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Background and Aim: Aluminum phosphide poisoning is one of the fatal poisonings in Asian countries, including Pakistan and India, which requires urgent treatment. Since one of the most important symptoms in patients poisoned with aluminum phosphide is cardiovascular manifestations; it seems that electrocardiogram and echocardiographic changes are one of the important things that need to be measured in patients poisoned with this substance. Therefore, the study was designed to investigate electrocardiogram and echocardiographic changes in patients poisoned with aluminum phosphide. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted cross-sectionally 2019-2021 on 107 patients poisoned with aluminum phosphide who referred to the poisoning emergency of Baharloo Hospital in Tehran. All patients were included in the study due to taking tablets, solution or inhalation of aluminum phosphide. Finally, the patients› information was collected based on the variables investigated in this study including age, gender, poisoning dose, time interval between taking pills and admission to the hospital, systolic blood pressure level, electrocardiogram and echocardiography changes. Results: The mean systolic blood pressure was 107 mmHg at the beginning of the study that changed to 103 mmHg after 24 hours. In addition, the mean diastolic blood pressure was 71.19 mmHg at the beginning of the study that changed to 68.66 mmHg after 24 hours. The blood pH of the patients at the beginning of the study and after 24 hours, was 6.99 and 7.39, respectively (P-value= 0.081). The mean EF was 40.68at the beginning of the study which, on average, changed to 46.57 mmHg after 24 hours (%5.21 increase, P-value= 0.029). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that extensive changes in the echocardiography of the heart, especially the left ventricular ejection fraction, as well as the patient›s ECG could indicate the severity of heart poisoning in patients poisoned with aluminum phosphide.

Background and Aim: Aluminum phosphide poisoning is one of the fatal poisonings in Asian countries, including Pakistan and India, which requires urgent treatment. Since one of the most important symptoms in patients poisoned with aluminum phosphide is c ardiovascular manifestations; it seems that electrocardiogram and echocardiographic changes are one of the important things that need to be measured in patients poisoned with this substance. Therefore, the study was designed to investigate electrocardiogram and echocardiographic changes in patients poisoned with aluminum phosphide. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted cross-sectionally 20192021- on 107 patients poisoned with aluminum phosphide who referred to the poisoning emergency of Baharloo Hospital in Tehran. All patients were included in the study due to taking tablets, solution or inhalation of aluminum phosphide. Finally, the patients› information was collected based on the variables investigated in this study including age, gender, poisoning dose, time interval between taking pills and admission to the hospital, systolic blood pressure level, electrocardiogram and echocardiography changes. Results: The mean systolic blood pressure was 107 mmHg at the beginning of the study that changed to 103 mmHg after 24 hours. In addition, the mean diastolic blood pressure was 71.19 mmHg at the beginning of the study that changed to 68.66 mmHg after 24 hours. The blood pH of the patients at the beginning of the study and after 24 hours, was 6.99 and 7.39, respectively (P-value= 0.081). The mean EF was 40.68at the beginning of the study which, on average, changed to 46.57 mmHg after 24 hours (%5.21 increase, P-value= 0.029). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that extensive changes in the echocardiography of the heart, especially the left ventricular ejection fraction, as well as the patient›s ECG could indicate the severity of heart poisoning in patients poisoned with aluminum phosphide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Due to the high lethality of aluminum phosphide as well as the lack of antidote for its treatment, this study aimed to determine the effect of intravenous lipid emulsion on the outcome of hospitalization in the patients poisoned by rice pill . Methods. In this cross-sectional study, 19 patients aged over 18 years and poisoned by rice pill were investigated to determine the characteristics and outcomes of the patients as well as to detect the effect of intravenous lipid emulsion on the patients’ outcome in a six-year period. A data collection form was used to collect research data. Patients were treated with two types of standard treatment regimen (first group) and standard regimen+intravenous fat (second group). ECG changes, heart ejection fraction (EF), and the patients’ outcomes (death or discharge) were evaluated. Results. In the first group, 16 patients and 3 patients received treatment regimen in second group. Also, 89.5% of the patients had sinus tachycardia in ECG. There was no significant difference between two groups except in terms of diastolic blood pressure (P=0.012). All cases of ECG changes were sinus tachycardia in the second group, while sinus tachycardia (87.4%), V-tach (6.3%), and PAC (6.3%) were observed in the first group. The mortality rate in first and second groups were 87.5% and 100%, respectively. Conclusion. Application of lipid emulsion was a relatively new therapeutic approach to clinical treatment of rice pill poisoning, and the studies on given issue were limited. Therefore, it was recommended that prospective studies should be carried out based on clinical trials to further investigate its application. Practical Implications. It was necessary to develop an effective antidote for Aluminum phosphide Poisoning since it had a high mortality rate as well as a high prevalence in Iran. Unfortunately, there was no antidote for dealing with this poison. Application of intravenous lipid emulsion may have been effective in reducing the hospital mortality.

Background. Due to the high lethality of aluminum phosphide as well as the lack of antidote for its treatment, this study aimed to determine the effect of intravenous lipid emulsion on the outcome of hospitalization in the patients poisoned by rice pill . Methods. In this cross-sectional study, 19 patients aged over 18 years and poisoned by rice pill were investigated to determine the characteristics and outcomes of the patients as well as to detect the effect of intravenous lipid emulsion on the patients’ outcome in a six-year period. A data collection form was used to collect research data. Patients were treated with two types of standard treatment regimen (first group) and standard regimen+intravenous fat (second group). ECG changes, heart ejection fraction (EF), and the patients’ outcomes (death or discharge) were evaluated. Results. In the first group, 16 patients and 3 patients received treatment regimen in second group. Also, 89.5% of the patients had sinus tachycardia in ECG. There was no significant difference between two groups except in terms of diastolic blood pressure (P=0.012). All cases of ECG changes were sinus tachycardia in the second group, while sinus tachycardia (87.4%), V-tach (6.3%), and PAC (6.3%) were observed in the first group. The mortality rate in first and second groups were 87.5% and 100%, respectively. Conclusion. Application of lipid emulsion was a relatively new therapeutic approach to clinical treatment of rice pill poisoning, and the studies on given issue were limited. Therefore, it was recommended that prospective studies should be carried out based on clinical trials to further investigate its application. Practical Implications. It was necessary to develop an effective antidote for Aluminum phosphide Poisoning since it had a high mortality rate as well as a high prevalence in Iran. Unfortunately, there was no antidote for dealing with this poison. Application of intravenous lipid emulsion may have been effective in reducing the hospital mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aluminium phosphide (ALP) is a highly effective insecticide and rodenticide used frequently to protect stored grain. Acute poisoning with this compound is common in some countries including India and Iran, and is a serious health problem. The objective of this study was to survey ALP poisoning and the outcome in hospitals in Karaj, Iran. Materials and Methods: The study was a retrospective study from April 2006 to April 2011. Records of all patients admitted and hospitalized to hospital during the five-year period were collected. Information including gender, age, amount of ALP consumed, route of exposure and outcome were extracted from the patients notes. Results: During the five-year period, 67 patients, 53.7% men and 46.3% women were admitted with ALP poisoning. Most poisoned people were under the age of 21 years.The most common signs and symptoms at admission were nausea (79.4%), vomiting (76.5%), abdominal pain (31.4%) and metabolic acidosis (41.1%). Suicidal intention was the most common cause of poisoning leading to 44.8% deaths and most cases were male (P

Introduction: Rice tablet, also known as aluminum phosphide (ALP), is a nonorganic material used as an insecticide and rodenticide in storing and transporting grains. Phosphine gas, released from the chemical material, in contact with humidity and weak acid, can induce poisoning and death. Unfortunately, no effective antidote has been discovered to treat poisoning with rice tablet. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of ethanol extract of Echinophora cinerea leaves on ALP poisoning in the heart of rats. Methods and Materials: In this study, factors such as blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiography and biochemical biomarkers of oxidative stress in rat heart tissues were investigated. Results: The use of Echinophora extract at a dose of 200 mg per/kg primarily improved bradycardia, hypotension, and cardiac conduction. Echinophora extracts at a dose of 400 mg could protect body against oxidative stress induced by aluminium phosphide intoxication. Conclusion: It seems that Echinophora extract has significant clinical positive effects that can be employed in treatment protocols of acute poisoning associated with ALP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

مقدمه: فسفید آلومینیوم با فرمول مولکولی AlP به رنگ خاکستری تیره و یا به شکل کریستال‌های زرد می‌باشد و جهت جلوگیری از آفت زدگی برنج در انبارها و نیز دفع آفات سایر غلات انبار شده و همچنین جلوگیری از کپک‌زدگی خوراک دام و تنباکو ... استفاده می‌شود. مسمومیت با قرص برنج (فسفید آلومینیوم) از جمله مسمومیت‌های شایع بخصوص در استان‌های شمالی کشور می‌باشد. از آن جایی که در این دوره‌ی زمانی، اطلاعاتی در مورد میزان شیوع مسمومیت با فسفید آلومینیم در استان مازندران وجود ندارد، این تحقیق با هدف بررسی مرگ‌های ناشی از مسمومیت با فسفید آلومینیوم و مقایسه‌ی آن با سایر موارد مرگ ناشی از مسمومیت‌های ارجاع شده به پزشکی قانونی استان مازندران در سه سال (90-1388) انجام شد. روش‌ها: این مطالعه از نوع توصیفی- مقطعی بود که در آن با مراجعه به سازمان پزشکی قانونی استان مازندران، اطلاعات لازم دریافت ‌شد. همچنین با مطالعه‌ی گزارش کالبد شکافی و پرونده‌ی متوفیان طی 3 سال، اطلاعات مربوط به سن، جنس، شغل، علت مسمومیت و دیگر اطلاعات مورد نیاز جمع‌آوری گردید. برای تحلیل نتایج و بررسی روابط بین متغیرها از نرم‌افزار آماری SPSS و آزمون آماری 2χ استفاده شد. یافته‌ها: از 2446 مرگ ارجاعی به سازمان پزشکی قانونی در طی سه سال، 237 نفر در اثر مسمومیت فوت کردند که 42 مورد (8/17 درصد) مسمومیت با قرص برنج (فسفید آلومینیوم) بود که در مقایسه با سایر مسمومیت‌ها در رتبه‌ی دوم قرار می‌گیرد. بروز مسمومیت در جنس مذکر بیشتر از جنس مؤنث (6/1 برابر) بود. بیشترین موارد مرگ در رده‌ی سنی 21 تا 30 سال، در گروه شغلی آزاد و در زنان خانه‌دار بود. همچنین میزان مرگ و میر در گروه متأهلین به طور چشمگیری بیشتر بود. بیشتر افراد دچار مسمومیت، ساکن مراکز شهرهای استان بودند. نتیجه‌گیری: مسمومیت با فسفید آلومینیوم بسیار شایع و مرگبار است. قربانیان در نتیجه‌ی عوارض وسیع این سم دچار نارسایی ارگان‌های متعدد گردیده، فوت می‌کنند. با توجه به مرگ و میر بالای ناشی از مسمومیت با قرص برنج (فسفیدهای فلزی) و عدم وجود پادزهر اختصاصی، بهترین درمان پیشگیری است.

Introduction: Aluminum Phosphide (ALP) is one of the most common causes of death due to poisoning worldwide. The aim of this study was a comparison of mortality rate of Aluminum Phosphide poisoning with other kinds of poisonings in Golestan Province, Iran, 2010 to 2016. Materials and Methods: This descriptive retrospective study was carried out on all referential bodies to Golestan department of forensic medicine who died due to ALP poisoning and other poisonings from March 2008 to March 2016. Data such as age, gender, marital status, occupation, education, residence, time and kind of poisoning, agent and location of poisoning and death were collected from patients' medical records and analyzed. Results: Froma total of 420 deaths due to poisoning causes, 105 cases died from ALP (25%) which after Opioids is the second cause of death. Of 105 cases, 63.8% of them (n=67) were men and 42.9% (n=45) of cases were aged 20-29 years, 46.7% (n=49) of cases were married and 40% (n=42) of them had been educated up to high school. Moreover, 82.9% of cases (n=87) were living in urban areas. Also, 99% (n=104) of deaths caused by ALP poisoning were due to suicide attempt that occurred mostly in winter (33.3%, n=35). Conclusion: 0ur findings indicated that ALP toxicity was the second cause of death due to poisoning in Golestan province that was seen most commonly among men and due to suicide attempt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives : In recent decades, aluminum phosphide pills are used for suicide attempts in Tehran and other parts of the country. Aluminum phosphide is a solid inorganic phosphide that because of its involvement in entire the body organs right after the use, it causes different clinical signs and symptoms. In this research, we studied the epidemiological factors of poisoned patients with aluminum phosphide who were admitted in Tehran Baharloo hospital over the two years. Material and Methods : In this retrospective case series study, we surveyed the poisoned patients with aluminum phosphide who were admitted in Tehran Baharloo hospital. After recording data in pre-designed data collection forms, the collected data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results : Seventy one cases of poisoned patients with aluminum phosphide with an average age of 26.18 ± 11.29 years were included in this study. The average number of ingested pills was 1.27±0.73. Sixty eight (95.8%) patients had a suicidal and deliberate attempt. In this study, the fatality rate of fresh aluminum phosphide tablets was 51.6%. Conclusion : Based on the fatality rate of aluminum phosphide pills, preventive health care actions, increasing the awareness and training of health and medical management personnel at medical universities seem necessary to reduce the tendency and access to aluminum phosphides.

Background and purpose: Aluminum phosphide (AlP) is commonly used in Iran (especially in north) to keep stored rice and cereal grains safe from pests. There are several reports on intentional or accidental poisoning with AlP tablets also referred to as rice tablets. The goal of this research was to study the epidemiological, clinical and laboratory features in patients poisoned with AIP tablets. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, information was extracted from patients' records in Qaemshahr Razi Haspital and Sari Imam Khomeini Hospital, 2013-2014. Data including demographic characteristics, number of tablets, methods of intake, time and season of abuse, the time interval between tablet ingestion and hospital admission, vital signs, and laboratory data were recorded in a check list. Results: Fifty two cases (mean age: 23.4±9.2 years) were investigated including 38 females (73.08%) and 14 males (26.92%). The overall number of poisoned patients was higher in autumn (28.8%) and in evenings (51.9%). Death occurred in 16 cases (5 males and 11 females) and 36 patients survived of whom four (2 males and 2 females) developed complications. Conclusion: In this study, the number of women poisoned with ALP tablet was dramatically higher compared to that of males. Autumn and evenings were found with highest rates of poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]