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Background and Objective: The attitude towards the nursing profession is one of the most important topics in all areas of care provision from the time of choosing this profession to the end of the service period. The present study was conducted to determine the psychometric indicators of the Attitude Scale for the Nursing Profession (ASNP). Materials and Methods: This descriptive methodological study initially obtained permission from the original author to use the tool. The sample included 301 nurses who were selected using the convenience sampling method and working at hospitals affiliated with the Golestan University of Medical Sciences. Following that, the Attitude Scale for Nursing Profession (ASNP) developed by Ipek and Coban was translated into the Persian language according to the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) protocol. The validity assessment of the scale was carried out using a quantitative and qualitative method based on content validity (Content Validity Ratio [CVR] and Content Validity Index [CVI]) and utilizing the opinions of 11 nursing experts. Moreover, reliability was evaluated by two methods of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), test-retest, and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Data analysis was conducted using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in SPSS (version 22) and AMOS (version 23) software. Results: In the current study, the CVR score of the entire questionnaire was calculated as 0.72; however, statements 16 and 19 scored less than the acceptable level; therefore, they did not have proper validity and were removed. The CVI of all items was more than 0.79. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of ASNP was obtained at 0.96. The ICC was determined at 0.93, and the stability reliability in the two stages of the test-retest method was 0.789 (P=0.001). The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the Persian version of the scale has a 3-factor structure (characteristics of the nursing profession, preference for the nursing profession, and the general position of the nursing profession). These factors were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. (RMSEA=0.092, AGFA=0.90, and GFI=0.93). The estimation of standard factor loadings in confirmatory factor analysis showed that this scale has an acceptable fit in Iranian culture and has good construct validit. Conclusion: The results showed that the ASNP has the necessary validity and reliability after removing two items and can be used as a comprehensive and reliable tool to investigate the attitude towards the nursing profession in Iran.

Objective: Investors' behavioral patterns are among the important and new conceptsfocused on by many academic researchers and analysts of behavioral finance in recent years. It emphasizes that the investors' decisions and their destructive behavior could be affected by other investors' attitudes, feelings, emotions, and decisions. The investors' destructive behavior affects managers' decision-making because they would change the financial policies of the companies to meet the investors' expectations. Therefore, the current study is aimed at investigating the impact of investors' destructive behavior on managers' myopia in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, the effects of three destructive behaviors of investors, including myopic, emotional, and herd behaviors on the managers' myopia were investigated. Methods: The required data were collected from the financial information of 140 companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange in 10 years (i.e., their financial statement information from the Iranian calendar year of 1390 to 1399). To test the hypotheses of the research, logistic regression models were used by applying the pooled data method. Results: The findings from testing research hypotheses indicate that in Tehran Stock Exchange, investors' myopic, emotional, and collective behaviors have a positive and significant impact on the managers' myopia. It can be implied that with the increase in the investors' destructive behavior (investors' myopic, emotional, and herd behaviors), the managers' myopia is also intensified. Conclusion: The results of the research demonstrate that the investors' short-sightedness and their looking for short-term profits, put pressure on managers and consequently the managers' myopia increases. Also, the investors' emotional and herd behavior put pressure on managers to reduce costs that have long-term benefits and profitability to increase the short-term ones. Therefore, the behavioral tendencies of the company managers would be influenced by those of the investors and in response to their destructive behaviors. It means that, instead of focusing on long-term goals and plans for the company, managers focus on short-term goals and make short-term decisions to earn short-term profit. Managers who make myopic decisions to increase the current earnings in a short period to meet their investors' expectations, do not pay attention to the future interests and it would have negative effects on the financial structure and the performance of the company. It is because reducing the marketing, research, and development costs in the current competitive market can lead to a decrease in the competitiveness of the companies in the long term.

Introduction Sustainable livelihood approach is one of the new approaches in sustainable rural development that has been considered to reduce poverty and rural development. This approach focuses on the diversity and increase of various rural activities and emphasizes the diversity and increase of various rural activities. Sustaining the sustainable livelihood of the villagers in today's world is one of the priorities that should use the various assets (natural, human, financial, physical and social) of the villagers to improve and enhance their livelihood. The general purpose of this study is to evaluate the living conditions of rural communities in Darrehshahr city using SLF approach and CIPP model. Took. The total size of the statistical population was 16.140 households and the sample size was determined using Cochran's formula of 380 people.To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used using SPSS software. The obtained results show that there is a significant difference between the studied villages in terms of livelihood assets. Friedman test also shows that the share of natural assets is higher in the studied villages and the share of human, social, natural, physical and financial assets is 3.39, 3.30, 3.59, 1.33, 3.39, respectively. Data and Method The present research is non-experimental in terms of application type, non-experimental in terms of data collection and survey type. The statistical population of the study includes 16140 rural households living in Darhshahr city, which has a population of about 58429. The sample size was obtained based on Cochran's formula of 380 households. The data collection tool in this study is a structured and researcher-made questionnaire. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The collection tools in this research include library and field methods. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using a panel of experts, and for the reliability of Cronbach's alpha used, its total value (0.73) was obtained. The independent variables of this research include five variables (human, physical, social, natural and financial) and the dependent variable is sustainable livelihood. The following hypotheses have been used in this study. Results and Discussion The results show that among 380 respondents, 60.86% were men and 90.12% were women, of which 2.14% were literate, 17.4% were middle school students, 9.33% were diploma students, and 6.6% were graduates. , 14.2% were associates and 6.6% were bachelors and above. Also, 3.70% were self-employed, 3.19% were government employees, 8.5% were retired, 1.8% were unemployed and 9.2% were students. Conclusion Regarding physical capital, the findings showed that the situation of marketing of agricultural products and products and the infrastructure of agricultural activities is very weak, while the main livelihood of the villages under study is provided by agriculture. . Regarding the natural factors, the findings showed that the recent droughts have had the greatest impact on the living conditions of the studied villages, which is consistent with the results of Bazrafshan et al. 1397 and Darban Astana et al., 1397. Regarding financial factors, the findings showed that fluctuations related to agricultural products have a great impact on people's lives. Also, the findings showed that investment to create employment by the government and the willingness of the private sector to invest in the villages studied is very low It is very high, which is consistent with the results of research by Weiss et al., 2017 . Regarding humanities, the findings showed that the level of access to educational services on livelihood and employment issues, unemployment rate at different ages and the status of courses and educational programs related to livelihood is very low. Which is in accordance with the results of Jamehpour and Ahmadi research, 2011. Also, the spirit of cooperation and cooperation and family relations among the residents of the studied villages is high in terms of livelihood activities, which is consistent with the results of Bazrafshan et al. 1397. Regarding social factors, the findings showed that the tendency of villagers to urban life and the departure of labor and youth migration to urban areas is very high, which contradicts the results of research by Jomehpour and Ahmadi, 2011. Also, the level of use of media and social networks is very low.

Abstract Dog Rose shrub is one of the valuable medicinal plants that, due to the richness of useful compounds in the fruits, has the potential to be used as dietary supplements. The aim of this study was to investigate some morphological and phytochemical traits of 20 Dog Rose genotypes collected from natural habitats of the northwest and west of Iran. Trunk diameter, trunk cross-sectional area, plant height, canopy width, tree size, and volume index were recorded before harvesting. The leaf length, leaf width, leaf fresh weight, fruit length and width, fruit tail length, fruit fresh weight, number of seeds per fruit, fruit flavor, fruit texture, fruit appearance and attractiveness, total phenol, total flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity were measured. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference at the 1% probability level among the samples collected from different locations for all traits. The poor correlation between traits resulted in the first two components of principal component analysis justifying a lower percentage of variation in the data. Cluster analysis using Euclidean Squared Distance and Ward Method showed that the studied genotypes were divided into four groups with different characteristics. The sample of Showt city, which was placed alone in the fourth group and also had the lowest elevation, had the highest value for most of the traits and could be considered in breeding programs.

Anthemis has 39 annual and perennial herbacius species that 15 species of them are from Iran. Iran has a good distribution of this medicinal plant. In this study, the growth characteristics, essential oil percentage and ecological features of five Anthemis species such as: (A. tinctoria), (A. hyalina), (A. wiedemanniana), (A. pseudocotula) and (A. haussknechtii) were evaluated for the first time, in order to better understand the characteristics of them in Kurdistan province. The collection of species was carried out at flowering time and 14 growth traits along with ecological characteristics of the habitat were studied. The results showed that there is variation in growth characteritics and essential oil percentage among the studied species. A. tinctoria and A. hyaline had the highest growth and yield. Essential oil percentage was from 0.02 to 0.15%, most of which was related to A. hyaline (0.15%) and A. setacea (0.08%), respectivly. Cluster analysis divided the species into two groups. According to the results of this study, A. hyaline due to the high growth, organs with contains active ingredient, and high amount of essential oil is superior and can be used in pharmaceutical, food and perfumery industry and breeding programs.

Introduction and purpose: One of the problems of water distribution systems is loss of large volumes of water due to the occurrence of various events, which incurs a huge financial loss. Regarding this, the aim of the present study was to investigate the rate of events and water loss in the water distribution system and its related factors in Azna, Lorestan province, Iran, during 2008-2014. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using census method, surveys, and field data collection. The amount of water production and consumption, the volumes of water loss, the number of accidents, type of pipe, pressure zone, as well as the age and length of the pipes recorded during 2008- 2014 were studied and analyzed. Results: According to the results, the highest (34.48%) and lowest (20.57%) amount of water losses happened in 2008 and 2014, respectively. High pressures in water systems had significant relationship with the number of events as well as the amount of water loss and water consumption. In addition, higher length and age of the pipes had a direct correlation with increased number of events and water loss. Furthermore, the maximum number of events were found to occur in the pipe embranchment and galvanized pipes. Conclusion: This study showed that of events was directly related to the length and age of the pipes, the water pressure, and number of branches. Also water loss quantity can be reduced by applying suitable management techniques in different sections. Furthermore, the water loss can be significantly controlled by taking such measures as reducing the pressure in the high-pressure zones, timely replacement of old and inappropriate pipes, appropriate fixing of the pipes, replacement of the galvanized pipe, and standard implementation of pipes and fittings.

Identification of areas susceptible of landslide is one of the primary measures in managing and reducing the damage caused by such phenomena. In this regard, according to the goal and environmental conditions, different zoning models have been proposed. In order to zone and study the areas susceptible of landslides in the north of Neyshaboor, AHP method was applied. Thus, factors causing landslides including slope, lithology, land use, rainfall, the distance from river, the distance from the fault and the distance from the road were analyzed as the main factors for the occurrence of landslide. Layers of information related to each of the factors effective in the occurrence of landslides were prepared by the means of GIS analysis, and effective factors were evaluated using the AHP and paired comparisons. Finally the landslide hazard zonation map was prepared. Considering the final weight of each of the factors, it was concluded that the slope of the landslide and lithology in this area are the first and second most important factors influencing the landslide degree. Also the results of this zoning and the existing distribution of landslides confirmed that places susceptible of landslide in this region are based on landslide areas.

Background: Determination of biological age is a crucial challenge in gerontology. We studied the profile of variations in physical fitness factors in three groups of active, moderately active, and inactive Iranian women. Finally, a formula was produced to estimate biological age of women based on their physical fitness measures. Methods: This ex-post facto research was conducted in 2010. After signing informed consent forms, 107 women from Isfahan (Iran) were selected by purposeful stratified sampling. The subjects aged 18-65 years old and were categorized into age groups of 18-20, 21-25, 26-30, 31-35, 36-40, 41-45, 46-50, 51-55, 56-60, and 61-65 years old. From about 50 women who were asked to participate in each age group, at least 10 volunteers were evaluated. Physical fitness tests included vertical jump, modified pull-ups, sit and reach, Illinois agility test, 30-meter run, 20-meter shuttle run, sit-ups, and medicine ball throw. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS16. Findings: Discriminant analysis revealed that 64% of physical fitness level was explained by physical activity level (P ≤ 0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed that chronological age had an inverse relationship with physical fitness factors. However, the rate of physical fitness reduction of subjects depended on their sporting activity level, i.e. higher sporting activity was associated with lower rate of physical fitness reduction. Conclusion: Similar to reports from developed countries, this study indicated that physical activity had positive effects on biological age. However, our subjects had lower levels of physical fitness. This study also provided a good opportunity to produce an equation to estimate biological age of Iranian women. Our findings are alarming, especially when considering aerobic fitness. This study could be more reliable, if the same data were collected from other provinces of the country. Keywords: Biological age, Physical fitness factors, Estimation of biological age