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Mine exploitation has led to the rangeland's destruction. In this study, the phytoremediation of Pb-contaminated soils by Chrysypogon zizanioides was investigated in the soil around the lead mine of Lashkar region, located in Malayer county. In the initial measurement, the amount of soil Pb contamination in the rangeland was estimated to be 600 milligrams per kilogram of dry soil. By evaluating the environmental effects of lead in the region, the coefficients of geoaccumulation index, pollution degree, and potential ecological risk were observed in the infinite to very high range. The research was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 Pb pollution levels (0, 300, 600, and 1600 mg/kg) in 4 replications in the greenhouse of Malayer University for 130 days. At the end of the period, lead concentration in soil, root, shoot, BCF bioaccumulation index, TF transfer coefficient, shoot, and root productivity in vetiver plants were measured. The results showed the increasing effect of soil Pb concentration on the amount of root and shoot Pb concentrations. At the level of 1600 mg/kg contamination, the Pb concentration in the shoot and root reached 242.94 and 242.02 mg/kg, respectively. At most levels of contamination except the level of 1600 mg/kg, the BCF indicators in the root and shoot and the TF coefficient were less than one. TF

Mine exploitation has led to the rangeland's destruction. In this study, the phytoremediation of Pb-contaminated soils by Chrysypogon zizanioides was investigated in the soil around the lead mine of Lashkar region, located in Malayer county. In the initial measurement, the amount of soil Pb contamination in the rangeland was estimated to be 600 milligrams per kilogram of dry soil. By evaluating the environmental effects of lead in the region, the coefficients of geoaccumulation index, pollution degree, and potential ecological risk were observed in the infinite to very high range. The research was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 Pb pollution levels (0, 300, 600, and 1600 mg/kg) in 4 replications in the greenhouse of Malayer University for 130 days. At the end of the period, lead concentration in soil, root, shoot, BCF bioaccumulation index, TF transfer coefficient, shoot, and root productivity in vetiver plants were measured. The results showed the increasing effect of soil Pb concentration on the amount of root and shoot Pb concentrations. At the level of 1600 mg/kg contamination, the Pb concentration in the shoot and root reached 242.94 and 242.02 mg/kg, respectively. At most levels of contamination except the level of 1600 mg/kg, the BCF indicators in the root and shoot and the TF coefficient were less than one. TF <1 indicates the lack of high concentration of Pb in harvesting organs and the health of the aerial production. So, vetiver is recommended for the rangeland reclamation in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are highly important in improving plant growth and decreasing the negative effects of contaminants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inoculation of mycorrhizal fungus on the concentration of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) by parsley (Petroselinum sativum) in heavy metal-contaminated soil in the presence of kerosene. This study was carried out as a factorial experiment based on the randomized complete design with four replications under greenhouse conditions. Experimental factors were included: 1- microbial inoculation in two levels with mycorrhizal fungus (Rhizophagus irregularis) and control (without inoculation), and 2- kerosene in four levels of 0, 4, 8, and 12 mL kg-1 soil. The results showed that mycorrhizal inoculation led to a significant increase in root (61.1 to 150.1%) and shoot dry weight (9.1 to 51.5%), shoot P, Zn, and Cu concentration and root Pb (18.7 to 97.9%) and Cd (13.3 to 98.6%) concentration, while significantly decreased shoot Pb (10.0 to 29.2%) and Cd (19.6 to 72.1%) concentration. The root bio-concentration factor (BCF) (7.74%) was higher than compared to shoot BCF. The mycorrhizal inoculation decreased the translocation factor (TF) of Pb and Cd. The TF<1 shows that the mycorrhizal fungus immobilized Pb and Cd in the roots and prevented their translocation from the root to the shoot. Hence, mycorrhizal inoculation can be effective in contaminated soils through bioconcentration of Pb and Cd in the root and decrease their translocation to the parsley shoot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flotation of lead and zinc oxidized and sulfide ores has a long history in Iran. Using thiols such as potassium amyl xanthate in lead flotation is very common. However, increasing the recovery of lead and silver in the current industry faces challenges. In this research, an attempt is made to investigate the synergistic effect of some collectors with potassium amyl xanthate to improve the recovery of lead and silver. First, 50 kg of medium grade lead and zinc oxide ore from Anghouran Mine was sampled. After crushing and milling up to the optimum d80, the characteristics of the sample were determined with optical and electron microscope studies, XRD, XRF, atomic absorption, and degrees of liberation. The experiment design was carried out classically to investigate the effect of parameters on the grade and recovery of lead and silver, such as particle size, solids percentage, preparation time, amount of sodium sulfide, and most importantly, the type of combined collector and their consumption. The results showed that the optimum flotation conditions to achieve the highest recovery of lead and silver in d80 equal to 90 µm, solid percentage %25, stirring speed 1000 rpm, 10 minutes sodium sulfide conditioning time, 6200 g/t Sodium sulfide and 600 g of potassium amyl xanthate along with 100 g/t of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate occur. The reason for choosing this combination of collectors is to increase the recovery of lead that is the production of lead concentrate in a larger weight with a higher silver grade and more profitability. The combination of xanthate and carbamate collectors can improve %8.7 of lead recovery and 273 g/t of silver grade compared to the conditions of a typical industrial plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish are a significant dietary source of various minerals essential for human health. This study examined the mineral profile (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, iodine, selenium, and chromium) and harmful trace elements (mercury, lead, cadmium, and arsenic) in different parts of the bigeye ilisha (Ilisha megaloptera), including the backbone, head, abdominal fin and viscera, caudal fin, and fillet, from the northern coast of the Oman Sea. Results revealed significant variations in element concentrations among different parts, with higher mineral levels often found in waste parts compared to the fillet. Most minerals were present in amounts exceeding human dietary requirements, suggesting that processing waste parts of bigeye ilisha could be beneficial as food or dietary supplements. Additionally, the levels of harmful elements-- mercury, lead, cadmium, and arsenic--were below permissible limits for human consumption. These findings support the potential for developing value-added products from bigeye ilisha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the biological adsorption process of lead heavy metal was investigated using brown algae Nizimuddinia zanardini and green algae Ulva rigida. Optimum adsorption conditions by measuring pH, the amount of adsorbent, time, and the concentration of lead ion were investigated. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms were used to investigate surface adsorption. Adsorption kinetics were investigated according to pseudo-first and second-order kinetic equations. Examining the pH results, it was found that brown algae at pH = 5 and green algae at pH = 6 could reach the maximum adsorption of lead. Examining the time-related results, it was found that the best adsorption time for both algae was 60 min. The results of the adsorbent dosage showed that the two bioadsorbents of brown and green algae have the highest amount of adsorption in the amounts of 0.5 and 0.7 g, respectively, and in the initial concentration of metal ions, the highest efficiency was obtained in the dosage of 2 mg/l. The results of the isotherm model showed that lead adsorption by brown algae corresponds to the Langmuir isotherm and green algae to the Freundlich isotherm. Also, according to the kinetic results, both adsorptions follow second-order kinetics.

The presence of heavy metals such as arsenic, cobalt, cadmium, lead and mercury in canned food is of great importance from the point of view of their toxicity and nature, and it covers a wide range of food. The presence of these metals in canned products is sometimes the source of the food, the type of can or the possibility of corrosion of the inner body of the used can is attributed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to measure and compare the concentration of heavy metals in canned food (strong acid, acid, low acid). In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics methods were used to compare the mean and difference between the data, the one -way multivariate variance measurement and the Kolmogorov -Smirnov test were used to ensure the normality of the data and if there was a significant difference between the data, then Tukey's test was performed to separate the data. The results of this research showed that the average concentration of heavy metals was in the order of lead > mercury > cobalt > arsenic > cadmium, and among the available metals, lead with a total average of 0.2670 ± 0.019723 mg/ kg had the highest value and cadmium had the lowest value with an average of 0.0028±0.0049. Compared to international standards and other studies, all metals except lead were lower than the maximum value. Although the concentration of these metals in canned food samples was acceptable but it is necessary to pay attention to the factors that increase the presence of these metals in canned goods in order to control them and achieve a high -quality product . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Given the crucial role of milk and its products in human diets, it is imperative to implement effective measures to ensure the safety of milk by minimizing the presence of hazardous pollutants. This study aims to assess the concentration and potential risks associated with lead in raw milk produced in Tehran province. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study involved the collection of raw milk samples from 24 diverse livestock farms in Tehran province during the winter season of 1401. The samples were analyzed for lead contamination using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Statistical tests were applied to compare the results with international standards, and subsequent risk assessment was conducted based on the average amounts. Results: The study revealed that none of the samples exceeded the permissible limit for lead. The mean and standard deviation of lead concentration in the samples was 7 ± 5.8 (ppb), well below the international standard. There was no significant variation in lead levels among the tested livestock farms. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) values for both children and adults were calculated to be less than 1. Conclusion: The concentration of lead in all samples remained below the permissible limits set by Codex and the Iran Standards Organization, indicating no non-carcinogenic risks associated with milk consumption in terms of lead contamination, as suggested by the calculated HQ values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the accumulation of lead, nickel, and cadmium heavy metals in the muscle tissue of Peronia peronii in the waters of Bandar Lange and Qeshm in April. Thirty samples were separately collected from each station and subjected to drying and acid digestion before measurement using a flame atomic absorption device (GBC model F savant). The results revealed varying levels of metal accumulation, with the highest and lowest concentrations recorded as 0.112 and 0.024 micrograms per gram for nickel and cadmium, respectively, in Langeh and Qeshm ports. Additionally, a significant relationship between the concentration of nickel, lead, and cadmium and the average total weight of P. peronii was observed, indicating a positive correlation with the total weight (p<0.05). However, no significant relationship was found between the accumulation of these metals and the average total length of P. peronii in Bandar Lange and Qeshm Island, indicating a lack of correlation with the total length of the flounder seaweed (p>0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qualitative assessment by macro-invertebrates is known as a suitable method to determine the health of the river. In this study, the diversity and abundance of Baliqlu River macro-invertebrates were evaluated from June 2019 to May 2021. SamplingsSamples were taken by Surber sampler during four seasons and physico-chemical parameters such as TEM, DO, pH, BOD, and some heavy metals (Cd and Pb) were measured. Diversity indices (Shannon-Wiener), and biotic indices (EPT, HFBI, and BMWP) were calculated in four stations. A total of 8328 macro-invertebrates from the Diptera, Ephemeroptera, and Isopoda were identified. The highest frequency percentage of the dominant groups was related to the Caenidaed, Chironomidae, and Simuliidae. The results of heavy metal accumulation in two classes showed more cadmium and lead accumulation in the Clitellata class (suborder Hirudinea) than the Insecta class (Caenidae family). The results of conventional comparative analysis (CCA) demonstrate that the distribution of most macro-invertebrate families is influenced by the DO parameter. According to the HFBI, the water quality decreased from upstream to downstream in all seasons, and the level of pollution was higher in station 5 compared to other stations, due to human activities, cattle crossing, and sewage output of fish farms.

Introduction and ObjectiveUrbanization has led to environmental challenges; one of these challenges is heavy metal contamination in which is a serious concern for the public health and health of watershed residents issues. One of the heavy metals that play a major role in soil pollution in urban ecosystems is Lead (Pb). Pb has been used by humans for a long time, and in recent decades, leaded gasoline is one of the main sources of this pollutant in urban watersheds. The use of digital soil mapping using the functions available in geostatistics has changed the zoning of soil pollution compared to the old methods and can lead to the optimal management of soil pollution while land use can also have a great impact on this management. The aim of this research is to determine the amount of Pb heavy metal in soil and its relationship with land use.Materials and methodsThe study area was Shiraz urban watershed with an area of ​​41133 hectares, as a part of the Maharloo lake watershed, located in the central part of Shiraz township, Fars province in the south of Iran. Soil moisture and temperature regims of study area are xeric and thermic respectively. The studied land uses were bare lands, urban parks, gardens and mountain range lands In order to determine the physical and chemical properties of the soil, 30 soil samples were taken from the depth of 0 to 20 cm from each land use. Geographic information system (GIS) and spherical and exponential variogram geostatistical models were used to produce digital maps. Kriging method was also used to estimate the physical and chemical properties, and the amount of Pb.Results and discussionBased on the results of this research, the difference in soil chemical properties such as reaction, equivalent calcium carbonate and the amount of organic matter in different uses was significant. Also, the amount of cation exchange capacity and lead pollution was significant at the level of 0.01. The results of this research showed that in urban watershed soils of Shiraz, the amount of Pb was influenced by some chemical characteristics of the soil such as organic matter and cation exchange capacity. In the studied area in different land uses, the trend of Pb contamination was as follows: mountain range lands < gardens < urban parks < bare lands.Conclusions and suggestionsThe results of current research showed that different land uses can affect the amount of Pb. Considering the problem of soil pollution in urban watersheds and the important effect of land use on its amout, it is suggested to carry out research and urban development projects for detailed investigations of land use and its relationship with other environmental characteristics, including soil pollution. It is also suggested to carry out more local and thematic researches in urban ecosystems on the effect of various types of plant species on the amount of heavy metals in the examined soil, so that by planting that type of vegetation, soil decontamination can be helped.

Bio-leaching is a non-invasive, relatively affordable and environmentally friendly method through which toxic compounds are decomposed with the help of microorganisms and with the help of enzymatic reactions. This study was conducted in order to use biological leaching in order to rehabilitate soil contaminated and resistant to biological decomposition by heavy metal lead and phenanthrene around the south Tehran oil refinery. The design of the experiment was done with the response surface method. In the bioleaching method, the purified strain (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) was isolated from the soil of the refinery. Environmental pH (3, 5, 7, 9, 11), pollutant to biomass ratio (7.50, 15, 22.50, 30, 37.5 mg/g) and retention time (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 hours) were considered as main variables. pH was the most important parameter influencing the removal of lead and phenanthrene from soil. The highest percentage of lead removal with 96.79% pH is equal to 8, pollutant ratio to Live current equal to 30 W/W and time 2 hours was obtained. In the case of phenanthrene, the highest percentage of phenanthrene removal (97.4%) in pH was equal to 7, the pollutant to living organism ratio was equal to 22.5 W/W and the time was measured for 1 hour. The results of this study showed that the use of bacteria increased the efficiency of the removal process compared to the cleaning process without bacteria (42% for phenanthrene and 67% for lead).

Background and Aim: Ionizing radiation protection is one of the most fundamental research and application fields in reducing the absorbed dose of sensitive internal organs. The presence of lead as the first radiation shield with a series of good features such as high density and having some flexibility and a series of bad features such as toxicity, low physical and chemical stability and high weight, have been thinking about replacing it for a long time. In the mammography section, the lead shields present during mammography cause limitations in the patient's work and are generally not used. As a result, they lose their efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to propose and design a lead-free shield that can have suitable radiation attenuation in the range of mammography energy up to 60 keV and does not create limitations for the patient compared to the existing shields in this sector. Methods: In this study, the evaluation of X-ray and gamma-ray shielding for nine different proposed compounds was done using a computational code MCNPX based on the Monte Carlo method, in the photon energy range of 15 to 400 keV, which is the energy range used in Covers the mammography section. Results: Among the selected protective compounds, the combination of Kennertium showed a more suitable protective function than the other compounds. To reach such a result, the mass attenuation coefficient of the Kennertium compound has been calculated in three thicknesses of 0.1, 0.5, and 1 cm. In the following, to check the performance of selected shields of ionizing radiation, for the thickness of 1 mm of Kennertium composition, the dose reached the tissues close to the tumoral area located in the patient's left breast, such as the left lung, thyroid, and heart, has been calculated with the presence of such protection. Conclusion: Quantitative results show that the Kennertium compound completely covers the energy range above 60 keV and as a proposed compound for interacting with X-rays, does not produce secondary particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Lead, mercury and cadmium are a serious threat to people. Since blood products are considered as hidden and potential sources of exposure to these heavy metals, systematic review of their concentration in blood donors helps make a decision about the necessity of such a blood donor screening. Therefore, the current protocol has been prepared with the aim of describing the method and steps of such a relevant systematic review. Materials and Methods English keywords "blood donor", Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Pb, Hg, Cd will be searched online in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and ProQuest databases. After screening and selection of relevant articles by two referees, the necessary information will be extracted. If more than 5 primary studies are obtained, meta-analysis will be performed. The heterogeneity among studies will be evaluated by Cochran Q and I² statistics. Fixed effects model or random effects model will be used to pool the means. Statistical analysis will be performed by meta package in R software. Results This systematic review is ongoing and will be completed by March 19, 2024. Conclusions This protocol has been prepared to describe the steps of conducting a systematic review of studies that have measured the blood concentration of lead, mercury and cadmium in blood donors with the aim of making a decision about the necessity of such a blood donor screening to obtain safer products and prevent the exposure of recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead is one of the heavy metals with a toxic effect found in inland waters and breeding tanks and can cause infections and diseases in aquatic animals and humans. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of lead metal in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and its effect on the expression of immune-related genes (MHC I, IL-6, TNFα) and heat shock protein gene (HSP70). After reproduction and rearing of fishes in lead-free water, the fry (0.5 gr) was allocated to three different treatments of lead chloride (PbCl2) with concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 1) micromole/liter and a control group in three replicates (35 fry per replicate) for 96 hours. Then random samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen and used for gene expression testing by Real-time PCR. The results revealed that the HSP70 heat shock protein gene had significant changes (P<0.05) in two concentrations of 0.25 and 1 micromole/liter and the reverse U-shaped curve showed that this is probably due to the effect of lead hormesis. The expression of interleukin 6 and MHC I genes had a significant increase (P<0.05) in concentration, and the TNF-α gene also increased, unlike HSP70, which indicated a Ushaped curve and probably the effect of normal hormesis. The results of this study showed that lead, even in concentrations close to drinking water, can change the expression of genes caused by stress and factors related to immunity, and its effects do not end only with poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contamination of water environments with heavy metals and dyes as a result of industrial wastewater discharge is one of the most serious environmental problems. In this research, nano-alumina coated with chitosan was used to remove heavy metal cations of cadmium (II), mercury (III), and lead (II) from water and industrial wastewater samples. The dynamic method was used to remove the pollutants and the effect of the sample, the flow rates of the samples and absorbent detergent, and the type of absorbent detergent for recovery were studied. Since alumina nanoparticles are considered one of the most important pollutant absorbers, the placement of chitosan on its surface increases efficiency due to the formation of a complex with metal ions. In this research, alumina nanoparticles modified with chitosan, which are non-magnetic adsorbents, have been used, and when placed in a strong high-frequency magnetic field, they instantly become magnetic and return to their original state. With this action, in industrial application, the wastage of nano adsorbent is prevented and high efficiency is obtained. Synthetic nanoparticles were examined by SEM, FTIR, and XRD methods. The maximum absorption of pollutants at pH = 6, amount of adsorbent 0.03 g, speed of passing the solution through the column 5 ml/min, nitric acid 2 M as eluent, solution volume 150 mL as the optimal volume for pre-concentration and flow rate 4 ml/min for The detergent was obtained. The adsorption capacity of nano alumina modified with chitosan for cadmium, mercury, and lead ions was obtained as 4.91, 4.73, and 4.15 mg/g, respectively. In this project, a flame atomic absorption spectrometer was used to measure the number of metal ions before and after the removal process. The obtained data showed that the proposed method successfully removes target heavy metals in industrial wastewater samples.

Background and purpose: Lead poisoning induces oxidative stress and causes disorders in several organs. Iron-chelating drugs can form a complex with toxic metals such as lead and lower their content in the blood and tissues. This study aims to examine the antioxidant effects of Deferasirox, Deferiprone, and their combination in rats with subchronic lead exposure. Materials and methods: In this interventional study, lead poisoning was induced in Sprague-Dawley male rats by gavage administration of 30 mg/kg lead acetate for 60 days. The animals were treated with Deferasirox (140 mg/kg), Deferiprone (300 mg/kg), and their combination through oral gavage from days 47 to 60 of the experiment (14 days). Lead concentration was measured by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. We examined malondialdehyde (MDA) level, nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) as nitro-oxidative stress markers, glutathione (GSH), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the blood, brain, liver, kidney, and testis. Data analysis was performed in Graphpad Prism software applying one-way variance analysis and Tukey's test. Results: Lead poisoning increased the concentration of this metal and nitro-oxidative stress and decreased the TAC and GSH in the brain, liver, kidney, and testis (P

1-Introduction Heavy metals are elements that have an atomic mass of more than 55.8 g/mol; these elements have little biodegradability, but their ability to bioaccumulate is very high, and when their concentration exceeds the threshold, they threaten the health of the environment with the risk of toxicity and pollution. West Bandar Abbas industrial area consists of several industrial complexes located less than 5 km from Shahid Rajaei wharf, and the high-traffic transport axis passes through these industries. The concentration of these industries and traffic of the transport road have caused severe pollution of the environment and ecosystems in this area, but the level of pollution in various aspects remains unknown. Although studies have been conducted on air pollution or environmental assessment, the assessment of soil pollution, heavy metals and their effects on the plants of the region, which are biological markers, have not been investigated since it is possible to reveal the level of environmental pollution by evaluating the level of pollution in plants. Therefore, the main approach of the current research is to evaluate the level of environmental pollution in the industrial area of west of Bandar Abbas by examining heavy metals in the soil and leaves of Acacia in the area, and also investigating the reaction of Acacia, which are native to this area, against pollution. 2-Methodology The experiment was implemented in the RCBD plan. From each location, 10 soil samples (replicates) were taken at a depth of 0 to 10 cm and placed in an envelope and labeled. Soil samples were transferred to Bandar Abbas soil laboratory to measure the concentration of heavy metals including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni), which were evaluated by Igeo, CF, PLI, BCF, MAI and RI indexes. Biochemical reactions of Acacia, including its photosynthetic pigments, proline, ascorbic acid and relative leaf water against pollution were measured. Finally, APTI was obtained for Acacia. 3-Results In this study, the level of heavy metal pollution caused by industries in the target area was evaluated by inspecting some pollution indicators. According to the Igeo index, the areas close to the industries and the area of industrial factories and Bandar Abbas oil refinery are the most polluted areas and contain much higher heavy metals than the standard heavy metals in the soil. Evaluation of Igeo for zinc and copper metals is low and it is in the class of non-pollution to moderate pollution, but for cadmium, lead, chromium and nickel in the measured points, it is mostly moderate to very severe pollution, and in the places close to the industries, mainly for all metals, the level of pollution is moderate to severe. Away from the industrial factories, the concentration of pollutants and the risk of pollution decrease. The CF is also high for cadmium, lead, chromium and nickel, and the pollution level is significant, moderate and severe. The PLI in this study showed that the points near Shahid Rajaei industries and wharf have high pollution loads, but with the distance from the industries, the numerical value of this index decreases and the pollution load also decreases. In this study, the biochemical reaction of Acacia against heavy metal contamination was also measured. Pollution has an effect on the content of photosynthetic pigments of Acacia in the industrial area of west of Bandar Abbas to the extent that the amount of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll in the polluted areas and near the industries compared to the clean and control areas and the areas far from the industries showed a significant decrease at 99% level. The results of this research also indicated that pollution can reduce photosynthesis in plants by reducing pigments. In addition, it was found that in Acacia under the stress of heavy metal pollution, the concentration of ascorbic acid and proline differed by 99% and increased compared to the control condition. This increase helps the Acacia to continue its physiology and mechanism and survive under the stress of pollution. Furthermore, APTI was calculated in the Acacia in the studied locations and the results showed that in the highly polluted sites in Shahid Rajaei Wharf, Bandar Abbas Oil Refinery and Industrial Area, the concentration of heavy metals in the soil as well as the air pollution is very high. APTI is reduced and reaches 7; however, in the eastern slope of Salt Dome, Shahid Bahonar Wharf and Point Shahid, the APTI of Acacia plant is more than 9 which is evaluated as good and suitable. 4-Discussion & Conclusions By absorbing heavy metals in the soil and accumulating elements in the plant organ, which is a medium accumulator, Acacia plays a crucial role in removing the pollutants from the ecosystems of the region and can be useful in phytoremediation. In this study, the biochemical response of Acacia to heavy metal pollution was investigated and the results showed that although the concentration of chlorophyll in infected Acacia decreased compared to the control condition, the amount of ascorbic acid and proline in the plant increased which strengthens the plant's resistance against pollution; in fact, it can be said that Acacia trees have the ability to react optimally against heavy metal pollution. Nevertheless, in Bandar Abbas, unfortunately, the invasive species of American Acacia has been planted among native Acacia, and due to the deep roots of this invasive species, the health of the native species has been endangered. On the whole, the results of this research showed that Acacia, which is a native species, has the ability to absorb heavy metals and remove them from the environment. Therefore, it is suggested that by spreading Iranian Acacia and removing the invasive American species, we can revive the ecosystem of the industrial area, prevent environmental pollution and take positive steps towards environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems. There are several methods for removing heavy metals that require a lot of energy and expenses. Therefore, the use of adsorbents such as algae has been considered. In this study, the efficiency of three species of microalgae, namely Scenedesmus acutus, Scenedesmus incrassatulus, and Scenedesmus obliquus in adsorption of lead-heavy metal was investigated under, pH (3 - 7), algal density (0.25 - 2 g), contaminant concentration (20 - 200 mg l-1), time (30 - 150 minutes), and temperature (15 - 35 ℃). Results showed that the rate of absorption of heavy metals by these three species of algae was not significantly different. However, pH, algal density, pollutant concentration, time, and the temperature had a significant effect on the heavy metal removal efficiency of these algae species from the environment. The highest concentration of lead uptake by microalgae occurred at pH 6, 25 ℃, adsorbent level of 0.5 g, contact time of 120 minutes, and lead density of 150 mg l-1. Lead uptake had no effect on lipid and biodiesel production by these microalgae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the environmental pollutants, heavy metals are very dangerous for human health. The present study aimed to determine the amount of lead and cadmium in the fall of 2017 and spring of 2018 kinds of honey in Lorestan. Sixty honey samples were collected randomly from the central, Kakavand and Kaveh areas of Delfan city of Lorestan. The samples were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Lead and cadmium were determined in all samples. The maximum levels of lead and cadmium in samples were 32.2 and 0.32 µg/kg respectively. The mean concentration of lead in spring and autumn honey in the central part was 21.57 ± 2.84 and 28.83 ± 2.47, in Kakavand was 10.8 ± 1.3 and 13.66 ± 1.89 and in Khaveh was 7.72 ± 1.76 and 16.44 ± 1.55 µg/kg respectively. In Khaveh, the amount of lead in the honey sampled during spring was significantly lower than in other areas (p

Background and purpose: Lead poisoning induces oxidative stress and causes disorders in several organs. Iron-chelating drugs can form a complex with toxic metals such as lead and lower their content in the blood and tissues. This study aims to examine the antioxidant effects of Deferasirox, Deferiprone, and their combination in rats with subchronic lead exposure. Materials and methods: In this interventional study, lead poisoning was induced in SpragueDawley male rats by gavage administration of 30 mg/kg lead acetate for 60 days. The animals were treated with Deferasirox (140 mg/kg), Deferiprone (300 mg/kg), and their combination through oral gavage from days 47 to 60 of the experiment (14 days). Lead concentration was measured by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. We examined malondialdehyde (MDA) level, nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) as nitro-oxidative stress markers, glutathione (GSH), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in the blood, brain, liver, kidney, and testis. Data analysis was performed in Graphpad Prism software applying one-way variance analysis and Tukey's test. Results: Lead poisoning increased the concentration of this metal and nitro-oxidative stress and decreased the TAC and GSH in the brain, liver, kidney, and testis (P<0.05). Alone or in combination, Defropyrone and Defrasirox lowered the lead content in the blood and tissues of rats. In addition, treatment with these two chelators resulted in drops in MDA and NOx levels and increase in TAC and GSH levels (P<0.05), although these effects were most pronounced when the medicines were administered together. Conclusion: In addition to their antioxidant properties, it seems that Defropyrone and Defrasirox have synergistic effects in lowering lead content in blood and other tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Heavy metal pollution is becoming a serious problem for agricultural lands and a great threat to the sustainability of agricultural ecosystems. Lead is one of the most dangerous heavy metals, which is the second heavy metal after arsenic in terms of toxicity and occurrence. One of the important aspects of tolerance of non-living stresses including heavy metals in plants is the role of plant growth regulators. Among these growth regulators, we can mention brassinosteroid, which plays an important role in inducing the reaction of plants to many abiotic stresses such as heavy metals. As a messenger molecule, this compound increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduces the production of reactive oxygen species. In the production of the leguminous family, the toxicity caused by heavy metals has a significant effect. Therefore, the present research is aimed at investigating the effect of the heavy metal lead and the moderating effect of brassinolide. Materials and methods: In order to investigate the brassinolide application effect on reducing the toxicity caused by lead heavy metal stress in the pinto bean plant (Talash cv.) a pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse located in Ray City in spring and summer of 2021. This research was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were 1) control (no application of lead and brassinolide) (T1). 2) lead stress (application of 200 mg/kg of soil from a source of lead nitrate) (T2). 3) lead stress + seed treatment with brassinolide. Concentration of 0.1 mg/liter for 12 hours (T3). 4) Lead stress + seed treatment with brassinolide with a concentration of 0.2 mg/liter for 12 hours (T4). 5) Lead stress + spraying Brassinolide with a concentration of 0.1 mg/liter from the 4-leaf stage during 3 stages with an interval of 7 days (T5). During 3 stages with an interval of 7 days (T6). Results: The results of this research showed that the vegetative traits all decreased due to the use of lead and the toxicity of this heavy metal, but biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes increased along with root lead. This method increased the resistance of pinto beans to lead stress. The results of the mean comparisons showed that the highest seed yield with an average of 18.31 gr/plant was obtained from the control treatment (no use of lead and brassinolide) and the lowest amount with an average of 8.22 grams per plant was obtained from the treatment of lead toxicity with an amount of 200 ml g/kg and lack of brassinolide consumption were found to moderate the effect of lead. Also, among the treatments in which brassinolide was used as a compound preventing the harmful effects of the heavy metal lead, the highest amount with an average of 13.84 grams per plant was related to the use of 0.2 mg/liter as a foliar spray, which indicates The superiority of using brassinolide as a foliar spray is compared to other methods and consumption amounts. Conclusion: These results showed that seed pretreatment and foliar spraying with brassinolide can be used as a useful method to tolerate lead stress in beans by reducing lead absorption, increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and improving the greenness index and water condition of the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibers obtained from the waste of fruits and grains are valuable sources in the preparation of various useful products such as yogurt. Considering the importance of consuming fibers in providing health, the purpose of this research was to investigate the physicochemical, textural and sensory properties of fat- free yogurt enriched with bamboo fiber. For this purpose, bamboo fiber was added to fat-free yogurt with percentages of 1, 2, and 3 %, and experiments including pH, acidity, total dry matter, syneresis, viscosity, colorimetry, and sensory evaluation were carried out during 3 weeks of storage in the refrigerator (441 °C). Produced samples were compared with fat-free yogurt and high-fat yogurt without fiber additives. Data showed that the addition of fiber to the yogurt samples significantly increased (P<0.05) the amount of acidity, total dry matter, viscosity, color index L◻, a◻ and becompared to non-fat and’ high-fat control samples. In addition, the results showed that the addition of fiber in yogurt samples significantly (P<0.05) reduces the syneresis, so that the non-fat control yogurt with 12.3% and the sample containing 3% fiber with 8.58 % showed the highest and lowest syneresis on the first day of production, respectively. In the sensory evaluation, the sample containing 2% bamboo fiber with the highest score was introduced as the best sample. Therefore, the application of bamboo fiber with a concentration of 2%, in addition to improving the textural, physical and chemical properties of yogurt, can also lead to consumer satisfaction. Hence, bamboo fiber can be used in the formulation of dairy products, including yogurt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibers obtained from the waste of fruits and grains are valuable sources in the preparation of various useful products such as yogurt. Considering the importance of consuming fibers in providing health, the purpose of this research was to investigate the physicochemical, textural and sensory properties of fat- free yogurt enriched with bamboo fiber. For this purpose, bamboo fiber was added to fat-free yogurt with percentages of 1, 2, and 3 %, and experiments including pH, acidity, total dry matter, syneresis, viscosity, colorimetry, and sensory evaluation were carried out during 3 weeks of storage in the refrigerator (441 °C). Produced samples were compared with fat-free yogurt and high-fat yogurt without fiber additives. Data showed that the addition of fiber to the yogurt samples significantly increased (P<0.05) the amount of acidity, total dry matter, viscosity, color index L_, a!) and b- compared to non-fat/and high-fat control samples. In addition, the results showed that the addition of fiber in yogurt samples significantly (P<0.05) reduces the syneresis, so that the non-fat control yogurt with 12.3% and the sample containing 3% fiber with 8.58 % showed the highest and lowest syneresis on the first day of production, respectively. In the sensory evaluation, the sample containing 2% bamboo fiber | with the highest score was introduced as the best sample. Therefore, the application of bamboo fiber with a concentration of 2%, in addition to improving the textural, physical and chemical properties of yogurt, can also lead to consumer satisfaction. Hence, bamboo fiber can be used in the formulation of dairy products, including yogurt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Constipation refers to a condition in which intestinal movements are reduced and the passage of intestinal contents is difficult, and it is characterized by the involuntary retention of feces in children. One of the symptoms of lead poisoning is digestive symptoms, especially constipation. Although its role in gastrointestinal symptoms is known, little information is available on the effects of lower levels of lead on constipation. In this study, the effects of lower levels of lead poisoning in causing chronic constipation are investigated. Materials and Methods: This is a case-control study that was conducted on 30 children aged 1 to 14 years who were referred to the pediatric clinic of Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Kashan with complaints of defecation problems during the first six months of 2013. According to Rome 3 criteria, they had a chronic disease and were eligible to enter the study (according to the entry and exit criteria) and done. The control group was selected from among healthy children by matching age, gender, and place of residence. Results: The mean serum lead level in the study group and the control group was 9.11±4.04 and 6.36±2.94 micrograms/dL, respectively (P=0.004) and the frequency of lead poisoning was more than 10 µg/dl in the case group and 46.7% and 13.3% in the control group (P=0.005). Conclusion: The serum level of lead in children with chronic constipation is significantly higher than in healthy children.

Lead as one of the most expanded metals in environment, effects on human health. Besides, the biological absorption by algae leads to the reduction of heavy metal pollutions in aqueoussolutions. In this study, accumulation and bioabsorption of Pb+ on biochemical characteristics of green alga Entromorpha was investigated. For this purpose, effects of different concentrations of Pb2+ (0, 50, 100 and 150 µM Pb(SO4)2) in presence of two concentrations of Ca2+ (0 and 0.5 mM CaCl2) was studied in Entromorpha collected on Caspian Sea in two times of 3 and 8 days in random complete design with 4 replications for photosynthetic pigments content, membrane lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes activity. The results indicated a decreasing rate of chlorophylla and b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid and also activity of polyphenoloxidase enzymewith increase of Pb2+ concentration and stress during. In membrane lipid peroxidation assay, malondialdehyde increased significantly by increase of Pb2+concentration. For these traits including chlorophyll, and carotenoid content and also membrane lipid peroxidation assay, effects of Pb2+ stress decreased by using CaCl2 treatment. The results of antioxidant assay showed that catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase activities in both 3 and 8 days stress was high without CaCl2 treatment than using it. In general, the results of this study showed that Pb2+causes oxidative stress and biochemical changes in Enteromorpha green algae. Also, the presence of CaCl2 treatment reduces the effects of stress.

Introduction: Lead is a toxic metal that is found in the earth's crust and has been used by humans since 7000 years ago due to its density, malleability, high resistance and low melting point. The wide use of this metal in the industry, in addition to the exposure of workers, has led to widespread environmental pollution and public health problems in many parts of the world. Due to the widespread use of lead in various occupations and the importance of its complications, the treatment of workers with symptoms of exposure to this substance has been of particular importance in the occupational medicine and occupational health of countries, therefore, in this article, it was reviewed the approach to the symptoms caused by lead exposure inworkers with lead poisoning. Materials and Methods: In this study, with the aim of investigating the available treatments to control complications caused by exposure to lead in the workplace, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus databases from 1980 to 2021, as well as CDC, ACOEM, OSHA, WHO and ATSDR guidelines with the method Thematic search was reviewed. The number of 19 articles and 5 instructions were selected and used in writing this article. Results: The investigations showed that it is necessary to pay attention to different body systems and perform additional measures in case of suspicion of lead poisoning in periodical evaluations of those working in contact with lead. Conclusion: In addition to the treatment of existing complications and chelatotherapy, the workers diagnosed with lead poisoning should be given the necessary training to reduce exposure to lead.

Introduction: There is a possibility of more accumulation of environmental pollutants due to lower levels of iron in the body of women. Different results have been reported on the association of lead with breast cancer, therefore, this systematic review study was performed with aim to determine the relationship between lead and breast cancer. Methods: In this review study, to find the related articles, international databases (Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar and PubMed) and national (Irandoc, Magiran, SID and IranMedex) were searched with different keyword combinations related to "Lead" And "Breast Cancer" obtained from MESH in 2000 to 2022. Selection of articles was based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and articles' quality was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa scale. Results: Out of 4057 articles reviewed, 13 articles had good quality. All studies were in English and were observational. According to most studies, serum lead levels were not associated with breast cancer, but lead levels in bone and breast tissue were also associated with exposure to lead as an environmental contaminant with breast cancer. Conclusion: Different ways of exposure to lead have led to different results and it cannot be certainty said that exposure to lead causes breast cancer, while this relationship also depends on the method of measuring lead. In this regard, long-term studies with accurate measurement of environmental lead and body tissues, especially for women at higher risk are recommended.

Background and Objective: Heavy metals in water can pose risks to human health. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor and measure metals to ensure the health of consumers. Materials and Methods: This study aimed to measure heavy metals such as arsenic, lead, cadmium, chromium, zinc, and mercury in water resources and urban water distribution networks in spring and summer of 2021 in Maragheh city. Accordingly, 25 samples were taken to investigate the presence of heavy metals. The presence of these metals in water sources was investigated using qualitative maps and finally, by evaluating the health risk caused by the presence of these metals, their effect on the health of consumers has been studied. Results: Examining the concentration of metals in water resources upstream of the dam shows a relatively high concentration of metals, especially arsenic (13.2 µg/L). Despite this, the amount of arsenic after the water treatment plant and in the distribution network is reduced to an insignificant level. On the other hand, the results show that the amount of zinc metal in the network is higher than in the reservoir of the dam, and its concentration in the dam is equal to zero and in the network, it reaches the highest value of 578 µg/L. Finally, the health risk assessment shows that the calculated THI values for all samples vary between 0.01 and 0.99. Conclusion: Based on the calculated health risk, there is no threat to the health of consumers regarding heavy metals in Maragheh drinking water. Also, these results double the necessity of additional studies regarding the leakage of zinc metal from the pipes and accessories of the city's drinking water distribution network in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the methods used to remove heavy metals are membrane processes that, with less use of chemicals, are able to quickly produce high-quality penetration. In this study, a nanocomposite membrane with the ability to separate lead was used. The black titanium dioxide nanoparticle was synthesized using the pyrolysis method. Adsorption experiments were performed using a nanofiltration unit. The results of lead adsorption isotherms showed that the lead adsorption process using the membrane follows the Langmuir model with a correlation coefficient of 0.995. The results of the study of lead metal adsorption kinetics showed that the process of adsorption of lead by the adsorbent follows the quasi-second order kinetics so that the correlation coefficient of the second-order quasi-model is equal to 0.999 which is compared with the quasi-correlation coefficient. The maximum and minimum fluxes between different membranes were related to 0.1 mg/l of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in terms of time and pressure for 50 and 600 minutes and pressures of 45 and 145 bar, with increasing the initial concentration of pollutants, the percentage of adsorption decreases. This can be due to the delay in balancing the adsorbent and the contaminant.

Background and Objective: Phytoremediation is one of the eco-friendly treatment methods that can play important role in removing heavy metals. In the present research that was done in 2021, the potential of 20 plant species for treatment of silver, lead, and zinc elements from the soil of Zarshouran mine area was evaluated. Materials and Methods: Sampling of the soil and plants were done following the selection of 20 sampling points. After preparing the samples, the amount of the studied elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Metal pollution levels in the soil were assessed using the enrichment factor (EF). Moreover, the enrichment coefficient of root (ECR) and shoot (ECS), translocation factor (TF) and metal accumulation index (MAI) were calculated. Results: A high contamination of Ag, Pb and Zn elements were determined in the soil of the studied area. Two plant species Astragalus rostratus and Prangos ferulacea had ECS and TF higher than one for Ag. Also, only Eryngium billaridieri and Scrozonera latifolia had ECS/ECR >1 and TF <1 for the three elements. The highest amount of MAI in root and shoot belonged to E. billardieri with values of 29.7 and 16.2, respectively. Conclusion: A. rostratus and P. ferulacea had the potential for phytoextraction of Ag from the soil. Also, only two species E. billaridieri and S. latifolia were able to phytostabilization all three elements. Based on MAI values, E. billardieri had the greatest ability to bioaccumulate Ag, Pb and Zn elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The pollution of environment with heavy metals following the increase in the industrial production has created problems in the lives of living organisms. Lead can penetrate the soft organs of body, and by depositing in them can cause disorders their function. Lead can cross the blood-placental barrier and transfer to the fetus. It is also possible to pass lead through milk to the newborn. OBJECTIVES: The stereology approach was used in rats as animal models to examine the impact of low dosage lead contamination in the mother on the average volume of follicular oocytes and the average volume of mature follicles. METHODS: Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups, which included a control group and four experimental groups of pre-pregnancy, pregnancy, lactation and pre-pregnancy-pregnancy-lactation. The control group had access to drinking water with 0.5 ml of glacial acetic acid. Experimental groups administered lead acetate at a rate of 0.2 percentage + 0.5 ml of glacial acetic acid through drinking water in different periods (pre-pregnancy group 30 days before mating, pregnancy group 21 days of pregnancy, lactation group. They received 21 days of lactation and the pre-pregnancy-pregnancy-lactation group 30 days before mating until the end of lactation). On the 65th day after birth, all infants were killed in the laboratory and left ovary specimens were collected for stereological studies. RESULTS: The results showed that the average volume of oocytes in the primordial, monolayer primary, multilayer primary, and antral follicles increased in the lactation group compared to the control group and other experimental groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, the mean volume of primordial and monolayer primary follicles in lactation group increased compared to the control and experimental groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study's results showed that maternal exposure to low doses of lead during lactation increases the average volume of oocytes and increases the average volume of growing follicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Lead is a toxic metal found in the Earth's crust and has been used by humans for 7,000 years due to its high density, flexibility and strength, and low melting point. The widespread use of this metal in industry and the exposure of workers has led to widespread environmental pollution and public health problems in many parts of the world. Due to the widespread use of lead in various occupations and also the importance of complications caused by exposure to it, biological monitoring of employees exposed to this substance has always been of particular importance in occupational medicine and occupational health, so in this article, a review of the latest Changes to the Biological Monitoring Guidelines for Lead Exposed Employees We review recruitment, periodic, and termination surveys. Method: This study aimed to investigate high-risk occupations and prevent and control lead exposure complications prevent and control lead exposure complications in work environments. GoogleScholar, PubMed, and Scopus databases from 1980 to 2021, and CDC, ACOEM, OSHA, WHO, and ATSDR guidelines were examined by thematic search method. 4 articles and 11 guidelines were selected and used in writing this article. Results: Studies have shown that many businesses, including manufacturers of lead-acid batteries, ammunition, paints, ceramic glazes, etc., are exposed to lead and its health effects. Conclusion: To control and prevent the complications caused by exposure to lead, all workers who have occupational exposure to lead should be examined at the beginning of employment and periodically at regular intervals.

Pollution of environment with heavy metals and its transfer to products is a global problem. The aim was to measure heavy metals in the effluent of Gorgan wastewater treatment plant which with 32 effluent samples of Gorgan wastewater treatment plant were sampled during 6 months in 2016 and concentration of lead, cadmium by polarograph and atomic absorption was assessed. Risk of carcinogenicity and non-carcinogenicity was calculated in three cases: minimum, moderate and maximum. Average concentration of lead in the effluent was 0.003943547 mg/L, which is value for cadmium measured 0.000143571 mg/L.The concentrations of heavy metals in wastewater effluent and dried sludge, except in returned sludge, were below the standards. Due to long-term use of effluents, necessity of treatment of other parameters, and effect of bioaccumulation of metals in sludge, caution should be taken for their agricultural application. Because of importance of this type of contaminants in soil and food products, continuous monitoring by water companies is highly necessary.In mean state, for every one hundred million people, 7.21 people, in max mode, for every ten million people, 1.13 people and in the case of min, for every one hundred million people, 2.82 people are at risk of cancer.

Background & aim: Lead is a heavy metal that enters the body as an environmental contaminant through the gastrointestinal tract or respiratory tract. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of aqueous alcoholic extract of Parsley leaf (Petroselinum crispum) on pituitary-thyroid hormones in adult male rats following lead acetate poisoning. Methods: The present experimental study was conducted in 2020 at the Islamic Azad University, Kazeron Branch. Forty-eight adult male Wistar rats were included in the study, which were divided into 6 groups of 8, including control and control groups (solvent treatment). Four experimental groups were treated with 200 mg / kg lead acetate, 200 mg / kg parsley leaf extract and simultaneously treated with lead acetate and 100 and 200 mg / kg parsley leaves. All prescriptions were performed by gavage for 21 days. Finally, after anesthesia of mice and blood sampling from animal hearts, serum levels of T4, T3 and TSH hormones were measured by ELISA method. The collected data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey test. Results: The results indicated that serum levels of lead acetate T4 and T3 increased in animals receiving lead acetate and TSH showed a significant decrease at the level of p

Introduction: Lead is a toxic heavy metal that has adverse health effects on blood parameters. About 80% of lead produced is used in batteries, especially vehicle batteries. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the hematological changes, including total and differential white blood cell (WBC) counts in battery workers exposed to lead, and compare with the non-exposed group. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in a battery industry in Semnan city. The study population consisted of 78 battery workers and 78 healthy non-exposed office workers. A hematology cell counter was used to determine the total, and differential WBC counts. Blood lead level was measured in accordance with the NIOSH method 8003. Results: Blood lead levels were about two times higher than the TLV recommended by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) for this compound (20 µg/dl). The level of WBC (8.07± 2.55 mm3 blood×103 vs. 7.27 ± 1.58 mm3 blood×103) was significantly higher, while the level of monocyte was significantly lower (6.96 ± 1.72 % vs. 7.67 ± 1.87 %) in the exposed group than in the non-exposed group. After adjustment for potential confounders such as age and work history, a significant association between exposure to lead and WBC and monocyte levels was reported. Conclusion: The present study's findings indicated that exposure to lead was associated with total and differential white blood cells changes in the exposed group compared to the non-exposed group.

Introduction: Electronic wastes are the remnants of electronic devices buried in the soil without processing and contain toxic substances such as heavy metals. Lead is one of the heavy metals in many electronic goods that, if not properly processed, can cause toxicity in the soil and may harm living things in very low concentrations. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the biosorption of lead metal by Bacillus tropicus isolated from soils containing electronic wastes in Isfahan. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, sampling of contaminated soils in several areas of the Zainal Pass hills of Isfahan, which is the landfill of electronic wastes, was performed. After measuring the temperature, pH, TOC, and the amount of metals in the soil sample, lead-resistant bacteria were isolated. The growth rate of bacteria was evaluated at concentrations of 5 to 35 mM of lead. Then, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. The morphology, antibiogram, and molecular identification of the bacteria were performed by colony-polymerase chain reaction method and bioabsorption of bacteria was evaluated by ICP-OES. Finally, XRD, SEM images, and EDS were evaluated to investigate the fabrication of lead nanoparticles. The raw data were analyzed by SPSS software, using an independent t-test. Results: Based on the findings of this study, the pH of the evaluated soil was 9.4, its temperature was 27.8 ° C, the TOC of the sample was 1.8%, and the amount of soil lead was measured at 658.4 ppm based on ICP-OES analysis. It was significantly higher than normal. The lead-resistant bacterial strain isolated to lead had 99/69% genetic affinity with Bacillus tropicus, which had a high biological removal potential (56.35%) of lead metal. The XRD, SEM, and EDS results showed the conversion of adsorbed lead metal to nanoparticles. Discussion and Conclusion: Considering that Bacillus tropicus showed high resistance and adsorption to lead metal, it can be a suitable option for the bio-removal of lead from electronic and other industrial wastes in the future after the removal of antibiotic resistance genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is conducted to evaluate the concentration of nitrate and heavy metals in soil and edible organs of lettuce in Varamin plain farms for one year during 2017-2018. For this porouse, 30 lettuce fields in Varamin plain are selected and in the lettuce harvest season, soil and crop sampling are performed and the average concentrations of nitrate and heavy metals in the soil and lettuce were compared statistically with the standard limits by one paired t-test. The average concentrations of nitrate, lead and cadmium in lettuce are 2756, 1.46, and 0.11 mg/kg in fresh weight, respectively, which are 1.8, 7.3, and 1.1 times greater than the standard limit, declared by the National Standards Organization of Iran, respectively. The mean concentrations of nitrate and total concentrations of lead, cadmium, and nickel in the soil of lettuce fields are 27, 42, 0.64, and 42.5 mg/kg, respectively, while the concentrations of nitrate and lead have been 35% and 180% higher than the allowable limits, respectively. Risk assessments for heavy metals and non-cancerous diseases are performed, using formulas provided by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, 2006). In this regard, the risk index for non-cancerous diseases (HQ) is used. The risk factor for non-cancerous diseases for all contaminants is less than one, indicating that there is no risk for consumption. Accordingly, consuming 40 grams of lettuce per day does not pose a problem for an adult consumer. The bioaccumulation index for all the studied metals has been less than one. According to this study, the highest bioaccumulation factor belongs to the heavy metal cadmium, which indicates the tendency of lettuce to absorb and accumulate cadmium compared to other heavy metals. In order to reduce the concentration of nitrate and lead in the soil and prevent contamination of lettuce soils, it is recommended to avoid excessive use of fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorus and fertilizer application should be based on soil test. According to the results of this study, there is no serious possibility of exposure to non-cancerous diseases caused by nitrate and heavy metals from eating lettuce, but monitoring the concentration of nitrate and heavy metals in soil and lettuce at different intervals is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, various methods have been used to remove heavy metals from aquatic environments; one of which is the adsorption process. Graphene oxide nanoparticles have received much attention due to their high adsorption capacity and high surface area. In this study, melamine-modified nanographene oxide adsorbent was used to remove Pb from aqueous solution. Experiments were performed at pH (3-8), temperature (15-50 °C), Pb concentration (5-200) mg/l, adsorbent (0.01-0.06 g), and contact time (15-150 min). Results showed that the maximum Pb adsorption efficiency by modified nanographene oxide occurred at pH = 6, concentration of 20 mg/l, contact time of 60 min, ambient temperature of 22 °C and adsorbent dosage of 0.01 g. In the study of metal equilibrium isotherms, the Freundlich model was more consistent with the experimental data. Given that the Freundlich model is used to describe heterogeneous adsorbent surfaces, it can be concluded that lead adsorption by graphene oxide nanoparticles has been done in several layers. Modified nanographene oxide with its large surface area, hydrophobicity, high negative charge density, ease of fabrication and high adsorption could be used as an effective adsorbent for metal removal. According to the results of this study, a melamine-modified nanographene oxide adsorbent with a high efficiency of 98.8% can be used to remove lead from aqueous solutions.

Due to the water shortage crisis, the reuse of municipal wastewater is essential. Planting plants in the wastewater treatment process is appropriate and can help to reduce and eliminate pollution in urban and rural wastewater. This study aimed to determine the phytoremediation of lead and nickel from Ahwaz wastewater treatment plant. In this study, a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications was used, and the laboratory activities were performed in the soil laboratory of Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch. Heavy metals were measured by atomic absorption method and PG Instruments Ltd. The average amount of lead and nickel in the effluent of Ahvaz was 96.35 and 102.57 μg/kg. The amount of lead metal in the studied treatments was 17.85-96.86 ppb, and nickel content was 18.91- 102.87 ppb. In this study, the percentage of the Lewis plant's removal of lead and nickel was 62.66% and 70.18%, respectively. Also, the removal efficiency of the studied parameters by the seven herbaceous plants was 29.26% and 44.22%, respectively. The amount of nickel adsorbed by plants was higher than that of lead metal. The removal efficiency of lead and nickel metals from municipal effluent obtained by Typha Latifolica was higher than Polygonum aviculare. In total, Typha Latifolica and Polygonum aviculare plants had the ability to purify lead and nickel metals from urban effluents so that the amounts of these metals were reduced in the second and fourth treatments within 90 days.

One of the most important environmental challenges in the world is environmental pollution with toxic and dangerous heavy metals, which causes various environmental effects. Lead is a heavy metal that can be removed in a variety of methods. In this study, graphene oxide adsorbent was prepared by modified Hummers method and functionalized with aminomethyl phosphonic acid and its application for the adsorption of lead ions from aqueous solutions in a batch sorption process was investigated. The effect of several batch adsorption parameters such as contact time, pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration and temperature were investigated. The kinetic data were analyzed by Pseudo-first-order, Pseudo-second-order and Double- exponential kinetic models. The results showed that experimental data was fitted well by Pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were applied to describe the equilibrium data. The maximum adsorption capacity of lead ions with graphene oxide and functionalized-graphene oxide adsorbents was found to be 187.80 and 209.41 mg/g at a pH of 2.0 and temperature of 45 ºC, respectively. Furthermore, the graphene oxide and functionalized-graphene oxide adsorbents were regenerated by HCl/HNO3 solution and the adsorption capacity did not change remarkably after seven adsorption-desorption cycles.

Background & aim: Lead is one of the neurotoxic environmental pollutants that causes anxiety behaviors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and curcumin diet supplement on anxiety behavior and locomotor activity of lead nitrate-infected female Balb / c mice in the hole-board test. Methods: In the present experimental study conducted in 2019, 42 female mice weighing 25-30 g were purchased from Pasteur Institute of Iran. One week before the start of the study, the rats underwent low-intensity aerobic exercise for 10 minutes (five sessions) for adaptation and familiarization. Subsequently, they were randomly divided into seven groups of six including healthy group (control), negative control group receiving distilled water, negative control group receiving distilled water and ethanol solvent, positive control group receiving lead nitrate, receiving group Lead nitrate and aerobic exercise, lead nitrate and curcumin supplement group and lead nitrate, aerobic and curcumin exercise were divided. At the end of the study, the Hullboard test was taken to evaluate the anxiety behavior and motor activity of the animals. One-way analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis and Tukey post hoc test was used for multiple comparisons. Results: The results of the present study indicated that after oral administration of lead, the number of times the head was sunk into the holes of the hollow board and the latency was reduced compared to the control group (p=0.01), whereas, the number of times the lines were crossed. Positive (+) page (movement activity) increased (p= 0.001). Curcumin supplementation increased the number of times the head was sunk into the holes (p= 0.03), increased the latency (p = 0.02) and decreased the number of times crossing the lines (p= 0.01) compared to the lead nitrate group. Aerobic exercise increased the latency (p=0.02) and decreased the locomotor activity compared to the lead nitrate group (p=0.01), but no significant change was observed in the number of head dips into the plate holes. In addition, performing aerobic exercises simultaneously with curcumin injection caused more head immersion into the holes (p=0.001), increased latency (p=0.01) and decreased motor activity compared to the experimental groups (p=0.01). Conclusion: In general, it was concluded that exposure to lead nitrate causes anxiety behavior. Also, the aerobic training and curcumin supplementation can moderate the anxious effects of lead nitrate treatment.

In the past years, by increasing population and water consumption, as well as the high cost of developing surface water resources, the exploitation of groundwater resources has increased significantly. In the current situation, a significant part of the country's water consumption in all sectors of consumption is provided by groundwater sources. On the other hand, the development of industry and the entry of pollutants, including heavy metals, into the groundwater endanger the health of humans. The present research has investigated the non-cancerous risk caused by heavy metals in the groundwater of Urmia plain for both children and adults. This research is based on a descriptive-analytical method based on the available data, in which the concentration of polluting metals obtained from the studies conducted in the fall and winter of 2016 from the number of 12 wells supplying rural drinking water in the Urmia plain has been analyzed. Also, human health risk assessment was measured using the United States Environmental Protection Agency index. The results showed that there are six heavy metals including cadmium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, and lead in the region's groundwater, among which two of the wells have cadmium and lead values higher than national and international standards. Also, the total non-cancer risk index through ingestion and skin absorption for both children and adults groups was found to be 0.23 and 0.096, respectively, which is less than one, and this indicates that the water quality of the region is suitable for drinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Controlling the toxic effects of lead in biological systems is highly important. This study investigated the effect of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) aqueous extract on liver enzymes in lead poisoning and behavioral changes in rats. Materials and methods: This interventional study was performed in 7 groups of rats: control, drinking lead acetate at 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm, sumac aqueous extract 250 mg/kg and lead acetate in drinking water for 29 days. On the last day, after weighing, elevated plus-maze (EPM) test was performed. The serum was separated to measure Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), and Aspartate transaminase (AST). Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in liver and brain tissues were also determined. Results: The highest average weight at the end, was seen in the group that received 1500 ppm lead acetate. The highest concentrations of liver and brain MDA were observed also in this group (18.0 ± 6.766 and 15.43 ± 0.432μmol /ml, respectively) which was higher compared to the control group, 500ppm lead group, and the extract group (P

Background and objectives: Solidification/stabilization is an effective technique for reducing the leachability of contaminants in soils. Magnesia phosphate cement and ordinary Portland cement can be used to remediate soils contaminated. In this study, the performance of the solidified/stabilized soil was compared for mixtures composed of magnesia phosphate and ordinary Portland cement. Materials & Methods: In this study, the experimental soil were contaminated with 500, 1000 and 5000 mg/kg of lead. Lead-contaminated soils were stabilized by mixing magnesia phosphate and Portland cement in proportions of 25% and 50% by weight. Cement and soil mortars were prepared with water-to-cement ratio 0.5 of distilled water. The performance was assessed using unconfined compressive strength (UCS), toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), initial and final setting and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Results: The results showed that use of magnesia phosphate cement instead of Portland cement could significantly reduce the concentration of lead in TCLP leachate, the setting time and increase the buffer capacity and the formation of crystals in samples containing lead. In 28-day samples containing soil with 5000 mg Pb/kg, Pb concentration in TCLP leachate of samples stabilized with 50% and 25% cement had been determined as 0.41 mg/L and 1.15 mg/L for magnesia phosphate cement and 4.92 mg/L and 12.04 mg/L for Portland cement, respectively. However, using this type of cement instead of Portland cement reduces the compressive strength of 7 and 28 days. Conclusion: The substitution of Portland cement with magnesium phosphate cement for stabilization and solidification of contaminated soil revealed a significant decrease in leachability of heavy metals, setting time, maintenance and equipment cost.

Background and Objective: Evaluation of effective factors in the incidence of leukemia, especially pollutants, such as Sodium Sulfide and lead acetate, can contribute to the treatment of cancer and prevention of disease. Npm1 gene is a multiple Phosphoprotein that contains several action domains. Npm1 gene is encoded between nucleus and cytoplasm and performs several functions including protein ribosome transfer and control of centrosome proliferation. Npm1 mutations are transferred from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. This study was conducted to compare the effect of lead static poisoning and sodium sulfide on Npm1 gene expression in adult male rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 48 adult male rats were allocated into 6 groups. The experimental groups include control, the first and second experimental groups were received sodium sulfide with doses of 300 mg/kg/bw and 600 mg/kg/bw, respectively. The third and fourth experimental groups were received lead acetate with doses of 30 mg/kg/bw and 60 mg/kg/bw, respectively. The fifth experimental groups were received maximum doses of sodium sulfide and lead acetate, respectively. Lead acetate and sodium sulfide were gavaged daily for 4 months. After that, blood was taken from the mice and RNA was extracted. Then, CDNA synthesis and Npm1 gene expression compared to Ywhaz gene were evaluated quantitatively using Real Time PCR. Results: Npm1 gene expression reduced in groups were received sodium sulfide at doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg body weight. Npm1 expression increased in lead static groups with doses of 30 and 60 mg/kg body weight. Conclusion: This study showed that by increasing the expression of Npm1 gene expression, Threshold Cycle value decreases.

Heavy metals are one of the most important environmental contaminants, particularly in soil and water sources. Among heavy metals, lead is one of the most challenging toxic contaminants. Using lead-contaminated soils requires their decontamination and improvement. The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of lead decontamination from soil and to estimate the optimal clean up time using Portulaca oleracea L. and Amaranthus retroflexus. For this purpose, a completely randomized design with five treatments of 30 (standard), 150, 300, 600 and 1200 mg/kg each with three replicates was performed. The results indicated that for both plants a non-linear positive relation exists between the lead concentrations in soil and that accumulated in plant roots and shoots. The highest extracted lead which was accumulated in roots of Portulaca oleracea L. and Amaranthus retroflexus were 173.39 and 149.76 mg/kg, and in their shoots were 20.01 and 5.82 mg/kg, respectively. Translocation factor was obtained from 0.62 to 0.12 for Portulaca oleracea L. and from 0.14 to 0.04 for Amaranthus retroflexus. The translocation factor in both plants was obtained to be less than one, indicating poor lead transfer from root to the shoot. Due to the ability of the above plants to absorb large amounts of lead from the root zone, high plant yield and the ability to accumulate lead in harvestable organs, both plants were highly effective for remediation of lead from soil surface up to concentrations several times of the allowable lead concentration. However, due to the clean-up time and the amount of biomass produced, the Amaranthus retroflexus had a better ability to remediate contaminated soils.

Environmental hazards of wastewater containing metals, including lead, have attracted researchers' attention on their cleanup using novel methods such as bioremediation. In the present study, the biosorption ability of lead by Bacillus sp. Strain STG-83 was evaluated. Response surface methodology with central composite design by the Design Expert software was used to optimize parameters such as pH, biomass concentration, and initial lead concentration. The results showed that the quadratic model proposed by Design Expert software with a correlation coefficient of R2=0.9938 predicted the process behavior properly; lead biosorption by the bacteria was optimized at pH=4.5, initial concentration of lead 297.95 mg. L-1, and the amount of adsorbent 1 g.L-1, which is equal to 149.595 mg. g-1 dry weight. Also, the experimental data were fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The results showed that the Langmuir model is more suitable with R2=0.961. Kinetic studies showed that adsorption capacity reached its maximum value within 5 minutes. Ultimately, due to the valuable potential of this bacterium in rapid and high biosorption of lead, Bacillus sp. strain STG-83 is introduced as a valuable bacterial sorbent for lead bioremediation processes and performance of response surface methodology in modeling and optimizing lead biosorption process by Bacillus sp. strain STG-83 is confirmed.

Background and Objectives Lead poisoning is a life-threatening condition due to its acute and chronic effects.Therefore, preventive methods are very important to prevent the multiple toxic effects of this metal.Due to the lethal effects of lead and its increasing concentration in the environment, this study was designed and performed to measure the concentration of lead in the blood and tissue of patients undergoing appendectomy and cholecystectomy. Methods In a cross-sectional study that was performed on patients with appendectomy or cholecystectomy in Razi Hospital in Ahvaz during a period of twelve months from May 2019 to May 2020. We examined 120 patients in three groups of appendectomy (n=40), cholecystectomy (n=40) and control (n=40).Blood samples were taken from all three groups. Then, after the operation, a pathology sample was taken from the appendix or gallbladder from patients in two groups who underwent appendectomy and cholecystectomy. X-ray Imaging was used to check for lead. Results Our results show well the mean blood lead concentration in the appendectomy group. In the cholecystectomy group and in the control group, the difference between the three groups was statistically significant (P<0.001). Also, lead was found in 21 samples (52.5%) from the appendectomy group and lead in 23 samples(57.5%) from the cholecystectomy group, but this difference was not statistically significant. (P= 0.175). Conclusion Based on the results of this study, it can be said that chronic exposure and lead poisoning may play a role in the occurrence and change of gallstones and appendicitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Painters are exposed to various chemical harmful agents such as lead particles in paints. Some studies have suggested a possible association of occupational exposure that may cause cardiovascular effects. Lead is absorbed through the body through the skin, skin, and respiratory tract and penetrates some tissues. Considering the importance of labor health in each countrychr('39')s development and progress, this study was conducted to determine the amount of lead in the blood of painters in Rafsanjan in 2019. Materials and Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional study of the descriptive type conducted in 1397 on 77 painters of Rafsanjan city. Data collection was done in two stages, in the first stage, based on a checklist that included demographic information, and in the second stage by performing laboratory tests. Finally, by recording the data in SPSS software, quantitative data was reported as a "mean ± standard deviation" and qualitative information as a "number (percent)". Results: Of the 77 painter workers, the youngest is 21, and the oldest is 70 years old. A total of 20 people (26%) had a family history of heart attacks. The highest amount of lead in the blood of painters was reported to be 30.7 micrograms per deciliter, and the level of lead was most correlated with blood sugar. Sixty people (77.9%) painters used personal protective equipment. 49.4% of the studychr('39')s painters wore work clothes, and 28.6% used gloves while working. Lead levels are directly related to blood sugar, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, age, work experience, and blood sugar levels were most correlated with the level of lead in painterschr('39') blood. Conclusion: This studychr('39')s findings show that due to the increase in the work experience of painters, their blood lead level has also increased, and the blood sugar level has had the highest correlation with the lead level in the painterschr('39') blood.