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Background: The lack of imagination capability, Perception and learning ethical behavior cannot be compensated by organizational statements or traditional training, and in addition, organizations do not possess enough tools and sources to solve this problem. However, digital simulation technologies like virtual reality, can help to learn ethical behavior through unconscious mental processing and goal priming of ethical behavior by providing a platform for imagining the results of unethical/ethical behaviors in the simulated environment.The Aim: The present study survey the impact of the use of Virtual Reality Simulation technology on the mental priming and social cognitive learning of ethical behavior among the employees of organizations.Methods: The paradigm and methodological approach of the current research is interpretive and qualitative with a meta-synthesis method. The statistical population of the research consists of authentic qualitative studies published in the field of application of digital simulation technologies in social cognitive learning from 2010 to 2022.Findings: Based on the meta-synthesis results, the five components of unconscious indoctrination, feeling of pervasive presence in the learning environment, increasing the cognitive processing capacity of abstract and non-experiential concepts, the ability to deeply perceive the subject in the simulation environment, positive motivation to learn, improving creativity were identified as the effect of the use of Virtual Reality as digital simulation technology on social cognitive learning and ethical behavior in organizations.Conclusion: Based on the results of the research, it is concluded that digital simulation technologies can provide a significant change in social cognitive learning and automation of ethical behavior.

Background & Aims: Attention to psychological issues has always been emphasized by psychologists and it has been mentioned as a field for predicting behaviors and identifying the causes of behaviors. The importance of psychological issues is so great that today, by examining the psychological dimensions of people, many problems and dilemmas of their lives can be identified and solutions can be applied to manage it. This has led to attention to the psychological dimensions of important and key people more than ever. In the meantime, psychological ability as one of the important characteristics of successful people has always played an important role in people's success. The use of psychological empowerment capabilities in individual domains has led to its use as an internal force to strengthen individual behaviors and attitudes. This issue has led to various studies to improve the psychological empowerment of individuals and extensive efforts to improve the level of psychological empowerment among all groups. One of the important issues that affect the behavioral aspects of people along with psychological empowerment is moral behaviors. Ethical behaviors play an important role in the development and promotion of ethics. Nowadays, ethical behaviors due to their impact on the environment have been identified as an important factor in the development of ethics. Ethical behaviors cause people to have an important understanding of the importance of morality and to do their utmost to develop and spread morality. Using the capabilities of psychological empowerment and ethical behaviors to improve individual performance can improve the productivity of individuals and groups. Understanding the role of psychological empowerment and ethical behaviors in some variables such as competitiveness, while creating scientific evidence in this area can lead to the formation of strategies to improve competitiveness. Due to the destructive nature of some aspects of competitiveness, the use of psychological empowerment capacities and ethical behaviors can play an effective role in the formation of desirable and positive competitiveness. In view of the above, in the present study, the researcher seeks to answer the question: Do psychological competence and moral behavior affect competitiveness? Methods: The present research is a descriptive-survey research and from the purpose perspective, it is one of the applied researches that was conducted in the field. The statistical population of the present study included managers and deputies of municipalities in the north of the country (242 people). Also, to collect data in the present study, three questionnaires of psychological empowerment of Park and SEO (2019), which include 4 questions. In the present study, the reliability of this questionnaire was determined to be 0.81. Loser (2013) questionnaire was used to assess moral behavior. This questionnaire consists of 15 questions. In the present study, the reliability of this questionnaire was determined to be 0.84. Ozdemir and Aslan (2012) questionnaire with 11 questions was used to assess competitiveness. In the present study, the reliability of this questionnaire was determined to be 0.80. Finally, Kalmogorov-Smirnov test was used to investigate the natural distribution of data and structural equations were used using SPSS software version 20 and PLS version 3 software to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that psychological empowerment has an effect on competitiveness of 0.234. It was also found that ethical behavior has an effect on competitiveness of 0.694 (Table 2). It was also found that the research and model variables have a good fit (criteria higher than 0.7). On the other hand, considering that the desired value of this Q2 index is higher than 0.32, it can be said that the rate of Q2 index in the identified factors is in a favorable position (Table 4). Finally, considering that the desired value of GOF index is higher than 0.36, it was found that the research model has a good fit in all indicators. Conclusion: The present study found that psychological empowerment improves competitiveness. In other words, improving the level of psychological empowerment increases the level of competitiveness in its positive aspect. Psychological empowerment seems to create positive capacities among people. Psychological empowerment means the release of forces, the inner strength of individuals as well as the provision of opportunities and opportunities for the development of talents, abilities and competencies. This has led to the psychological empowerment of positive capacities to improve the abilities of individuals and thus improve the skills to perform competitively. This issue has caused that in the present study, psychological empowerment due to its capacities and ability to influence the behaviors and attitudes of individuals improves the competitiveness. The present study also found that ethical behavior improves competitiveness. In other words, improving the level of ethical behaviors improves the level of competitiveness of individuals. It seems that moral behaviors by promoting values and ethics cause people's behaviors to be done properly to improve success. In other words, moral behaviors cause people to have a good level of behavior and as a result, have a good performance in order to achieve success. Ethical behaviors will be the initial basis for the formation of a suitable atmosphere in groups and organizations in order to improve performance, and this issue causes ethical behaviors to improve the context for improving competitiveness. This issue has led to the present study to improve the ethical behaviors to improve the competitiveness of individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Purpose: Ethical behavior is of particular importance to public agents and it can be seen both as a framework for improving political and administrative actions and a criterion for assessing the amount of commitment of public agents so as to achieve the public benefit. The purpose of this study is to identify the ethical behavior of public agents based on Sa'di's Golestan.Methodology: The present study is exploratory in nature, conducted through inductive approach, and located on the framework of the interpretive paradigm. The second chapter of Sa'di's Golestan serves the data source of the study and theme analysis was used to analyze the data. Validity of the results was assessed and confirmed using census method done by an assessor and their reliability was assessed and confirmed Using Holsty method.Findings: The findings of the present study indicated that the ethical behavior of public agents, based on the second chapter of Sa'di's Golestan, has 48 basic themes, 16 organizing themes, and four comprehensive themes. Comprehensive themes include slavery ethics, individual ethics, social ethics, and political ethics.Conclusion: The explained model can be used as a guide to improve ethical behavior of public agents so as to pay more attention to public benefits, motivate staffs, increase the legitimacy of public agents, and develop political and administrative actions.

Ethics refers to a set of value-based and non-value-based practices whose attitudes and practices are conducive to personal growth and excellence, organizational growth, and social development. Thus the purpose of this research was study of ethical behavior of students in the academic year 2019. The research in terms of aim, applied and in terms of design, descriptive survey. The statistical population consisted of students in engineering faculty that through simple random 315 ones were chosen as sample. Data collection tools included a researcher-made ethical behavior questionnaire that questionnaires content validity confirmed. Through Cronbach alpha coefficient, reliability coefficients were calculated equal to 0.91. Data’s analyzed by using Spss 22 software and through one sample t-test, independent sample t-test and one way Anova. Finding showed mean of ethical behavior and components were upper than average. Also there was not a significant difference between students' ethical behavior in terms of gender, but this difference was significant in terms of academic degree. Therefore, it is suggested that the growth and education of engineering students in ethical & behavioral fields be a serious priority in the curriculum of these fields especially at the undergraduate level.

This study aims to prepare, conduct preliminary implementation, and examine the psychometric indicators of the Ethical Behavior Rating Scale for female high school students. The Population of this study was high school students in District 8area of Tehran. Then, from among all female students in the grade 1 and the grade 2 at the second-grade senior high school in district 8 of Tehran, 368 students who had been organized in the 12 classrooms were selected through cluster random sampling method, and the teachers of each class the sample groups, were asked to complete questions of the Ethical Behavior Rating Scale for each student in each class individually. After collecting information, the obtained data were analyzed through factor analysis. The findings showed that these scale questions are mainly focused on two factors, which together explain 59.58% of the total variance. On the other hand, the study of group differences as another evidence of construct validity showed that, from the teachers’ point of view, there is a significant difference between the ethical behavior of the first-grade junior and the second-grade senior high school students, which is in the second-grade senior high school students’ favor. Furthermore, according to teacher’s opinion, there is a significant difference between the ethical behavior of the second-grade senior high school students in mathematics and the ethical behavior of the second-grade senior high school students in humanities, which is in the second-grade senior high school mathematics students’ favor. The reliability of the scale was calculated through retest methods, Cronbachchr('39')s alpha internal consistency, and correlation between significant graders. These findings indicate that the Ethical Behavior Rating Scale is a suitable tool for rating the ethical behavior of high school students and this scale can be used confidently so as to rate the ethical behavior of the second-grade senior high school students.

Faculty members play an essential role in university and society and cannot be ignored. The purpose of this study was to assess the causal relationships between organizational socialization and ethical behavior and responsibility with the mediating role of organizational identity among faculty members of Islamic Azad University branches in the West Azarbaijan. The study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptivecorrelational in terms of nature and method. The statistical population was comprised of all 695 full-time faculty members in 13 university branches. The Krejcie-Morgan table was used to select 263 people for data collection through proportional stratified random sampling. Four standard questioners were used to gather data, including Taormina’s organizational socialization, Ashforth and Mail’s organizational identity, Swanson and Hill's ethical behavior, and Hatchwar’s Responsibility questionnaires. The content and construct validity of the questionnaires were confirmed and their reliability was found to be at an adequate level using Cronbach's alpha. The results showed a significant and positive relationship between organizational socialization and responsibility and ethical behavior through the mediating role of organizational identity. As a result, organizational socialization, both directly and indirectly through the mediation of organizational identity, can affect the responsibility and ethical behavior of faculty members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appropriate theoretical explanation and the empirical prediction of adopting ethical behaviors by individuals are among the challenges in the economic literature. The most important theory in predicting the empirical behavior of individuals, i.e. the theory of expected utility, lacks unanimity towards dealing with ethical behaviors and explaining the mechanism of the emergence of such behaviors in everyday life. However, previous studies also had less achievement in predicting the variability of the ethical behaviors of individuals in the proposed models. In this study, a new behavioral model is presented to complete the previous models by highlighting the role of economic variables and incorporating the individuals’ self-interests in ethical decisions. In order to measure the predictive power of the proposed model in explaining the ethical behavior of time volunteering, data from nearly 25,000 people of twenty-five countries around the world is evaluated. The results of statistical analysis indicate the significance of the effects of economic variables on time volunteering while getting the more desirable explanation of the variability of ethical behaviors compared to the previous models. In addition, the findings show that economic variables have more explanatory power than other variables in sustainable ethical behavior model while the cultural and personality variables have more explanatory power than other variables in unsustainable ethical behavior model. These results, with emphasis on the economic aspects of adopting ethical behaviors, can provide a new horizon for further understanding and the new context for the emergence of such behaviors.

Introduction and purpose: Intellectual capital is the key factor in value creation for organizations. Social responsibility means taking some measures for the improvement of the community welfare beyond the interests of the organization and legal requirements. To researchers, ethical behavior in the organization means acting in ways consistent with the ethical values of the organization. In this regard, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between intellectual capital and social responsibility and its relationship with the professional ethics of faculty members of the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Abadan, Iran. Methods: This research was descriptive-correlational. The required data were collected from 78 people using census method. To this end, information was collected by researchers using intellectual capital, social responsibility, and ethical behavior questionnaires. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS software, Pearson correlation coefficient, and regression tests. Results: There was a positive and significant relationship between intellectual capital and all its subscales with the ethical behavior of the faculty members (P

Background and Aim: Resilience is one of the required characteristics of nursing professionals. Therefore, it seems necessary to study the nurses' resilience predictors in order to encourage them to engage in behaviors based on accepted ethical norms and attempt to internalize these behaviors so as to establish human relationships in health care systems. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between ethical behavior and nurses' resilience by explaining the mediating role of social desirability and organizational trust. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive-correlational study. A sample of 195 nurses in Borujerd teaching hospitals in 2020 was selected based on availability quota sampling method. They responded to the standard scales of moral behavior (Swanson & Hill), resilience (Connor and Davidson), organizational trust (Paine) and social desirability (Marlowe-Crowne). Content validity was measured qualitatively, construct validity was measured through convergent and discriminant validity; the internal consistency reliability was measured through Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability for instruments. Data analysis was performed through Smart Pls 3.5. Ethical Considerations: In this study, principles related to ethical considerations such as confidentiality of participants' identities, informed consent of research participants and the possibility to leave the research process were observed. Findings: Ethical behavior has a significant and direct correlation with social desirability (0.51), organizational trust (0.58) and resilience (0.69), respectively. Also, social desirability of 0.62 and organizational trusts of 0.66 have a significant and direct correlation with resilience. The mediating role of social desirability increases the correlation between ethical behavior and nurses' resilience by 0.32. Also, the mediating role of organizational trust increases the correlation between ethical behavior and nurses' resilience by 0.38. Conclusion: According to the research findings, it is suggested that hospital managers pay attention to the components of ethical behavior and practice them, especially in the nursing department, to influence nurses’ social desirability and organizational trust, leading to the positive enhancement of their resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ethical behavior is an important issue for all organizations, especially universities and higher education institutions that can be influenced by various factors including intellectual capital and social responsibility. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between intellectual capital and social responsibility and ethical behavior among faculty members. Methods: This study was a descriptive-correlational research and the data was collected through a survey method. Statistical population comprised all faculty members of University of Sistan and Baluchistan of whom 183 were selected by stratified random sampling. Data collection tools were intellectual capital questionnaire (Cronbach’s alpha=0.83) (Bontis, 1998), social responsibility questionnaire (Cronbach’s alpha=0.81) (Ghalavandi et al, 2014) and ethical behavior questionnaire (Cronbach’s alpha=0.91) (Swanson & Hill, 1993). Correlation coefficient and multiple regression were used for data analysis. Results: The values of the correlation coefficients of intellectual capital and its components - human capital, structural capital and communicative capital - with ethical behavior were 0.402, 0.297, 0.225, and 0.229 respectively (p

The purpose of this study was to predict the impact of managers' ethical and spiritual behavior on the establishing transformational leadership at the University of Isfahan. Research method was correlational-descriptive and statistical population included all employees of the University of Isfahan at 1392-93 academic year (1230). Sample size was calculated from krejcie and Morgan table (201), and 188 questionnaires were returned. Because the number of employees was different in the departments and faculties, a stratified random sampling method was used. Measurement tools were a researcher-made questionnaire based on Reave (2005) and Fry (2003) studies with 16 items, and Bass (1985) transformational leadership questionnaire. Data analysis were performed based on correlation-coefficient and regression analysis. Findings showed that there is a significant and positive correlation between ethical and spiritual behaviors of university managers with transformational leadership ( 0.05). In addition, the components of the spiritual leadership (development of human culture, Job vision, integrity, honesty and humility) significantly predict the four components of transformational leadership style (idealized influence, inspirational motivation, stimulation intellectual and individual considerations).

The purpose of this study was to predict the impact of managers' ethical and spiritual behavior on the establishing transformational leadership at the University of Isfahan. Research method was correlational-descriptive and statistical population included all employees of the University of Isfahan at 1392-93 academic year (1230). Sample size was calculated from krejcie and Morgan table (201), and 188 questionnaires were returned. Because the number of employees was different in the departments and faculties, a stratified random sampling method was used. Measurement tools were a researcher-made questionnaire based on Reave (2005) and Fry (2003) studies with 16 items, and Bass (1985) transformational leadership questionnaire. Data analysis were performed based on correlation- coefficient and regression analysis. Findings showed that there is a significant and positive correlation between ethical and spiritual behaviors of university managers with transformational leadership ( 0.05). In addition, the components of the spiritual leadership (development of human culture, Job vision, integrity, honesty and humility) significantly predict the four components of transformational leadership style (idealized influence, inspirational motivation, stimulation intellectual and individual considerations). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]