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Background and Objective: Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in the ectopic pelvic kidney is highly challenging due to the presence of pelvic bone structures behind the kidneys and intestine loops in the anterior. Therefore, combining PCNL with laparoscopy will help prevent undesirable complications. Materials and Methods: This case series was performed on eight patients with pelvic kidneys. Patients became candidates for PCNL, which was performed by an intra-abdominal laparoscopic guide, under fluoroscopic control. The best tract for access to the pyelocaliceal system was obtained and renal stones were completely crushed and removed. The stone clearance status was assessed with a plain X-ray and postoperative ultrasound. Results: The mean scores of maximum diameter of the stones, duration of the surgery, and hospitalization length were estimated at 23.5 mm, 114 min, and 3.3 days, respectively. There were no major complications during or after the surgery. All eight patients became stone-free and none of them needed to be readmitted. Conclusion: Laparoscopic-assisted PCNL in ectopic pelvic kidneys is a safe and feasible technique with good results. This combined technique requires sufficient experience and expertise in both laparoscopic and endourologic fields since it has potential side effects of both methods.

Kidney and urinary tract stones are the most painful diseases of the urinary system that affect the quality of life. At present, various treatments such as medications, crushing and surgical treatments are used which are not effective in some cases or have some complications. Therefore, more efficient and less costly treatments are preferred. In Persian Medicine, the disease is widely investigated. In this study, effective medications on the break down of kidney and urinary tract stones are reviewed in Persian literature and sources at different time periods. Also, plants which are more recommended or used in clinical studies are presented.

Background and Aim: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has revolutionized the treatment of kidney stones in children. However, use of this technology has several complications which cast doubt on its safety and effectiveness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and complications of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in the treatment of renal pelvis stones in the children less than 8 years of age. Material and Method: This retrospective study included children less than 8 years of age with renal pelvis stones who had been referring to Tohid Hospital in Sanandaj, between 2007 and 2015. Data of the patients, such as age, sex, clinical status, stone free rate, days of hospitalization, response rate to treatment and complications were obtained from the patientschr('39') medical records. We used a checklist to collect data of 35 children less than 8 years of age (including 37 kidneys) with renal pelvis stones who had been treated with ESWL in Tohid Hospital. SPSS software and descriptive statistics (absolute and relative frequency, mean and standard deviation) were used for data analysis. Result: The sizes of the stones were between 8 and 25 mm. Thirty three patients (94.5%) were treated after one ESWL session and two patients (5.5%) were treated after two ESWL sessions. Six patients (16.2%) developed fever due to urinary tract infection; in two cases free stones lodged in ureter and 8 cases (21.6%) required hospitalization after ESWL. Hematuria occurred in all cases. Subcapsular hematoma was not observed in the patients. Blood transfusion was not given to the patients. The effectiveness of ESWL and stone free rate had inverse relationship with the age of the patients and sizes of the stones. Conclusion: In this study extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy was an extremely effective method for the treatment of renal pelvis stones in children and major and irreversible complications were not common. ESWL was more suitable for the treatment of the stones of less than 20 mm. Key words: Children, Kidney stone, ESWL, Complications. Received: Aug 15, 2017 Accepted: Nov 6, 2017

Background and aims: Calcium oxalate is the most well-known type of the kidney stones which no definite chemical medicinal treatment presented for it. The use of herbal products can be a good way to prevent the formation or dissolution of these stones. This study was carried out to determine Prunus avium L. tail herbal tea effect on the formation or dissolution of calcium oxalate. Methods: In this laboratory study, the herbal tea of 4.0 g dried Prunus avium L. tail in 100.0 ml double distilled water was prepared and its effect on the formation and dissolution of calcium oxalate was investigated. The solubility of this salt in mixture containing 33.3% (v/v) of herbal tea was studied by complexometery and spectroscopy methods. The concentration of Ca2+ in saturated calcium oxalate solution was determined by titration with 0.01 M Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and light emission in complexometric and spectroscopic methods, respectively. In order to investigate the formation rate of calcium oxalate salt, the titration of 0.05 M calcium chloride solution containing 33.3% (v/v) of herbal tea with 0.05 M sodium oxalate was performed. Results: The results of flame photometery, complexometery and conductometery techniques reveal that, although this herbal tea cannot have good effect on the dissolution of calcium oxalate stone, it significantly prevented the stone formation (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that Prunus avium L. tail herbal tea can be a good choice to prevent diseases in people disposed to kidney stones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Excessive use of diets with high level of oxalate causes an increase in urinary oxalate and leads to the formation of oxalate calcium stone. The aim of this study was evaluation and isolation of an oxalate-degrading bacterium in patients with kidney calcium oxalate stone. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional-descriptive study was carried out on stool and urine samples of 100 healthy individuals and 100 patients with calcium oxalate stone disease in Motahari hospital of Jahrom. The Oxalate-degrading bacteria enriched and cultured in specific medium and were identified by using biochemical tests and 16S rRNA molecular method. Moreover, the presence of oxc and frc genes in isolated bacteria was detected. Results: Lactobacilli were isolated from 80% of healthy individuals and 48% of patients with calcium oxalate stone disease. In 60(46.88%) cases of lactobacilli, oxc gene and 14 (10.94%) cases, frc genes were identified. There was a significant difference between level of urinary oxalate in patients with kidney stone and healthy individuals. But, oxalate – degrading lactobacilli colonization were significantly higher in healthy individuals in comparison with patients with kidney stone. Conclusion: Since the reduction of oxalate- degrading bacteria is one of the reasons of hyperoxaluria and urolithiasis, using these bacteria is recommended for reducing kidney stones.