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Introduction: Disabled people are special social groups that are more exposed to deprivation and lack of benefit from social opportunities and facilities due to physical or mental defects. The current research was conducted with the aim of sociological analysis and understanding of the lived experience of disabled people in Ahvaz city in facing family and society. Method: This research is of a qualitative type and uses data-foundation theory. The statistical population of the research is all people with disabilities over 15 years of age in Ahvaz city who visited rehabilitation centers, welfare and disabled people's association in the first quarter of 1401. The necessary qualitative data were collected using "semi-structured interviews". Findings: The results obtained from the bio-experiment of the disabled show that their understanding of the family's encounter with disability is based on kindness, psychological measures, meeting needs, pity, excessive support, imposing restrictions, feeling powerless, denying disability. Their needs have been suppressed and neglected. Also, the codes of verbal abuse, physical abuse, social exclusion, social interaction, violation and lack of law, lack of executive guarantee, lack of fun and entertainment, transportation challenges and job inequality are among the categories of their perception and understanding of the society's encounter with the disabled and It was their disability. Discussion: In short, it can be said that the interviewed disabled people did not have much confidence in society's positive attitude towards disability, and they preferred seclusion, loneliness and isolation in the face of society. Also, in relation to social interactions, they did not have much communication and they considered the lack of awareness of the people of the society about the rights of the disabled and how to deal with them as very important and effective.

Background and Aim: Physical and mental disorders are abundantly observed in veterans and disabled people, and in addition to causing concern, they have very adverse effects on various aspects of their lives. Considering that physical and mental health can play an important role in the general health of veterans and disabled people, it is vital to address these aspects. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to predict social trust, self-control, and self-efficacy based on the level of physical activity in veterans and disabled people. Methods: The method of the study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population was composed of veterans and disabled people of Yazd province. One hundred and nine people (62 veterans and 47 disabled) were selected as a statistical sample using the convenient method. Sharkey's physical activity (1997), Tanji's selfcontrol (2004), Safarinia and Sharif's social trust (2009), and Sherer et al.'s self-efficacy (1982) scales were used to examine the research variables. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient to determine the relationship between variables and simple linear regression to predict variables. Results: The findings showed that physical activity level scores can significantly predict self-control (r = 0.39) and social trust (r = 0.31) variables in veterans and disabled people (P<0.01). However, due to the low correlation with the self-efficacy variable (r = 0.14), the level of physical activity does not have the ability to predict this variable (P = 0.19) significantly. Conclusion: According to the results, it is suggested that appropriate planning should be considered for the participation of veterans and disabled people in regular physical activities to increase self-control and social trust and consequently increase life quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employment is an effective factor in each person's life. In particular, the employment of the disabled should be specifically attended by the authorities considering their equal chance of opportunity in society, access to job, and preventing discrimination. The aim of current research is to analyze the public policy making in the field of disabled employment in Iran. The study uses descriptive-analytic approach through systemic analysis. The research tried to employ CIPP method and theory of justice as fairness, to support the possibilities of disabled employment. Also, the design, execution, and the results of the policies in the same subject are investigated. The findings indicated that there is weakness in the area of execution, and as the situation of the disabled is improving, so more supervision should be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Disabled people are special social groups that are more exposed to deprivation and lack of benefit from social opportunities and facilities due to physical or mental defects. The current research was conducted with the aim of sociological analysis and understanding of the lived experience of disabled people in Ahvaz city in facing family and society. Method: This research is of a qualitative type and uses data-foundation theory. The statistical population of the research is all people with disabilities over 15 years of age in Ahvaz city who visited rehabilitation centers, welfare and disabled people's association in the first quarter of 1401. The necessary qualitative data were collected using "semi-structured interviews". Finding: The results obtained from the bio-experiment of the disabled show that their understanding of the family's encounter with disability is based on kindness, psychological measures, meeting needs, pity, excessive support, imposing restrictions, feeling powerless, denying disability. Their needs have been suppressed and neglected. Also, the codes of verbal abuse, physical abuse, social exclusion, social interaction, violation and lack of law, lack of executive guarantee, lack of fun and entertainment, transportation challenges and job inequality are among the categories of their perception and understanding of the society's encounter with the disabled and It was their disability. Discussion: In short, it can be said that the interviewed disabled people did not have much confidence in society's positive attitude towards disability, and they preferred seclusion, loneliness and isolation in the face of society. Also, in relation to social interactions, they did not have much communication and they considered the lack of awareness of the people of the society about the rights of the disabled and how to deal with them as very important and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disabled people are one of the sectors of society that, due to their lack of physical health, are always faced with many disabilities, whether in the use of public services or citizenship, or active participation in society. Attitudes based on the discrimination of people with disabilities in society are based on assumptions about people with disabilities that are completely incompatible with their disability. Media is one of the tools that has been used to change people's attitudes. Moreover, since the content of social networks is produced and selected by society itself, compared to the media such as television and newspapers can receive more attention and change people's attitudes. This research is considered the role of media in changing the attitude of the citizens of Tehran based on the elaboration likelihood model (ELM), which uses social network media as the media. This research is a descriptive survey and the statistical population of this research is citizens of Tehran (over eighteen). The results show that focus on central route content production in the social network has an impact on cognitive attitudes, emotional attitudes, and readiness attitudes for action. Also, focus on peripheral route content produced in the social network has an impact on cognitive attitudes and emotional attitudes, but it hasn’t impacted readiness attitudes for action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: When it comes to identifying and developing talent in sports for athletes with disabilities, it is important to note that high-performance sports for people with disabilities are fundamentally different from those of healthy people in terms of discovering and developing new talents. Extraordinary performances and success in sports for the disabled and providing an environment for the development of talents such as non-sports for the disabled is simply not possible and the success or failure of sports depends on factors such as: economic, social and human resources in a country. The present study aimed to provide a paradigm model of the characteristics of the talent development environment of Paralympic athletes.Methodology: This research has been done in the framework of a qualitative approach and by applying the data research method of the foundation. Participants in this study were physical education and sports science specialists, Paralympic and world champion athletes and disabled sports coaches who were selected by purposive and theoretical sampling for semi-structured interviews and the interviews continued until the theoretical saturation stage. Data were analyzed simultaneously with data collection using Strauss and Corbin method. The acceptability of the data was confirmed based on 5 criteria.Results: The results show that 15 main categories and 76 subcategories in the form of 6 dimensions of the paradigm model include: 1- Causal causes including 4 categories: individual, cultural, economic and social factors; 2- The main phenomenon includes 1 category: a special approach to cultivating sports talent for the disabled; 3- Strategy includes 2 categories: management system design, process-oriented strategy; 4- Ground characteristics including 3 categories: planning, support, supportive background; 5- The intervener includes 2 categories: infrastructural factors, environmental factors; 6- Outcome includes 3 categories: successful disability, championship, development of sports abilities of the disabled; The paradigm model is the characteristics of the talent development environment of Paralympic athletes.Conclusion: The integration of categories based on the relationships between them around the axis of the talent development environment of paralympic athletes forms a paradigm model reflecting the pattern of managers involved in the talent development environment of Paralympic athletes.

Purpose: Disability is a biosocial reality that is defined as an obstacle to a person’s ability in doing an activity in a natural position. People with disabilities are the largest minority in the international community, and more than two-thirds of the world’s disabled people are living in developing countries. The present study aimed to identify and prioritize the most important needs of the disabled in order to design and plan suitable services for Iranian public libraries. Method: The present research is an applied study in terms of purpose, a descriptive-analytical one in terms of nature, and a survey in terms of the method of implementation, and was conducted during a particular period. The statistical population of this study consisted of all physically disabled, blind and visually impaired, deaf and hard of hearing people aged 15 and over 15 who were under the auspices of the Welfare Organization. Using sample power software, the sample population for every group of disabled consists of 82 people that were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling among 10 provinces of Iran. The data gathering tool was 3 researcher-made questionnaires which were used in two print (paper) and online formats. Two questionnaires related to the deaf and physically disabled, in addition to the paper questionnaire, were designed in the online format using WordPress. The questionnaire for the blind was designed by Google Form due to the need to coordinate with screen reader software. To analyze data, SPSS version 23 was used. Findings: Friedman statistical test was used to rank the needs. The result of the study showed that expert librarians with proper behaviors, having Elevator or Lift if the library is multi-storey building, and supporting the need of disabled by managers and other responsible people were the most important needs for physically disabled persons. In the blind and visually impaired group, having elevator with a braille button if the library is multi-storey building, allocating suitable budget for providing related resources and providing access to full catalogs of audiobooks in Iranian public libraries via the Internet, were in the top priorities. Among the deaf and hard of hearing people, holding group programs and recreational trips, presence of translators familiar with sign language skills and holding sign language classes were among the top third high-priority needs. Originality/value: Up till now, no research has been conducted on a population as wide-ranging as the population of this research to consider diverse needs of three groups of the disabled. Public libraries can help empower the disabled people and provide them with equal access to information by considering various needs of them, thus providing a better life conditions for them.

Objective: Providing desirable rehabilitation services to people with disabilities has always been one of the most critical concerns of the health system in all countries. Today, it is crucial for policymakers and health care providers to recognize the different systems for providing rehabilitation services to people with disabilities. In this regard, it is beneficial to conduct comparative studies and use successful countries’ experiences in this subject. This comparison-analytical study aimed to compare the systems for providing rehabilitation services to people with disabilities. Materials & Methods: This comparative study was conducted in nine countries in 2020. To determine the comparison framework in this research, four dimensions of health systems’ functions were used based on the 2000 report of the World Health Organization. The countries were compared in dimensions of stewardship, resource production, financing, and service provision. Findings obtained from each country were presented separately in the comparative tables. The model used in this comparative study was based on the Beredy Model that contains four stages of description, interpretation, proximity, and comparison. In the present study, the purposive sampling method was used. The statistical population included rehabilitation systems globally, and the research examples were Iran, China, Turkey, India, the USA, Mexico, Germany, England, and South Africa. Criteria for entering the research according to the functional model of the World Health Organization were the availability of data and selecting at least one country from each continent of America, Europe, Asia, and Africa. Results: The findings showed that in Iran, the Welfare Organization was responsible for providing rehabilitation services for people with disabilities, while in other countries, it was the Ministry of Health. Also, to compare resource production, two staff training indicators and access to comprehensive national data were used. In all countries studied, the training of specialized human resources is done through the university system. Iran, India, and Mexico did not have full access to comprehensive national data, but the United States, Germany, China, South Africa, and Turkey provided the platform for planning and policy-making. Moreover, funding in Germany, the United States, China, and Turkey is mainly provided through the insurance system. In the United Kingdom, it is mainly provided through tax, but in Iran, it is provided through subsidies from the public revenues and taxes. Finally, besides the private sector, rehabilitation services in Iran’s public sector were provided incoherently by various organizations. Some of these organizations are the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, the Exceptional Education Organization, the Red Crescent, the State Welfare Organization, and the Martyrs and Veterans Affairs Foundation, while in other countries, these services are often provided through hospitals and the private sectors. Conclusion: Despite the numerous strengths in the system of providing rehabilitation services to the disabled in Iran, the integration of the rehabilitation sectors of various organizations within the Ministry of Health not only increases the inter-sectoral and intra-sectoral coordination, the coherence of management, and unified policy, but also leads to reduced costs, proper allocation of resources and increased financial resources in this sector. Besides, it leads to a reduction in overlapping tasks and responsibilities and prevention of duplication of work, training of specialized personnel based on the needs, and finally providing more desirable services. Therefore, policymakers and planners must review and reform the laws and processes to form a system for providing rehabilitation services to the disabled in Iran.

Fatalism is believing in the impact of superhuman power or external forces like chance/luck in life. This research was conducted for a comparative study of fatalism among disabled and non-disabled people. In this research, a survey method was used. 200 people with physical disabilities, cerebral palsy (CP) and blindness and 200 non-disabled people from Yazd in 2018 were selected. Available quote sampling method was used to select disabled people and systematic cluster sampling was used to select non-disabled people. Data collection tools include the responsibility scale of Ahmadi Akhorme et.al (1392), the ability of Peterson and Seligman (2004), Weissman & Beck`s (1978) dysfunctional attitudes and researcher questioner made by fatalism. Data were analyzed in two independent groups by statistical mean difference, T-test, Pearson correlation, ANOVA and multivariate regression test. The average fatalism is 48.3 in disabled people and 45 in non-disabled people. The result of hypothesis showed that the measure of fatalism is higher in disabled people. In disabled people, there was a significant/meaningful relationship between fatalism and the studied variables such as education (with meaningful level, age, severity of disability, inefficient attitudes, empowerment and responsibility. In non-disabled people, there was a meaningful relationship between fatalism and inefficient attitude variables and empowerment, but there wasn’t any significant relationship between fatalism and other studied variables. The result of regression analysis showed that inefficient attitude variables and ability had the greatest effect on fatalism in disabled and non-disabled people and only people and only 16 percent of Variance explains fatalism.

One of the sectors of society that, due to their lack of physical health, is always faced with many disabilities, whether in the use of public services or citizenship or active participation in society, these are disabled. Attitudes based on the discrimination of people with disables in society are based on assumptions about people with disables that are completely incompatible with their disability. Media is one of the tools that has been used to change people's attitudes. Especially, social media content is produced and selected by the community compare to media and newspapers are more attentive. This research is considered the role of media in changing the attitude of the citizens of Tehran based on the Elaboration likelihood model (ELM), that media explanation social network. This research is a descriptive survey and the statistical population of this research is citizens of Tehran (over eighteen). The results show that focus on central route content producing in the social network has an impact on cognitive attitudes, emotional attitudes and readiness attitudes for action. Also, focus on peripheral route content producing in the social network has an impact on cognitive attitudes and emotional attitudes, but it hasn’t impact readiness attitudes for action.

Introduction: The contemporary studies seek to describe the appropriate environments for athletic talent development by changing procedure instead of talent identification, which is a tedious process that sometimes does not yield the desirable result. Accordingly, some studies have described the athletic talent development environment, but only a few studies have described Paralympic athletic talent development environment. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to describe Para-Asian and Paralympic athletic talent development environment. Materials and Methods: The current research was a descriptive-correlational study. The study participants consisted of 150 athletes (46 women and 104 men) who participated in the teenage and youth Para-Asian and Paralympic games between the years 2014-2018. The participants were selected using convenience sampling method. In this study, Talent Development Environment Questionnaire for Sport was used. This questionnaire comprises seven subscales: “long-term development focus”, “quality preparation”, “communication”, “understanding the athlete”, “support network”, “challenging and supportive environment”, and “long-term development fundamentals”. The obtained data were analyzed using one-sample t test. Results: The means of the four subscales of “long-term development focus” (P = 0.001), “communication” (P = 0.001), “challenging and supportive environment” (P = 0.001), and “long-term development fundamentals” (P = 0.001), were higher than average. The means of the two subscales of “support network” (P = 0.450) and “understanding the athlete” (P = 0.360) were at a moderate level. The mean of “quality preparation” (P = 0.035) was less than average. Conclusion: In talent development environment for athletes with disability, more attention should be paid to providing the athletes with continuous and always-available support of coaching staff as well as services and facilities. Additionally, the coaches should pay more attention to the athlete’s physical and mental health; so that the athlete feels his/her health is important to the coach.

The creation of artworks by individuals depends on various individual and social factors. In this regard, due to the close relationship between artistic creation and physical and spiritual ability, issues regarding the possibility and how to create a work of art by people with disabilities are raised. Deleuze's philosophy affirms that the creation of a work of art does not require a special organization nor does it necessitate the physical development of mankind; hence, it is possible to create a work of art without an organized body and a disabled person can easily create a magnificent artwork through the power of his senses. This research follows a qualitative method and by the aid of library studies it seeks to study of the effects of photography of disabled photographers who describe the philosophy of the body without any parts as the main component of the art of photography to transfer the power of art, creation and scrutiny in photography. In this study, the works of Pete Eckert and Ahmad Zorkarnian as artists with disabilities are examined. The findings of the study indicate that people with disabilities can also create a fragmented but perfect artistic creation based on the view of Deleuze's body, which is based on emotion and senses. Relying on the philosophy of the body, physical disability does not prevent the creation of a work of art in photography; therefore, by understanding the concept of existence and sensation in art, people with disabilities can create works of art that are alive and spectacular.Research aims:To investigate the possibility of eliminating physical disability in photography based on Deleuze's body philosophy.To recognize the effect of physical and mental factors in creating a work of art.Research questions:What is the role of senses in the works of art of the photographer according to Deleuze's body philosophy?What physical and mental factors play a role in the artist's creation of his works of art?

The present study aimed at investigating the effect of mindfulness and acceptance training on body image concerns, mental skills and free throw shooting performance. The participants included 22 male basketball players with wheelchairs aged between 25 and 45 who were playing in the National Basketball League Second Division. The participants were homogenized by age and level of spinal cord injury and randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received eight sessions (each 90 min.) of mindfulness and acceptance training while the control group were doing their daily activities. The data were collected using OMSAT-3, Body Image Concerns Inventory and AAHPERD Basketball test and were analyzed using MANCOVA. The findings revealed that mindfulness and acceptance training fostered mental skills and free throw shooting performance of the male basketball players. Therefore, participation in mindfulness and acceptance training with the aim of fostering mental skills and basketball performance is recommended.

Aims: Reaction time is one of the most accurate indicators for evaluating speed and efficiency of decision making in different situations, especially sport situations. This study aimed to investigate the effect of neurofeedback training on the visual and auditory reaction time of veterans and disabled athletes. Materials & Methods: In this semi-experimental study with pre-test-post-test design in 2017, 16 veterans and disabled people in Shiraz, were selected by convenience sampling. They were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group participated in 15 sessions of neurofeedback training with Vilistus tool and enhancement sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) protocol and declining Theta. All the participants performed a simple and selective reaction time in visual and auditory, before and after the beginning of the training. Data were analyzed by SPSS 21 using mixed analysis of variance, analysis of variance with repeated measure and LSD post hoc tests. Results: Neurofeedback training reduced reaction time in visual simple (p=0.007), auditory simple (p=0.001), visual selective (p=0.003), and auditory selectivity (p=0.0001). Conclusion: Neurofeedback training is effective on improving brain functions for simple and selective reaction time during visual and auditory in veterans and disabled athletes.

Background and purpose: The first conflict with disability takes place in the family, which is associated with certain socio-economic and psychological aspects. Social capital is one of the social factors that affects health. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between social capital and mental health of families with disabled members in Tehran, Iran. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study is a secondary analysis conducted based on the data obtained from the Urban Health Equity Assessment and Responses National Tool Project, which was administered in 2011. The study population included 3571 families with disabled members, who completed the mental health questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling in SPSS and AMOS. Results: The participants included 48.4% males. Among the participants, 66.8% were not in good state of mental health. The values for bonding and total social capital were lower than the standard levels. The results of the structural equation modeling showed a significant relationship between social capital and mental health of the families with disabled members. Conclusion: Social capital is a significant and effective factor in the mental health of families with disabled members. Therefore, appropriate conditions are needed to improve social participation and public trust and increase emotional, mental, and social support to promote the state of mental health in involved families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

purpose :This research is performed to Relation Spiritual Healthwith quality of life of Birjand sacrified and disabled. Method: By this,60persons (30 sacrified and 30 disabled) are selected through random sampling tho groups are peer(body-motor disability) and demographic information have been gathered to research. Spiritual well-being and quality of life in both groups responded to the questionnaire. Research plan evaluation method is Correlation. To analysis data, descriptive ststitical mwthods are used as average,standard deviation,inferential statistical method as independent t-test and regression. Results: . independent t-test resuts show there is no significant relation between Spiritual Healthdisabled and sacrified and there is no significant relation between quality of life disabled and sacrified. Regression findings show there is significant relation between Spiritual Healthand quality of life disabled and sacrified, The spiritual health can be a predictor of quality of life in sacrified. However, this relationship was not significant disabilities. Discussion: Spiritual health in veterans can be a predictor of quality of life.

Introduction: Time, the most valuable human asset to the constructive expression of human life, Therefore desirable to identify ways for the Disabled and explain its impact on leisure, health and happiness, they also develop cultural, social and educational imperative and important this issue is proven ones. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the manner of leisure sports activities the Disabled Athlete in the province of Charmohal and Bakhtiyari and its relationship with some of the factors was performed. Materials and Methods: Study was a descriptive field and 167 of the Disabled athletes (male and female) were selected as research samples and the questionnaires that made this area And the validity and reliability with Cronbachchr('39')s alpha test (0.81= α) And surveys of professionals and physical education teachers had been approved, responded. In order to describe the characteristics of research subjects and variables, Data using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, including Friedman, chi-square method (K2) «xi two" were analyzed. Results & Conclusion: Results showed that 73/63% of samples had full health. Disabled major leisure practices to watch TV, read books and newspapers as well as worship and Desirable and sports. The main research activity samples, respectively, hiking, swimming, climbing, chess was dedicated. Also, business vitality and joy, the positive effects of exercise, to maintain the operating health of the exercise was the main trend samples. The results suggest that it was between sex, marriage and celibacy, Health and Leisure with the amount of monthly income for the Disabled There is a significant relationship at α = 1%, While between gender, health, income and marital monthly sports activities addressing significant relationship was observed at α = 1%. Study indicates that most examples of research that physical activity during leisure to enjoy optimal health of body and spirit, and improve their social relations are. And if access to sports facilities, among other activities to address their priorities as the sporting activities and courses on other disciplines prefer walking and swimming.

Background and Aim: There have been disabled people in every society. Disabled who employed and working in organizations has less ability in physical and motor area, so it is important to consider personality dimensions of disabled people for promoting productivity of organizations. Also, as organizational commitment have an effective role in progress and maintain health statues of workers, so ignoring this important factor might result in decreasing productivity. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between personality extraversion-introversion with organizational commitment in disabled employees. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive-analytical and comparative cross-sectional study. The target population included all of the disabled employed in the offices of Aligudarz city who were 110 people, which were selected by census method, and all of them completed the questionnaire. The research tools included Eysenck personality and organizational commitment questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, Pearson correlation and regression were performed. Results: The results indicated that a positive and meaningful relationship between personality extraversion and organizational commitment and a negative and meaningful relationship between personality introversion and organizational commitment were obtained. A positive and meaningful relationship between personality extraversion and affective commitment (r=0.36), between personality extraversion and continuance commitment (r=0.52) and between personality extraversion and normative commitment were obtained (r=0.56). A negative and meaningful relationship between personality introversion and affective commitment (r=0/31), between personality introversion and continuance commitment (r=0.47) and also between personality introversion and normative commitment were obtained (r=0.54) that generally has indirect relationship introversion with organizational commitment. (P≤ 0.01) Conclusion: On the basis of the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the disabled subjects that have personality extraversion have more organizational commitment in their work environment. Disabled introverted personality is essential to pay more attention to the business environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Given the importance of having knowledge about intestinal parasitic infections in rehabilitation centers, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in the disabled. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 196 stool specimens obtained from four rehabilitation centers in Golestan province, 2009. Triple fecal samples were collected and examined by direct wet Mount, Formalinether concentration technique and Trichrome permanent staining (with optical microscope). Results: Of 196 specimens, 24 (12.3%) had parasitic protozoan infection (5 species) and worm (1 species). The prevalence of intestinal protozoa was 11.8 %, and the highest rate of infection was related to Blastocystis hominis (4.2%) and Giardia lamblia (3.1%). The rate of infection was the highest in under 9 and 20-29 years (4.1%) and the lowest in over 40 (0.5%). The prevalence in mentally handicapped was 9.2% and in physically disabled was 2.5%. Conclusion: Due to serious complications of Amoebiasis, Giardiasis and other parasitic infections, it is essential to be careful about personal and social hygiene in these centers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]