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Introduction: Melasma is one of the common dermatologic diseases that has an effect on the patient's quality of life, therefore its treatment is important. Various medicinal and herbal compounds have been used, including creams containing hydroquinone, vitamin C, alfa hydroxy acids, arbutin, tretinoins, and sometimes combination creams are prescribed, and there is still no definite and guaranteed treatment for it. In the present experimental study, the effect of topical medicine Atache Despigman (Atache laboratorios, Spain), which contains 2% hydroquinone, vitamin C and fruit acids) in the treatment of melasma has been investigated. After two months of treatment with this medicine, from the patients' point of view, the results of spot reduction were very good 17%, good 53%, average 25%, and poor 5%, and these percentages from the doctor's point of view were 20%, 52%, 25%, and 3%, respectively. Therefore, the majority observed the effectiveness. With the examination by Dermacatch device, a decrease in pigmentation was also observed.

Background: Melasma is an acquired Hypermelanosis often difficult to treat. In this study, we assessed efficacy and safety of 5% hydroquinone cream plus non-ablative fractional 1540 erbium YAG laser and 5% hydroquinone cream alone in the treatment of melasma Methods: We selected 40 patients of melasma aged between 18 and 60 years for the study. Group 1 were treated with a cream of 5% hydroquinone and group 2 treated with a solution of hydroquinone 5% plus three sessions of non-ablative fractional 1540 erbium YAG laser at monthly interval. Improvement was assessed by the melasma-area-and-severity-index (MASI) score. Results: The two groups did not differ significantly in (MASI( score in the first month of treatment (p = 0/135), while during the second to fifth months, there were significant differences between the two groups (p

In this study, first extraction from the C. dactylon rhizomes was performed with methanol solvent using maceration method, and total phenolic compounds in the extract were identified and determined. Then the antioxidant effects of the extract in different concentrations (0, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1000 ppm) on the oxidative stability factors of soybean oil including peroxide value, acidity value, thiobarbituric acid index (TBA) and rancimat value during kept of oil in an oven at 60 °C for 72 hours was evaluated and compared with the synthetic antioxidant BHT (200 ppm). The identification results of phenolic compounds by GC/MS showed that the total amount of phenolic compounds in the C. dactylon rhizomes extract was measured as 917.08 mg/kg and the major phenolic compounds of the extract including Hydroquinone (66.89%), Thymol (1.23%), Levoglucosenone (2.48%) and Vanillic acid (1.35%) were identified. With increasing the concentration of the extract, the amount of polyphenolic compounds and as a result, the free radical scavenging activity of the extract increased. Evaluation of soybean oil stability against oxidation also showed that among the studied concentrations of methanolic extract, the concentration of 1000 ppm due to having the highest amount of phenolic compounds and therefore the highest antioxidant activity, was determined as the most effective concentration level of the extract in increasing the oxidative stability of soybean oil, so that better results were obtained than BHT synthetic antioxidant at a concentration of 200 ppm. Thus, the methanolic extract of the C. dactylon rhizomes can be used as a cheap and available antioxidant source in the edible oils industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although synthetic antioxidants are effective in stabilizing oils against oxidation, because of their negative effects on the health of consumers, their use are being limited. Therefore, the use of natural antioxidants such as essential oils of some plants is increasing. In this study, the effect of three types of essential oils of oregano, thyme and rosemary as natural antioxidants at concentrations of 0 (control sample) 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm and synthetic antioxidant hydroquinone tertiary butyl (TBHQ) at a concentration of 100 ppm on the oil quality characteristics of Nigella Sative seed oil (OSI index, peroxide value, acidity and thymoquinone content) were evaluated on the extraction days, 30, 60 and 90 days of storage. The results showed that the highest and lowest peroxide values were related to antioxidant-free oil (61.13 meqO2/kg oil) and oil containing 750 ppm rosemary essential oil (7.7 meqO2 / kg oil), respectively. The results also showed that the oil samples did not differ significantly in terms of acidity (p <0.05). Thymoquinone as the active ingredient of the oil was better preserved in oils containing essential oils, so that the highest and lowest values were related to oils containing 750 ppm rosemary essential oil (1684 ppm) and oil without antioxidants (1230 ppm), respectively. In general, the results showed that rosemary essential oil at a concentration of 750 ppm instead of TBHQ can be used to stabilize black seed oil and maintain its properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An electrochemical sensor based on deposition of polymeric film by using electrochemical method on the surface of glassy carbon electrode was fabricated for simultaneous determination of dihydroxybenzene using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The sensor was constructed by simple modification of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with a uniform electro-polymerized film of poly (eriochrome black T) (poly(EBT)). The electro-chemical behaviors of hydroquinone (HQ), catechol (CC) and resorcinol (RS) at the modified electrode were studied. The obtained peak current was linearly dependent on the HQ, CC, and RS concentrations in the range of 0.50-70.0 µM, 0.50-70.0 µM and 1.0-70.0 µM, respectively. The detection limits for HQ, CC and RS at the surface of poly(EBT)/GCE were 0.20 µM, 0.11 µM and 0.60 µM (3σ), respectively. In addition, simultaneous determination of dihydroxybenzene was evaluated in real sample of water with differential pulse voltammetry.

Introduction: Melasma is a recurrent, symmetric, and chronic acquired hyperpimentation that presents gray-brown macules and patches with determined margins in areas exposed to light. There are many treatment options with different efficacies and side effects. In this study the therapeutic effect of 20% azelaic acid and 4% hydroquinone in treatment of melasma was assessed. Methods: In this clinical trial, the study population consisted of all patients with clinical diagnosis of melasma, who referred to the outpatient clinic of dermatology of Hamadan, Farshchian Hospital from December 2013 to July 2014. A total of 44 patients were recruited. Patients were randomly divided to two groups and each group was treated with either azelaic acid or hydroquinone for four months. The MASI score was used to evaluate the improvement. P values of ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Of 44 patients, 21 received 4% hydroquinone and 23 received 20% azelaic acid, with random allocation. Both groups were similar with respect to gender and age, and there were no significant differences between the two groups. The MASI score in both groups had a decreasing trend over time, and at the end of the fourth month, a significant difference was found between the two groups (P = 0.006). The overall mean MASI score in both groups had a significant difference at different times and during the entire trial period, mean MASI score of 20% azelaic acid was lower than 4% hydroquinone (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Based on this study, we could conclude that 20% azelaic acid in comparison with 4% hydroquinone had better effects on treatment of melasma. Therefore, 20% azelaic acid is a good alternative for 4% hydroquinone in treatment of melasma.

Introduction & Objective: Melasma is an acquired hypermelanosis disease and can cause superficial problems in women if left untreated. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of 2% hydroquinone and Melfade in the treatment of Melasma. Materials & Methods: This is a randomized clinical trial study conducted at Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences in 2008. Sixty two women with Melasma disease were recruited and randomly assigned to two groups. Two percent hydroquinone was prescribed for the first group (n=31) and Melfade for the second group. After 12 weeks of daily drug consumption by the patients, they were examined by a dermatologist for assessment of recovery. The collected data was analyzed by the SPSS software. Results: Response to treatment with hydroquinone and Melfade- was the same and no significant differences were found between the two groups. (P>0.05) onclusion: Results of this study demonstrated that topical Melfade is as effective as 2% hydrquinone in treatment of Melasma, Therefore it can be considered as an alternative drug in the treatment of Melasma.

Background and purpose: Melasma is a pigmentation of facial area that is seen mostly in women. Endocrine disorders are involved in development of melasma. This study was designed to evaluate the topical effect of a triple combination therapy in patients with melasma. Materials and methods: This clinical trial was conducted in 70 patients with melasma attending a Dermatology Clinic. All patients with melasma received triple combination (hydroquinone 5%, salicylic acid 4%, and fluocinolone 0.01%) and vitamin C 2% for 6 months. The efficacy of treatment was evaluated based on Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) Score and patients' satisfaction was evaluated according to a questionnaire based on Satisfaction Index (SI). Data analysis was performed applying qui square test, binomial test, and repeated measures ANOVA. Results: Among the patients 93% were women and the mean age of participants was 35.21±7.5. Mean MASI Score was 27.07±10.24 at the beginning of the treatment and a significant decrease was seen at the end of first month (7.17±3.64), second (6.97±2.97), third (8.64±3.77), fourth (8.96±4.77), and sixth months (7.77±4.86). Conclusion: Triple combination therapy (hydroquinone 5%, salicylic acid 4%, and fluocinolone 0.01%) was found effective in treatment of melasma and could be used as a new protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]