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Introduction: The present study aimed to determine the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training, resistance, and combined training on obesity-related hormonal factors in and sports adaptations in prediabetic adolescent boys Methods: In a quasi-experimental research project, 40 healthy sedentary boys with an age range of 13-15 years (BMI: 28-31 kg/m²; fat percentage: 32-36%) were selected based on fat percentage and aerobic fitness, and they were assigned into four High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), Resistance, Combined and Control groups. Each training includes four sessions per week that lasts 45-60 minutes. Each HIIT session consisted of 6-8 repetitions of 30-60 seconds sprints at 80-85% of reserve heart rate (3.5 minutes rest between repetitions). Resistance training included movements of the main muscles of the upper body, trunk, and lower body. Combined training consisted of a combination of resistance training and HIIT. Fasting glucose concentration, HOMA index, and serum insulin of obese and overweight adolescent boys were measured before and after the training protocols. The changes in each studied indices during different stages of measurement were analyzed using 4x2 analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests via SPSS-22 software at a significance level less than 0.05. Results: Fasting glucose concentration did not change significantly in any groups. However, it decreased significantly only in the combined training group. The serum insulin level and the HOMA index decreased significantly in all three training groups, and the reduction of these indices in the combined training group was significantly greater than in the other two groups. Conclusion : Using the combination of HITT with resistance training improves and reduces the level of insulin, glucose, and insulin resistance. This combined training is a suitable method compared to each HITT and resistance training method alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bullying, as one of the unsolved problems in schools, leads to undesirable consequences. Effective factors associated with bullying, like moral disengagement, are crucial. However, no qualitative study has been conducted to build a model for moral disengagement and bullying. Aims: Identifying fundamental, procedural, and consequential factors of moral disengagement in bullying. Method: The study was qualitative, based on grounded theory. The statistical population included all male students of middle and high schools of the Abhar city. 17 students and a focus discussion group with the average age of 15.5 were selected through purposive sampling in the 2018-19 academic year. The method was semi-structured interviewing. Data analysis was performed using the Corbin and Straus methodology (2008) and the ATLAS.ti 8 software. Results: From initial 630 open codes, 19 secondary subjects and 7 main subjects were obtained. Results showed that the core category of beliefs and functional attitude to bullying are influenced by fundamental factors including determinant experiences, violent atmosphere, and bullying, and procedural factors including weak emotional perception, dysfunctional social perception, and externalization. Conclusions: Fundamental and procedural factors and related matters result in leveraging the moral disengagement mechanism and perpetrating bullying.

Sexual abuse is among the psychological trauma that seriously threatens the health of adolescents and requires them professional help. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of ACT-CBT therapy and parent management training (PMT) on the affective capital of adolescent boy with sexual abuse. The research method was semi-experimental, and research design was three groups with three stages include pre-test, post-test and two months of follow-up. Among fifty 14-17 years old adolescent boys with sexual abuse in Isfahan, in the summer 2018, 45 adolescent were selected based on criteria of entry and exit and then randomly assigned in three groups, each group with 15 adolescent. Golparvar (2017) affective capital questionnaire was used to measure the dependent variable in the pretest, post-test and two months of follow-up. The ACT-CBT therapy and parent management training (PMT) received treatment in 10 sessions and the control group did not receive any treatment. The data were analyzed by repeated measure analysis of variance and post-hoc Bonferroni test. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance and post-hoc Bonferroni test showed that, only there is a significant difference between ACT-CBT therapy with parent management training (PMT) and the control group in affective capital (P 0.05).

Background: Insulin-like growth factor -1 (IGF-I) has a variety of roles, But the abundance of scientific evidence indicates that it is a metabolic biomarker associated with indicators of physical fitness and health. The present study examined the relationship between serum levels of IGF-I and aerobic fitness, anaerobic capacity and body fat percent, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure before and after the eight weeks of high intensity intermittent training (HIIT) in adolescent boys. Methods: In this experimental study, 22 adolescent boys in a randomly and double-blinded design were allocated in two equal groups: HIIT group (N=11) and control group (N=11). Training programs were conducted 3- 4 times per week for 8 weeks. The HIIT program consisted of 6-8 running sprints (30-60 seconds) with a 3.5-4 min recovery. Mentioned indicators assessments were performed 18-24 hours pre and post intervention. Results: IGF-1, Maximum Oxygen uptake (VO2max(, Peak Power Output (PPO) and mean power output (MPO) were significantly higher after 8 week HIIT than the pre-exercise training evaluations (P<0.001). Fatigue index and body fat percent decreased in HIIT trial after 8 week HIIT (P<0.001). Also, there was a significant positive correlation between IGF-I changes and aerobic fitness, anaerobic and body fat percentage. However, Systolic and diastolic blood pressure did not change significantly after the training period (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The IGF-I can be used as an indicator to assess the fitness of adolescent boys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The microRNA (miRNA) is a new class of biomarkers that are involved in many biological processes and gene expression. The present study examined the effect of eight weeks of high intensity intermittent training (HIIT) on the levels of miRNA-1 and miRNA-21 in adolescent boys. Methods: In this experimental study, 22 adolescent boys in a randomly were allocated in two equal groups: HIIT group and control group. Training programs were conducted 3-4 times per week for 8 weeks. The HIIT program consisted of 6-8 running sprints (30-60 seconds) with a 3.5-4 min recovery. Mentioned indicators assessments were performed 18-24 hours pre and post intervention. Results: The miRNA-1 was significantly higher after 8 week HIIT than they were pre-exercise training (pre- HIIT vs. post-HIIT) (P<0.05). However, miRNA-21 was significantly lower after the training period (P<0.05). Conclusion: The miRNA-1 and miRNA-21 can be used as an indicator to assess the adaptations associated with exercise training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Health promoting behaviors are important due to the potential for the prevention of chronic disease, reduce morbidity, improve quality of life and reduce health care burdens in the community. This study aimed to determine the health promoting lifestyle status and its dimensions in adolescent boys and its relationship with self-efficacy and socio-demographic characteristics. Material and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 760 adolescent boys 18-14 years old in the city of Sanandaj in 2013. Random sampling was used. The data was collected by Adolescent Healthy Lifestyle questionnaire and Sherer General Self-Efficacy scale. To determine the relationship between health promoting lifestyle with self-efficacy and socio-demographic characteristics, multivariate linear regression analysis was used. Results: The mean of age was 15.6±1 . 88% of the male students were studying in governmental and semi-governmental schools and 37% were studying in grade nine. The total mean score of health promoting behaviors in adolescent boys was 3.49. The adolescent boys had the highest (4.00) and the lowest (3.12) score in life appreciation and health responsibility, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between self-efficacy and health promoting lifestyle and its subscales (r=0.2 to 0.4). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that there is a significant correlation between variables of self-efficacy, course of education, father's occupation, and income with health promoting lifestyle Conclusion: The findings show the adolescents "sometimes" to "often" engage in health promoting behaviors. In addition to self-efficacy as the main predictor, some of the socio-demographic characteristics also are among the predictors of health behaviors. By considering the adolescent years as a foundation for one's future life, it is necessary to provide strategies to promote lifestyle in adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]