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Considering the necessity of learning from past experiences and continuous improvement in order to prepare development plans, the present study examines the challenges and strategies to implement health-related provisions in the first to sixth development plans. The current research was conducted in the form of a scoping review. Studies published in English and Persian 2000 until the end of November 2021 were reviewed. The search was done in the databases (SID, Magiran, Ensani.Ir, Irandoc, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, Pubmed) and related journals. 262 studies were obtained, after removing unrelated, duplicate studies and quality assessment, finally articles were selected for final analysis. CASP checklist was used to evaluate the quality. Conventional content analysis approach with Max-QDA 12 was used for data analysis. 262 studies were obtained, finally 16 articles were selected and analyzed. Challenges and solutions related to implementing the health sector development plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran in seven main dimensions including: the program development approach; Policy makers and executives; Execution and implementation of the program, program development, program monitoring challenges; Content of the program; and Lack of following the principles of planning and 51 sub dimensions were extracted that the lack of a clear definition of the concepts of development and development planning; Non-compliance of program provisions with general policies; Lack of meaningful and developmental supervision; Multiple goals and priorities were among challenges. Also, the corresponding solutions of each challenge based on the review of studies included 47 sub dimensions that the correct implementation of the principles of coherent planning, definition of appropriate indicators, mechanisms for gathering information, evaluation of the program, political support, creating a unified understanding between stakeholders, adapting the design of executive programs to infrastructure and moving to mixed programs were among the solutions. Human-centered approaches to development place a lot of value on health and believe that unless an efficient health system governs the society, societies and nations cannot achieve their economic and social goals. Therefore, discussions and planning in this area are very important; Therefore, the identified challenges resulting from this study and the solutions to overcome them can help to formulate, implement and finally evaluate the future development plans [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: A health-promoting lifestyle is an essential factor in reducing related health problems and increasing the quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the health-promoting lifestyle and related predictors in the employees of Tobacco Company. Materials and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) that performed on 283 employees of a tobacco company in Tehran. All employees of the tobacco company had a chance to enter the study and after considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, eligible participants entered the study and those who signed the written consent were investigated. Data were collected through a socio-demographic characteristics questionnaire and a health-promoting lifestyle questionnaire and were analyzed by SPSS software version 19 (IBM SPSS Statistics 19.0). P <0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean ±standard deviation of the total health-promoting lifestyle score was 131.53 ±21.17. The lowest and highest mean scores were related to the subscales of physical activity 18.50 ±5.46 and spiritual growth 25.61 ±5.03, respectively. Modified GLM results showed that smoking and work experience variables were predictors of health-promoting behaviors. So that health-promoting behaviors in smokers are 6 times less than non-smokers (OR: 6.79, CI95%: -13.15—0.42), for one year increase in work experience, 7.7% more health-promoting behaviors (OR: 0.77, CI95%: 0.09—1.46) and in illiterate people was very low compared to academics (OR: -59.61, CI95%: -117.70—1.53). Conclusion: Considering the effects of some individual factors such as work experience and smoking on health-promoting lifestyle, we can conclude that educational programs to increase lifestyle awareness and its effects on physical and mental health as well as program implementation - Health education programs focus on increasing physical activity among employees are essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background and Objectives: Health plays a key role in today's society and is considered the core of human development. It goes without saying that health is a matter of concern to all of us, and achieving and maintaining health requires the cooperation of all organs, including the mass media. With this background in mind, the current study aimed to assess the attitude of families residing in Qom towards health-oriented TV/radio programs and how it affects their health practice. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on families residing in Qom in 2018. Using multi-stage sampling and sample size formula, 310 families were randomly selected. Data collection tools included a researcher-made questionnaire on the use of health-oriented TV/radio programs, attitudes towards health-oriented TV/radio programs, and health practice. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 20) using independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, Chi-square, ANOVA, as well as Tukey and Fisher's Least Significant Difference (LSD) post hoc tests. Results: Based on the results of the present study, 134 (43.2%) cases never used health-oriented TV/radio programs, and 90 (29%) subjects used them for less than one hour throughout the day and night. Furthermore, a significant relationship was observed between the use of health-oriented TV/radio programs with attitudes (P=0.023) and health practice (P

Background and Aim: Expenditure in the health sector requires appropriate resources management. This study was conducted to determine the amount of moral hazards associated with the service providers in the medication prescriptions paid by an insurance organization. Methods: Study population included paid pharmaceutical documents in Tehran province in 2019. 2000 prescriptions for 500 insured people were randomly selected from the database of the organization. Two indicators (the number of suspicious prescriptions based on the incompatibility of a drug with the history of the disease or the drug spectrum of an insured and the number of prescriptions with a financial burden higher than the average usual burden of a normal patient) were matched with transcript data and analyzed with SPSS version 24. An experienced pharmacist was consulted to examine the drug spectrum of all prescriptions. Results: 5.4% of total prescriptions were incompatible drugs and 6.4% had created extra financial burden. The highest incidence of risks by speciality was related to general practitioners (16 % with a surplus financial burden of 87/500/000 Rials). The highest number and amount of risks in Rials per insured group was related to supervisors (63 % with a surplus financial burden of 26/000/000 Rials). The risk in the military centres’ prescriptions were more than private and governmental centres and it was relatively equal in contracted (48%) and non-contracted (52%) centres. Conclusion: The abuse in the health service provision is a high risk for health care managers in countries that have health insurance programs which their intelligent tracking reduces many of the insurers’ costs and prevent the shortage of vital medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of the country's health insurance system one of the most important commands emphasized in the general policies of the Supreme Leader is the Fifth Development Plan Act and one of the main goals of the Iranian Health Insurance Organization. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the purpose of influencing factors on health insurance marketing strategy. The search for the articles in this study is a review by searching the database of Google Scholar, ProQuest, Elsevier, Pubmed, Barakatkns and Scopus from 2006 to 2019. Word or statements of the Persian and English articles were based on keywords: strategy, marketing, health insurance and their English equivalent; strstegies, marketing," Insurance, Health". Finaly, of the search, 148 articles were obtained and out of 65 articles after title and abstract screening, 46 articles after study abstract and 35 articles after fulltext review were excluded, and finally 30 articles eligible for inclusion. Results showed that various factors such as defensive strategy, analytical strategy, predictive strategy, cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy, etc. have an impact on health insurance, which indicates that the program needs to be controlled for strategic planning is used in health insurance and the ability of health insurance managers to achieve organizational goals and optimal management is an essential requirement. Therefore, relying on upstream documents, the Minister of Health and Medical Education's plan to submit to the Islamic Consultative Assembly the aim of ensuring the health insurance programs of the People's Health Insurance Organization in order to manage the sanctions in the field of health well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Awareness on quality of life of infertile couple and their level of marriage satisfaction is an important issue which could be also helpful in planning effective health programs. This study investigated the relationship between quality of life and marriage satisfaction in infertile couples attending Hazrat-e Maryam Fertility Center and Imam Khomeini Hospital in Sari. Materials and methods: This descriptive-analytical study was done in 138 couples. Data was collected using ENRICH questionnaire and WHOQOL (quality of life assessment). Descriptive and inferential statistics were performed to analyze the data. Results: In factor analysis physical dimensions had a strong load on marital satisfaction (0.41,T- value=4.58). But the factor loading for mental dimensions was not significant (-0.038, T-value=-0.03). Conclusion: In this study no correlation was found between mental and environmental dimensions with marital satisfaction, however, these dimensions could indirectly influence other dimensions, thereby affecting marital satisfaction. Hence, health system should implement efficient interventions to enhance the quality of life in infertile couples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Using counseling standards by fertility health counselors is necessary in achieving the goals of every fertility health and family planning program. The current study investigated the implementation of counseling standards by counselors from the viewpoint of fertility health clients in Isfahan, Iran during 2011. Methods: This study was conducted on 236 randomly-selected clients of the fertility health program in 20 counseling centers in Isfahan. The counseling standard questionnaire (designed based on a checklist provided by the Iranian Ministry of Health) was used to collect data. Statistical analyses were performed using analysis of variance, chi-square test, and t-tests in SPSS16. Findings: Most clients ranked verbal and non-verbal communication, counseling conditions, selection of contraceptive method, and describing the importance of fertility health as satisfactory. In contrast, correcting the wrong beliefs of clients about the contraceptive methods and helping them choose the right decision were less satisfactory according to the standards. Conclusion: The use of counseling standards in the studied health fertility program was mostly ranked as satisfactory. Nevertheless, improvement of some qualitative domains of counseling seems necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: About 2 of 3 women are undergone of family planning program. Also many studies showed that applying of each family planning method has complications especially in a long time use. But there is not any educational program about this complications and this problem may be lead to serious complications in women. Thus this study was necessary for measurement of women awareness level about follow up and surveillances programs in family planning. Methods: This is a cross sectional study that done in Isfahan urban health centers during 1388. 4 methods of pregnancy prevention includes OCP, candum, IUD and Tl were studied .We selected 65 women from each method and interviewed about follow up and surveillances programs by special questionnaire. The data after collected entered to computer and analyzed by SPSS software. Findings: The mean +SD of awareness in all women was 5.52±2.4(0-10 range). The mean + SD of awareness in OCP group was 5.65 ± 1.37, in IUD was 5.93±1.84, in candum group was 5.78±3.36 and in TL group was 4.72±2.42 and according to ANOVA test, there is an statistically difference between four groups (p=0.016). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the level of awareness about follow up and surveillances of family planning is poor. Thus many educational programs must be directed by rural and urban health center for improvement of awareness level of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Transition from high school to university is a stressful phenomenon for most students, so it is imperative that they gain a variety of skills to adapt with the new situation. This study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of teaching life skills including: stress management, self-consciousness, and effective communication on the general health of freshmen. Materials and methods: This study employed quasi-experimental method and had a control group as a standard of comparison. Among the undergraduate freshmen of Islamic Azad University, Urmia Branch, 100 students were selected through a multi-stage sampling method and were randomly divided into four equal groups (three experimental groups and one control group). Then, three types of instructions, namely, stress management, self-consciousness and effective communication were offered to them in six sessions (each 1.5 hours). Finally, the difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of general health questionnaire was compared. Results: Overall, the difference between pre- and post-test scores related to general health components was significantly meaningful in favor of experimental groups (P<0.05). It was found that two elements i.e. anxiety and insomnia in stress management and self-consciousness groups, and the element of body indications in effective communication group improved more than the other elements. Altogether, the means of dyadic analyses showed that teaching effective communication skills influenced all components of general health and the total scores achieved in effective communication skills resulted in better improvements in comparison with other two instructions. Conclusion: Our findings showed that teaching the life skills to students resulted in improved general health. Thus, it is suggested that these types of skill instructions, particularly communicative skills be included as a part of the university mental health programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Monitoring and evaluation are basic components of any health program. Control charts show clearly the process performance trend longitudinally and help managers and staff to detect general and specific variations and evaluate the process performance correctly. This study was conducted to design and utilize control charts in the primary health care (PHC) system. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the average weekly, monthly and seasonal delays in receiving health services were compared retrospectively. In the second stage, appropriate control charts were introduced with due consideration of the PHC system. Results: More than 95% of the weekly average delays were below the upper control limit, while in 100% of the cases the monthly and seasonal averages were under the upper control limit. Conclusion: Desirable health outcomes result from appropriate services. It is necessary to monitor health processes coverage and performance with simple and specific indicators. With regard to the health process outputs in the PHC system, it is suggested that the R-X, np and C charts be used in monitoring processes. The control charts help the service providers to determine and manage process performance by gathering simple, applicable data. Some of the advantages of using these charts are the possibility of longitudinal surveys, simplicity of the calculation methods, and their high applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Community involvement is the most important strategy in development. In health program planning, community assessment is a process in which society members get a thorough understanding of all matters, problems, resources, weaknesses, strengths, needs, and surveillance related to health by collecting, analyzing, and publishing relevant data and information. This study was conducted to identify and prioritize problems of the Chahestani region, a poor region in Bandar- Abbas city, Iran, with active participation of the people. Materials and Methods: The study was based on a model designed in North Carolina, US. In this model, the assessment process is performed in eight steps. In the first seven steps problems are identified and prioritized, and in step 8 a plan of action is developed to deal with the problem selected. Results: A total of 60 problems were identified, of which the following were considered to be top priorities: lack of responsibility of the authorities, insecurity, unemployment, poverty, sewerage disposal, insufficient water, insufficient electricity, unpaved roads, lack of green space, and dirty streets and passages. Conclusion: Most of the problems identified were non-health problems, including social, cultural, and economic issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is in the 7th grade according to Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) and will stay in this grade until 2020. In the developing countries, 25% of preventable deaths are due to tuberculosis, 75% of them occurs in producing people. The main reason of this outcome is ineffective national programs for tuberculosis surveillance in the countries. Therefore, periodic program evaluation of tuberculosis surveillance would be essential. Methods: This was a Health system research (program evaluation) study that has been conducted in Isfahan district (2005-2006). Data were collected from epidemiologic forms sent to Isfahan provincial health center. All samples were analyzed. Data were analyzed using SPSS 11.5 software. The outcome and process indices were computed and compared with standards. Findings: The computed indices in 2005 and 2006 were as case detection rate (CDR) 90% and 77%, incidence of smear-positive cases per 100000 population 2.28 and 1.11, conversion rate 87.5% and 81%, cure rate 77.5% and 56%, completion rate 2.5% and 2%, success rate 80% and 58%, failure rate 2.5% and 4%, respectively. Conclusion: This study revealed that there is a gap between new-case incidence of smear positive lung tuberculosis, cure rate, success rate and the standards. This reveals a problem in accomplishment of tuberculosis surveillance program and continuous monitoring of this program will lead to improvement the indices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis in the world. This study presents the evidence on the prevalence of symptomatic hand osteoarthritis in urban community. To add to the evidence on the prevalence of symptomatic hand osteoarthritis in urban community. Methods: Inhabitants (age≥15 yrs) in 22 randomly selected districts (Tehran) participated in a Community-Oriented Program for Control of Rheumatic Diseases (COPCORD) evaluating major rheumatic disorders, including osteoarthritis. Eventually, 10, 291 inhabitants completed a Questionnaire (75% response-rate). Trained interviewers asked participants whether they had had any pain, swelling, tenderness, or morning stiffness in the right/ left hand during previous seven days. Participants underwent a complete physical examination if they had any musculoskeletal complaint or extraarticular manifestation of rheumatic disease. Osteoarthritis was defined as presence of palpable nodules (Heberden's/ Bouchard's nodes, CMC1's squaring), pain, tenderness, swelling, or a combination of them on that joint (DIP-PIP-MCP-CMC1). Clinical hand osteoarthritis was positive if at least one joint showed osteoarthritis. Results: Symptomatic hand osteoarthritis was present in 2.8%(CI; 2.3-3.4) (52.6% female, mean age; 37.1±16.3). Prevalence was higher in females (4.3% vs. 1.3%, p=0.000) and increased with age (0.1% in people <30 versus 23% in people >70, p=0.000). The most common signs in the DIP, PIP and CMC1 joints were bony enlargement, followed by tenderness and pain on movement. Conclusions: our study confirms the evidence of high prevalence of symptomatic hand osteoarthritis in an urban community. The prevalence, pattern of hand joints involvement and relationship with age and sex in this study performed in an Eastern community resemble those in Westerners, which calls for further attention by appropriate services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]