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Introduction: The first trimester of pregnancy is associated with unpleasant experiences for mothers. One of these unpleasant experiences is breast pain, which leads to a low quality of life in pregnant women, so the present study was conducted with aim to investigate the effect of vitamin B6 as a safe and available supplement on breast pain in the first trimester of pregnancy. Methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial study was conducted in 2019-2020 on women with a gestational age of 6-10 weeks who had breast pain with start of pregnancy for 5 days or more in Gonabad city. Pregnant women were divided into two groups of 42 people, control and intervention. The control group was given a placebo daily and the intervention group was given a 40 mg vitamin B6 pill for 1 month. The visual pain scale questionnaire was given to the research units before and one month after the intervention. The amounts of vitamin B6 received from the diet of the groups were obtained through a 24-hour food reminder questionnaire and N4 software. Data analysis was done using SPSS software (version 20) and independent t-tests, Mann-Whitney, Chi-square, Fisher, Wilcoxon and regression. P0.05). According to Mann-Whitney test results, there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the mean score of breast pain after the intervention (p=0.2). Conclusion: The effect of oral vitamin B6 compared to placebo is not effective on reducing breast pain score in the first trimester of pregnancy. Further studies with a larger sample size, different doses of vitamin B6 and measuring the serum level of vitamin B6 are suggested.

Introduction: The first trimester of pregnancy is associated with unpleasant experiences for mothers. One of these unpleasant experiences is breast pain, which leads to a low quality of life in pregnant women, so the present study was conducted with aim to investigate the effect of vitamin B6 as a safe and available supplement on breast pain in the first trimester of pregnancy. Methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial study was conducted in 2019-2020 on women with a gestational age of 6-10 weeks who had breast pain with start of pregnancy for 5 days or more in Gonabad city. Pregnant women were divided into two groups of 42 people, control and intervention. The control group was given a placebo daily and the intervention group was given a 40 mg vitamin B6 pill for 1 month. The visual pain scale questionnaire was given to the research units before and one month after the intervention. The amounts of vitamin B6 received from the diet of the groups were obtained through a 24-hour food reminder questionnaire and N4 software. Data analysis was done using SPSS software (version 20) and independent t-tests, Mann-Whitney, Chi-square, Fisher, Wilcoxon and regression. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding the gestational age (p=0.04), but other pregnancy variables were homogeneous in the two groups (p>0.05). According to Mann-Whitney test results, there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding the mean score of breast pain after the intervention (p=0.2). Conclusion: The effect of oral vitamin B6 compared to placebo is not effective on reducing breast pain score in the first trimester of pregnancy. Further studies with a larger sample size, different doses of vitamin B6 and measuring the serum level of vitamin B6 are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: On December 12, 2019, Covid-19 an infectious disease pandemic caused by the corona virus has become a major global threat to the city of Wuhan, China. Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that can cause disease in humans and other animals. The new coronavirus seriously attacks lung epithelial cells and causes respiratory disorders that require ventilatory support in severe cases. Elderly people, especially those with underlying diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, and high blood pressure, such as people who have a suppressed immune system, are exposed to severe symptoms and mortality. Also, in addition to the lung tissue, the new coronavirus also targets other organs such as the heart, kidney, digestive system and brain. In the pathogenesis of this disease, there is a cytokine storm and changes in immune responses. Two factors, the uncontrolled inflammatory response and the reduction of the immune system in people with corona can cause the symptoms to worsen during and after infection. The immune system and the digestive system both play key roles in terms of access to nutrients and the defense of the host body as the intestinal microbiota against external foreign factors. Therefore, one of the biggest concerns is related to reducing inflammation and not reducing the patient's immune response, and to solve this concern, in addition to drug therapy, diet therapy should also be at the top of these approaches. The importance of proper eating patterns and habits in the Covid19 epidemic showed that this issue is not only to prevent the presence of non-communicable diseases that can subsequently lead to more severe infections but is also considered a solution for modulating the inflammatory condition of patients. It is a fact that ignoring the importance of nutrition in patients with Covid-19 leads to the worsening of symptoms and complications of the disease in these patients. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between nutrition, the body's immune system, and covid-19 to formulate appropriate food plans and patterns for prevention and improvement during treatment and after. Methods: In this review study, we have examined the importance of proper nutrition on the immune system and its effects on the prevention and treatment of covid-19 disease. For this purpose, articles from international databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Scopus were analyzed by entering the key words of the Covid-19 pandemic, immune system, nutritional factors, and food supplements. Results: The immune system needs sufficient amounts of vitamin A for its various defense functions, such as keratin and mucus expression, cell death, growth, development, immune cell activity, antibody production, and cytokine expression against pathogens. Several studies have shown the effect of vitamin A deficiency on the disease severity of patients with coronavirus. Vitamin A and retinoid cause the secretion of compounds that inhibit virus replication in immune cells. Therefore, using this vitamin as a supplement in patients suffering from viral diseases reduces complications and mortality. This group of vitamins is an essential micronutrient that has different roles such as improving the function of the immune system and promoting the growth of cells. Also, this vitamin has an anti-inflammatory and inhibitory role in the entry of neutrophils into the damaged lung. Vitamin B6 plays a coenzyme role in T-cells production and interleukin 2. Therefore, when faced with a deficiency of group B vitamins, the immune system response in dealing with foreign agents becomes weaker. With these interpretations, group B vitamins can be considered as an auxiliary treatment in Covid-19 treatment. Vitamin C or ascorbic acid is a water-soluble vitamin that has a very strong antioxidant role, which becomes very important in the conditions of oxidative stress caused by coronaviruses. Vitamin C can strengthen the immune system and resistance against the infection caused by coronaviruses through various ways such as the migration of leukocytes to the sites of infection, phagocytosis and killing of bacteria, the activity of natural killer cells, the function of T lymphocytes (especially cytotoxic T lymphocytes) and the production of antibodies. Vitamin C supplementation has also been shown to reduce the duration and severity of upper respiratory tract infections such as the common cold, especially in people who are under severe physical stress. The role of vitamin D in bone health is known, but another essential role of this vitamin is in strengthening the response of the immune system and the growth and maturation of immune cells. Vitamin D can reduce the risk of viral infections such as coronaviruses by several mechanisms. Vitamin D moderates this process by reducing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and increasing the expression of antiinflammatory factors. New studies also reported that by detecting the presence of the virus, vitamin D can prevent the rapid multiplication of the virus through programmed death and autophagy in tissues infected with infectious agents. Therefore, this vitamin can be effective in treating and preventing the covid-19 coronavirus in different ways. Studies related to the roles of vitamin E in host immunity and susceptibility to infection have been reported. When infected with coronaviruses, cell membranes, especially lungs, undergo oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and subsequently increase their permeability. By maintaining the of the T-Cell membrane, vitamin E plays a significant role in improving the performance of immune system responses and clearing bacterial and viral infectious agents. Vitamin E supplementation increases antibody production, lymphocyte proliferation, T helper 1 cytokine production, natural killer cell activity, and macrophage phagocytosis. Therefore, vitamin E can be used as an effective antioxidant in the prevention and improvement of symptoms caused by Covid-19. Selenium deficiency occurs in two forms: mild deficiency and impairment of human health, and severe deficiency and defects in the response of the humoral and cellular immune system. Zinc deficiency may exacerbate the effects of Covid-19 in several ways; including by destroying the balance between innate and acquired immune cells, intensifying inflammatory responses that can lead to failure of various organs, excessive thrombus formation that can lead to an increased risk of thromboembolism, and finally, by reducing the function of the mucous barrier in many organs and tissues. Therefore, the nutrient zinc can be helpful for the optimal functioning of the immune system when the symptoms of the disease of Covid-19 appear in affected people. The favorable effect of iron on the functioning of the immune system and protection against foreign factors is well known. Probiotics, especially some lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, reduce the incidence of respiratory infections in humans and improve their consequences. However, a total of the evidence suggests that lactobacilli and bifidobacteria may improve immune function. The role of probiotics in the prevention of viral respiratory infections has also been recently noticed. Even though oral probiotic supplements are not currently part of any specific protocol for the treatment and prevention of respiratory viral infections, many studies have shown that their use can be beneficial in modulating the systemic immune system. Conclusion: Considering that a proper diet is effective in all diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and metabolic diseases, there is no doubt that nutrition is also important in infectious diseases. A suitable diet that contains helpful macronutrients and micronutrients, by affecting homeostasis in immune cells, maintains their function throughout life and strengthens immune mechanisms, especially in people at risk like the elderly, pregnant women, and children, and is a key element in improving the functioning of the immune system and strengthening resistance against viral and microbial infections. Therefore, insufficient lack of nutrients inception such as zinc, selenium, iron, vitamins A, B, C, D, and E, proteins, and omega-3 fatty acids can cause weak immune responses and make people susceptible to infectious diseases such as covid-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nausea and vomiting is of the common complain during pregnancy. Herbal medicine is among the traditional treatments. This study was performed with aim to compare the effects of chamomile, Ginger and vitamin B6 on treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Methods: This randomized clinical trial was performed on 105 pregnant women with gestational nausea and vomiting in Qazvin Health Centers in 2016-2017. The subjects were randomly assigned to three groups (intervention 1,2,3) (n=35 in each group). The intervention groups received oral capsule of chamomile, ginger and vitamin B6 for four days, three times a day. Rhodes index was used to assess nausea and vomiting before and 1 week after intervention. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 23) and t-test, Chi-square, Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon. P0.05). Whereas, after the intervention, it showed significant decrease in three groups (P=0.001), but there was no significant difference between three groups in terms of decreased mean of nausea and vomiting (p>0.05). Conclusion: Chamomile, ginger and vitamin B6 are equally effective for decreasing nausea and vomiting in pregnancy and there is no significant superiority in therapeutic effects in any of the three drugs.

Introduction: Nausea and vomiting is one of common complications in pregnancy that not only affects the women's physical health, it can also have a negative impact on their psychological and social performance. Suggestions have been made to effect on the nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. There are different methods to control the nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Therefore, this study was performed with aim to compare the effect of Ondansetron, Vitamin B6 and Ginger Rhizome on nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Methods: This double-blinded randomized clinical trial was performed on 120 pregnant women with gestational age

Introduction: Premenstrual syndrome includes physical, mood and behavior symptoms that repeatedly occuring in the luteal of the menstrual cycle and can lead to lack of adaptation against the husband, mistreatment against the children, family conflict and social relations reduction. The current study investigated the effect of group counseling of stress management skills and vitamin B6 on symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 66 students with PMS in 2016 (Iran). PMS subjects divided into the stress management group, the vitamin B6 group and the control group (n = 22 in each group). The stress managements group trained using a life skill package during 4 sessions (2 hours) per week during the two successive menstrual cycles. The vitamin B6 group received 80 mg of vitamin daily for the last 7 days of the two successive successive cycles. The control group did not receive any interventions. The data were collected using the demographic questionnaire and the premenstrual screening symptoms tools questionnaire (PSST). Results: Two months after the intervention, the intensity of PMS symptoms was significantly reduced in both intervention groups than the control group (P<0.05). No significant difference was found between the stress management and vitamin 6 groups. Conclusion: The present study shows that both the stress management counseling and vitamin B6 can reduce the severity of the PMS symptoms. Given that the non-pharmacological method is free of side effects, the stress management method is recommended for controlling the symptoms of the PMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is consisted of multiple psychological and emotional symptoms. This disorder possesses adverse effects on women’ economic, social, familial and professional issues, therefore various medical therapies have been suggested, thus all have own side effects. Aim: To compare the effects of relaxation and vitamin B6 on emotional and physical symptoms of PMS. Method: This is a randomized clinical trial study with pre- and post-test design. The study was conducted on 150 girls living in public dormitory whom were randomly divided into three groups. The relaxation group trained in two sessions and then one week before menstruation, the taught techniques were carried out on a daily basis. The second group received 80mg vitamin B6 tablets QD for one week before menstruation and then three times a week for one cycle. The third group received no intervention as control group. Each day, data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and where analyzed using SPSS version 14 with paired T and ANOVA tests. Results: The mean age of the participants was 20.6±1.5 and their average weight was 54.1± 6.6. The mean scores of psychological symptoms after the interventionwere 1.2± 0.2 in vitamin B6 group, 0.3± 0.7 in relaxation group, and 1.6 ± 0.4 in the control group (p

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disease in elderly men also cancer prostate is the most common malignancy in males of developed countries. Different Natural supplements have been found to effect the growth and proliferation of prostate cancer cells as evident in epidemiological, experimental and clinical studies. There is good evidence of protective effects of Natural supplements against prostate cancer are Explained. In this paper, using online databases Iranmedex Pubmed, Medline, Google scholar, Scopous, Science direct, SID and Iranmedex on various aspects of medicinal plant stinging nettle was proposed up to 2016, with using keywords Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Urtica dioica, Saw palmetto, Pygeum africanum, Cucubita pepo, VitE and Vit B6 therapeutic effect and medicinal plant were studied. Urtica dioica can be used as an effective drug for the management of Prostate disorders. Effects of U.dioica on benign induced by testosterone have been exhibited. Studies were conducted to assess the 5α-reductase inhibitory potential of this plant. Saw palmetto is an herbal product used in the treatment of symptoms related to benign Prostate disorders. Saw palmetto appears to have efficacy similar to that of medications like finasteride, but it is better tolerated and less expensive. Pumpkin seed extracts (Cucurbita pepo) contain oily substance composed of linolic acid sterols, seleneniume, magnesium and carotinoid that they have mechanism of action is thought to be antiandrogenic and antiphlogistic. Furthermore, many vitamins and chemicals, including vitaminE, vitaminB6 and Zinc have shown their anticancer activities as anti-oxidants. The use of medicinal herbs with BPH therapeutic properties can be used as a substitute or complementary of the chemical drugs that are effective in the treatment of prostate disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Postpartum depression is a mood disorder that can occur within a year after delivery and influence the mother and even the baby. Because antidepressant medications have numerous side effects, they should be used cautiously especially in nursing mothers. Vitamin B6 is involved in the synthesis of several neurotransmitters and also no side effects have been reported for its use. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin B6 on postpartum depression in female mice models. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, some adult female NMARI mice (25-30 gr) were divided into 7 groups (n=8) including the control, sham (receiving solvent), untreated depressed group (only receiving progesterone), and four depressed groups of which three were treated with a dose of vitamin B6 (25, 50, and 100 The mice getting 5 mg/kg/bw progesterone for 5 days were intraperitoneally mg/kg/bw) and one was treated for 8 days with a dose of 25 mg/kg/bw vitamin B6. The mice getting 5 mg/kg/bw of progesterone for 5 days were intraperitoneally (ip) depressed. The control group did not receive any drug or solvent. Depression was assessed using the forced swim test on the eighth day. The data were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA followed by LSD (least significant difference) post hoc test. Results: Vitamin B6 prescribed in single doses of 50 and 100 (mg/kg/bw) (P<0.001), and also in a dose of 25 (mg/kg/bw) for 8 days (P=0.016) caused a significant reduction in the immobilization time in the depressed mice which had undergone the forced swim test, compared to the untreated depressed mice. Conclusion: Prescription of progesterone promoted immobilization-induced depression in the mice. Vitamin B6 reduced the time of immobility in the forced swimming test. These findings can be used to show the effects of vitamin B6 in the reduction of postpartum depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & aim: Primary dysmenorrhea or painful menses in women's medicine is one of the most common complaints that are associated with physical and psychological symptoms. The aim of this investigation was to study the effects of an eight week flexibility exercise and use of vitamin B6 on physical and psychological symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea in non-athlete females. Methods: In this clinical trial study, 60 non-athlete females, were randomly divided into 4 groups control, exercise, vitamins and exercise plus vitamin. They engaged in an 8-week exercise program that includes flexibility training, stretching the abdominal muscles, lower back, hamstrings and pelvis and hip stretches. Eight movements, each movement with 3 times repetition and each repetition lasting 10 seconds during 4 days per week was performed. The vitamins group used 2 tablets of 40 miligaram B6 vitamin daily during the 8 week program starting 2 weeks before menstruation to 3 days after menstruation. In the exercise with vitamin group, during the 8 weeks of flexibility traininig program females used from 2 weeks before menstruation to 3 days after menstruation 2 tablets of 40 miligaram B6 vitamin daily. The control group had no intervention. Before and after eight weeks, participants completed the menstrual disorders’ questionnaire. Data were analyzed. Results: Significant decreases in average of physical symptoms(exercise from 28/4 to 6/7,vitamin from 25 to 9/35,training with vitamin from 27/66 to 4/40) and psychological symptoms (exercise 25/86 to 5/93,vitamin 24/99 to 3/53,training whith vitamin 27/73 to 3/36) was observed. But physical and psychological symptoms in post-test of exercise group with vitamin had a significant decrease as compared wih other groups (p≤0/05). Conculusion: 8 weeks of flexibility and vitamin B6 usage may reduce the physical and psychological symptoms of dysmenorrhea. Keywords: Dysmenorrhea primory, Flexibility exercise, Vitamin B6, Non-athlete girls *Corresponding Auther: Motesharee E, Department of Physical Education, Science and Rsearch Branch, Islamic Azad University Fars,Shiraz, Iran Email:El.motesharee@gmail.com

Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid, which is derived from demethylation of methionine. Current evidences have shown that elevated serum levels of homocysteine can lead to migraine, and exacerbate the severity and frequency of migraine attacks. Some investigations have indicated that vitamin supplementations with vitamin B6, B9 and B12 can decrease serum levels of homocysteine, and be effective in alleviating of severity and frequency of migraine attacks. So, this study aimed to review evidences on association of serum homocysteine levels with migraine and effects of vitamin supplementations with vitamin B6, B9 and B12 on it. This review was done by searching on PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Web of Science by entering migraine, headache, homocysteine, vitamin B6, vitamin B9, folic acid and “vitamin B12 as keywords. In this study, clinical trial, cross-sectional, retrospective and prospective studies which were published during 2000 to 2015 were reviewed. We included studies that were diagnosed migraine based on international headache society criteria and were done on human, and excluded non-English language articles and studies that investigated pulsating headaches as the main aim. In most evaluated studies, homocysteine levels were significantly higher in patients with migraine, especially migraine with aura, compared to control group and healthy subjects. Vitamin supplementations with B6, B9 and B12 decreased the homocysteine levels, severity attacks and its related disabilities; however, results on frequency of migraine attacks were inconsistent. Based on results, it seems that low levels of homocysteine with vitamin supplementations with B6, B9 and B12 can decrease severity and disabilities of migraine, although more studies are suggested due to few studies in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earlier toxicological studies demonstrated that acrylamide is carcinogenic and most acrylamide in food is formed when asparagine amino acid reacts with certain naturally occurring sugars such as glucose.Inhibition, even reduction, of acrylamide formation during processing of foods, can help to produce more healthy food and, consequently, promote food safety. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the autolysed yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, vitamins niacin (B3) and pyridoxine (B6) on acrylamide formation in chemical model. In this study the effects of different concentrations (0.025, 0.25 and 0.5 mmol) of autolysed yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, vitamins B3 and B6 on acrylamide formation were evaluated in a chemical model. The acrylamide level was determined by Gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC/MS). According to the results vitamins B3, B6 and autolysed yeast of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, could reduce effectively acrylamide formation and vitamin B3 at concentration of 0.5 mmol was the most effective (p<0.05). This study indicated that these three additives could significantly reduce the acrylamide formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperhomocysteinemia is a condition which , in the absence of kidney disease , indicates a disturpted sulfur amino acid metabolism , either because of vitamin deficiency (folate , B12 and B6 ) or a genetic defect. Epidemiologicevidence suggests that mild Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with increased risk of arteriosclerotic disease and stroke . Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for CHD .Vitamin therapy with the above vitamins can reduce homocysteine level efficiently.

"nHyperhomocysteinemia is a condition which , in the absence of kidney disease , indicates a disturpted sulfur amino acid metabolism , either because of vitamin deficiency (folate , B12 and B6 ) or a genetic defect. Epidemiologic"nevidence suggests that mild Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with increased risk of arteriosclerotic disease and stroke . Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for CHD ."nVitamin therapy with the above vitamins can reduce homocysteine level efficiently.

Background: Nausea and vomiting ane common complications of pregnancy which with available managements are not actually treatable. Vitamin 86 deficiency has been postulated as a cause. Objective: To find out the effect of vitamin 86 consumption on reducing the intensity of nausea and frequency of vomiting of Pregnancy. Design: The study was a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. The frequency of vomiting and the intensity of nausea. VAS) 24 hourse prior to research were compared with that of mean value for 3 days treatment. Sample: Hundred and four primigravida woman with gestational age of 16 weeks or less, who were randomly divided into two groups recieving vitamin 86(52) or Placebo (52). Result: Both vitamin 86 and placebo were effective on reducing the intensity of nausea (p