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Based on efficient market hypothesis, financial markets are impossible to forecast. The purpose of this paper is to examine the weak-form efficiency of the Iranian foreign exchange rate (defined by the Rial/Dollar) during time period 1999:25:01 to 2010:17:06 from long memory viewpoint. For this, we have employed three methods of scaling analysis including classical rescaled range (R/S) analysis, modified rescaled range (M-R/S) analysis and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). We have divided the time period into two sub-periods, 1999:25:01-2002:21:03 and 2002:21:03-2010:17:06. In the former time period, Iran had a fixed exchange rate regime and in the latter period, the country followed a managed floating exchange rate regime. The obtained results from these methods are not the same. To achieve more explicit conclusions, we’ve used two more widely applied econometric tests namely augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test and Phillips-Perron (PP) test to determine whether or not the time series under consideration behave as random walk consistent with the weak-form efficiency. The findings indicate that the result of DFA is in line with the econometric approach. We conclude that the Iranian foreign currency market at the first sub-period is less efficient relative to the second sub-period. Another important result is that relying on only one method to make a conclusion about market efficiency may be very misleading. Therefore, one should first carefully select more reliable methods and then compare their results to achieve a reliable conclusion.

Objective: In this research the effect of perturbation training on correlation index of detrended fluctuation analysis index (&alpha) of anterior cruciate ligament deficient (ACL) patients was evaluated using nonlinear dynamic methods. Materials & Methods: The study was done on ten male athletes with at least 6 months elapse after their ACL lesions. Subjects were selected using non-probability sampling technique. Stride time for about 270 gait cycles for each patient was recorded and used for detrended fluctuation analysis. Results: Analysis showed difference in values of &alpha between primary and shuffled data which indicates a non-trivial trend of data structure. According to the range of &alpha (0.5>&alpha>1), long time correlation between gait cycles was found. Also, the results showed no significant difference on &alpha before and after training (P=0.515). Conclusion: The results showed persistent patterns in time series which are similar to slow/ speed walking patterns. Also, it can be concluded that, according to their correlation values, ACL deficient patients had a similar behavior to healthy people.