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Background and Objectives Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) holds crucial significance as a primary global food source, providing approximately 18% of required calories and 19% of essential protein for human consumption. The greenbug, Schizaphis graminum, poses a substantial threat to wheat crops worldwide, including in Iran, causing significant annual damage. Traditional methods for identifying induced resistance in host plants involve pest pre-infestation and the assessment of demographic parameters. Considering the adverse environmental and health implications of excessive pesticide use in wheat fields, the exploration of "induced resistance" as a biorational method has gained notable attention in recent years within the wheat-integrated pest management domain. This study's main objectives included examining induced responses in three distinct wheat varieties to S. graminum and determining the optimal pre-infestation period to activate this defensive reaction in the host varieties. Materials and Methods Seeds from three wheat varieties (Kohdasht, Morvarid, and Aseman) were planted in growth chamber conditions (temperature: 25±2°C, relative humidity: 60±5%, and a photoperiod of 14:10 L: D). Upon reaching the two-leaf stage, five one-day-old female apterus aphids were introduced to each plant, allowing them to feed for 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days (considered as the experimental pre-infestation treatment duration). After the designated pre-infestation period, aphids were removed from the wheat plants, and the plants remained aphid-free for 48 hours. Following this interval, an age-specific two-sex life table of aphids was separately constructed for each wheat variety and pre-infestation duration. Using a cohort of 30 one-day-old first-instar nymphs, the biological and demographic parameters of aphids were measured and compared using the paired bootstrap test. Results The Aseman variety exhibited heightened resistance to S. graminum in comparison to Morvarid and Kohdasht varieties, as evidenced by the demographic parameter values. Notably, Aseman's extended nymphal developmental time and mean generation time (T), coupled with decreased longevity and fecundity, resulted in a significantly lower intrinsic rate of increase (rm) at 0.245 1/day, in contrast to Morvarid and Kohdasht varieties (0.348 and 0.358 1/day, respectively). Across all varieties, pre-infestation by aphids led to reductions in biological and demographic parameters, with the effective pre-infestation duration varying based on the variety and specific parameters studied. The nymphal developmental time increased, while fecundity and intrinsic rm significantly decreased as the pre-infestation duration progressed from 0 to 8 days. In Aseman, Morvarid, and Kohdasht varieties, rm decreased from 0.245 to 0.187, 0.348 to 0.275, and 0.385 to 0.335 1/day, respectively, with an increase in pre-infestation duration from 0 to 8 days. In the relatively more resistant Aseman variety, significant changes in nymphal developmental time and intrinsic rm occurred after a 2-day pre-infestation period, while aphid fecundity changed significantly after a 6-day pre-infestation duration. Morvarid exhibited significant changes in nymphal developmental time, female fecundity, and intrinsic rate of increase after 6, 4, and 2-day pre-infestation durations, respectively. Across all three varieties, the intrinsic rm, identified as a crucial demographic parameter, experienced significant changes after a 2-day pre-infestation period. Discussion Diverse demographic responses were observed for S. graminum across the studied wheat varieties, with the Aseman variety exhibiting heightened relative resistance to wheat green aphid. Pre-infestation of wheat plants with aphids induced resistance in all three varieties, resulting in a reduction in the biological and demographic potential of green aphid. Due to their favorable induction reactions to S. graminum, it is recommended to cultivate Kohdasht (resistant to pathogenic fungi, suitable for dry and semi-arid drylands) and Morvarid (resistant to pathogenic fungi, suitable for humid and plain areas) varieties. This approach can contribute to diminishing the aphid population and enhancing wheat production in these specified regions. The research outcomes offer valuable insights into identifying sources of resistance, understanding mechanisms, and facilitating the implementation of integrated aphid management strategies in wheat fields across Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction In conventional combine harvesters, wheat chaff is typically removed from the end of the machine and deposited on the field surface. Depending on the wheat cultivar, cultivation method, and growing conditions, the amount of chaff produced can range from 0.8 to 1.5 times the amount of grain harvested per hectare (Tavakoli, 2012). On average, this translates to an annual production of approximately 14 million tons of chaff, which is valued at around $240000000 based on regional prices in 2018-2019 ($1000 per kilogram). If collected, these chaff residues could be used as animal feed for livestock. Additionally, the long stems protruding from the back of conventional combine harvesters can interfere with subsequent cultivation efforts. Chaff combine harvesters have a similar structure to conventional machines, but feature a modified end that includes a tank and blower for collecting and depositing crushed chaff. Apart from the threshing unit, all other components of the harvester remain unchanged. Materials and Methods This study was conducted in 2019 in dryland wheat fields to determine the performance of Chaff combine harvesters in Kurdistan province. The study used 15 combine harvesters, including John Deere models equipped with chaff threshers from Shiraz, Bookan, and Hamedan, as well as the Hamedan Barzegar specific chaff collector combine. These combines were evaluated and compared based on natural losses, head and chaff storage losses, field capacity, purity percentage, and yield in field conditions in Kurdistan province. The total number of combines evaluated was 15, using a completely randomized design. Among these, 33% belonged to Shiraz company (5 samples), 33% to Bookan (5 samples), 20% to Hamedan (3 samples), and 14% to Hamedan Barzegar (2 samples). Sampling included measurement of natural losses, header losses, threshing tank losses (losses of the threshing unit, separating unit, and cleaning unit), and quality losses (broken grains and impurities) in the combine tank. Results and Discussion The results showed that the average yield, natural loss, and combine loss were 1,698.14 kg.ha-1, 2.39%, and 4.92%, respectively. In terms of the loss rates in different parts of the combine, 43.49% was related to the chaff storage of the combine, and 56.50% was related to the combine head. The natural loss rate in this province was 2.39%. The total combine loss was 5.18%, with 40.44% of that related to chaff storage and the rest related to the combine head. The results also showed a significant difference between the treatments in terms of field capacity, chaff storage loss, and purity percentage at a probability level of 5%. The total loss of the Hamedan Barzegar combine was 6.67%, which was higher than the other combines. The chaff storage loss of the Shiraz, Bookan, Hamedan, and Hamedan Barzegar combines were 0.87%, 2.64%, 0.78., and 4.28%, respectively, showing a significant difference at a 5% level. There was also a significant difference between the treatments in terms of total grain loss. Based on these results, it is recommended to use the Hamedan, Bookan, Shiraz, and Hamedan Barzegar combines, with total losses of 4.33%, 4.33%, 4.52%, and 6.56%, respectively. Conclusion 1. The average purity of harvested grains was 96.62%, and there was no significant difference between the combine harvesters in this regard. 2. There was a significant difference between the combines in terms of field capacity at a probability level of 5%. The field capacity of the Bookan, Hamedan Barzegar, Hamedan, and Shiraz combine harvesters were 0.83, 0.87, 0.83, and 0.73 hectares per hour, respectively. 3. In Kurdistan province, the average grain combine loss in dryland wheat harvesting with chaff combine harvesters was 4.92%, which is higher than in other provinces. 4. The loss in the chaff tank of the Shiraz, Bookan, Hamedan, and Hamedan Barzegar combine harvesters was 0.87%, 2.64%, 0.78%, and 4.28%, respectively. Regardless of head losses, the loss in the Hamedan combine was less than other combine harvesters. 5. The total losses of the Hamedan Barzegar, Bookan, Shiraz, and Hamedan combine harvesters were 6.56%, 4.32%, 4.52%, and 4.30%, respectively, with the Hamedan Barzegar and Hamedan combine harvesters having the highest and lowest losses, respectively. Based on the results obtained from this study, using the Hamedan combine is recommended in the dryland conditions of Kurdistan due to its low losses, high purity, and field capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: A significant portion of arable land in Iran is used for wheat cultivation annually. However, a considerable amount of these lands are saline or exposed to salinity due to irrigation with water containing some levels of salts. On the other hand, in most of these lands, wheat and barley are cultivated under rainfed conditions. About 500,000 hectares in Golestan province are affected by varying degrees of salt stress, and there is limited rainfall in the area. Therefore, the occurrence of drought stress in crop cultivation is inevitable. Therefore, the study of all factors that could affect the growth and yield of crops is required. So that, the purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of different cultivation patterns on the growth and yield of Wheat. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in a field near Moradberdi village in Siminshar, Golestan province. The average seasonal rainfall for the years 2019 and 2020 was 402mm and 362mm, respectively. The amount of seasonal rainfall was 317 mm. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized block design with five treatments for sowing patterns: 1. Flat cultivation with a row spacing of 12.5 cm (control); 2. Flat cultivation with a row spacing of 25 cm; 3. Ridge-furrow cultivation with a row spacing of 25 cm, sowing on the ridge; 4. Ridge)furrow cultivation with a row spacing of 25 cm, sowing in the furrow; and 5. Ridge-furrow cultivation with a row spacing of 25 cm, sowing in each furrow and on the ridge. The experiment was replicated three replications. The length of each block was 6 m, and there were 7 rows cultivated in each block. The seeds were planted by hand on November 16, 2019. It cultivated 180 kg/ha of Qaboos Wheat cultivar with an average weight of 44g per 1000 seeds. The traits that were measured included LAI (Leaf Area Index), plant height, stems per plant, spikes per plant, spike length, kernels per spike, 1000 kernel weight, straw yield, total biomass, grain yield, and HI (Harvest Index). The data analysis was conducted using SAS statistical software (version 9.4), and the means data were compared based on the LSD test. Results: The results showed that sowing patterns in saline soil (approximately 12 ds/m at planting time) and rainfed conditions (about 315 mm of rainfall during the growth and development season), could significantly affect important traits such as LAI, plant height, spikes per plant, kernels per spike, 1000 kernel weight, straw yield, total biomass, grain yield (kg/ha), and harvest index. It was found that cultivating wheat using the flat pattern and 25cm row spacing increased the Leaf Area Index (LAI), number of spikes per plant, number of kernels per spike, 1000 kernel weight, straw yield, total biomass, grain yield (kg/ha), and harvest index (HI). On the other hand, higher plant length and HI were observed for the 3 sowing pattern (ridge-furrow cultivation, row spacing of 25 cm, sowing on ridge top). Also, the 3 sowing pattern did not have a significantly different effect compared to the 2 sowing pattern on spike length, kernel per spike, and grain yield. Conclusion: Totally, It appears that wheat cultivation in rainfed and saline soil (approximately 12 ds/m at planting time) with a rainfall of about 315 mm during wheat growth and development stages, using sowing patterns of flat cultivation with a row spacing of 25 cm and ridge-furrow cultivation with a row spacing of 25 cm, sowing on the ridge, increases wheat growth and grain yield compared to flat sowing with a row spacing of 12.5 cm (control), ridge-furrow cultivation with a row spacing of 25 cm, sowing in the furrow, and ridge-furrow cultivation with a row spacing of 25 cm, sowing in each furrow and on the ridge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Durum wheat is the only tetraploid plant that has high commercial value. Drought is the most important abiotic stress that significantly affects the growth, physiology and reproduction of plants. Accelerating the selection procedure to improve yield of new genotypes of wheat is necessary. Performance is a complex trait that is influenced by many factors, and usually due to its low heritability, direct selection for performance is not very effective, so it is better to use indirect selection to improve yield. By using some statistical methods, it is possible to obtain the relative contribution of each yield components in the seed yield. Materials and Methods: In order to investigate recombinant inbred lines of durum wheat with their parents (Shotordandan and Dena) the experiment was conducted in the form of alpha lattice design in two replications for two cropping years (2016-2017 and 2017-2018) in the research farm of Islamic Azad University Ahwaz branch in two conditions of full irrigation and no irrigation after the pollination stage. In this research, morphophysiological and phenological traits were measured. Phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients between traits and factor analysis of relationships among traits were investigated and genotypes were grouped using cluster analysis by Wards method using standard data and Euclidean distance using SPSS ver 20 software. Results: Based on the results of combined analysis, the interaction effect of genotype × year was significant only for spike length trait. The results of phenotypic and genotypic correlations in full irrigation and stress conditions showed that the grain yield in all conditions had a positive and significant correlation with spikes plant-1 and biological yield. Based on the results of factor analysis in the conditions of full irrigation and drought stress at the end of the season, six and five factors were identified, respectively, and these factors explained 89.3 and 79.7 percent of the changes in the data. The results of cluster analysis put the evaluated recombinant pure lines in four clusters under full irrigation conditions and five clusters under stress conditions. Conclusion: In general, genotypes 38, 11, 2, 8, 49, 34, 50, 41, 9, 63, 47, 59, 57, 1, 4, 35, and the parent of Shotordandan were introduced as better genotypes in terms studied traits. Selection based on grain yield is not enough due to low heritability, especially in drought stress conditions, so traits that have a high and significant correlation with grain yield in drought stress conditions can be used in breeding programs. The results of this research showed that there is a high diversity in relation to all the evaluated traits in the studied lines, which indicates the high breeding value of this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat stress during grain filling period can lead to the reduction of grain yield of wheat. Therefore, in order to evaluate the probable mitigative effect of nitrogen and zinc application of heat stress on physiological properties, grain yield and protein content of wheat (Chamran cultivar), a split-split plot experiment based on RCBD in four replications was carried out in an experimental field of Khuzestan Agriculture and Natural Resources University, Ahvaz, Iran during autumn of 2018-19 growing season. Experimental factors were three planting date (22 November, 11 December and 31 December) as main plot, four nitrogen levels (0 as a control, 75, 150 and 225 kg ha-1 N from urea 46%) as subplot and zinc levels (0 as a control, 10 and 20 kg ha-1 from zinc sulfate) in subplots. The results showed that the delay in planting significantly (P≤0.01) reduced grain protein, leaf chlorophyll index, cell membrane stability index, grain yield, biological yield, and harvest index. Nitrogen application reduced the effects of heat stress on wheat grain yield so that by consuming 75, 150 and 225 kg N ha-1 in cultivation, wheat grain yield was improved by 43%, 59% and 64% for 11 December cultivation date and 50%, 70% and 55% for 31 December cultivation date, respectively, compared to control fertilizer. Zinc application also reduced the effects of heat stress on wheat grain yield, where at late and very late cultivation dates, with the application of 10 and 20 kg ha-1 zinc, wheat grain yield was improved by 5%, 6%, 35% and 40%, respectively. Consumption of zinc also reduced the effects of heat stress on wheat grain yield by increasing grain weight and caused a 24% increase in grain weight. Wheat harvest index decreased by about 18% due to heat stress. Meanwhile, application of nitrogen and zinc at 150 and 10 kg ha-1, respectively, showed the greatest effect in reducing the adverse effects of terminal heat stress on the agronomical and physiological properties of wheat. In general, in case of delayed cultivation, the use of zinc (at least 10 kg ha-1 ) and nitrogen (at least 150 kg ha-1 ) can reduce the harmful effects of terminal heat stress in Ahvaz climate and improve physiological (chlorophyll content and cell membrane stability), agronomic and protein content of bread wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative performance of spring bread wheat cultivars under different planting dates, an experiment was conducted in Gonbad Agricultural Research Station, Gonbad, Golestan province, Iran, during two cropping seasons (2020-2022) as split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Seven planting dates (1 November, 11 November, 21 November, 1 December, 11 December, 21 December and 31 December) were placed in main plots and four bread wheat genotypes (Araz, Arman, Taktaz and N-93-9) were placed in subplots. The delayed planting led to a significant decrease in the length of the phenological stages and the grain filling period. The highest grain yield was obtained from the planting at 11 November (5813 kg ha-1 ), which was not significantly different from grain yield in 21 November (5788 kg ha-1 ) and 31 November (5641 kg ha-1 ) planting dates. In most of the agronomic traits, the delayed planting dates (21 December and 31 December) had significantly lower values than planting in 11 November, 21 November and 1 December. Mean comparison for interaction effect of planting date×cultivar showed that planting Arman cultivar in 11 November, Araz cultivar in 11 November, 21 November and 1 December, Arman cultivar in the 21 November and Taktaz cultivar in the 21 November led to the highest grain yield. In the three delayed planting dates (11 December, 21 December and 31 December), the grain yield of Taktaz and Araz cultivars was higher than other genotypes. Mean comparisons on the traits related to bread-making quality showed that the two delayed planting dates (21 December and 31 December) had higher values in terms of protein and wet gluten content, compared to the two early planting dates (1 November and 11 November). Taktaz cultivar had the highest bread-making quality, particularly because it indicated the highest protein and wet gluten content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of remote sensing (RS) in irrigation scheduling has been accepted in the world due to the collection of data on a large scale and the determination of water stress indicators with greater speed and less cost. Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) and Water Deficit Index (WDI) are components of the most recognized water stress indices. Despite the accuracy and precision of the CWSI index that has been proven in plant irrigation scheduling, the lack of complete density of vegetation, especially in the early stages of growth, is one of the most important defects of using this method in crop irrigation scheduling. While estimating the water deficit index using remote sensing technology does not have these limitations. An experiment was performed in the crop year 98-99 in the city of Karaj to check the accuracy of this index. The amount of WDI and CWSI in a wheat field with optimized irrigation management was determined and compared and evaluated using statistical parameters. The results showed that the coefficient of explanation between these two indicators in the months of April, May, and June is 0.77, 0.85, and 0.71, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed the investigating the structure of energy production and the global warming potential of wheat production in Mehran and Dehloran regions. Information about the consumption of inputs and outputs was collected through questionnaires and interviews with local farmers. The results of the research showed that the total energy consumptions in these areas were equal to 6715.3and 68988.4 MJ/ha, and the energy outputs were calculated as 81820 and 94390 MJ/ha, respectively. Economic analysis showed that the profit-to-cost ratios in Mehran and Dehloran regions were equal to 1.42 and 1.58, and the economic productivity of productions were 3.17 and 3.52 kg /Rial, respectively. Based on the Cobb-Douglas function, the coefficients of determination (R² ) in Mehran and Dehloran regions were 0.93 and 0.96 respectively. The amount of total emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide and methane from wheat cultivation in Mehran was 1328.73, 8228.67 and 33.35 kg/ha, respectively, and in Dehloran was equal to 1431.26, 8503.67 and 36.08 kg/ha, respectively. The global warming potential value of production in Mehran region was at about 9590.75 and in Dehloran region equaled to 9971.01 kg equivalent of carbon dioxide per hectare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Wheat is the most important cereal crops; it is a stable diet for more than one third of the world population. DNA markers play the most important role in diversity due to the relative ease in their generation and elimination of the influence of environment. The objective of this research were study of genetic diversity of bread wheat cultivars using RAPD markers and efficiency of these markers in grouping and distinguishing wheat cultivars based DNA fingerprint. Materials and methods In this study 42 wheat cultivar was evaluated with using 20 RAPD markers. The amplified fragment profiles were visually scored for presence (1) and absence (0) of bands and entered in a binary matrix. Results The results showed that, RAPD primers detected 132 fragments and 88 of them (66/67%) were polymorphic. The amplified DNA fragments varied in size from <100bp to 3000bp. The number of polymorphic fragments primer ranged from 2-7 with an average of 4/4. RAPD68 and RAPD28 each whit 7 polymorphic bands showed the highest amount of polymorphism. Primer RAPD68 were able to distinguish the cultivars omid and azadi, primer OPB08 cultivars Chenab. Sepahan, Salyasonez and primers TIBMBD17 and TIBMBB09 cultivar Atrac from other cultivars. Cluster analysis using Jaccard matrix and UPGMA method was performed, wheat genotype clustered in seven distinct groups, and the genetic similarity values ranged from 0.74 to 0.94. sistan and gasparo showed the most genetic similarity (94%). Atrac, Azadi and vrinac were clustered as outliers. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) determined 1% inter group diversity and 99% intra group diversity for studied genotypes. Conclusions The results of this research showed that there was not genetic variation among bread wheat cultivars, that can be due to the low number of primers and cultivars under investigation. Suggested to use other primers such as SSR, which shows more diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat germ is a high -nutrient byproduct of wheat milling, however it has a short shelf life and extremely restricted ideal intake due to the intensive activities of lipase and lipoxygenase. In order to increase the storage life of probiotic wheat germ containing Bacillus badius, the freeze drying method was used in this study, and the effect of using xanthan gum: maltoxtrin in different ratios of 0.3:1, 0.1:1, and 0.03:1 as the capsule wall on antioxidant properties and physicochemical characteristics of probiotic wheat germ during 360 days of storage was investigated. Three control treatments were also produced without probiotic bacteria and had the same quantities of gums as the treatments. A pure wheat germ sample was also analyzed on the first day, 180 and 360, along with the encapsulated samples, for better comparisons and the influence of applied treatments. The experiments used a completely random design, and the treatments were analyzed using SPSS software and comparing the averages using Duncan's multi - range test at the 99% confidence level. The use of xanthan gum and maltodextrin as wall materials increased the antioxidant qualities in encapsulated wheat germ, according to the findings of this study. The introduction of Bacillus badius bacteria as a probiotic resulted in a substantial decrease in oxidation indices in wheat germ (P<0.01). In general, it can be stated that Bacillus badius bacteria, as a powerful probiotic, can extend the storage time of encapsulated wheat germ. Furthermore, xanthan gum is proposed as a good material for wheat germ encapsulation to enhance shelf life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For identification of correlations and relations among different traits in bread wheat, 30 genotypes were investigated based on a split plot experiment in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications under normal and moisture stress conditions during the 2016-2017 crop season. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the effect of genotypes was significant for most of the studied traits. The interaction effect of drought stress and genotype was significant for all examined traits except 1000-grain weight. Genotypes c-94-3 and Heidari were recognized as the best genotypes with average grain yield of 437 and 427 g/m², respectively, in normal conditions. Under drought conditions, genotypes cd-4 and cd-6 had the lowest grain yield with an average of 104 and 108 g/m², respectively. Based on the results of multiple regression in field experiment, under optimal irrigation conditions, flag leaf area, spike density, number of days to 50% flowering and spike length, (R² = 0.466) and under stress conditions, grain filling rate, grain filling period and straw yield (R² = 0.736) were considered as important traits affecting grain yield. Path analysis of grain yield under normal conditions indicated that the flag leaf area, spike density and spike length, and under stress conditions, the grain filling rate, grain filling period and straw yield, with the greatest direct positive effect were the important and effective traits in grain yield. Based on the results of the analysis of the grain yield correlation coefficients under normal condition, the number of kernels per spike, 1000-grain weight, flag leaf area, spike density and spike length, and under stress conditions, the number of kernels per spike, the grain filling rate, grain filling period and straw yield, were considered as the traits affecting grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the phenological stages and yield of wheat cultivars in response to the change of planting date and application of paclobutrazol, a field experiment was conducted in two years, 2020-2021 and 2021-2022, in Izeh city located in the northeast of Khuzestan, Southwest Iran. The experiment had three replications in a split factorial randomized complete block design. The main factor included planting date (November 16, December 11, and January 5) and the sub factors in the factorial form included cultivars (Karim, Mehrgan, and Chamran2) and the application of paclobutrazol (0, 60, 120 mg/L). In both years, the highest seeds/m² (18847) belonged to Chmaran2 genotype when sown on 16 November and received 60 mg/L paclobutrazol. When the genotypes were sown in the delayed planting date of January 5, application of 60 and 120 mg/L paclobutrazol led to an increase in seed yield compared to the 0 paclobutrazol. With the application of 60 mg/L paclobutrazol, the seed yield of Chamran2 genotype was higher on the planting dates of November 16 (6941 kg/ha) and December 11 (6779 kg/ha), compared to other paclobutrazol levels. Chamran2 and Karim genotypes indicated the greatest and smallest number of days and growing degree days, respectively, in different stages of growth and development. However, these genotypes did not show significant difference in terms of biological yield, grain yield, and harvest index. When plants were sown on January 5, the length of the plant growth period from the planting to physiological maturity was reduced by 34 days compared to when sown on November 16. Overall, the effect of paclobutrazol on seed yield was positive, and the consumption of 120 mg/L paclobutrazol moderated the negative effects of the delayed planting of the examined wheat genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Flowering time is one of the key developmental stages in determining the adaptation and grain yield of wheat and in this regard, management of planting date and cultivar, which leads to more matching the important developmental stage of flowering with the optimal flowering period, is very important in determining wheat grain yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phenological adaptation and its effect on grain yield of wheat cultivars with different seed densities under dryland pending cultivation conditions. Materials and methods: In order to evaluate the compatibility and determine the grain yield potential of dryland wheat cultivars in the pending conditions of cold regions, an experiment was carried out during two years of 2019-2020 in two dryland research stations of Shirvan and Sisab in North Khorasan province in the form of split plots in a completely randomized block design with three replications. In this experiment, dryland spring, facultative and winter wheat cultivars were evaluated as main plot and five densities of 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 seeds/m² were evaluated as sub-plots. Results: Evaluation of developmental stages showed that cultivation in this condition, in first year none of wheat cultivars pollinated in optimal flowering period but spring cultivars passed the critical flowering stage earlier and closer to the optimal flowering period than winter cultivars in both years. The results showed that in the first year, yield difference of cultivars was significant and winter wheat cultivar of Sadra with 1524 Kg ha-1 had the lowest grain yield and grain yield of other cultivars varied in the range of 1880-2110 Kg ha-1 but their difference was not significant. In the second year, the difference in grain yield of cultivars was not significant but percentage of grain sieving as a grain quality index in this year, showed a significant difference and, in this regard, spring cultivars showed superiority over winter cultivars so that the highest rate of this trait was observed in spring Aseman cultivar (86%) and the lowest rate was observed in Baran winter cultivar (52%). Grain yield was not affected by seed density but at low seed densities (150 and 200 seeds/m²) coverage of the soil happened with delay. Conclusion: Based on the results, spring wheat cultivars of Aseman and Karim are recommended for pending cultivation in cold area, especially cold and low rainfall area, however, research is needed to achieve more compatible and more productive cultivars for these conditions. Desirable seed density of wheat cultivars for sowing in dryland pending conditions will be 250-300 seeds/m². [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Wheat is the first important grain in the world and one of the strategic products of the country and the main source of protein and calories. Due to the growing trend of world population, the production and expansion of new varieties, has always been and will always be of interest to wheat breeders in the world. To achieve favorable outcomes in breeding programs, selection of parents based on general combining ability and specific combining ability is so important. Therefore, aim of this study was to investigate the general and specific combining ability of five different wheat cultivars and F1 hybrids derived from them in order to study the genetic structure and heritability of yield and its components to determine the type of breeding method and selection of suitable parents and hybrids. Materials and Methods: In this study, five wheat cultivars including Kuhdasht, Karim, Qaboos, Aseman and Line 17, were crossed in a half- Diallel methode in the research farm of the Agricultural Research Station of Gonbad-e Qabous in the 2018-19 crop year. In order to comparative experiment, seeds of 10 F1 generations and parents were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the 2019-20 crop year. Then, traits Days to spike emergence date, Plant height (cm), Spike length (cm), Number of grain per spike, 1000-grain weight (g), Plant yield (g / m²) were recorded /measured. Results: Significance of analysis of variance indicates the existence of genetic differences between the genotypes and the possibility of continuing the analysis by Diallel method. Based on the results of genetic analysis based on the two method Griffing B models, general and specific combining abilities were significant for all traits, which indicates the simultaneous effect of additive and non-additive effects of genes in controlling traits. However, the share of additive gene effects for all traits except 1000-seed weight was higher than non-additive gene effects. In terms of increasing in spike length, number of seeds per spike, 1000-seed weight and yield, Aseman cultivar was the best compound. Also, Line 17 cultivar with the lowest general combinability was the best one in of early maturity and dwarf traits. The best hybrid for 1000-seed weight and yield was Kuhdasht×line17, that had the highest specific combining ability. The results of the Jinks-Heyman test indicated that hypothesis of the genetic analysis were satisfied only for plant height, number of seeds per spike, spike length, plant yield. Evaluation of genetic parameters by hayman method showed that the parameters D and H1 were significant, but the high contribution of variance D showed that the additive effects of genes action had greatest importance in genetic control of these traits.The rate of specific heritability also varied from 0.63 in number of seeds per spike to 0.93 for plant height. Conclusion: Result of Griffing and Hayman indicated, additive and non-additive gene effects were effective for all traits. But, the low values of the mean degree of dominance and regression line break in the positive part of the Wr axis and also the significance of the GCA/SCA ratio indicate the high share of additive effects in the control of these traits. Therefore, due to the importance of additive effects, the selection method can be a suitable method to breeding these traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Remote sensing methods for mapping farms and crops have been widely used in the last three decades. This method is applied to identify irrigated areas around the world (Alipour et al., 2014), although most of these studies are in areas with semi-arid climates and low rainfall or lack of rainfall which has a significant effect on the spectral characteristics of plants. In this study, Landsat 8 and MODIS satellite images were used to identify and separate two irrigated and rain-fed wheat farms in Hamadan province. Two algorithms of support vector machine (SVM) and minimum distance (MD) were used simultaneously to classify irrigated and rain-fed farms. In the next step, the area under cultivation of rain-fed and irrigated wheat was predicted in the whole cultivated area of Hamadan province. Finally, the cultivation area of rain-fed and irrigated crops was calculated in the province using Sentinel 3 satellite images based on the random forest algorithm in 2016. Materials and Methods The study area is Hamedan province, which is located between 59◦ 33′ and 49◦ 35′ north latitude and also from 34◦ 47′ to 34◦ 49′ east longitude of the Greenwich meridian. A 50-hectare rain-fed wheat farm in Amzajerd was used as a sample to extract the properties of rain-fed wheat. Also, irrigated indices were extracted from a 100-hectare irrigated wheat farm located in Kaboudrahang. Satellite images were applied to separate irrigated and rain-fed wheat in Hamadan province. NDVI, EVI and NDWI indices were extracted from 16-day images of Landsat, MODIS, and Sentinel 3 sensors in the five-year period (2015-2019). Google Earth Engine (GEE) system was the environment for performing image processing calculations and extracting indices and maps. Results and Discussion The NDVI and EVI of irrigated and rain-fed wheat farms were calculated in 2015-2019. A small peak was observed in the rain-fed and irrigated NDVI trend in November due to the early germination of wheat leaves in winter, and the larger peak in May and June showed the maximum greenness of irrigated and rain-fed wheat, respectively. The ascending or descending trend of NDVI / EVI had no constant slope. This can be due to changes in meteorological parameters, which sometimes cause a sudden increase or decrease in the values of these indices. Despite the non-linearity of the NDVI / EVI trend over time, the maximum greenness was recorded just a month before the wheat harvest, which was seen in the third decade of May to the first decade of June. One of the cases is the sharp drop of NDVI / EVI after its final peak, which was definitely due to yellowing wheat and harvesting. Since the distinction between rain-fed and irrigated crops was difficult only based on NDVI, NDWI was also used to determine the water content of wheat so that irrigated wheat could be identified. However, the difference between rain-fed and irrigated wheat in terms of NDWI spectral density was insignificant; the maximum and minimum occurrence times of NDWI and NDVI of rain-fed and irrigated wheat were chosen for their separation. In order to map the cultivation area, in addition to the MODIS sensor, Sentinel 3 was used due to its ability to detect chlorophyll accurately. Due to the fact that the imaging of the Sentinel 3 satellite started since 2016, the map of rain-fed and irrigated cultivation as well as the cultivation area and their separation was done based on the random forest algorithm in 2016. Conclusion The results of this study showed that the appropriate method for distinguishing between rain-fed and irrigated wheat is the simultaneous use of several indices. Also, the greatest difference is in the maximum greenness, which happened almost one month before harvest. MD and SVM classification algorithms could distinguish irrigated and rain-fed wheat from other crops with 90% and 80% accuracy, respectively. Distinguished maps of irrigated and rain-fed crops based on the random forest algorithm were obtained using Sentinel 3 satellite imagery which can show the fertility of agricultural lands in the province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Drought reduces the water potential of the soil and in such conditions the plant can osmoregulation in order to preserve and continue water absorption. Osmoregulation in pollen grains can be used as an indicator in wheat breeding programs to increase drought tolerance. The aim of this study was to study drought tolerance and selection of the most tolerant genotype of wheat through the effect of different irrigation regimes on chlorophyll, proline, osmoregulation of pollen grains and selection of the best genotypes for planting in arid and semi-arid regions with high yield. Materials and Methods: In order to analyze the effects of three different humidity regimes on the osmoregulation of pollen grain, chlorophyll and proline content three different experiments were carried out in randomized completely block designs with three replications. The three different humidity regimes included normal conditions (without stress), water-stress in meiosis stage and continuous water stress (30% of Field Capacity). The genotypes studied in this experiment included genotype Alvand, Ehdaei 81, Ehdaei 82, Oxley and Chinese Spring. Results: The results of analysis of variance in non-stress and stress conditions showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes in terms of most traits. The reaction of wheat genotypes was different in three experiments, but drought stress increased proline content and decreased chlorophyll content in all stresses. Chinese Spring genotype under normal irrigation conditions and stress in meiosis stage and 30% field capacity stress by storing more proline and chlorophyll and preventing the decomposition of these materials were identified as the most drought tolerant genotype. Osmoregulation has a positive relationship with grain yield and genotype Ehdaei 82 (1.05 g) have the ability of osmoregulation and high grain yield under drought stress conditions in the meiotic stage. Under different water conditions, the higher projected pollen grain area PEG 50% and the smaller projected pollen grain area PEG 30%, Osmoregulation increases significantly Conclusion: The results showed that drought stress reduced the evaluated traits and genotype is more tolerant to drought that stores the highest content of proline and chlorophyll in leaves. Chinese Spring genotype was the most tolerant genotype with the highest content of proline and chlorophyll and high osmoregulation under normal irrigation conditions. Chinese Spring is in the group of genotype does not have the ability of osmoregulation and is suitable for dry conditions. This genotype is adapted to stress conditions by using other drought tolerance mechanisms and if improved for osmoregulation under stress conditions, it can be more adapted for cultivation in arid areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: In recent years, much attention has been paid to the quality aspects of soil and increasing crop production using crop residues, green manures and other organic fertilizers as sources of soil organic matter and plant nutrients. Crop residues can improve soil quality properties as well as improve soil plowing capacity by replacing or providing nutrients in the soil. The term bio-fertilizers does not refer exclusively to organic matter obtained from animal manures, plant residues and green manure, but bacteria and fungi, especially bacteria that stimulate plant growth and materials derived from their activities are among the most important bio-fertilizers. Therefore, the aims of this study was to investigate the effect of sesame residue management practices and the integrated of chemical and biological fertilizers on wheat yield. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in two seasons (summer for sesame and autumn for wheat) during 2018-19 in Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. Statistical analysis was a split plot design based on RCB with three replications. The main plot including 3 residue managements (e.g. removal, burn and incorporate). Sub-plots including 4 fertilizer managements that were: 1. chemical fertilizers of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium; 2- Combination of vermin-compost fertilizer + potassium sulfate (before planting), super nitro-plus fertilizer + fertile fertilizer 2 (as seed treated) at planting time, humixcin organic fertilizer (foliar application) and one third of nitrogen fertilizer split; 3- (Combined 2): compost fertilizer + potassium sulfate (before planting), super nitro-plus fertilizer + fertile fertilizer 2 (as seed treated) at planting time and one third of nitrogen fertilizer split; 4- (Combined 3): Farm yard manure + potassium sulfate (before planting), Super nitro-plus fertilizer as seed treated, organic humixcin fertilizer (foliar application) and one third of nitrogen fertilizer split. Yield and yield components was selected and calculated from a surface equivalent to 2 m² . To determine the weight of the first internode (peduncle) from the pollination stage to maturity, the first internode was sampled with an interval of 10 days and placed in the oven to determine the dry weight. The most important indicators for calculating dry matter transfer efficiency were calculated. Results: Differences between levels of crop residue management, fertilizer management and their interaction in terms of yield components, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, nitrogen and grain protein, remobilization rate, remobilization efficiency, remobilization share, current photosynthesis rate, Current photosynthesis efficiency, share of current photosynthesis, grain formation rate and biological yield were statistically at 1% probability level. The highest grain yield was observed in treatment of removal of residues and chemical fertilizers (4.45 t ha-1 ) and the removal of residues and fertilizers (1) (4.29 t ha-1 ) and the lowest was recorded in treatment of incorporated residues and fertilizers (2) (2.33 t ha-1 ). The highest grain yield formation rate was observed in the treatment of residue and chemical fertilizer removal (24.72 kg ha-1 day-1 ) and removal of residues and compound fertilizer (1) (23.86 kg ha-1 day-1 ). The lowest grain yield formation rate was obtained in the treatment of residue and integrated fertilizer (2) (12.85 kg ha-1 day-1 ). The highest rate, efficiency and contribution of photosynthesis were obtained in the removal of debris and the use of synthetic fertilizer (1) and the lowest was obtained in the incineration of waste and the use of synthetic fertilizer (3). Conclusion: The results showed that treatments based on intensive agriculture (removal of crop residues and completely chemical management) have produced the highest grain yield. While treatments based on sustainable agriculture (Incorporated of crop residues with organic and biological fertilizers) with the highest percentage of grain protein, in fact have produced the highest product quality. On the other hand, although in Khuzestan province there is water shortage and drought stress in most cropping seasons, but according to the results obtained by incorporated crop residues, chemical fertilizers and integrated fertilizers, can increased plant growth, quality of crop production and reserve moisture in the soil and ultimately the stability of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of salinity stress on grain quality traits of wheat were investigated using 180 lines of F5 generation in two environments (normal and salinity stress). A randomized complete block designs with three replications was used in each of the environments at the Research Farm of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station of Isfahan in 2019-2020 cropping season. Grain yield, protein yield, grain moisture content, grain hardness, volume of Zeleny sediment, protein content, bread volume, wet gluten percentage, and gluten index were evaluated. Analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among the lines for all traits studied in two environmental conditions. Moreover, the results showed that the quality in bread wheat was improved under salinity stress conditions due to increment in protein content and grain hardness. Grain protein yield in both environments had a significant and negative correlation with grain moisture as well as bread volume. In the other hand, grain hardness showed a significant and positive correlation with the Zeleny sedimentation and water absorption in both environmental conditions. The results showed that the identification of favorable quality characteristics in normal and stressed conditions were possible and the lines with high grain quality can be used in breeding programs for improving baking quality. Although salinity caused the decrease in grain yield, the content of protein and the Zeleny sedimentation volume increased in this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effect of supplementary irrigation on dryland wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted as a factorial in randomized complete block design with three replications during cropping seasons 2016-2017 and 2017-2018. The factors were drought stress levels (dryland and supplemental irrigation) and wheat cultivars (Homa, Sardari, Rijaw, Ouhadi and Azar2). Supplemental irrigation significantly increased grain yield. In both cropping seasons, drought stress increased free amino acids and glycine betaine and decreased relative water content (RWC) and rate of water loss (RWL). Negative and significant correlation of RWL with free amino acids of leaf and glycine betaine and also positive and significant correlation of RWC with glycine betaine level indicated that the higher the concentration of osmotic compounds in leaves, the lower the rate of leaf water loss and the higher the leaf water content. The results of this study confirmed that adequate water supply by using supplementary irrigation in the most sensitive stages of wheat growth is a viable strategy to improve the physiological traits of the plant and hence obtain an acceptable grain yield under dryland conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The irrigation schedule of crops is the most effective way to increase agricultural water use efficiency. In irrigation planning, determining the irrigation time is more important and difficult than determining the depth of irrigation water. Among all methods of determining the irrigation time of crops, the methods which used plants are more accurate than other methods. In this study, the wheat water stress index has been used which is based on the air vapor pressure deficit and the difference between vegetation and air temperature (Tc-Ta). First of all, the diagram and the relationship between the top and bottom baselines were extracted, then the water stress index of wheat was drawn in the Karaj region. Secondly, to determine the optimal water stress index of wheat, four treatments including I1: 30% of maximum allowable depletion of moisture, I2: 45% of maximum allowable depletion of moisture, I3: 60% of maximum allowable depletion of moisture, I4: 75% of maximum allowable depletion of moisture were performed in four replications. The amount of water stress index of each treatment was calculated during the season separately, and the CWSI of the treatment with the highest water use efficiency was used to determine the irrigation time of wheat. The results showed that the relationship between the upper and lower baseline for wheat in the Karaj region is Tc-Ta = 3.6 0c and Tc-Ta = -0.27VPD - 2.64, respectively. The treatment of 45% of maximum allowable depletion of moisture had the highest water use efficiency and the optimal water stress index for wheat was obtained at 0.36 in the Karaj region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Bacterial leaf streak of the cereal is one of the most important diseases of wheat and barley which was reported from Iran in 1989. The severity of this disease has increased since 2016 in some of the irrigated wheat fields of Iran. Using the resistant cultivars is the best way to manage this disease. In the past, the response of some elite lines and cultivars to this disease was studied and determined. As a result, it's critical to investigate how new promising lines respond to this illness. Under this context, the reaction of a variety of elite wheat lines and cultivars to this disease was examined in greenhouse settings in a recent research. In this study, the reaction of a number of wheat lines to this disease was evaluated in field conditions in three regions with different climates. Materials and Methods Seventy-one advanced lines received from the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, were planted in the experimental farms of research stations in three provinces, including Hamadan, Lorestan, and Jiroft. Each line was planted in two one-meter rows in a randomized complete block design in three repetitions. They were then sprayed with bacterial suspension (regional isolates) at a concentration of 108 cfu / ml by spraying at three times (during tillering, after stem elongation and at the beginning of heading/flowering). The percentage of leaf surface infection was recorded and evaluated fifteen days after the last inoculation. Data were analyzed using SAS software, and the means were compared using Duncan test at a 1% probability level. Results The response of various lines to this bacterium was different in three regions. But, in general, the studied lines due to the reaction to this disease were evaluated susceptible (such as S-92-19, ICSBWEYT-17-3, N-91-17, ICSBWEYT-17-2, ICSBWEYT-17-9 and ICSBWEYT-17-7), Semi-sensitive (such as ICSBWEYT-17-11, ICSBWEYT-17-10, ICSBWEYT-17-16, ICSBWEYT-17-1 and ICSBWEYT-17-24) and tolerant (such as: C-91-4, N-91 -8, N-92-9 and CD-94-9). Discussion The grouping of the lines' susceptibility to this disease in six specific groups has high overall coordination and fit with each other, in three areas. However, the infection severity of wheat lines with this disease significantly varied in different regions. Therefore, the severity of wheat line infection in Boroujerd was higher than in the other two areas. On the other hand, some lines in various regions had different reactions to the disease. For example, MS-92-18 line had relatively good tolerance in Boroujerd region, but not in Hamadan and Jiroft regions. Climatic and geographical conditions can affect the behavior of wheat genotypes to the disease and change their response in different climates. Many other researchers have proved this. The results of this study showed that although most of the studied wheat lines are susceptible to this disease, but there are also lines among them, that have good relative resistance which can be used as resistance sources in wheat breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the relationships and genetic diversity between and within wild species of Aegilops using EST-derived TRAP molecular markers. Materials and Methods In this study, genetic diversity and relationships among eight wild species of Aegilops collected from 14 provinces of Iran were evaluated using 24 TRAP primer combinations. Results The mean of PIC for studied primers was 0.95 and the lowest and highest values of this index were related to TRAP20 (0.92) and TRAP10 (0.97), respectively. Also, the mean of MI was 10.77 and the lowest and highest values were related to TRAP3 (6.95) and TRAP17 (17.34), respectively. The molecular analysis of variance showed 60% variance between species and 40% variance within species. Estimated genetic parameters showed that the highest levels of Na (1.07), Ne (1.26), I (0.23) and uHe (0.16) belonged to Ae. truncialis and the maximum Nei gene diversity (0.14) was related to Ae truncialis, Ae. umbelulata and Ae. neglecta. Minimum values of Nei gene diversity (0.09), Shannon index (0.14), No. of effective alleles (1.16) and No. of observed alleles (0.79) was observed for Ae. crassa. The least genetic similarity was observed between Ae. crassa with Ae. cylandrica and Ae. umbelulata and the most similarity between Ae. triuncialis and Ae. umbelulata. Being in the same group of Ae. umbelulata and Ae. truncialis with cluster analysis and PCOA confirmed the high genetic similarity of these species. Conclusions The results showed high genetic diversity among and within species. Molecular analysis of variance revealed higher genetic diversity between species, indicating low gene flow and Fst, as well as a high genetic differentiation between species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of vegetation type (Alfalfa and Wheat) and slope (5% and 20%) on runoff and drainage pollution in clay loam soil. Sampled soils were repacked in the box with one soil drainage outlet and one surface flow outlet and were cultivated by wheat or alfalfa. A solution containing 0.05 M KCl was poured quickly and uniformly, over the surface of each box, after plant growth. Simulated rainfall was applied to the soil box with the intensity of a constant rate of 64 mm h-1 for 2 hours immediately. Then the concentration of Cl- and K+ were measured in the collected samples of runoff and the drainage outlet. Results showed that the measured concentration of K+ was lower than the Cl- concentration as a result of its absorbable property. The breakthrough curves (BTCs) of Cl- and K+ showed that slope and vegetation type affected the transport of Cl- and K+. The peak of the BTCs for Cl- and K+ in runoff ranked in the order of wheat and 20% slope> alfalfa and 20% slope> wheat and 5% slope> alfalfa and 5% slope, and in the drainage changed to alfalfa and 5% slope> wheat and 5% slope> alfalfa and 20% slope> wheat and 20% slope. For each slope, the intensive vegetation cover of alfalfa than wheat considerably reduces Cl- or K+ pollution in runoff; whereas drainage development of larger and deeper root systems was the cause of higher leached concentrations for both tracers. Based on our research changes in soil surface vegetation cover from wheat to alfalfa are suggested in slope land to prevent surface water pollution; although other factors such as the climate, soil texture, and structure should also be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: According to the 2030 Document (FAO, 2016), agriculture is facing more challenges today than ever before. More people need food, water shortages, declining land productivity, and declining agricultural labor are increasing the need for sustainable agriculture around the world. Therefore, the aim of this study is to diversify the grain crop system using a mixture of winter cereals, wheat, barley and triticale and their response to end-of-season water stress in hot and dry ecological conditions. Materials and Methods: In order to investigate the yield response and yield components of mixed culture of different cereal cultivars to water stress in hot and dry ecological conditions, an experimental split plot design in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the 2017-2018 crop year in the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture and Darab Natural Resources-Shiraz University. In this experiment, the first factor of irrigation regime in two levels of normal irrigation and water stress and the second factor including ten levels of genotypes (tall barley line EB- 95-97, dwarf barley line EB-95-97 dwarf bread wheat line S-92-19, tall bread wheat cultivar Khalil and a cultivar of Triticale called Juanilo) which were grown as a series of alternatives to double and pure row mixture. Double mixed crops as one in a row, including: dwarf barley, tall barley (one row of dwarf barley+one row of tall barley),dwarf barley-triticale (one row of dwarf barley+one row of triticale),tall barley-triticale (one row tall barley+one row of triticale),dwarf wheat-triticale (one row of dwarf wheat+one row of triticale) and tall wheat-triticale (one row of tall wheat+one row of triticale) with a 50:50 planting ratio and pure cultivation including: barley Dwarf, tall barley, triticale, tall wheat and dwarf wheat had a planting ratio of 100:0. According to plant density (400 plants per square meter for barley,450 plants per square meter for wheat and triticale (seeds per plot) and exactly each planting line (before planting according to the weight of one thousand seeds calculated and measured Were placed in separate bags and planted on each stack (including two planting lines) when planting. The final crop harvest was done manually after removing the marginal rows from a surface of one square meter. Traits such as 1000-seed weight, biological yield, harvest index, number of spikes per spike, number of spikes per plant, spike length, plant height and grain yield were measured. Results: The results of this experiment showed that the highest grain yield was obtained in tall wheat-triticale mixed culture with 9472 Kg ha-1 under normal irrigation and the lowest grain yield was achieved in pure dwarf barley with 3934 Kg ha-1 under water stress conditions. The results of correlation coefficients under normal irrigation conditions showed that there was the highest positive and significant correlation between grain yield and biological yield under normal irrigation conditions (r=0.847**) and water stress (r=0.792**). Conclusion: The tall-Triticale mixed wheat cultivation system under normal irrigation conditions showed a 16% increase in yield compared to the tall wheat pure cultivation system, while it did not show a significant difference with the Triticale pure cultivation system. Existence of more vegetation, less weeds, lower shading temperature and consequently higher photosynthesis under water stress and higher yield components in intercropping systems than pure cereals, which together increase the yield. Seeds in mixed cropping systems were different from pure cereals. The decrease in yield in pure crop compared to mixed crop is due to water stress in the grain filling stage. Therefore, mixed cultivation under water stress conditions shows better yields than pure cultivation, which is probably due to the reduction of exogenous competition in mixed cultivation of cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triticale is a successful crop of wheat and rye. Ginger has antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to produce functional cookies containing triticale and wheat flour and ginger powder and essential oil. In the first part of this study, wheat flour (0-50 %) in cookie formula was replaced with triticale. Moisture, firmness, specific volume, porosity, color, and microstructure of cookies were evaluated. In the second part, ginger powder (0-5%) and essential oil (0-150 ppm) were used in the formula and antioxidant, microbial and sensory properties of the cookies were evaluated. In the first part, the sample containing 15% triticale flour had more moisture (14.29%) compared to other samples during one month of storage. The sample containing 15% triticale flour and control had the same specific volume (1.90 cm3 /g), porosity (18.5%) and firmness (4.1 N) and no significant differences were observed between properties of these samples. Antioxidant activity of sample containing 15% triticale flour (control of the second part), sample containing 15% triticale flour and 5% ginger powder and sample containing 15% triticale flour and 150 ppm ginger essential oil was 4.6, 29.8 and 69.2% respectively. Also, the growth results of mold and yeast showed ginger can be used as an antimicrobial agent and inhibit positive growth of mold and yeast in all concentrations of essential oil consumption and at the level of 5% powder. Finally, the highest score of sensory properties was given to the control sample, the sample containing 1 and 3% ginger powder and the sample containing 50 ppm ginger essential oil. Finally, Cookies containing 15% triticale flour in the presence of 3% ginger powder or 50 ppm ginger essential oil can be introduced as the best examples of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Considering the importance of the wheat plant in ensuring the country's food security and also the approach of the international community to the protection of natural resources in order to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. Application of organic fertilizers such as vermicompost can be considered as a useful and efficient tool to achieve sustainable agricultural goals. Therefore, a study was designed and conducted to evaluate the variety of agricultural management on the quantitative and qualitative yield of irrigated wheat cultivars. Materials and Methods: This research was conducted in the 2018 crop year, in the educational research farm number one of the Department of Plant Production Engineering and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz. This experiment was performed in the form of split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor included the different agronomic management (low input, medium input and high input) and the sub-factor included different wheat cultivars (Mehregan, Chamran-2 and Shabrang). Results: The results of this study showed that the highest grain yield was obtained in the canvas of high input management system and Mehregan cultivar (6312.6 Kg ha-1) which was not significantly different from the canvas of high input system and cultivar Chamran-2 and the lowest was related to low-input management system and Shabrang cultivar (42289.4 Kg ha-1) which decreased by about 32% and there was no significant difference with low-input management system and Chamran-2 cultivar. The highest amount of grain protein was observed in low-input and medium-input management system (12.6%) and the lowest in high-input management system (10.5%), which decreased by about 16%. There was no significant difference between different cultivars in terms of grain protein. Conclusion: The results of the medium input (integrated) management system showed that this agricultural system was able to produce an optimal level of yield and reduce the use of chemical inputs. Among the different cultivars studied, it was found that Chamran-2 and Mehregan cultivars were more resistant than Shabrang cultivar by changing the type of ecosystem from high-input to low-input and yield reduction in these two cultivars was less than Shabrang cultivar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulation of nitrogen in vegetative organs and its translocation to grain of wheat are important processes that determine the yield and quality. In order to investigate the effect of supplemental irrigation nitrogen fertilizer on dry matter remobilization, yield and yield components of three wheat cultivars a split-split plot experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications at Research Field of Kurdistan University, Sanandaj, west of Iran, during 2016-2017. Treatments were two levels of Irrigation (rainfed and irrigation at the booting stage) as main-plots, three rainfed cultivars (Sardari, Azar2, and Rejaw) as subplot and three rates of nitrogen (50 kg/ha N (N1), 100 kg/ha N (N2) and 100 kg/ha N plus 20 kg/ha N (N3) foliar application in Heading stage) as sub-subplot. The results showed that supplementary irrigation increased the concentration of leaf chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, proline, and glycine betaine and decreased the electrolyte leakage. Supplemental irrigation also increased leaf nitrogen, chaff and total nitrogen content at flowering stage. Rejaw cultivar had the highest leaf nitrogen remobilization efficiency and the lowest total nitrogen remobilization efficiency. N1 fertilizer treatment led to the lowest concentration of leaf chlorophyll a and b, proline, glycine betaine, and nitrogen, and stem, chaff and total nitrogen in both flowering and maturity stages. Nitrogen remobilization was affected by supplementary irrigation and different rates of nitrogen fertilizer. It seems that supplementary irrigation in the booting stage leads to an increase in nitrogen content in the vegetative organs, which is transferred to the grain during the seed filling stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Agriculture is an energy conversion process. In this process, solar energy, fossil fuel, and electricity are converted mainly into food and fiber. In the agricultural section, the trend of energy consumption increases rapidly every year. Constraints on agricultural land, population growth, changes in infrastructure, and a trend towards high living standards have contributed to increase energy use in the agricultural sector. Fuel, electricity, machinery, seeds, chemical fertilizers, and chemical pesticides have a significant share in supplying energy sources. Effective use of energy in agriculture reduces environmental problems and prevents the destruction of natural resources and develops sustainable agriculture as an economic production system. Wheat is the most strategic crop in Iran that more than 50.39٥/o of arable land belongs to wheat. Materials and Methods The current study has been done with the objects of evaluation of inputs and crop yield, input and output energy, and energy indices for irrigated wheat for seven provinces such as Alborz, Isfahan, Ardebil, Khorasan-e Razavi, Khuzestan, Golestan, and Hamadan. For this purpose, the required information gathered via study of publications, face to face interview with experts and leading farmers, and questionnaire completion by the irrigated wheat farmers in different cities of each understudy province. Then, with the help of equivalent energy equations, input and output energy and energy indices were calculated. In this research, simple random sampling method was used. Results and Discussion According to the results, total input energies of Alborz, Isfahan, Ardebil, Khorasan-e Razavi, Khuzestan, Golestan, and Hamadan provinces were calculated with 45458.84, 92714.8, 38755.34, 104701, 50971.2, 26198, and 49362 64 MJ ha-1 respectively while h ؟utput energy for those provinces were 12169.131958.8,8؛ 77381.39, 122297, 141901.2, ة 13410, and 125511.69 MJ ha٦ respectively. The maximum share of energy input for Alborz, Ardebil, Khuzestan, Golestan, and Hamadan provinces were regarding to chemical fertilizers with amounts of 43.06, 43.16, 58.33, 38.05, and 47.57 percent, respectively, while irrigation energy requirement had maximum share in Isfahan and Khorasan-e Razavi with 62.36 and 57.17 percent, respectively. The minimum share of energy input for Alborz, Isfahan, Ardebil, Kharasan-e Razavi, and Golestan provinces was calculated for labor energy requirement with 0.39, 0.29, 0.79, 0.18, and 0.26 percent, respectively, while in Khuzestan and Hamadan, chemicals consumed the lowest energy with 0.55 and 0.89 percent, respectively. Share of direct energies for all understudy provinces were 44.61, 72.13, 41.22, 67.48, 30.75, 39.44, and 39.91 percent, share of indirect energies were 55.39, 27.87, 58.78, 32.52, 69.25, 60.56, and 60.09 percent, share of renewable energies were 27.99, 65.91, 32.35, 60.57, 19.26, 34.92, and 35.16 percent, and share of nonrenewable energies were 72.01, 34.09, 67.65, 39.43, 80.74, 65.08, and 64.84 percent, respectively. Energy ratio for Alborz, Isfahan, Ardebil, Khorasan-e Razavi, Khuzestan, Golestan, and Hamadan provinces were 3.57, 1.42, 3.48, 1.17, 2.78, 5.12, and 2.54, respectively, and energy productivities were 0.26, 0.11, 0.26, 0.08, 0.21, 0.38, and 0.18 kg MJ"؛, respectively Average input energy, nut energy energyratio, energy roduct t and net energy gain for all provrnces were 58308.83 MJ ha-1136092.15,؟ MJ ha-12.87,؛, O.il2 kg MJ and 77731 .3؛ MJ ha-1؛, respectively. Total input energy cost for irrigated wheat production was 57.966 xio6 Rial ha-1؛. The Energy intensiveness. Energy intensiveness value. Energy intensity cost, and Energy ratio cost were found as 1.299 MJ (10؛ Rial)"؛, 0.641 MJ (103 Rial)"10853.05,؛ Rial kg-1, and 1.21, respectively. Conclusions In order to reduce the share of indirect energy and non-renewable energy, organic fertilizers should be replaced by chemical fertilizers and plant residues in the field. Minimum tillage sliould also be used in land preparation operations to reduce fuel consumption, maintain organic matter and soil moisture and reduce soil erosion. To compensate for some of the elements taken from the soil by the plant and the increase of organic matter and fertility of the soil, it is recommended to return part of the plant residues to the soil. The use of combined machines that can perform several simultaneous operations and minimizing and protecting soil tillage to reduce fossil fuel consumption through minimum use of machinery should be investigated as a national necessity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emmer tetraploid hulled wheats are considered as the ancestor of modern wheat and have considerable potential for durum wheat improvement, especially in terms of grain protein content. To investigate the response of emmer and durum wheats to different levels of nitrogen fertilizer, eight durum and four emmer genotypes were evaluated in the field during 2017 cropping season. The experiment was conducted as split plot using randomized complete block design with three replications. In this setting the main factor was four levels of urea fertilizer (0, 50, 150 and 200 kg ha-1 ) and the 12 wheat genotypes were considered as the sub-factors. The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of nitrogen fertilizer levels on days to physiological maturity, grain protein percentage, nitrogen percentage and nitrogen concentration in grains was significant (p<0.01). The effect of genotype was also significant (p<0.01) for all the measured traits. Emmer genotypes had higher means for spike number per square meter, grain protein, nitrogen concentration in grain and protein percentage compared to durum wheat genotypes. Based on these findings, emmer wheat can be considered as a rich gene resource for improvement of durum wheat, especially the grain protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

World climate change is an accepted important subject but its negative effects are severe in arid and semi-arid areas of Iran. So, in the present study, two climate scenarios including RCP 8.5 (critical scenario) and RCP 4.5 (moderate scenario) during 2020, 2030, and 2040 decades and their effects on temperature changes in the wheat growth period in five cities of Isfahan province including Isfahan, Najaf Abad, Chadegan, Burkhar, and Meimeh have been investigated. The survey of temperature changes during wheat growth in the next decades showed that Burkhar, Isfahan, Najaf Abad, Chadegan, and Meimeh, respectively will experience more days with a temperature higher than 30°C in 2020, 2030, and 2040 decades than the mean of two recent years (2017-2018). Furthermore, in comparison with present conditions, the most changes in the number of days with a temperature higher than 30°C in next decades climates (2020, 2030, and 2040 decades) will be in Burkhar, Meimeh, Chadegan, Najaf Abad, and Isfahan, respectively. The range of changes percent in the number of days higher than 30°C in next climate conditions rather than present condition will be varied between 5 percent (Isfahan) till 97 percent (Burkhar). The changes percent in all studied cities were more in RCP 8.5 than RCP 4.5. During wheat growth, the number of days less than zero°C will be less in Isfahan, Burkhar, and Meimeh while will be more in Najaf Abad and Chadegan. The evaporation- transpiration will be increased in the next decades during wheat growth. As a result, planning and using compatibility strategies for each city is important to guarantee wheat production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ghavoot is a traditional food product that is made from a combination of powders of several types of plant seeds mixed with sugar. It is traditionally used for its energogenic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-anxiety properties. In this study, the effect of buckwheat, chia and quinoa on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of ghavoot was investigated. The total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of ghavoot samples were measured using Folin-Ciocalteau and DPPH free radical (2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl) methods, respectively. The results showed that there was a significant difference in terms of percentage of dry matter (91.7-98.8), brix (38.83-77.56), ash (1.5-3.41), total sugar (16.73 -57.15) and fat (8-22.6) among the studied ghavoot samples. The amount of phenolic compounds was in the range of 1248.73 to 1329.49 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g sample, and the highest amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity was related to the samples with chia seeds. The results of color indexes showed that the highest amount of L index was related to buck wheat ghavoot samples and the highest amount of a and b indexes were observed in chia samples. In general, the results of this study showed that buckwheat, quinoa and chia cereals as semi cereal can be used in the preparation of ghavoot and it is possible to use the nutritional and antioxidant properties of these compounds in the production of this traditional product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relationship of nitrogen (N) supply to nitrogen remobilization and leaf and grain P, K, and N status of wheat lacks clarity. The present pot experiment was conducted to evaluate nitrogen remobilization and leaf and grain P, K, and N status of ancient wheats of different ploidy levels in response to nitrogen. The experiment was carried out in Fall 2017- Spring 2018 at the Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran. The experiment was designed as a 3-replicate factorial completely random design with N fertilization treatment (at four levels of 0, 18.66, 37.33, and 56 mg N kg-1 soil) and genotype (consisting of 12 genotypes) as experimental factors. Nitrogen remobilization of the ancient and hulled wheats were increased when exposed to the low and medium N supplies. However, the Nitrogen remobilization of the standard durum and bread wheats were increased with increases in the N supply. Leaf and grain P, leaf N, and grain K concentrations responded positively to the N supply and ancient and hulled wheats equaled or exceeded those of the improved wheats particularly when grown in the absence of high N supplies. The presented data indicates that in conditions of nitrogen deficiency, the ancient wheats outperform improved wheats in terms of absorption and utilization of macronutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main problems in crop production in Iran is the difference between actual yield and attainable yield which is called yield gap. Thus, identifying yield constraints and yield gap are important. Therefore, a study was conducted in 60 farms in Parsabad Moghan, during 2013-14 and 2014-15 crop years using Comparative Performance Analysis (CPA). In this study, several attributes related to management operations and crop characteristics were recorded and measured. Then, the relationship between different variables and grain yield were considered, using stepwise regression. The results showed that there is a 2317.42 kg/ha difference (gap) between actual yield (average farmers' yield) and attainable yield (maximum farmers' yield). It was identified that planting time, spike density, the number of vents of split application of urea, the number of land preparation operations, farming experience and repeated use of fungicides with contributions of about 18, 29.7, 20, 4.6, 14.3 , and 13.4 percent, respectively, were responsible for this yield gap. Further analysis of the data revealed that most of the variables listed above can be controlled by the agronomic management. It was concluded that with proper farm management and considering the listed yield gap factors, it would be possible to obtain higher grain yields of about 2316 kg/ha in the irrigated wheat farms, compared to the current average farmers’ yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effect of different planting dates (November 1-2018, December 1-2018 and December 31-2018) as the main factor, different salinity levels of the irrigation water (2, 7 and 12 dS/m) as the sub-plots factor and different irrigation regimes (including irrigation at 5 critical stages of the growth period, 2 stages of germination and flowering and 0 irrigation) as the sub-sub-plots factor with three replications a split-split plot experiment was carried out in a complete random blocks design during 2018-2019. Significant effects were observed for all treatments and interaction between two and three factors on grain yield and root anatomical traits (surfaces of the central cylinder, epidermis and cross-sectional). The highest and lowest grain yields (6106.30 and 689.30 kg/ha, respectively) belonged to planting at December 1-2018 and December 31-2018, salinities of 2 and 12 dS/m and also irrigation at 5 stages and no irrigation during the growing season. Other traits (number of spikes, number of grains, 1000-grain weight, spike length and plant height) were decreased with increasing in salt level and reducing irrigation events. Delayed planting reduced the yield and components more than early planting. The largest surface of the central cylinder, and the cross-section was obtained with planting at December 1-2018 and the greatest epidermis surface was obtained with planting at December 31-2018. Grain yield had the highest positive and significant correlation with cross-sectional surface (0.396**) and it may be used as criteria for breeding wheat for an increased yield under unfavorable environments [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to measure the amount of heavy metals cadmium, lead and arsenic between the amounts of metals and the risk assessment in wheat, extracted flax from imported wheat and indigenous cultivars. Considering the wheat cultivar and the number of flour mill factories in Golestan and Mazandaran provinces. Wheat samples were harvested. Samples after flint transfer to flour mills and process of flour process for evaluation and determination of heavy metals in laboratory. Research Institute of Science and Technology Research Institute. The results of this study showed that the highest concentration of cadmium in wheat flour samples in 2017 and 2018 was related to the R sample. The highest concentration of lead in wheat flour samples is related to the R sample. The highest concentration of arsenic in wheat flour samples is related to the N sample. According to the results obtained in wheat samples, the mean values of cadmium in B sample were the highest. The mean of lead values in the W sample was the highest. The concentration of arsenic in A sample is also the highest. The results showed that S, M, N, K, R, D, and E samples were unsafe for adult samples in flour samples. Also, R sample flour for adults was unsafe for cadmium. The F, H and M specimens were safe in adults in terms of heavy metals. In samples of wheat, S, N, and H samples were unsafe for adults in terms of lead levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein as an important ingredient in wheat plays main role in the production of wheat’s products. Because of the production of various products from wheat, fast and online measuring of wheat grain quality is very important to control of flour production process and choosing an appropriate variety. Also in precision farming, combination of quantity and quality maps lets farmers to evaluate and control the plant production, well. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of infrared spectroscopy in reflectance mode to predict protein and moisture content of wheat grain. In this study about 108 samples were collected from three varieties namely Mihan, Gazkojhen and Pishgam in the region near Hamedan province in Iran. Grain proteins content were measured with a DA7200 near infrared spectroscopy apparatus. This spectroscopy collects reflectance over a wavelength range of 650-1650 nm in 5 nm increments. Results show that the best models were obtained using the PLSR method and its preprocessing SG+SNV+D1 and MA+D2+SNV for protein and moisture content, respectively. The correlation coefficient (R2), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and Standard Deviation Ratio (SDR) were obtained 0.84, 0.835 and 2.54 for protein content, whereas 0.96, 0.994 and 5.34 for moisture content, respectively. Results showed that there are no significant differences among proteins of three varieties. But the sampling places have a significant effect on the protein content at the significant level of 5%. These results indicated that the infrared spectroscopy method is an efficient method and has a strong potential for rapid detection of protein and moisture content of wheat grains [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to study the effects of supplementary irrigation and nano iron oxide on the grain yield, and some physiological and biochemical traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under rain fed conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in Agricultural Research Station of Ardabil, Northwest of Iran, in 2016. Factors included irrigation levels (no irrigation as the rainfed, supplementary irrigation at heading and booting stages), nano iron oxide application at four levels (without nano iron oxide as the control, application of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 g L-1). Application of 0.9 g L-1 nano iron oxide under rainfed condition increased soluble sugars and proline content and antioxidant enzymes activity (catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase) by 129.89, 168.76, 27.64, 94.2, and 31.71%, respectively, in comparison with no application of nano iron oxide and supplementary irrigation at the booting stage. Also, there were 75.89 and 38.43 increases, respectively, in the leaf protein and grain yield with the application of 0.9 g L-1 nano iron oxide and the supplementary irrigation at the booting stage, in comparison with no application of nano iron oxide under rainfed conditions. It seems that the application of nano iron oxide and supplementary irrigation can increase the grain yield of wheat under rainfed conditions due to improving the physiological and biochemical traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important factors contributing to bread waste in production and consumption is the use of newly-harvested wheat in some seasons. However, the occurrence of natural oxidation and formation of intermolecular bonds in the protein network improve wheat quality due to proper storage. For this purpose, this research examined the effect of storage life on the dielectric constant of wheat kernels, physiochemical properties of flour, and rheological properties of the dough from two cultivars, namely Tajan and Marvdasht, in three durations (0, 30, and 60 days). Results suggested that, with the passage of time, pH decreased in cultivars, but the protein level, wet gluten, Zeleny sedimentation, dielectric constant, and moisture increased, while the ash in both cultivars did not change significantly. Meanwhile, all measured properties, excluding pH and protein, improved more significantly in the Tajan Cultivars than in Marvdasht. Additionally, as time passed, water absorption, dough development time, and dough stability time increased in both cultivars, but the value of these indexes and the level of changes were higher in Tajan than in Marvdasht. At the same time, dough softening degrees decreased in both cultivars through time after 10 and 12 minutes with Tajan having a lower degree than Marvdasht. With the passage of time, in all durations of fermentation, the required energy for dough extension, resistance to extension, extensibility, and the ratio number Increased in both cultivars. Except for the dough extensibility, the changes in other properties in the Tajan Cultivar were higher than those of the Marvdasht Cultivar.The research concluded that the effect of storage life on physicochemical and rheological properties of the dough from Tajan was higher and more significant than those of Marvdasht. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of leaching on the reduction of soybean (Glycin max), black cumin (Nigella sativa), dill (Anethum graveolens) and dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica) residues allelopathy in wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in 2017. The factors consisted of four types of previous plants (soybean, black cumin, dragonhead and dill) and three levels of leaching (without leaching, once leaching and twice leaching). The results showed that the previous plant type and leaching levels had no significant effect on wheat emergence. Leaching reduced the effects of deterioration of soybean, black cumin, dragonhead and dill. The highest rate of emergence was observed with 1.73 seedlings per day for wheat cultivated in soil with dill and dragonhead residues plus once leaching. The greatest root length (24.7 cm) was associated with wheat grown in soils with dragonhead residues plus once leaching. The highest leaf area and chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content observed in the wheat grown in the soil with soybean residues plus once leaching. It was concluded that in agroecosystems where autumn wheat is in rotation, it is necessary to avoid wheat cultivation in the presence of soybean, black cumin, and dragonhead and dill residues and to reduce the inhibitory effects of these plants, one stage of leaching must be done before the cultivation of wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are new technologies such as geographic information systems (GIS) that can be effective in the optimization of irrigation water. Therefore, utilizing these resources in a desirable, effective and efficient manner to ensure sustainable development is one of the most important issues in the today's world. The aim of this study was to determine and evaluate the potential water use efficiency (WUEp) index in the plain scale by using net water requirement data, area under cultivation and yields, and to determine the comparative advantage of wheat and barley plants in Tehran, Alborz, Qom, Qazvin and Zanjan provinces by employing the geographic information system (GIS). The yields of wheat and barley products by weighted average in ArcGIS software were converted to yields in the plains scale. To calculate the potential and actual water use efficiency, we used the OPTIWAT software in order to calculate the net irrigation water and the current irrigation efficiency plains; also, the yields of wheat and barley products in the plains scale were used. Zoning water use efficiency indexes was performed by using the ArcGIS software and Kriging method. Mapping results showed a comparative advantage of crops in the west and northwest of Tehran province, south and southwest of Alborz province, southwest, north- west and center of Qazvin province, center Qom province and also, northern and southern regions of the Zanjan province, in comparison to other areas. Average potential and actual water use efficiency in the whole study area of the provinces for wheat were 1.43 and 0.58 kg m-3, respectively, while these were 1.62 and 0.65 kg m-3 for barley, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synergistic relationships between mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and organic compounds affect the mobility of the micronutrient elements in the rhizosphere and improve their bioavailability. In order to evaluate the effect of biochar and pruning waste compost of apple and grape trees, as well as AMF, on micronutrient bioavailability in calcareous soil at the wheat rhizosphere, an experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design under greenhouse conditions in a rhizobox study. Some factors including the organic sourses (pruning waste biochar, pruning waste compost and control), microbial inoculation (AMF and no inoculation) were considered. At the end of the growth period, Organic matter (OM) content and bioavailability of micronutrients including iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu) and Manganese (Mn) in the rhizosphere and their uptake by wheat plant were determined. The results indicated that OM, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu were significantly increased in the rhizosphere soil under the influence of organic sources and mycorrhizal inoculation. Furthermore, biochar application in the mycorrhizal tratment resulted in 74.73% and 19.28% increase in Fe and Mn, as compared to non-inoculated conditions, in rhizosphere. The presence of mycorrhizal fungi increased the bioavailability of 94.66% and 29.54% Zn and Cu in the compost treatment, as compared to non-inoculated ones. Application of organic sources and mycorrhizal inoculation increased the micronutrient uptake and plant dry weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of sourdough in bread formulation affects the physicochemical properties of the final product leading to enhancement of the nutritional value and reduction of waste. Therefore, in this research, flours obtained from two different varieties of wheat including Mehregan as a hard and strong variety with high protein content and Sardari as a soft and weaker wheat with lower protein content, both with different extraction rates (whole flour, 88 and 77%) were used to prepare sourdough. After preparing the baguette sample, the physicochemical and sensory properties of the products were evaluated using a completely randomized factorial design (P≤0.05). The results indicated that higher amounts of organic acids, i.e. lactic acid and acetic acid were produced in the sourdoughs obtained from Mehregan compared to those made from Sardari which in turn led to their higher acidity and lower pH. Moreover, the breads made from Mehregan flour possessed higher moisture content, greater specific volume and porosity and lower hardness than the samples produced from Sardari variety. The increase in extraction rate for both flour types affected the aforementioned attributes the same way as did increase in protein content. The findings showed that increase in protein content (Mehregan vs. Sardari) and/or extraction rate of the flour enhanced the color parameters of L* and a* but the b* was not significantly influenced by either factors. Having softer and more porous texture, more desirable appearance and more delicious flavor, the sample made from Mehregan flour received higher total sensory scores than Sardari samples. Likewise, the increase in extraction rates for both flour varieties were accompanied by higher sensory acceptability. Hence, the baguette bread obtained from Mehregam with 100% extraction rate was introduced as the best sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited information is available on the effect of residues rates and slope direction on dryland wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield. This study was carried out to determine the effects of residues rates and tillage direction on grain yield and yield components of the Sardary wheat in a dryland region in Zanjan. Five wheat residues rates (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% surface cover) were applied and incorporated into soil in two slope directions (along the slope and on contour lines) using the randomized complete blocks design with three replications in a land with 10% slope steepness. Overall, thirty plots with 2m × 5 m dimensions were installed in the field and wheat grain yield and yield components were determined for growth period from 2015-2016. Results indicated that grain yield and yield components were significantly affected by the residues rates and slope direction and their interaction. In contour tilled plots, wheat grain yield (1.78 to per hectare), thousand grain weight (42.26 kg) and wheat height (55.11 cm) were 5.32, 5.01, 16.19 and 1.36 percent more than the plots tilled along the slope. The highest grain yield was found in 75% of residue (2.45 ton per hectare) under contour line direction which was about 53% bigger than control treatment (0% straw mulch) under along the slope. This study indicated that the application of straw mulch before cultivation and incorporating into soil using contour line tillage are proper soil management methods to obtain higher wheat yield in this dryland region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HCAs) are carcinogenic compounds formed while beef patties are cooked. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of wheat fiber (1% and 2%), and the mixture of xanthan and guar gums (0.5%) on the PAHs and HCAs formation in the grilled beef patties. According to results, the application of wheat fiber, xanthan and guar gums in the formulation of beef patties significantly decreased moisture, fat and protein content, compared to the control. The pH values of treatments significantly increased compared to the control as a result of the application of wheat fiber and xanthan and guar gums. PAHs and HCAs levels in all treatments significantly decreased compared to the control. The highest reduction in these compounds was related to BkFA (42%) and IQ (74%). Generally speaking, the treatments consist of wheat fiber with xanthan and guar mixture selected as the best samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc is essential micronutrients for plants. This element improves plant growth and yield and plays a role in the metabolism of carbohydrates. Zinc deficiency in soils and Iranian crops is possible due to numerous reasons such as calcareous soils, excessive use of phosphorus fertilizers and unbalanced fertilizer use. The effect of zinc solubilizing bacteria on some wheat properties was considered as a factorial experiment in greenhouse conditions based on a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of four levels of bacteria comprising B1 (control), B2 (Bacillus megaterium), B3 (Enterobacter cloacae) and B4 (consortium of both bacterium), and ZnSO4 fertilizer at three levels including Zn0 (control), Zn20 (20 Kg/ha) and Zn40 (40 kg/ha). During the experiment, some parameters such as plant height and chlorophyll index were measured. At the end of the cultivation period, soil available zinc, dry weight of root and aerial part, and the zinc concentration of the root, shoot and grain were determined. Grain yield and zinc uptake in the grain were also calculated. The results indicated soil exchangeable zinc content was increased significantly (P<0.05) in all bacterial treatments, as compared to the control treatment. The maximum amount of soil exchangeable zinc, grain yield, zinc concentration and uptake in grain were observed in the treatment containing bacteria consortium with the application of 40 kg/ha of zinc sulfate fertilizer, which was followed by the treatment containing Enterobacter cloacae with the application of 40 kg/ha of the zinc sulfate fertilizer. The maximum amount of all measured properties in the treatment containing Enterobacter cloacae and Bacillus megaterium indicated the possibility of applying those bacteria for zinc enrichment in wheat, crop optimal production, and the sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to estimate the concentration of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in agricultural products and the health risks of them on the human healths around the Irankooh Mine in Isfahan Province. The soil samples (0- 20 cm of surface layer) and crop samples (rice and wheat) were collected using the composite and random sampling method. The total concentrations of Pb and Cd in soil were found to be 71.18 and 1.57 mg kg-1. The mean Pb concentrations in rice and wheat were 7.81 and 2.31 mg kg-1, respectively. These values for Cd were 0.15 and 0.124 mg kg-1, respectively. The mean daily intake of Pb through the consumption of cereals was more than the dietary reference intake (3.6 μg kg−1 day−1), but the daily intake of Cd was less than the dietary reference intake. The hazard index (HI) mean value for Pb and Cd for children and adults was 4.60 and 4.64, respectively. It showed that the consumption of the entire foodstuff could lead to potential health risks for consumers. There is also the cancer risk associated with exposure to lead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concern about the war and the threat of terrorism and weapons application and prohibited weapons is growing; on the other hand, the contamination of soil, plant and disease outbreaks in the community is increasing. The main problem with crops, especially wheat in the contaminated soils of war zones, are associated with the high concentrations of heavy metals and toxic things, especially arsenic. Zeolite is one of the solutions to the problem of contaminated soils in war affected areas. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the ionic strength of zeolite on the adsorption of arsenic and nutritional properties of wheat in contaminated soils including weapons. The experiment was carried out in a factorial arrangement involving a randomized complete design with three replications. Treatments included four levels of zeolite 2.5 (a4), 1.5 (a3), 0.5 (a2), 0 (a1) percent of the weight of the soil and two soil recourses, one obtained from out of the war zone (without contamination) (b1) and other one was from the contaminated soil to weapons (b2). The results showed that soils contaminated by weapons increased the concentrations of arsenic in wheat. Also, with the application of Zeolite in the contaminated soil treatments, there was a significant reduction at 1% level and a remarkable increase in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium in the wheat grain in both soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growth of world population and the demand for agricultural products can be regarded as one of the important issues that humanity has ever faced. There are serious concerns regarding surface and ground water pollution by nitrates because of using nitrogen fertilizers in the agriculture. Improving agricultural water management systems can reduce nitrate in drainage outflow and therefore, reduce the environmental pollution. This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of the controlled drainage and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrate leaching and environment pollution as a factorial randomized complete block design in Shiraz College of Agriculture. The treatments consisted of three fertilizer levels; 0, 200 and 300 kgN/ha, and three water table depths: free drainage, control water table at 60cm (CD60) and 90 cm (CD90) depths, respectively. According to the results, the value of drainage water and nitrate losses in the controlled drainage toward free drainage were significantly increased. The mean reduction of drainage water in CD60 and CD90, as compared to free drainage, was 59.3 and 35.7%, respectively. The decrease nitrate losses, as compared to free drainage, was 72 and 44%, respectively. The total value of nitrate leaching in 200 and 300 kgN/ha fertilizer treatments was 1.86 and 2.48 times of 0 kgN/ ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity adversely affects crops metabolism and yield. The present work was conducted to evaluate the singular and interaction influences of Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and brassinolide, as an active group of (brassinosteroids) BRs, on some physiological parameters of wheat plants to cope with salt stress14-day old mycorrhizal (Glomus mosseae) and non- mycorrhizal wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plants were foliar sprayed with 0 and 5 μM epibrassinolide 3 times once every two days. Then, each group was treated with 0 and 150 mM NaCl once every 3 days for 10 days. After salt treatment, some plants were harvested to estimate the leaf reducing sugar and glycine betaine contents. After the final growth, all wheat plants were harvested to measure some yield parameters. Synergistic influence of brassinolide and AM fungi was observed in protein and 1000-grain weight. It seemed that this was rooted in the increased accumulation of reducing sugars and glycine betaine, both helping to maintain osmotic potential in cells under high salinity in soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]