new fertilizer resources that are both economically able to provide the nutritional needs of the crop plants and have no adverse effects on the consumers and the environment. Materials and Methods: With this approach, an experiment was conducted in the research station of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran in 2012-13. The experimental design was factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The treatments including Mycorrhizal fungi in three levels (i.e. no use of strain; use of Glomus intraradices strain; and use of Glomus mosseae strain), bacteria Azospirillum lipoferum in two-levels (i.e. non-inoculated and inoculated) and wheat cultivars in three levels (i.e. Chamran; Dena; and Behrang). The measured parameters include the concentration of macronutrients (i.e. nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) and some micronutrients (i.e. zinc, iron and manganese) in two part seed and the root of wheat. Results and Discussion: Surveying the elements content in the root and the grain indicated a significant and positive effect of the use the Azospirillum and Mycorrhiza to improve the concentration of the elements in wheat cultivars. However, the simultaneous use of these microorganisms led to an increase of the effects of their application on their assessed traits.Finally the highest concentration of N (2.21 present), P (0.50 present) and Fe (33.88 mg.kg-1) were observed in the grain; the highest concentration of K (0.93 present and 0.54 present) and Mn (43.11 and 23.63 mg.kg-1) were observed in the grain and root, respectively. Moreover, the highest concentration of Zn in the root (19.70 mg.kg-1) was obtained from inoculation of C.V Dena seeds with Azospirillum and the use of G. mosseae. Also, in the general case of Mycorrhiza fungi use (between 6 to 20 present) and seed inoculation with Azospirillum lipoferum (between 8 to 25 present), the improved nutrient content in the seeds as well as greatest impact of Mycorrhiza use is in increasing the content of the grain Zn (20 present) and the lowest effect of Mycorrhiza using is in increasing the nitrogen content in seed (6 percent). Considering the elements content in the grain, the use of bacteria also showed that the greatest impact on increasing the use of bacteria Azospirillum lipoferum is in increasing the iron content in seeds (25 present) and the least impact of the use of Azospirillum lipoferum is in increasing the seed’s manganese (8 present). Moreover, the use of Mycorrhiza fungi (between 7 and 23 present) and seed inoculation with Azospirillum lipoferum (4 to 16 present) improved the contents of nutrients in wheat roots compared with the control group. Here, too, the greatest impact for Mycorrhiza application was in increasing the content of the Zn in the root (23 present) and the lowest effect of Mycorrhiza application was in increasing the potassium content in the root (7 percent). Moreover, considering the elements content in the roots in the case of being treated with Azospirillum lipoferum, the results showed that upon increasing the use of bacteria, the greatest impact of Azospirillum lipoferum in increasing elements content in the roots was an increased iron content in the root (16 present) and the minimum effect of the bactericidal application was in increasing the potassium root (4 present). Comparing the two species of Mycorrhizal fungi that have been used in the experiment, although application Glomus intraradices showed satisfactory results, the use of the species Glomus mosseae to increase the content of the element in seeds and roots has had a greater role. Moreover, the combined effects of these microorganisms have not only had an antagonistic effect of reducing the amount of content, they have also been more effective than being applied separately (between 7 and 12 present). Conclusion: Generally associated with most of the measured elements, the treatment of seed inoculation with Azospirillum lipoferum and usage of Glomus mosseae in Dena cultivar that was a durum wheat, showed the highest concentration of the mentioned elements in the roots and seeds. Probably this has been due to the smaller grains in Dena than the other cultivars, which led to an increase in the ratio of the elements in the grain. Therefore, it seems that the use of the biofertilizers can be the perfect solution to eliminate the nutritional requirements of wheat. Moreover, it has the very important effect of the enrichment of this crucial product in the people’s dietary patterns in this country with the required elements. Keywords: Azospirillum, Nutrition, Wheat, Root, Elements concentration, Mycorrhiza

Understanding of many wood technological features depends on anatomical characteristics which, unfortunately, researchers in Iran have not focused on recently. There are many trees and shrubs in the desert areas of Dasht-e Kavir and Dasht-e Lut with unstudied woody anatomical features. We studied one of these species, Calligonum comosum (Polygonaceae). Three mature shrubs were selected and small cubic samples of woody stem and root were taken. Micro-sections were obtained with micro-tome and after dying with Astra-blue and Safranin the sections were mounted in Canada balsam. The results showed that many differences between roots and stems exist, such as distinct growth rings in the stems and indistinct rings in the roots, the presence of gums in the stems and absence in the roots, and lower ray width of the stems compared to the roots, inherent characteristics that have been reported by many other researchers. The most important difference between Calligonum comosum’s roots and stems is parenchyma-like fibers in the thin-walled roots which cannot be distinguished from axial parenchyma. The ground tissue of woody roots is parenchymatous cells full of starches, which probably can be related to the drought situation of deserts. The bark of Calligonum comosum has priderm and sclereid cells which make the bark stiff and hard. Also the result of particleboard of fabricated of Calligonum comosum’s wood showed that boards has at least technical characteristics of European Standard EN 312 and hence the silviculture of this species for stooping of erosion of soil and is suitable species for desertification and its wood can be used for producing of wood based panel.

The response of root to water stress is one of the most important parameters for researchers. Study of growth and distribution of root under different irrigation managements helpsresearchersto a better understanding of soil water content, and the availability of water and nutrition in water stress condition. To investigate the effects of four levels of irrigation under two different deficit irrigation managements on the root length of maize, a study was conducted in 2009. Irrigation managements included fixed irrigation interval-variable irrigation depth (M1) and variable irrigation interval-fixed irrigation depth (M2). Maize plants were planted in 120 large 110-liter containers in a strip-plot design in a randomized complete block with three replications. Root data sampling was done after root washing in five growth stages. The results showed that the effect of irrigation levels on root length was significant (P

Salinity and waterlogging are two abiotic stresses decrease plants yield. In this research, the effects of soil salinization and waterlogging having concentrations of calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and sodium (Na) and K:Na ratio in corn (Zea mays cv. single cross 704) root were studied under greenhouse conditions. A factorial experiment with two factors on the basis of completely randomized design with three replications was performed. The factors under study were: waterlogging duration in five levels (0, 2, 4, 8, 20 days) and soil saturate extract salinity in four levels (0.11, 2, 4, 8 dS/m). A loamy sand soil for plant growth substrate and NaCl salt for establishing the levels of salinity was used. The salinity and waterlogging factors were imposed simultaneously to the plants from the five-leaf stage of plant growth period. The plants were harvested 60 days after sowing and the concentrations of Ca, K, Mg and Na in corn root were determined by dry ashi method. The results showed that by increasing the level of NaCl salinity in the soil, the K concentration and K:Na ratio of corn root were decreased significantly but concentrations of Ca, Mg and Na in corn root were increased significantly. The Mg and Na concentrations of root in waterlogged conditions were significantly lower than that of non-waterlogged conditions but the K and Ca concentrations of root in waterlogged conditions were significantly greater than non-waterlogged conditions. However, the effects of soil waterlogging duration on the Ca, K, Mg and Na concentrations and Na:K ratio of root were dependent on the level of NaCl salinity in the soil. The results demonstrated that even short periods of soil waterlogging had considerable long-term effects on the concentrations of Ca, K, Mg and Na and K:Na ratio in corn root under saline and non-saline conditions.

In order to evaluate the electrical conductivity and seedling growth characteristics of red bean seed grown under drought stress and foliar application of zinc and manganese, a split factorial experiment was conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design in the field and also laboratory experiment at Shahrekord University in 2011. Factors included three levels of drought stress (irrigation after 50, 70 and 90 mm evaporation from class A pan) as the main plot and three levels of zinc foliar application (with water, 100 and 200 grams per hectare zinc), and three levels of manganese foliar application (with water, 150 and 300 grams per hectare manganese) in a factorial combination as subplot. The results showed that severe drought stress led to decrease of electrical conductivity while the seedling and root length of red bean seed were increased. In the measured characteristics, Mn foliar application had a significant effect on electrical conductivity and root dry weight. In different Mn foliar application treatments, the lowest electrical conductivity was related to control while the maximum seedling dry weight was observed at 150 g Mn foliar application per hectare. Zn foliar application had a significant effect on all the traits measured during this experiment. Based on means comparison, the highest seedling dry weight, shoot, seedling and root length, as well as the lowest electrical conductivity, belonged to the 100 g Zn foliar application per hectare. The highest root dry weight was obtained for 200 g Zn per hectare which no significant difference was observed with 100 g Zn per hectare. According to the results of this experiment, mild stress and foliar application of zinc and manganese led to increasing the quality of the produced seeds. In total, foliar application of zinc and manganese (at the amount of 100 and 300 g ha-1 respectively) with mild stress (irrigation after 70 mm evaporation from class A pan) are recommended for the production of seeds with high vigor under this region conditions.

Salinity is one of the most important widespread abiotic stresses which causes toxic and nutritional effects as well as loss of water absorption ability by plants. Plants respond to salinity with morphological changes. Due to high susceptibility of chickpea to salt stress, some physiological and morphological responses occur following the stress in this plant. Thus, different concentrations of salt stress (0, 8, 12 dS.m-1) impacts on morphophysiological characteristics were studied in candidate chickpea genotypes; a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design was performed with three replications and four sampling times of one week interval. The results indicated that the most tolerant and susceptible genotype to salinity were MCC760 and MCC806, respectively. By increasing the concentration of sodium chloride at week 4, root dry weight to shoot dry weight ratio increased 0.8 and 2 folds in these genotypes but root dry weight decreased 1.7 and 4 folds. At high stress level (12 dS.m-1), MCC760 genotype had not only the more photosynthetic pigments (including chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids) but also the rate was less in which its chlorophyll stability index (75%) was significantly higher than the others, indicating more than 30% significant differences compared with MCC806. The third week determined as more appropriate time to compare the physiological parameters in which MCC760 and MCC806 genotypes with 1.8 and 3.4 folds had significant difference and lowest relative water content. Overall, the data showed that MCC760 was the most tolerant genotype in response to salinity in this study and also the appropriate time for tolerant assessment were 4th and 3rd weeks after sowing based on Morphological and physiological parameters, respectively.

خشکی یکی از مهمترین تنش های محیطی است که تولید محصولات زراعی در ایران را تحت تاثیر قرار می دهد. سیب زمینی اغلب به عنوان محصولی حساس به خشکی در نظر گرفته شده که مواجهه با تنش آب حتی در دوره های کوتاه مدت از جوانه زنی تا رشد غده، می تواند باعث کاهش معنی­دار عملکرد آن گردد. به منظور بررسی اثر تنش آب در مرحله رشد رویشی بر خصوصیات ریشه و روابط آلومتریک میان آن­ها و اندام­های هوایی در ارقام دیررس و زودرس سیب زمینی، این مطالعه با استفاده از طرح کرت­های خرد شده در قالب بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در سال 1390 در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل آبیاری با دو سطح تنش خشکی و عدم تنش به عنوان عامل اصلی و 20 رقم سیب زمینی در دو گروه دیررس و زودرس به عنوان عامل فرعی بودند. در تیمار تنش، آبیاری بر اساس 60 درصد آب مورد نیاز جهت رسیدن به ظرفیت زراعی انجام شد. درتیمار عدم تنش آبیاری کامل گلدان­ها به اندازه نیاز آبی بر مبنای میزان تخلیه از ظرفیت زراعی انجام شد. صفات مورد بررسی شامل عمق ریشه، وزن خشک ریشه، مجموع طول ریشه­ها، سطح ریشه، قطر ریشه، نسبت وزن ریشه به اندام­های هوایی، نسبت وزن ریشه به وزن برگ و نسبت سطح ریشه به سطح برگ بودند. نتایج نشان داد که تمامی صفات مورد بررسی تحت تاثیر تیمار تنش آب قرار گرفتند. همچنین پاسخ ارقام مختلف در گروه­های رسیدگی دیررس و زودرس به صفات فوق متفاوت بود. تنش آب سبب افزایش انتقال مواد فتوسنتزی به ریشه ها شد که خود باعث افزایش صفات ریشه نظیر وزن خشک ریشه، عمق ریشه، سطح و مجموع طول ریشه گردید.

Aban Yasht is the research on the 5th Yasht of Avesta which is carried out by Dr. Changiz Mowla’i and is published in 1392 (Persian calendar). The 5th Yasht pays tribute to Anahita, the Zoroastrian deity of the waters. In this article, the various parts of the book are introduced, and a short description of the author’s line of action is presented. Afterwards, ten major topics discussed in the book are scrutinized. To compile such a book, the author of Aban Yasht has referred to and quoted from many books and articles written in English, French and German. The points raised in this article are as follows: phoneme, grapheme, the concept of root, statement of the problem, the copula “is”, the pronoun “ya-”, translations, syntactic issues, compounding or compound, and the tone of writing. Some of the points raised in this article are of considerable importance not only in this book but also in most of the research studies on the Iranian ancient languages.

This research was carried out on two canola cultivars (Hayola401 and RGS) at Research Laboratory of Islamic Azad University, Borujerd Branch. In this research the effects of GA3 (0.05 Mm), SA (5 M) and NaCl (75, 100 and 150 Mm) on Na+ and K+ changes in root, shoot, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf weight ratio (LWR) and leaf area ratio (LAR) were evaluated. The results showed that increasing salinity decreased the SLA, LWR and LAR while it decreased the K+ ion and increase the Na+ ion content as compared with those of control treatment. Applying of gibberellic acid and salicylic acid increased SLA, LWR and K+ ion content in root and shoot of the two cultivars significantly, but the effect of GA3 on these traits in higher concentration of NaCl (150 Mm) was not significant. It is therefore concluded that Hayola401 was more tolerant to salinity stress as compared to RGS cultivar.

Uncontrolled use of fossil fuels in industries and the transport sector has led to an increase in concentrations of gaseous pollutants such as sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and their derivatives and ozone (O3). In addition to dry and wet deposition of these gases has been the major route of influx in ionic form into the ecosystem. This investigation was evaluated the effects of simulated acid rain (SAR) with different pH (6.8 as control, 6.5, 6, 5.5, 5, 4.5, 4, 3.5, 3 and 2.5) on germination, growth, elements, protein, photosynthetic pigments contents of Lycopersicon esculentum in hydroponic culture. Experiments were conducted at research laboratory of arak university in summer of 1391. Results were showed that from pH=6.8 until pH=5/5 significantly increased P and K and protein content, root and shoot dry and wet weight. SAR exposure with high acidity (pH=5/5 until pH=2.5) significantly suppressed germination, growth index, measured elements as P and K, protein and photosynthetic pigments, while significant increased sulphur contect from 150% to 550% compared to controls. Maximal amounts sulphur were measured in pH=2/5. Acid rain in low pH were decrease plant growth and make protein and incearsed sulphur content in leaf. As regards, low acidity promoted the growth of tomato plants and high acidity inhibit, Therefore, it is recommended that tomato plants cultures in soils with low acidity.

In this article, considering syntactic and semantic behavior of central modal verbs (Bayestæn, Šodæn) in Persian, we try to make a suitable decision about these verbs by demonstrating whether they are control or raising verbs. Based on previous point of views, we proposed three hypotheses: a) epistemic modals are raising and root modals including deontic and dynamic modals are control verbs b) epistemic and indirect deontic root modals having external participant are raising but dynamic and direct deontic root modals having internal participant are control verbs c) all kinds of models are raising verbs. In this article, using semantic and syntactic accounts, we concluded central modals which all of them are propositional in Persian, whether epistemic or root and whether internal or external participant are raising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Almond is one of the major shrub species with high ecological extent in Iran. Impact of climate change and drought stress on forest ecosystems, as well as the unsuitable conditions of Zagros forest ecosystem and importance of planting shrub species at such ecosystems, have brought the attentions to use the wild almond species in forest plantation programs. Awareness of the impact of habitat factors on tolerance to environmental stresses will guarantee success of most of the forest rehabilitation programs. For this reason, seeds of four wild almonds, including Amygdalus arabica, A. scoparia, A. haussknechtii and A. eleagnifolia, were collected from three altitude levels, including: 1600-1800, 1800-2000 and more than 2000 m. above sea level at Karebas site; (Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province), west of Iran. After cold stratification, the seeds were sown in nylon bags. Two months later, the seedlings were treated by four levels of drought stress (control, -0.4, -0.8 and -1.2 MPa) induced by application of Polyethylene Glycol 6000 in irrigation water, using the factorial experiment under the completely randomized design with three replications (five seedlings per each replicate). Results showed that drought stress significantly reduced seedlings growth characteristics, including total height, shoot height and shoot wet and dry weight, except root wet weight which was increased. Furthermore it increased seedling's nitrogen and calcium content, while the minimum levels belonged to control treatment. In addition, the seedlings from the lowest (1600-1800 m. a.s.l.) and the highest (above 2000 m a.s.l.) altitude origin, provided the highest and the lowest growth values, respectively. Overall, Amygdalus arabica showed the highest resistance to drought levels among the other species, due to its greatest growth values at these hard circumstances.

Background and Aims: Successful root canal therapy requires knowledge of tooth anatomy and root canal morphology. For permanent mandibular premolars, great variety in size, shape and number of roots and root fusion expression has been reported in the literature. There is a wide variety of methods used in studies for evaluating the root canal morphology. One of these methods is Cone-beam Computed tomography (CBCT) that reduces the limitations of two-dimensional X-ray imaging, with less exposure in comparison with other 3D radiographies. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the differences in the root and canal morphology of permanent mandibular premolars in an Iranian population by means of CBCT images. Materials and Methods: We searched a database of CBCT scans and evaluated 400 (20-60 years old) patients who met the inclusion criteria and teeth in this images (CBCT) were evaluated in three dimensions (Axial, Coronal and Sagital). Tooth length, number of roots, number of canals, canal type, root curvature and the effect of gender on any of the items mentioned were evaluated. Data were analyzed using T-test. Results: The average length of the first premolar of mandibular was 22.27 mm and second premolar was 22.28 mm. 98.4% of the first premolar and 98.2% of the second premolar were single root., and 87.3% and 93.1% were single channel. The incidence of number of canals based on vertochy divisions were:type 1: 90.7% and 90.8%, type 0: 2.2% and 2.8%, type 4: 3.3% and 3.1%, type 6: 1.4% and 2.1% and type 3: 2.5% and 1.5% respectively. In any case, there was no significant difference between males and females (P

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Viola odorata is an important medicinal plant that used for the treatment of bronchitis, common cold and digestive diseases. Nowadays, due to the spread of bacterial resistance to antibiotics more attention is given to the activity of antimicrobial medicinal plants. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of environment temperature on the antibacterial activity of aqueous extracts of different organs at different stages of viola odorata growth.METHODS: In this experimental-laboratory study, plant after growth in three temperatures (10, 20 and 30 degree) was collected. Extraction was performed by percolation method, and antibacterial activity of extracts was investigated on three bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa with disk-diffusion and macrodilution methods. FINDINGS: Aqueous extract has antibacterial activity on all three bacteria so that has maximum effect on Staphylococcus aureus (concentration of 1µgr/ml) and minimum effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (concentration of 8µgr/ml). Evaluation of antibacterial activity of organs showed that cold treatment has more effect than warm and control treatment. With plant growth, antibacterial activity decreases in leaf and root, but in flowering stage it increases in flower organ.CONCLUSION: Results of study showed that water extract of the plant organs in two different temperatures on three bacteria has effective antibacterial activity. So, more effective components can be collected by creating optimal conditions for growth and using specious organs.

آب قابل دسترس، عامل اصلی محدود کننده رشد و تولید محصول درمناطق خشک می‌باشد. نتایج بررسی­ها مؤید این است که خصوصیات ریشهو اندام هوایی، نقش مؤثری در تحمل به خشکی ژنوتیپ‌های نخود دارند. در این راستا به منظور بررسی تأثیر تنش خشکی بر تغییرات شاخص­های فیزیولوژیکی گیاه نخود، آزمایشی در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا شد. نتایج نشان داد که وزن خشک تجمعی و سرعت رشد محصول در تیمار فراهمی رطوبت (شاهد) به دلیل تداوم رشد رویشی و تولید ماده خشک، نسبت به تنش خشکی با تأخیر به حداکثر خود رسید. در مراحل گل‌دهی و تشکیل غلاف ها‌، تنش خشکی باعث افزایش معنی­داری در نسبت ریشه به اندام هوایی شد (0/01 P≤). در شرایط تنش خشکی، سطح برگ در طول دوره تنش به صورت معنی­داری کمتر از شرایط فراهمی رطوبت بود. در این آزمایش، تفاوت‌های مشاهده شده در مقدار تجمع ماده خشک و CGR عمدتاً به کاهش سطح برگ در تیمار تنش خشکی مربوط می‌شود، زیرا میزان NAR در شرایط تنش خشکی، بدون تغییر باقی ‌ماند. بنابراین در فرایند انتخاب برای بهبود تحمل به خشکی گیاه، وجود تعادل مناسب بین کاهش سطح برگ یک رقم به منظور کاهش تبخیر و تعرق و وجود سطح برگ کافی برای فتوسنتز ضروری است.

Peganum harmala L. belongs to Zigophyllaceae family is one of the most important medicine plants with wild distribution in stepic and semi stepic of Golestan province. In this research, after phenology ethnopharmacological data obtained from turkman rural people. Different parts of plant were collected in May to late of September 2008 in dry stepic region of North east of Golestan province (Inche Borun). Aqueous, infusion and ethanolic extract were obtained by percolation method and their antibacterial effect was evaluated by disc diffusion and well methods. Inhibition zone after 24h incubation of 37 and their antibacterial activity were assessed by Pearson chi-square (P

Allelochemical compounds inhibit weed growth and have undesirable effects on crop plants that should attended in croprotation. Canola is a allelopathic plant that is cultivated in north of Iran .Soybean is a strategic plant that is planted after canola and be affected by released compounds of canola residue. In this research effect of different concentrations of aqueous extract of canola (cv Hyolla 401) includes 0(control), 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% on growth and some of the organic compounds such as soluble sugars, proline, protein, phenolic compounds in root and nodule of soybean (cv Gorgan 3) after 50 days were studied until their response to canola allelochemicals were evaluated. The results showed that by increasing of canola extract concentration fresh and dry weight soybean root did not change significantly while in nodule increased. Amounts of proline and total protein in soybean root in higher concentrations decreased and in nodule also decreased mostly. By increasing extract concentration of canola phenolic compounds in root increased but in nodule decreased that was significant.

Introduction: Periodontal diseases are among the most common diseases of the oral cavity.Different predisposing factors are responsible for initiation of these diseases. One of these factorsis difficulty to access the area of plaque accumulation due to morphologic and anatomic variations.The aim of this study was to determine the anatomic and morphologic properties of the root ofmaxillary 1st premolar.Methods and materials: The root morphology of 162 randomly collected first maxillary premolarswas studied. The general characters of the collected teeth including number and length of the roots,length of root trunk, location of furcation in 2 rooted teeth, and the direction of root curvature weredetermined. Then the roots were sectioned and mean of concavity depth on different root surfaceswere measured using stereomicroscope with 32 magnifications. These means were measured in themesial and distal surfaces of the teeth. The topography of furcation area was also found by asection given 2 mm apical from furcal furnix.Results: 66.6% of teeth were single, 31.48% double and 1.85% were triple rooted. In most of 2rooted teeth, furcation area was located in the middle third of the root. Palatal concavity of buccalroot was a common finding in 2 rooted teeth and a significant relation between the concavity, itsdepth and the location of the furcal area was found. In comparison, the depth of mesial concavityon different surfaces was more than distal concavities. In single rooted teeth, the concavity depthwas lower in the middle than the cervical third. In 17.64% of 2 rooted teeth, the width of furcationentrance was smaller than standard gracy curettes.Discussion: Morphologic properties of teeth are not necessarily similar in different population.Therefore, these differences must be considered in dental and periodontal treatment protocols.Keywords: Maxillary first premolar, Root, Anatomy, Morphology

Introduction: This study was aimed to evaluate and compare the amount of microleakage of two types of root end filling materials, white Pro Root MTA (Dentsply) and Iranian MTA (Root MTA).Methods and Materials: In this laboratory study, 34 extracted single root and canal human teeth were selected. Root canals were cleaned, shaped and obdurate. Experimental samples were divided randomly in to 2 groups of 15 specimens. Root tips were sectioned in perpendicular angel and root end cavities were prepared. In first group, white Pro Root MTA and in second group, Root MTA was used as root end filling material. 4 residual teeth were divided into two positive and negative control groups .After setting of root end filing materials, the teeth were covered with two layers of nail polish except around the root filling materials and then were submerged in Indian Ink solution for 48 hours. After rinsing, the teeth were splited in buccolingual direction. Dye penetration was observed and evaluated by three observers with steriomicroscope at 16× magnification. Data were analyzed and the means were compared using Mann Whitney U test.Results: Due to the obtained mean of microlaeakage (0.61 mm for first and 0.57 mm for second group), there was no significant difference between the two groups; So, the sealing ability of two types of MTA as root end filling material was similar. Conclusion: We found that use of Root MTA, compared to Pro Root MTA due to its lower cost and easier availability is recommended.Key words: Microleakage, Dye, root, end, cavity, White Pro root MTA (Dentsply), Root MTA (IRAN).

Salinity is a major environmental problem in arid and semi-arid areas. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), like other legumes is sensitive to salinity. Therefore, selection of genotypes to grow on saline areas is important. Eleven chickpea genotypes (as sub plots) were grown in the greenhouse conditions on a medium containing different NaCl concentrations (8 and 12 dSm-1) and control (Hoagland solution) as main plots. The results showed that salinity reduced membrane stability index, green leaf area, the percentage of shoot and root dry matter, plant height, number of branch and root to shoot dry weight, significantly and increased leaf relative water content in all genotypes. Membrane stability index (0.61 and 0.73) and green leaf area to total leaf area ratio (0.68 and 0.56) in genotypes showed a positive correlation with shoot and root dry matter, respectively. Biplot on resistance index based on dry matter production showed that amomg drought tolerant genotypes, MCC696, MCC544 and MCC877 are least and MCC760 is the highest salt tolerant genotypes. In this study, except MCC873, other drought sensitive genotypes were categorized in the salt tolerant group. Therefore, it seems that drought tolerant genotypes are not necessarily salt tolerant. Generally, in order to achieve the drought and salinity tolerant chickpea varieties, the genotypes for both traits should be selected.

Background and Aims: Successful root canal therapy requires knowledge of tooth anatomy and root canal morphology. For permanent mandibular premolars, great variety in size, shape and number of roots and root fusion expression has been reported in the literature. There is a wide variety of methods used in studies for evaluating the root canal morphology. One of these methods is Cone-beam Computed tomography (CBCT) that reduces the limitations of two-dimensional X-ray imaging, with less exposure in comparison with other 3D radiographies. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the differences in the root and canal morphology of permanent mandibular premolars in an Iranian population by means of CBCT images. Materials and Methods: We searched a database of CBCT scans and evaluated 400 (20-60 years old) patients who met the inclusion criteria and teeth in this images (CBCT) were evaluated in three dimensions (Axial, Coronal and Sagital). Tooth length, number of roots, number of canals, canal type, root curvature and the effect of gender on any of the items mentioned were evaluated. Data were analyzed using T-test. Results: The average length of the first premolar of mandibular was 22.27 mm and second premolar was 22.28 mm. 98.4% of the first premolar and 98.2% of the second premolar were single root., and 87.3% and 93.1% were single channel. The incidence of number of canals based on vertochy divisions were:type 1: 90.7% and 90.8%, type 0: 2.2% and 2.8%, type 4: 3.3% and 3.1%, type 6: 1.4% and 2.1% and type 3: 2.5% and 1.5% respectively. In any case, there was no significant difference between males and females (P<0.001). Conclusion: Results indicate that dentists can obtain valuable information about the anatomy and morphology of the root canals using CBCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the trial was to investigate the effects of soil compaction and water stress on olive seedling growth and root development. The trial was carried out under pot and glasshouse condition in 2001 at the NationalBotanical Garden, Tehran. The experimental design was Factorial under completely randomized plots with two factors (compaction and irrigation treatments), two levels and three replicates. There were three pots in each plot. The pots were filled with compacted soil (sandy clay loam) up to 50 cm height at one of the levels (bulk densities of 1.3 [low] and 1.6 [high] g/cm3). Seed propagated seedlings were transplanted into the pots and irrigated under one of the period intervals (three [wet] and six [dry] days). The seedlings were harvested in summer 2002 and their survival and canopy and root parameters, including height, shoot dry weight, root length and root dry weight were measured. The data were analyzed using SPSS Microsoft program and ANOVA and T-test methods. Only compaction had significant effects on root parameters. The high level of compaction not only had negative effects on root development, but it increased root length and dry weight significantly. It could be concluded that although both the compaction and drought stresses did not significantly influence survival, but they significantly affected root development