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Background and Objectives: Parenting responsibilities for mothers as the main caregivers is a stressful experience that can lead to parental burnout. Therefore, it seems necessary to investigate the underlying factors that increase the risk of maternal burnout. The present study aimed to determine the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between personality traits of neuroticism and conscientiousness and parental burnout in mothers of Tehran City. Materials and Methods: In current descriptive research, the sample size included 286 mothers in Tehran in the period of 2022-2023, who were selected by convenience sampling method. Roskam's Parental Burnout Questionnaire, Gross and John's Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and Costa and McCrae's Five-Factor Personality Questionnaire were used to collect data. Data were analyzed by Pearson's and path analysis method. Results: The mean and standard deviation of the age of the examined mothers was 35.78±8.43 years. The results of mediation analysis showed that the direct and indirect relationships between neuroticism and parental burnout through suppression were significant (β=0.194, β=0.069, p<0.01, respectively). Also, the direct and indirect relationships between conscientiousness and parental burnout through reappraisal were significant (β=-0.216, β=-0.078, p<0.05, respectively). Therefore, suppression in the relationship between neuroticism and parental burnout and also reappraisal in the relationship between conscientiousness and parental burnout had a complementary partial mediating role. Conclusion: The present research emphasizes the important role of emotional regulation strategies that link personality traits to parental burnout and also the importance of paying attention to teaching emotional skills to mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The few researches that have studied the burnout experience of Iranian parents in recent years have not developed or tested conceptual models and speculations regarding parental burnout in a meaningful way. Therefore, this study investigates the mediating role of parenting stress in the relationship between mothers' mindful parenting and their experience of parental burnout. This research was a descriptivecross- sectional study, and its statistical population included mothers who had preschool children in the academic year of 2019. The statistical sample was comprised of 369 mothers who participated in this research by completing online questionnaires. The research tools included the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA), the Parenting Stress Index- Short Form (PSI), and the Mindfulness in Parenting Questionnaire (MIPQ). To examine the conceptual model, Structural Equation Modeling was used. The findings showed that mindful parenting explains nearly 78% of the variance of parental burnout only through mothers' parenting stress. However, it does not have a direct effect on parental burnout. The findings, in addition to providing a better understanding of parental burnout, can be applied in educational or therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing parental burnout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research was administered with the aim of intercultural investigating the attitudes to gender roles, parental values, and parental burnout in two groups of Iranian and Afghan parents. The statistical population of this study was two groups of Iranian and Afghan parents living in Tehran City those 398 parents including 199 Afghan parents (97 fathers and 102 mothers) and 199 Iranian parents (93 fathers and 106 mothers) living in Tehran were selected by convenient and voluntary from different regions of the city. The research instruments included the Attitudes to Gender Roles Questionnaire, Goals and Values in Adults Questionnaire, and Parental Burnout Assessment. The results showed that two groups of Iranian and Afghan parents significantly differed in parental burnout, and regarding parental values in power and achieves, agency and self-direct, and benevolence & prosocial. The results showed there was a significant difference between mothers and fathers in attitudes to gender roles and all of the values except agency and self-direct. In the interaction of migration and gender effects, the results showed Iranian fathers had a high score in specific gender roles, Afghan fathers had a high score in traditional gender roles and Iranian mothers had a high score in androgynous gender roles. Also, Afghan fathers care more about power and achieve separateness values than Iranian fathers. Cultural similarities led to the migration of Afghan families despite long-term residence in the destination community, which was companied by the maintenance of Afghan cultural values and traditions, so that the status of parents, traditional gender roles, and the sense of being unique as important values is encouraged in their children. The component of parenting and the quality of parent-child interactions, the values and goals of parents in the children of immigrant families in the context of cultural adaptation and acculturation (influence and impression of the destination culture) is a subject that can be studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Learning disorders are one of the considerable topics in educational psychology. Children with learning disabilities experience more emotional problems than their peers. Hence, there will be more challenges for the parents of these children, which can add to the complexity of the parenting experience. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the main elements in the lived experience of mothers of children with learning disabilities of the emotional and behavioral problems of their children. Method: In this research, the phenomenological research method was used to investigate the lived experience of mothers of children with learning disabilities to cope with their children's emotional-behavioral problems. Therefore, among the clients of learning disability treatment centers in Tehran, to the point of saturation, 14 mothers of children with learning disabilities participated in in-depth and semi-structured interviews; After recording and transcribing the interviews, the data was analyzed by the Colaizzi method. Results: In the analysis of descriptive codes of interviews, 137 primary concepts were extracted. Combining similar concepts created 31 sub-concepts and 7 main concepts. The 7 main concepts are; Social Communication Impairment, Marital Relationship Impairment, Challenging Parenting, Inefficient Education System, Decrease in psychologically rich life, Experience of Negative Emotions, and Physical-Psychological Problems. Discussion: The concepts found in the study showed that mothers of children with learning disabilities face many difficulties due to their children's academic and emotional-behavioral problems that lead to the experience of feelings of burnout in parenting and require social and clinical attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was administrated to investigate the attitudes to gender roles and parental exhaustion of parting duties in mothers having or not having paid professional activity. The research method was descriptive, and the research design is ex post facto. The study sample was 195 mothers (76 employed and 119 unemployed) who participated voluntarily from five regions of north, south, west, east, and center of Tehran. Measurements included the Parental Burnout Assessment (consist of parental exhaustion, contrast with the past self of the parent, being fed up, and emotional distancing from the parenting role), and the Attitudes towards Gender Roles Questionnaire (including the traditional, the gender-specific, and the androgenic attitude). The results of the independent t-test between two groups showed that there was a significant difference between two groups of employed and unemployed mothers in attitudes towards the gender-specific role and androgenic (gender equality) role (p = 0.02), and there was no significant difference in parental burnout and its dimensions. The results also showed that employed mothers, although having egalitarian attitudes to gender roles and experience more role pressure than unemployed mothers, experience less parental burnout compared to unemployed mothers who have gender-specific role attitudes. It is worth considering the role of overload in employing mothers and how unemployed mothers spend their leisure time with their children according to their gender attitudes. Keywords Parental Burnout, Gender Roles, Employed Mothers. Introduction Gender roles are a set of behavioral norms or expectations from the two sexes that are learned over time under the influence of education and economics (Myers, Riley, & Robinson, 2002). Different social contexts affect not only different degrees of gender equality in different countries but also various perceptions and definitions of gender roles in people (Constantin & Voicu, 2015). The relationships between sexes play a role in time and culture, depending on social processes (Duncan, 1994). There are four types of attitudes toward gender roles including the traditional attitudes, special attitudes, androgynist (gender equality) attitudes, and patriarchal attitudes (Jelen, 1988). When studying factors influencing attitudes towards gender roles at the individual level, researchers showed that women and educated peoples (Cunningham, Beutel, Barber, & Thornton, 2005), single working men (Kane, 1998), individuals with lower religious attitudes (Sherkat, 2000), single or childless people (Banaszak & Plutzer, 1993), high-income employed people (Banaszak & Leighley, 1991), citizens living in developed countries (Wilensky, 2002), postmodern countries (Inglehart & Welzel, 2007), and communities with social policies, political rights, and civil liberties (Constantin, 2015), have egalitarian gender attitudes towards other groups. Although some studies revealed that educated employed women do not accept the traditional attitude towards gender roles (Movahhed, Enayat, & Garagi, 2005), other studies confirm this attitude more theoretically than in practice (Ravadrad & Naebi, 2007). Geisler & Kreyenfeld (2011) found that women, when married and accepted marital and parental responsibilities, would shift from egalitarian attitudes to more traditional ones, showing less commitment and agency to job responsibilities (Fuegen, Biernat, Haines, & Deaux, 2019). However, employed women, while simultaneously accepting social roles and taking household chores, experience negative consequences that affect both themselves and their parent-child interactions (Borelli, Nelson, River, Birken, & Moss-Racusin, 2017). Overtiredness due to role overload in employed mothers can lead them to show the symptoms of parental burnout syndrome. Burned-out parents get exhausted from daily dealing with their children and hate their parenting role, feel emptiness and self-blame, are less involved in active relationships with their children, and are unable to manage their children's issues effectively (Mikolajczak, Brianda, Avalosse, & Roskam, 2018). Studies have shown that parental burnout is associated with monotonous feelings of daily tasks (Lebert-Charron, Dorard, Boujut, & Wendland, 2018), getting bored of having a young child, or having large numbers of children (Nimby, Lundberg, Sveger, & McNeil, 1997), continuous demands of family needs, role confusion, unrealistic expectations, lack of control and irrational demands of the environment (Duygun, & Sezgin, 2003; Mikolajczak et al., 2017; Lebert-Charron et al., 2018). Some findings, on the other hand, suggest that married employees or mothers with children experience less burnout (Maslach & Jackson, 1985). Given the growing social developments in the society for women to enter higher education and job positions as well as men, the present study aims to compare attitudes toward gender roles and parental burnout in two groups of employed and non-employed mothers, and to study the effect of job on the variables, so, the current study aims to answer if there is a significant difference between two groups of employed and non-employed mothers in terms of their attitudes toward gender roles? and if there is a significant difference between employed and non-employed mothers in the consequences of parenting responsibilities? Methodology This is descriptive research benefits from the ex-post-facto method. The participants were 195 mothers including 76 employees who participated in the study voluntarily from five regions of Tehran. Measurement tools included the 23-items for parental burnout (Roskam, Brianda, & Mikolajczak, 2018), and 12-items for attitudes towards gender roles (Constantin & Voicu, 2015). Results The results found no difference in parental burnout scores between two groups of employed and non-employed mothers. Besides, the effect of the job on parental burnout is found to be very small. The result also revealed that there was a significant difference between the two groups of employed and non-employed mothers in terms of their attitudes toward specific gender roles and androgynist attitudes. Non-employed mothers obtained higher scores in attitudes toward gender-specific roles, and employed mothers had the highest score in gender equality attitudes. Employed and non-employed mothers were significantly different in terms of hours spent with their children at home. Cohen's d measurement showed a large effect of spent hours on parental burnout. The average time spent by both groups with their children shows that unemployed mothers spend more time with their children. Discussion Factors such as educational level, socio-economic background, and social context can effectively dampen the attitudes of women and men towards gender roles. Women with higher education and income, facing fair gender beliefs and attitudes, better adopt egalitarian attitudes toward roles and responsibilities, have more financial independence and satisfaction, and more benefit from such attitudes to achieve their goals. Defining social roles and adopting an egalitarian approach to gender roles in employed women does not prevent them from fulfilling their parental and household duties, which, are still considered as the main responsibilities of mothers (Falahati, 2016; Dashti Khavidaki & Hosseini, 2015). However, taking on multiple responsibilities along with time pressure may distress mothers and may lead to exhaustion of parenting roles. 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