Search

Background. More than 1 million colorectal cancers (CRC) are diagnosed annually. This cancer is the cause of 600,000 deaths, and many of these deaths can be reduced by screening. Colonoscopy is the best screening method and tool to diagnose CRC, but it causes anxiety and worry in patients. In addition, no appropriate tool has so far been introduced for assessing anxiety in these patients. Accordingly, the present study aimed to design and psychometrically evaluate a tool for assessing anxiety in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Methods. This methodological study used a descriptive-cross-sectional approach to design a psychometric questionnaire. To this end, 106 patients participated in this research, and the questionnaire was completed online. The validity of the list and the analysis of its main components were determined through exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the tool was also checked with Cronbach’s alpha. Results. Overall, 20 terms of the questionnaire were examined by exploratory analysis, and 5 factors explained 57.76% of the total variance. The internal consistency of the tool with Cronbach’s alpha was 0.91. Conclusion. The findings of the research revealed that the tool for assessing anxiety in patients undergoing colonoscopy with 20 items and 5 factors has adequate validity and reliability and can be used to assess the anxiety of colonoscopy patients. Practical Implications. The results of this research can change policies in the field of treatment to reduce the anxiety of colonoscopy patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to develop a psychological-emotional empowerment educational package based on the lived experiences of single-parent male adolescents and subsequently test its effectiveness on their cognitive fusion. Methods: The research method was qualitative, employing a phenomenological-descriptive approach, while the quantitative part was semi-experimental with a pre-test post-test design, a control group, and a twomonth follow-up period. The statistical population included male teenagers from single-parent families in the first period of secondary school in Abadeh city in 2022-2023. In the qualitative part, 15 single-parent male adolescents were purposefully selected and subjected to in-depth interviews. In the quantitative part, 35 adolescents were selected through purposive sampling and assigned to experimental and control groups (18 in the experimental and 17 in the control group). The adolescents in the experimental group received the psychological-emotional empowerment training package over ten weeks in ten 90-minute sessions. A pre-test was performed before the intervention, a post-test after the intervention, and a follow-up phase two months later. The Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (Gillanders et al., 2014) was used in this study. The data were analyzed using mixed ANOVA and a post hoc Bonferroni test via SPSS23 software. Results: According to experts, the results showed that the psychologicalemotional empowerment training package has sufficient content validity. Additionally, this training package impacted the cognitive fusion (P<0.0001; Eta=0.66; F=63.41) of single-parent male adolescents. Conclusion: Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that a training package of psychological-emotional empowerment, by fostering emotional competencies, gaining competence, autonomy, effectiveness, communication with others, empathy, and kind behavior towards others, can be an effective method to decrease cognitive fusion in single-parent male adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the advancement of Science and technology and the rapid changes in the course of life are closing the way to repetitive methods and requiring new and creative solutions. In the meantime, cyber entrepreneurship uses innovation and initiative to harness the potential of technology to solve problems, thus creating the basis for the formation of new jobs. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying and analyzing the key success factors and consequences of implementing cyber entrepreneurship. The present study is a mixed study that has been done qualitatively and quantitatively. This research is a survey and exploratory method in terms of practical purpose and data collection method, which has an inductive comparative research approach. The statistical research community, experts consist of managers of start-ups, startups and online businesses of the province of larestan, whose sample members were selected using the targeted sampling method and based on the principle of theoretical saturation. The data collection tool is in the qualitative part of the interview and in the quantitative part of the questionnaire, where the validity and reliability of the tools were analyzed using the Guba and Lincoln partial strength indicators for the interview and the content validity and reliability of the open test for the questionnaire, respectively. The study used the content analysis and coding method in the qualitative part and the phase cognitive mapping method in the quantitative part to analyze the data. The findings include identifying the success factors and implications of implementing cyber entrepreneurship and prioritizing them. The results of the study suggest that implementing cyber entrepreneurship in online startups and businesses reduces the current and fixed cost of the business, converts the value chain into a value cycle, and increases the level of competition and eliminates geographical boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, most businesses need efficient and new technological knowledge to succeed in their field of activity. The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the role of technological knowledge and entrepreneurial orientation on entrepreneurial success with the mediating role of psychological capital. This study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptivesurvey type. The statistical population in this study is 384 entrepreneurs and managers of knowledge-based companies in Lorestan province, who were selected by purposive sampling. In order to analyze the data, partial least squares method and Smart PLS-3 software were used. Convergent validity was used to measure validity, and Cronbach's alpha was used to measure reliability, and its coefficient is greater than 0.7 for all research constructs. The results show that technological knowledge has a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurial success and psychological capital. Entrepreneurial orientation has a positive and significant effect on psychological capital and entrepreneurial success. Also, psychological capital has a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurial success. Finally, it can be said that psychological capital plays a mediating role both in the relationship between technological knowledge and entrepreneurial success and in the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans are social beings and communicate with their fellows. When people are supported by their friends in the workplace, they can reduce their work stress. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of Support from work friends on perceived occupational stress with the mediating role of emotionfocused rumination. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in nature. The target population of the study was the employees of Isfahan province Telecommunications Company. To determine the sample size, Krejcie and Morgan's table was used; based on this table, the sample size of 210 people was determined, and sampling was done using a convenience method. The research data were gathered using standard questionnaires, including perceived occupational stress, support from friends of work, and emotion-focused rumination, the validity of which was confirmed through content validity, structural validity (convergent and divergent validity) and reliability using Cronbach's alpha. The analysis and testing of the hypotheses and the considered relationships have been done using structural equation modeling analysis. The results indicate that support from friends at work does not directly affect perceived Occupational stress; however, support from friends at work affects =emotion-focused rumination, which in turn has an effect on perceived occupational stress. Additionally,emotion-focused rumination plays a mediating role in the relationship between support from friends at work and perceived occupational stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Health tourism is one of the dimensions of sustainable development to help Mazandarn’s economic dynamic. A strong agreement is doubted in identifying factors influencing the attraction of health tourists. This study was implemented to design a questionnaire to measure the factors influencing the attraction of healthy tourists and investigate its psychometric properties. Materials and methods: This study was done with a combinatorial approach in three steps, including relevant literature and the opinions of experts as long as health tourists' opinions of Mazandaran province were applied to the development of the item pool. Then, content validity, face validity, construct validity, and reliability of the questionnaire were assessed for the psychometric properties of the questionnaire. The final questionnaire was approved after performing 17 interviews and applying professional expertise in the qualitative part. In the first stage of the quantitative part content validity was studied by 10 people from an expert panel, and its face validity, the questionnaire was completed by 10 participants. Finally, the construct validity of the designed instrument was calculated using exploratory factor analysis using SPSS 24 software and confirmatory factor analysis using AMOS 24 software by asking 300 people familiar with health tourism in Mazandaran province. The internal and external validity were determined using Cronbach's alpha and test-retest in 25 people. Results: The results of the literature review and interviews with experts in the first and second stages of the study led to the design of 76 items. In the next step, the changes in the qualitative stage 15 questions did not receive favorite points in Content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) calculation in the quantitative part of content validity. Then face validity was applied and the item effect index for 8 items was lower than 1.5 in the quantitative stage of face validity. Then the questionnaire with 53 items was entered into construct validity. In the exploratory factor analysis, the value of KMO was equal to 0.778. Furthermore, the value of Bartlett's test of significance was less than 5%. Based on the rotated matrix of components, eight factors with positive values were obtained. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that 7 items had a factor loading of less than 0.4, which were removed from the questionnaire, and finally, 46 items remained. In the confirmatory factor analysis stage, the factor load of all dimensions was in good condition and the P-value was in the acceptable range. Cronbach alpha rate was calculated as 0.831. The external reliability was lower than 0.05 (ICC= 0.90, P<0.001). Conclusion: The designed questionnaire, due to the low number of questions, the simplicity of the sentences, as well as the acceptable validity and reliability, can be used to identify and investigate the factors affecting the attraction of health tourists. Normalization of the questionnaire in other cultures is suggested. It is hoped that the findings of this study will be utilized by researchers, healthcare and tourism system managers, and other stakeholders to inform the planning of interventions aimed at increasing medical tourism. Additionally, it is hoped that the results of this study will serve as a springboard for future research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The death of a loved one, especially when it happens tragically or prematurely, could rock the foundations of our hypothetical world and our relationship with God and the world (Neimeyer, 2019) and cause deep challenges (Neimeyer, Prigerson& Davies, 2002). Complicated spiritual grief is a crisis during bereavement that endangers the bereaved person's sense of relationship with God or the religious community as they struggle to re-establish spiritual balance after the loss of a loved one (Holland, Burke, Neimeyer et al., 2014). As for complicated spiritual grief in Iran, there has been no scale to determine the psychometric properties thereof, nor has such a scale become normative in the country. The Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief (ICSG) is a 5-point scale that is used to measure post-grief meaning. The ICSG has been used and validated by Neimeyer et al. (2014) and Holland Burke. However, the scale has not been investigated or psychometrically tested in Iranian society. The present research aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the ICSG in relation to the Iranian sample. Method The research sample included 215 bereaved women in the Iranian city of Ardabil who were selected on an available basis. Then, they responded to the research tool. In the study, the ICSG (Holland, Burke and Neimeyer et al., 2014) and the Grief Experience Questionnaire (Barrett and Scott, 1989) were used. The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 25 and AMOS version 24 software tools. The SPSS software was used for descriptive analysis, and the AMOS software was used for combined reliability (CR) and factor analysis. Results The face, content and structure validity of the research showed that the ICSG has appropriate validity and reliability. The scale's convergent validity was confirmed to be (AVE>0/50). The internal consistency reliability of the ICSG was assessed using composite reliability and Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and an alpha coefficient of 0.73-0.81 confirmed the reliability of the dimensions of the scale. In addition, the correlation results pertaining to the variables of the research showed that the ICSG has a significant correlation with the grief experience scale (p<0.01). Conclusion Overall, the findings of the research indicated that the 18-item Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief has strong internal consistency and convergent and incremental validity, and that the scale supports a two-factor model for measuring doubt in God and impairment of the person's religious faith. Thus, the results of the present research showed that the ICSG has good validity and reliability for the Iranian sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted with the aim of testing the causal relationship between the competencies of engineering science graduates and entrepreneurship with the mediating role of engineering professional ethics. The research method was applied and in terms of data collection, it was descriptive of correlation type. The statistical population was all the students of Technical and Engineering Faculties of Tehran University, 306 of whom were selected by stratified random sampling. In order to collect data, entrepreneurship questionnaires, engineering professional ethics and researcher-made questionnaires of competencies required by engineering science graduates were used. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by using the content validity of the construct and their reliability with Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The data were analyzed using regression coefficient tests and structural equation models. The results showed that the entrepreneurship status of students is directly and indirectly affected by the predictor variables of professional ethics and learned competencies. Also all the components are reported as favorable and very favorable and the data model has a good fit, so the hypothesis of “the assumed model of the causal relationship between the competencies required by the graduates of engineering sciences and entrepreneurship with the mediation of professional ethics” has been confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Staff training in organizations is a measure for developing human capital. The pathology of this process needs to be assessed to understand the current situation and solve the challenges and limitations. Objective This study aims to assess the pathology of the training process for the incident command system (ICS) staff of hospitals in Guilan Province using the three-pronged approach. Methods This is a qualitative-quantitative study. The study population in the qualitative phase included experts in the hospital ICS. In the quantitative phase, the study population included all ICS managers and staff in the Guilan Province hospitals (n= 548). The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview in the qualitative phase and a researcher-made questionnaire in the quantitative phase. For data analysis, MAXQDA software, version 2020 was used in the qualitative phase and SPSS software, version 26 was used in the quantitative phase. Results The results in the qualitative phase showed the extraction of 55 open codes, 25 axial codes, and 6 selective codes in the form of three domains of processes, context, and structure. The results in the quantitative phase showed that among all the domains, the process domain-related factors with a percentage of variance (impact) of 0.262 were more harmful than context- and structure-related factors in the training process. Conclusion The pathology assessment based on the three-pronged model is an effective method for determining the training priorities for the hospital ICS staff. The use of this model during a crisis can be an effective step for identifying shortcomings to solve them and take appropriate measures for the ICS staff training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to design a model for delegating managers' authority in Islamic culture. The research method of the present study is qualitative and based on the content analysis approach in order to extract the required themes from religious sources related to the delegation of authority. the data were extracted from the religious books (Quran and Nahj al-Balaghah). To calculate reliability, the openended reliability method was used and to evaluate the validity, the relative content validity coefficient (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) were used. In the first stage, descriptive coding was done as basic themes, and in the interpretive coding stage, basic organizing themes were classified. The last step was to determine the overall theme, which includes all of the aforementioned themes. Using theme analysis, 82 basic themes, 20 sub-themes, and 7 main themes es were extracted. The main themes were formed in the form of concepts such as the proportion of responsibility and ability, supervision and care, auditing and accountability, Lack of responsibility from higher levels, accountability, and responsibility. As a result, it will be effective that in addition to delegating authority over the manager's performance, she also supervises with calculation and participates in impeachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Nowadays, recycling is one of the ways to save mankind from the mass of waste it produces, and waste separation from the source is the first and most important link in the field of urban waste recycling. Since the necessity and basis of recycling is people's participation in separation plans from the source, the present study was conducted to investigate the awareness, attitude, and performance of the people of Mazandaran province regarding the source separation of household waste in 2021. Materials and Methods: The present study was a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study, and the tool used in it was a researcher-made questionnaire including three dimensions of knowledge, attitude, and performance, the link of which was provided online to qualified people. The qualitative content validity of this questionnaire was confirmed by 8 environmental health experts in the field of the research subject. The reliability of the tool was also estimated through the Retest Method. Furthermore, the values of Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the three dimensions of awareness, attitude, and performance were calculated. In the following, the samples were selected in virtual groups based on the available sampling method and through the distribution of the questionnaire link online. Analysis of variance was used to compare the mean scores in the levels of variables, Pearson's correlation test was used to examine the relationship between the scores of awareness, attitude, and performance dimensions, and linear regression was used to examine the effect of independent variables. Finally, the data was analyzed in SPSS software (version 22). Results: For the entire study population (305 people), the range and mean score of awareness were 0-6, and 5.03±1.18 respectively, the range and mean score of attitude were 17-85 and 61.01± 9.45, and the range and mean score of performance were 6-30 and 11.43±5.19, respectively. Also, there was a significant correlation between the mean scores of the dimensions of awareness and attitude (correlation coefficient=0.70), awareness and performance (correlation coefficient=0.68), and attitude and performance (correlation coefficient=0.63). Conclusion: The results of this study, which was conducted to measure the knowledge, attitude, and performance of the people of Mazandaran province regarding the separation of household waste from the source and waste recycling, and with a survey of 305 households in this province, showed that although the most of people have a piece of proper knowledge and attitude related to the importance of separation and recycling of solid waste, they have not participated much in the plans of waste separation from the source. Therefore, in order to increase the level of people's performance, it is recommended to develop incentive programs in the field of source separation, including awarding prizes or applying discounts on waste charges, as well as providing suitable containers for waste separation to households for free by the municipality to encourage waste separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dams have always had consequences by creating changes in the surrounding natural and human ecosystems. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the socio-economic impacts of Eyvashan Dam on the surrounding rural areas. The methodology was quantitative in nature with the type of applied research and was approached in a descriptive survey manner. The statistical population of the study was 128 households living in the villages around Eyvashan Dam. Totally, 90 households were estimated as sample size according to Bartlett and colleagues' sample size table and were selected by performing a random proportional distribution of the samples in the four villages of Eyvashan Golestan, Chakmeh Siyah Olia (Galeh Hadi), Goldarreh, and Chaghalvand Rood Olya. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire within which the face validity was confirmed by a panel of experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was also confirmed by conducting a pilot study and calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficients (0.621-0.879). Findings showed that the construction of Eyvashan Dam has affected the components of the economic factors and these effects have been additive. Findings also showed that the Dam affected all social components across local communities in the way that conflict was more noticeable among them, with a decrease compared to the past (-0.318). Results also revealed the variety of diverse impacts among the surrounding villages. Filially, according to the results and the status of the components in the studied villages, suggestions have been made to improve the situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Healthcare providers are responsible for providing services to mothers and infants during disasters. The purpose of this study is to determine their educational needs for maternal and newborn care during disasters in Iran. Materials & Methods This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2017 on 208 healthcare providers (nurses, practical nurses, and midwives) from nine armed forces hospitals in Tehran, Iran who were selected by a census method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with acceptable face validity, content validity, and structure, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.94. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS software, version 16. Results The mean score on the educational needs assessment scale was higher in the fields of sexual violence management (4.30±0.01) and information management (4.28±0.01), indicating the high need for education in these areas. The lowest scores were in the fields of postpartum care in newborns (2.19±0.96) and responsiveness (2.98±0.89). In total, the educational needs of healthcare providers were high (3.3±0.43). Conclusion The readiness of healthcare providers in Iran to provide maternal and newborn care during disasters is low and needs more attention. Therefore, it is recommended to compile and revise university educational programs and implement continuous education programs based on the results of this study in the proposed areas (especially sexual violence management and information management) in a regular, periodic, and continuous manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Anterior crossbite is one of the most common orthodontic problems. Parents' level of awareness determines how they deal with their child's anterior crossbite problems. In the present study, the level of knowledge, attitude and practice of parents of primary school children about anterior crossbite was evaluated. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, a questionnaire was designed to assess parents' knowledge, attitude and practice of children's anterior crossbite. Face validity was confirmed through interviews, content validity was assessed by CVR calculation and construct validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis. The questionnaire was provided to 250 parents and its construct validity and reliability were calculated using SPSS software. The final questionnaire was completed by another 250 parents to assess parents' knowledge, attitude and practice. Results: Based on factor analysis, the questionnaire was classified into 6 domains. The average scores in the areas of "treatment awareness", "complication awareness", "treatment attitude", "diagnosis attitude", "treatment practice" and "prevention performance" are equal to 19.48 ± 3.33 (out of 25), 10.19 ± 2.01 (out of 15), 7.53 ± 2.79 (out of 20), 9.83 ± 2.31 (out of 15), 19.4 ± 3.46 (out of 25), and 9.41 ± 2.07 (out of 15), respectively. Conclusion: Parents had good knowledge, attitude and practice regarding anterior crossbite and only the "attitude towards diagnosis" of parents was relatively low which requires training in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: The high transparency and validity of the Medical Exemption Regulations can improve the unity of the procedure. The aim of this study was to determine the validity and revision of the neurological and mental illnesses part of the medical exemption regulation for 2021. Methods: A qualitative study with the classical Delphi technique approach was performed in three rounds. The first round consisted of interviews and focus group discussions to extract the flaws and ambiguities of the existing regulation. In the second round, the face and content validity of the amended regulations were assessed based on the opinions of experts, and in the third round, the opinions of experts were assessed to investigate the agreement on the final regulations. The study population consisted of psychiatrists, conscientious objectors, and medical doctors with experience in attending medical commissions. Results: Thirty-two specialists participated in at least one round of the study. The mean age and experience of their presence in medical commissions were 47.9 ± 5.8 and 10.7 ± 5.5 years, respectively. In the first round, a total of 62 initial codes were extracted. The regulation document, including 15 clauses and 27 sub-categories, was provided to the participants to assess the content validity (second round) and the content validity index (CVI), and the content validity ratio (CVR) for the neurological and mental illnesses part of the medical exemption regulation were 84.87 and 61.1, respectively. The final version of regulations with 14 clauses and 25 sub-categories was provided to the experts to assess the agreement, and the mean agreement for the neurological and mental illnesses part of the medical exemption regulation was 84.8. Conclusion: The revised regulation can be used as an alternative to the existing regulation. Utilizing the opinions of a large number of experts during different rounds and using different approaches has increased the validity of the findings and provided reliable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tried to identify and explain the antecedents and consequences of social undermining among the mangers and professors of Lorestan province universities using Fuzzy Delphi approach. The study was a comparative-deductive mixed-methods study. It was applied, descriptive, and survey in terms of purpose, nature, and method, respectively. The statistical population was comprised of the managers and professors of Lorestan Province universities, from among whom 30 experts were selected using purposive sampling based on theoretical saturation. To collect data in the qualitative phase of the study, semi-structured interviews were used whose validity and reliability were confirmed through content analysis and Cohen's Kappa. Moreover, to collect data in the quantitative phase, a pairwise comparison questionnaire was employed whose validity and reliability was confirmed via content validity and test-retest methods. In the qualitative phase, the data obtained from interviews was analyzed using Atlas.ti software and the antecedents and consequences of social undermining were identified. Moreover, in the quantitative phase of the study, fuzzy Delphi method was employed to prioritize the antecedents and consequences of organizational social undermining. This way, the most important factors and consequences were identified. The results of the study indicated that refraining to provide information to others in order to carry out their duties, preventing others to communicate with each other, treating colleagues coldly, and disdaining others are the most important antecedents of organizational social undermining. Moreover, the results revealed that organizational contempt, psychological pressure, and lack of job satisfaction are the main consequences of organizational social undermining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims The most important factors for the development of any society are human resources. The intensive care units (ICUs) are the most important departments in the hospitals. Considering the importance of time management for patient care, lack of human resources in this profession, and the fact that nurses spend a lot of time on indirect and non-nursing works, this study aims to investigate the time and type of indirect patient care provided by nurses in the ICU of a hospital in Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, and observational study that was conducted for 6 months. Participants were 42 nurses working in the ICU of Hafte Tir Hospital in Rey, Iran who were randomly selected from different shifts. Their activities were observed and their spent time was recorded by the researcher using the stopwatch mobile application. The data collection tool was the Persian version of the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) checklist with acceptable face and content validity according to opinions of a panel of experts (5 faculty members and 10 nurses). descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, standard deviation, minimum, and maximum) were used for data analysis by SPSS software, version 22. Results Most of nurses (60%) were in the age group of 30-39 years and 72% of them had a work experience of 11-20 years. Most of the nurses were female (85%) and married (80%). In each shift, nurses spent an average time of 247 minutes providing indirect care. The longest time in indirect care was related to writing nursing reports (34.9 ± 10.5 min per shift) and the shortest time were related to removing personal protective equipment (6.11±3.19 min per shift), consulting with a colleague, and wearing personal protective equipment (both with 7±3.55 min per shift). Conclusion Although patients need direct care and continuous presence of the nurse more during the COVID-19 pandemic and there are advanced equipment. To provide proper nursing care, it is important to increase the number of nurses and reduce their non-nursing activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: An accurate evaluation of hospitals' performance in dealing with disasters can be a major role in improving hospital preparedness. The Hospital Disaster Risk Management Evaluation (HDRME) Model was developed and approved in 2018 using international models and the opinion of experts. This research was conducted with the aim of validating a questionnaire for evaluating disaster risk management in hospitals based on the standards and measures of this model. Methods: In this validation study, a questionnaire based on the HDRME Model including 200 measures in 8 domains (management and leadership, risk assessment, planning, prevention and mitigation, preparedness, response, recovery, and key performance results) was designed. The face validity and content validity were verified both qualitatively and quantitatively (using experts' opinions, CVR, and CVI). The reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated by Cronbach's alpha method and Inter class correlation coefficient (ICC). The questionnaires were completed by two surveyors separately and independently in 30 hospitals at Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the results were compared and analyzed. Results: The face validity and content validity of the questionnaire were approved by experts. The results showed that Cronbach's alpha and Inter class correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.99, which showed that the questionnaire had good reliability. The average score of the hospitals from the questionnaire was 36%. The highest score was related to the domain of prevention/mitigation (51/22) and risk assessment (44/81), and the lowest score was related to the domain of planning (24/75) and recovery (26/97). Conclusion: The questionnaire designed from the disaster risk management evaluation model has good validity and reliability and could be used as a valid questionnaire to evaluate this issue in the country's hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Considering the competition of tourist destinations in order to attract tourists and influence their decisions and selections, addressing the issue of destination image and the factors affecting its strengthening are of the necessities of tourism marketing. In this regard, one of the new strategies is to use spiritual marketing. Since spiritual marketing is about people's moods and emotions, there are several strategies for implementing it, each of which focuses on one or more spiritual variables that target people's emotions. Since part of the physical and mental peace and excellence that traveling brings to the tourists is related to human relationships with the Creator and other human beings (Sabaghpour Azarian et al., 2019), two of the spiritual variables that seem to play a role in the formation and strengthening of the destination image are place attachment and emotional solidarity with residents. Therefore, due to the weakness of the research background, the aim of this study was to identify the relationships between place attachment, emotional solidarity with residents, and finally cognitive, emotional, and conative destination image so as to increase knowledge in this field and provide solutions to improve the destination image. Methods This was an applied research. Its conceptual model was obtained by developing the model of Woosnam et al. (2020). The relationship between the variables was investigated by using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach to Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). An adapted questionnaire was used to collect the relevant data. Its face and content validity was reviewed and approved by the experts. The statistical population consisted of the tourists in ecotourism tours to Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. According to the applied technique, the minimum sample required for this study was estimated to include 90 people. However, 111 questionnaires were distributed in the statistical population, of which 100 valid questionnaires were returned and used in the analysis of the results. For sampling, first, a number of ecotourism service providers in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province was selected by the available method and then, the research questionnaire was randomly distributed among the tourists in the list of each service provider. Results The findings showed that emotional solidarity with residents had the most direct relationship with place attachment, emotional image, and cognitive image, respectively. Also, emotional image was found to indirectly influence the conative destination image through place attachment. Moreover, place attachment had the most direct relationship with the emotional image of destination, cognitive image, and conative image, respectively. Discussion & Conclusion According to the research findings, it could be concluded that increasing emotional solidarity with residents had an effect on increasing place attachment and improving the cognitive, emotional, and conative destination image. In a general summary, the present study tried to emphasize the importance of changing marketers’ views to pay attention to spiritual marketing strategies. Nevertheless, for such reasons as time constraint, this research only examined the effectiveness of two of the mentioned variables in ameliorating the destination image. This was one of the research limitations. It is recommended that other variables, as well as the moderating effects of demographic variables, be assessed for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Military personnel are prone to depression due to their job's nature and requirements. Therefore, the use of accurate and efficient screening tools to diagnose depression is essential. The aim of this study is to investigate the psychometric properties of the Iranian version of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self Report (QIDS-SR) in the military community. Methods: The present study is a descriptive-correlational and validation study. In this regard, a sample of 410 volunteers was chosen from the 505th specialized military psychiatric hospital of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In addition to the demographic questionnaire, participants also completed the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self Report (QIDS-SR) and the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II). Then the face and content validity, internal consistency, test-retest validity, cut-off point, and sensitivity and specificity of the inventory were analyzed by using qualitative method, Cronbach's alpha, Pearson correlation coefficient, independent means comparison test, and receiver operating curve analysis which were all done via the SPSS-26 software. Results: The results showed that this inventory has good content and face validity. The internal consistency of 0.91 and the reliability coefficient of the test-retest indicates the stability of the scores in the interval of 3 days. The independent t-test showed that this inventory can differentiate between depressed and non-depressed people. The sensitivity of the inventory was 0.87 and its specificity was 0.73. Therefore, according to the most appropriate sensitivity and specificity, the cut-off point of the quick inventory of depressive symptomatology was 17. Conclusion: The findings indicated that the list of quick inventory of depressive symptomatology has good validity and reliability among the Iranian military population and can be used in research and clinical situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: It is necessary to have a suitable tool for measuring the tendency to use the Covid-19 vaccine. The aim of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the tendency to use Covid-19 vaccine questionnaire among health care workers of a hospital in Tehran, Iran. Materials and Methods: This is an instrumentation type of methodological. Fiftysix questions were considered as the items of the questionnaire. For testing the validity, the face validity and content validity were used in correspondence with 10 experts’ opinions. Reliability check was performed through the Cronbach’s alpha and test- retest. Finally, the structural validity was evaluated with 474 subjects. Results: The results showed that the scales of the tendency to use Covid-19 vaccine questionnaire have an appropriate face validity for all items with an impact score higher than 1.5 and an appropriate content validity ratio in the range of 0.70 and a sufficient content validity index in the range of 0.73 to 087. Also, it had an acceptable internal consistency reliability (Cronbach›s alpha) in the range of 0.87 to 0.96. Also, the reliability of the test-retest ranged from 0.68 to 0.92. For the structural validity, 8 factors were selected with a factor value higher than 0.4. Also, in the confirmatory section of the factors an acceptable goodness of fit index (GFI) (Range from 0.91 to 0.98) and the root mean square error in the range of 0.33 to 0.49 was achieved. In total, four questions were removed in the content validity ratio review stag e and one question was removed in the content validity index review stage. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the tendency to use Covid-19 vaccine questionnaire has sufficient validity and reliability and is a suitable tool for evaluating the health staff’s tendency towards vaccination. Ultimately, this questionnaire was approved with 8 factors (perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, self-efficacy, knowledge and behavior) and 51 questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shenakht Journal of Psychology & Psychiatry is the property of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background & Aims: Most of the emotional disorders and behavioral problems due to the unbalanced and changing situation of the family and social life have affected different groups of children and adolescents. Family Health problems and deficiencies, displacement of social groups and pressures caused by them, unreasonable population growth, rampant migration and displacement, widespread poverty and addiction, depression, aggression, and the glories of the absence of a guardian in many families, as well as the long-term ignorance of children's parents about the problems they face, Experience and do not update and Lack of sufficient knowledge about how to manage these issues and many other important issues, have caused the emotional and behavioral disorders of children in this century to reach an unprecedented extent. Therefore, several screening questionnaires around the world have been designed to Screen children in terms of psychosocial and emotional problems and the validity and reliability of the questionnaires have been confirmed. Methods: This study was a test (questionnaire) in which the questionnaires were completed by mothers of children aged 4-11 years, one of whose parents worked in the centers of Tehran Psychiatric Institute, Iran Psychiatric Hospital, and HazratRasoul Hospital. Sampling was selected by a simple non-random sampling method (sample available). Samples were selected from mothers who themselves or their spouses working in Tehran Psychiatric Institute, Iran Psychiatric Hospital, and Hazrat Rasoul Akram Hospital. According to the number of questions in the questionnaire (18 questions), 180 samples were needed to examine the factor structure of the questionnaire. Also, 30 samples were selected from 180 samples to check the reliability of the retest according to the mother's desire and the possibility of attending the retest (which also requires identification of the individual).The PSC questionnaire included questions that focused on internal and external problems and impaired concentration in children and adolescents.The questionnaire has 17 items that are scored under the three headings of "never", "sometimes" and "often". A question has also been added to the questionnaire that includes suicidal ideation and previous suicide attempts. A value of zero was considered for the title "never", a value of one was considered for the title "sometimes" and a value of two was considered for the title "always". By adding the total points, the total score was calculated. Items by the questioner A blank was considered equal to zero. If three or more questions in the questionnaire were not answered, the questionnaire would be removed from the study. The total score was calculated from 0-36. Scores were categorized into three categories: internalized problems, externalized problems, and concentration disorders. The positive items of each category included the total score of each item, which was more than 7.7.5, respectively. Simultaneously with the above questionnaire, SDQ and CSI-IV questionnaires were given to mothers to complete. SDQ Questionnaire is a screening questionnaire of abilities and problems among children and adolescents aged 4-16 years, which is completed by parents and completed by adolescents for the age group of 11-16 years. The questionnaire also provides information on whether the child has problems in these areas and if so, what functional impairments have led to them. This questionnaire was prepared by psychiatrists in the United Kingdom for early screening of psychiatric problems as well as the abilities of children and adolescents. SDQ questionnaire is available on websites and has been translated into 80 living languages of the world. The duration of the questionnaire is about 5- 10 minutes and includes 25 questions. All versions of this questionnaire ask about 25 attributes, some positive and some negative. These 25 items are divided into 5 scales. Emotional symptoms (5 items), Behavior problems (5 items), Hyperactivity / Attention Deficit Disorder (5 items), Communication problems related to peers (5 items), Homosexual friendly behaviors (5 items). Another questionnaire used to identify psychiatric disorders in the world is the CSIIV questionnaire.it was the gold standard test for comparing the results. The parent form of this questionnaire has 98 questions and the teacher form has 87 questions. The disorders that are screened are as follows: Child coping disorder, Behavioral disorder Generalized anxiety disorder, Social phobia, Separation anxiety disorder, Major depressive disorder and Depression, Schizophrenia is a pervasive growth disorder, asperger's, vocal and motor tics. The time to complete the questionnaire is about 10 minutes. Results: After translating the questionnaire into Persian and reviewing its content and face validity by 16 psychiatrists and clinical psychologists working in the field of children and adolescents, the results were as follows: They had 94%. Face validity was also checked by the relevant team, which obtained a total of more than 95% of the total face validity questions. In the face validity assessment conducted by ten mothers participating in the project, a total of more than 87% validity was obtained. The reliability indices of the questionnaire and its dimensions were also analyzed and internal consistency or Cronbach's alpha was calculated, which was suitable for all questions and each area separately and more than 0.7. The reliability of the quantitative retest test for 30 participants using the coefficient Spearman correlation was analyzed, which in all cases showed a high correlation. The similarity between the diagnosis was assessed by PSCA tool with SDQ and CSI-VI tools separately using Kappa statistical test, which had diagnostic similarity in ADHD. The similarities between the diagnosis of mood disorders and anxiety by PSCI tool with SDQ and CSI-VI were also examined, according to which PSC was significantly successful in distinguishing SAD (Social anxiety disorder) from CSI-VI questionnaire and emotion disorder from SDQ. There was a significant similarity between the diagnosis of externalizing disorder of PSC with ODD of CSI-VI and the conduct of SDQ. Finally, the similarity between the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders was examined. Due to the lack of a total score in the CSI-VI questionnaire, this study was performed only on PSC and SDQ. Based on this, PSC was able to identify disorders as much as SDQ. Conclusion: The Persian version of PSC is suitable for early assessment and screening of psychiatric disorders in schools, clinics, and primary health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: One of the main pillars of sports education as well as leadership and leadership of the coaching team. The coach is the center of guidance and development of sports in any society. Coaches' efforts are successful when they have the necessary sports knowledge (1). The position and role of coaches and the effects of their performance and personality traits in sports are very important, so that coaches have a significant role in team development, development of technical skills and social and cultural behaviors of players (2). Another important issue in the present era and in the sports environment is the issue of mental health, which has attracted the attention of many researchers. The goal of mental health is to create mental health by preventing mental illness and creating a healthy environment for proper human relationships. According to the World Health Organization, a person's health does not simply include a state of complete physical health; It also includes the dimensions of mental and social health, the ability to communicate appropriately and in harmony with others, change and modify the individual and social environment, and resolve conflicts and personal desires in a positive, just and appropriate way, which is a necessity of coaching (6). The importance of coaching is so great that various researches have been done about it and contradictory results have been obtained. For example, Zare et al. (2019) in their research emphasized the role of coaches in the development of players' skills in all dimensions, especially the development of psychological skills (8). In general, the role and position of coaches is clear to everyone, but what remains an issue in this direction is how to prepare and promote coaches for this serious responsibility. Coaching is one of the most complex sports professions and one of the most effective areas that can lead to the development of sports and training of athletes. Therefore, in this regard, it is necessary to have a suitable system to promote knowledge, mental health and job skills so that trainers can use the most appropriate training courses (scientific and practical) to play their role and responsibilities (10) . Therefore, the researcher seeks to identify and prioritize the factors affecting the development of knowledge, mental health and practical skills. Methods: The present research is quantitative and qualitative in terms of data, applied in terms of purpose, exploratory in terms of field, field data collection in terms of time and time in terms of time period. The statistical population of this research in the qualitative part included sports experts and sports coaching and in the quantitative part were 508 Olympic sports coaches, from which 306 people were randomly selected as a sample. A researcher-made questionnaire prepared by fuzzy Delphi method was used to collect information. The face, content and structure validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by experts in the field of quality, factor analysis and structural equations, respectively. Also, the reliability of the questionnaire in a pilot study on 30 people in the study population and using Cronbach's alpha test in all components was calculated to be more than 0.70. Finally, descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, one-sample t-test and structural equation analysis using SPSS and Expert Choice software were used to analyze the data. Results: The initial estimate of the share of each variable showed that the values of all of them are equal to one. It was also found that the common variance of all items is more than 0.5. Therefore, all variables (items) will remain in the analysis. According to Table 3, 71 items in the present study can be reduced to 11 factors and from the combination of these 71 items, a new structure can be designed based on the factors with the new combination and the data can be analyzed based on that data. Also, Table 3 showed that the contribution of each factor in explaining the variance of 71 items related to the factors affecting the development of applied knowledge and skills for coaching levels in Iran is different and decreasing. Finally, according to the results for level 3 coaches, the highest weight was related to individual factors, education, advertising and media. Also, according to the results for level 2 trainers, the highest weight was related to managerial factors, localization of knowledge and knowledge enhancement. And for level 1 educators, the highest weight was related to talent identification and basic factors, localization of knowledge and managerial factors. Conclusion: Undoubtedly, the growth and development of coaching knowledge in the country on the one hand and its decline and decline on the other hand, is rooted in several factors, which will be difficult to determine the share of each. There is no doubt that the scientific study and identification of the existing problems in this field on the one hand and the efforts of the officials to solve these problems on the other hand will be successful in promoting it as much as possible. However, it should be noted that the research community is made up of experts and qualified trainers in the country and their opinion can really pave the way for success and development of knowledge and practical skills for coaching levels in Iran. Therefore, it seems that paying attention to the opinions of these experts can be one of the best data needed for managers to make decisions regarding the implementation of coaching promotion programs in the country. On the other hand, structural equation modeling also confirms this and shows that the identified factors can be effective in developing knowledge and practical skills for coaching levels in Iran and therefore using the results of this study can further improve the coaching of the field. Various sports in the country was promising. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The health system always consumes a lot of resources; therefore, decision-making based on scientific evidence is necessary in order to optimize costs and prevent waste of resources. The use of evidence in the decision-making process can also improve the quality of management decisions and increase outputs. Given this, we conducted the present study to design a tool in order to assess the status of evidence-based decisionmaking in the field of health management and its psychometrics. Methods: The present study is an applied research of instrument making that was conducted in 2021. The researchers used the Delphi technique and obtained the opinions of 20 experts to validate the instrument. Then, the face and content validity, as well as reliability of the tool were examined. Results: We designed a 47-item questionnaire as a tool for assessing the status of evidence-based decision-making. The results of model validation based on Delphi technique showed that the experts agreed on all components of the model (agreement score was above 7). Also, the questionnaire had a reasonable face and content validity (CVR = 0.841 and CVI = 0.972). Cronbach's alpha of all domains and all designed tools was also estimated to be more than 70%, indicating acceptable instrument reliability. Conclusion: Evidence-based decision-making tool in the field of health management can be useful for managers and officials in this field in order to fully implement the decision-making approach, as well as evidence-based performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizations are usually uninterested in change and evolution, and a kind of idleness and laziness is seen in them. The majority of necessary and critical changes of the organizations and their ability to adapt to environmental uncertainties get afflicted with organizational inertia and fail. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of organizational inertia on organizational laziness and organizational anomie. This survey study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of research method. In the study, organizational inertia was the independent variable, while organizational laziness and anomie were the dependent variables. The statistical population was comprised of the employees of the University of Tehran. Based on the population size (i.e., 4000 individuals) and the sample size determination formula, the least sample size was determined to be 350 people, who were selected through stratified sampling method. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire whose reliability was determined using Chronbach’s alpha coefficient and whose validity was confirmed using content validity obtained from the opinions of experts familiar with the research question. Moreover, in order to run correlation and other analyses, SPSS 22 and AMOS22 software packages were used. The results of data analysis led to the confirmation of all research hypotheses: organizational inertia has a significant, direct, positive effect on organizational laziness, and organizational inertia has a significant, positive effect on organizational anomie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Yas Job Satisfaction Questionnaire to create a suitable tool for measuring job satisfaction and evaluating it among the staff of Yas Hospital Complex. Materials and Methods: In this cross -sectional study, face validity, content validity ratio, and content validity index were used to evaluate the validity and to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha and halving method were used among 150 medical staff. In the final questionnaire, four areas of leadership style, job nature, reward system, performance appraisal, and organizational climate were examined as the main areas. To report the mean of quantitative variables at different levels, qualitative variables were tested and analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: From among 150 participants in this study, 111 were women and 39 were men. Content validity ratio and content validity index had acceptable values. The reliability of the questionnaire was also reported by Cronbach's alpha method equal to 0.92; indicating that the internal reliability is acceptable. The leadership style domain with an average of 10.53 ± 4.91 had the lowest satisfaction and job nature domain with an average of 21.24 ± 7.05 had the highest satisfaction. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the Yas Job Satisfaction Questionnaire has sufficient validity and reliability to assess the level of job satisfaction among medical staff. Also, the level of job satisfaction in most of the surveyed areas was moderate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Customer forgiveness is an important strategy for service companies to improve and recover services. The purpose of the present study is to explain the effects of justice and empathy on the forgiving behavior of consumers by considering the moderating role of the relationship with the customer. The present cross-sectional study is applied and descriptive-survey in terms of purpose and method. The population of this study was 187 Internet taxi customers who were selected using Cochran's formula. The data collection tool was a questionnaire distributed in person. In this study, content and construct validities were confirmed. The reliability was obtained by calculating Cronbach's alpha factor coefficients and combined reliability. Confirmatory structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data in Spss25 and Smart Pls2.0 software. The results of the study showed that justice and empathy had a positive and significant effect on consumer forgiveness, and consumer forgiveness had a positive and significant effect on forgiving behavior. The period of relationship with the customer was able to moderate the impact of consumer forgiveness on forgiving behavior. If the company provides inappropriate services, the customer can show forgiving behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social bundling is an effective way to achieve business goals in many industries. The aim of the present study was to identify and prioritize the factors affecting social bundling in the staff of the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism Organization of Lorestan Province. This research was combined, applied, and deductive-inductive in terms of the method, purpose, and the type of research, respectively. The statistical population of the study was the employees of the Tourism Industry Organization in Lorestan province, 30 of them were selected as sample members using the purposive sampling method based on the principle of theoretical adequacy. In this study, using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, first using the qualitative data obtained from exploratory studies, including the study of exploratory texts and conducting exploratory interviews, the factors affecting social bundling were identified. Then, by extracting the factors through field research, these factors were evaluated and studied. The data collection tools were an interview and a questionnaire in the qualitative and quantitative parts of the study. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed by the relative content validity index, Cohen's kappa test, and the content and reliability of the retest. The qualitative data were analyzed by Atlas software and the coding method, and the quantitative data were analyzed by the fuzzy Delphi method. The results of the research consisted of two parts. In the first part, a set of factors affecting bundling was identified, and in the second part, the importance and priority of these factors were determined. The results indicated that the faster delivery of services to people, speeding up the sales process, increasing welfare for people, reducing purchasing problems, increasing the competitive advantage of the provider company, customer loyalty, increasing service diversity, customer expectations, increasing company profits, and offering products with lower prices are the most important factors affecting social bundling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study, which employs a survey method, is applied in terms of the purpose. Its statistical population is the "members" of "active" agricultural cooperatives in Lorestan. The research instrument was a questionnaire whose face validity was determined according to the opinions of 15 members of the statistical community, its content validity was calculated using content validity ratio (CVR) and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha test which was 0.76 and the data was analyzed by SPSS and Amos software. According to the results of the one-sentence t-test, members' participation in the management of the cooperatives studied is above average, as well as the results of correlation tests of variables and the results of structural equation analysis of the research model. (Members' participation in general assemblies, members' participation in cooperative oversight, members' participation in management and members' economic participation,) and "success" of agricultural cooperatives was confirmed and the relationship between them with 99% confidence level showed a direct, positive and significant relationship. The results obtained in relation to the fit indices of the model showed that the research model has a good fit. In this regard, there was no significant difference between married and single men and women in terms of participation in cooperative activities, while there was a direct and significant relationship between the variables of age, membership history, education and members' shares in the success of cooperatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the time, people make generalizations and judgments to make it easier to understand the world around them and to make decisions. So, people are influenced by stereotypes in their decisions. In fact, stereotypes form the basis of people’s perceptions and predict their emotional reactions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of brand benefits on brand stereotypes and also the effect of brand stereotypes on emotional reactions of home appliance consumers based on two dimensions of warmth and competence. The BIAF model was developed for the home appliance industry. This research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in nature. The statistical population of the study includes consumers of home appliances in the city of Yazd, 414 of whom were selected and studied using the available sampling method. In order to collect the data, a questionnaire was used which had content validity and construct validity and 94% reliability. Structural equation modeling based on partial least squares was used to analyze the data. The results showed that brand benefits had a significant effect on brand stereotypes (brand warmth and brand competence). Also, the findings showed that stereotypes had an impact on consumers’ emotional reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of marketing capabilities in e-commerce and its ability to improve the performance of industrial organizations has received serious attention from business researchers. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of e-commerce marketing capabilities and export experience on export performance with the mediating role of distribution efficiency. This study was applied in terms of purpose and library-field in terms of data collection. The method of the study was descriptive-survey. The statistical population of the study was the managers of the Fars Industry, Mining, and Trade Organization, which included a total of 318 people. In this regard, using the Morgan table, 175 people were selected based on the simple random sampling method and questionnaires were distributed among them in-person by visiting the Fars Industry, Mining, and Trade Organization. The data collection tool was a questionnaire that the content validity of the questionnaires was confirmed based on the opinions of professors and experts. Also, after distributing the questionnaires and collecting the data, the values of AVE and CR coefficients for all variables above 0.5 indicated convergent validity and the output of the Fornell Larker table showed divergent validity. The results of the study showed that e-commerce marketing capabilities, export experience, and distribution efficiency had a positive effect on export performance. E-commerce marketing capabilities had a positive effect on the efficiency of distribution. But, the export experience did not have a significant effect on the efficiency of distribution. Distribution efficiency also played a mediating role in the relationship between e-commerce marketing capabilities and export performance. But the efficiency of distribution did not play a mediating role in the relationship between export experience and export performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Various symptoms have been attributed to tooth eruption. Further, parents use different strategies to reduce or eliminate these symptoms. This study was aimed to evaluate parental information about eruption of primary teeth in Isfahan, Iran. Materials & Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted on 100 parents having six-month- to three-year-old children referring to the dental clinics or offices in Isfahan. A questionnaire with validated face and content validity was designed to collect data. It included questions about demographic characteristics, eruption time and the first erupted tooth, symptoms of eruption, and control of symptoms. Data were analyzed by frequency distribution, relative frequency, descriptive indices, and Chi-square test via SPSS 22. Results: The most frequent symptoms parents agreed with included high tendency to bite and chew, high saliva flow, and gingival inflammation, respectively. Fever was the most frequent symptom the majority of parents disagreed with. The most frequent methods used by the parents included hugging the child and amusing the child. The most frequent disagreement was reported for the use of sleeping drugs. No significant correlation between parental information about tooth eruption and economic status, parental education, parental age, and number of children was found. The mean score of parental information was 2.37 ± 0.97 and degree of response was 96% (p value < 0.05). Conclusion: Parents’ knowledge about tooth eruption was moderate and acceptable awareness on symptoms of tooth eruption and methods of decreasing the symptoms was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Iran, the accreditation system is mainly focused on hospitals and has not yet succeeded in providing standards for independent medical centers such as independent clinics. The present study reports the development of an accreditation framework for independent clinics affiliated with the country's armed forces. Materials & Methods: This is a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) study. Experts' agreement (30 people) on the results of a systematic review (201 items) was obtained using a questionnaire and through holding three expert panels. The necessity of each item was calculated using the method of content validity ratio and the weight of standards and headings based on the average. Results: The existing 201 items were converted into 75 standards in 13 headings as final standards with the weight of each item. Conclusion: This framework can be used as a comparison tool between independent medical centers and it is necessary to train evaluators, and prepare legal and organizational requirements in order to implement it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Given the nature of many development projects, it is necessary to evaluate their effects on human health. Due to the lack of a specific model, the purpose of this study was to provide a tool to prioritize the effects of construction and operation (C&O) of a combined cycle power plants (CCPPs) on physical health.Materials and Methods: By reviewing the documents and interviewing 15 experts, the variables affecting physical health in the C&O of the CCPPs were identified. Then, the content validity of the variables was assessed and the enumerated questionnaire was provided to the experts to determine the range, duration, probability, magnitude and extent of health effects using a multiple-choice Likert scale. Finally, with an innovative method, high priority variables were determined to evaluate the physical health effects on individuals.Results: According to expert’s comments, 480 variables affecting physical health in the C&O of the CCPPs were selected and 41 variables were rejected based on the content validity index. The obtained results showed that diseases attributed to particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), SO2 and nitrogen oxide, under normal and emergency conditions, highly contributed to the physical health problems during the construction of CCPPs.Conclusion: The method presented in this study is applicable to (1) identifies the factors affecting physical health, (2) determines the range of each physical health- associated factor and (3) prioritizes influencing criteria that might affect human health status during the construction and operation of a combined cycle power plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: In psychology and in the field of social cognition, avoidant behaviors can be influenced by the extent to which that people feel vulnerable to infectious diseases. The present study aimed to examine the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Persian version of Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Questionnaire (P-PVDQ). Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional-analytic study. 500 students from Tehran University were recruited through convenience sampling from six different faculties and the participants completed Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Questionnaire, Disgust Scale-Revised and Health Anxiety Questionnaire (the two latter ones used for convergent validity). The process of translation and back translation was conducted for PVDQ. After data collection, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, reliability coefficients and convergent validity were conducted by SPSS18 and AMOS20. Results: Exploratory factor analysis showed two factors: “Perceived Infectability” and “Germ Aversion”. Moreover, this two-factor model has good fit indices in Confirmatory factor analysis including 1.68 for CMIN/DF and 0.05 for RMSEA. This questionnaire showed enough convergent validity and had enough cronebach’s alpha (α=0.83) and test-retest reliability coefficients. Conclusion: Except item 13 which has loaded on the different factor in the Persian version, compared to the original questionnaire, the Persian version of Perceived Vulnerability to Disease Questionnaire is consistent with the English version and has enough psychometric properties and can be applied in research which needs to evaluate self-reported perceived vulnerability to disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Coping with stress is one of the most important research areas in health psychology. Researching in this regard requires a tool with strong psychometric properties and validation in Iranian culture. The purpose of this study was to investigate the most commonly used short-scale factor structure, the Carver’s Brief Cope. Methods & Materials This study was a cross-sectional and methodological study of test type. The statistical population consisted of all students studying at Birjand University in 1977-98. Sampling was available by the method. The condition for entry into the study was the experience of a stressor for at least 6 months. After receiving a medium or high score on the perceived stress level, 629 students completed the 28-question form. Data was analyzed using SPSS V. 15 and laser software V. 8.8. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to determine the factor structure of the questionnaire. A confirmatory factor analysis was used to confirming the factors. Reliability was established through retesting and internal consistency. Ethical Considerations This study is part of a PhD. thesis, registered (Code: IR.UM.REC. 3/50099) at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Before entering the study, an informed consent was obtained from the subjects. Results After confirming the face and content validity quantitatively and qualitatively, the exploratory factor analysis results after varimax rotation showed 55.139% of the total variance explained by the first eight factors with a higher than one specific value. However, in confirmatory factor analysis, the first two factors, 4 and 7, were omitted due to insufficient power to explain the present variables. Finally, the goodness-of-fit indices of the RMFIA, PFI, GFI, IFI, IFI, CFI, AGFI confirmed the fit of the six-factor structure with the data. Reliability of the instrument was also confirmed by internal consistency (α=0.73) and test-retest reliability (r=0.59). Conclusion The highly abbreviated 6-item form of Carver’s Brief Cope showed good validity and reliability in the student sample and can be used in health psychology studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Regarding the need for social accountability in dental education, community-based dental courses has been established to improve the oral health of the community and compensate the shortcomings of the health system. Due to the importance of evaluation, the aim of this study was to determine the dental students’ attitudes and believes in the last year of their study towards the community-based dental education. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 159 dental students in the sixth year (October and February, 2018) of Isfahan dental school by census. These students took the relevant questionnaire, which was developed by researchers in three sections of “attitudes toward field activities”, “lessons and experiences of field activities during dentistry training” and “barriers and problems of field activities”. Its content and face validity was confirmed. They completed it on their own and after collecting information and descriptive analyzes, the relationship between the gender and entry group with attitude scores was analyzed by Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Out of a total of 102 questionnaires which were answered (response rate of 64%), half of the students believed in the need to provide dental services in the form of mobile/outreach services for the community. 90% of the students agreed with the combination of field education with routine education in the dental schools. They also considered these services as an opportunity to use their experiences and knowledge to promote oral health in the community. 84% of them believed that their self confidence improved while providing services outside the faculty. In many of the propositions in the field of attitude to provide service in the field, a significant percentage (50 to 60%) did not have an opinion. Conclusion: There was a good and positive aspects in many areas of attitude toward providing services in social fields as well as attitude towards the lessons learned from community-based dental education. However, we should consider the attitude-emotional aspects of educational objectives in the community-based courses in dental schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, extensive efforts have been made to identify creativity factors in cities, so that today's creativity in cities has become the subject of competition. This research was carried out with the aim of explaining, identifying and assessing the indices and components of the Iranian- Islamic creative city in Isfahan. The research method was applied in terms of purpose and was descriptive-analytical in terms of nature. Data collection methods were documentation with using survey method and a questionnaire tool. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS 23 software. Fifteen regions of Isfahan were clustered using the VIKOR ranking model and ARC GIS software. To assess internal and content validity (CVR and CVI), 11 main and 97 subindicators were evaluated by 35 faculty members, managers and urban experts. Subsequently, 13 sub-indicators were excluded due to lack of maximum score. The statistical population of the study was 120 experts from the field of social and urban cultural affairs of the 15 zones of Isfahan. After analyzing the data, it was found that there was a significant difference between the northern and southern regions of Isfahan city in terms of urban creativity. Also, the results showed that area 3 with score 0.9998, area one with score 0.5377, area 6 with a score of 0.2429, and area 5 with a score of 0.1839 earned the highest rank in urban creativity. Based on the results, the urban creativity outcomes of the fifteen regions of Isfahan are consistent with the Iranian-Islamic Indicators of the creative city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Regular use of household cleaning products and cosmetics can result in adverse consequences for human health. Therefore, the knowledge of consumption pattern of these products can help to evaluate the effects and finally control the consequences of their inappropriate application. As there is not an appropriate tool for evaluating public use-pattern for these products in Iran, we studied the reliability and validity of a questionnaire designed for the use-patterns of these products. Materials and Methods: In the present study, a questionnaire, which was to previously applied in similar studies for this purpose, was first translated Persian. Then, some changes were made in the questionnaire according to the studied population. In the next step, the assessment of both content validity and face validity of the instrument was performed. Finally, the questionnaire reliability was studied in two test-retest steps at a 14-day interval with 40 subjects .older than 14 years old being resident in Tehran city Results: Total Content Validity Index (CVI) of this questionnaire ranged 0.66-1 for all question items. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.814. The correlation assessment of each question item based on the total correlation score showed that all questionnaire items had a direct and strong correlation with the total instrument score. Conclusion: Given the acceptable validity and reliability obtained for the questionnaire in Persian in this study, it can be used in those investigations that evaluate use patterns or asses the exposure risks to chemical pollutants from cosmetic products or detergents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: In spite of the aging of the Iranian population, the real needs of the elderly as a vulnerable group have not been given much attention, so they need serious consideration of the authorities for their comprehensive exposure. Therefore, in this study we tried to identify the priorities of active aging policy making for planning so that it can meet all their needs. So, factors affecting large-scale managerial policies could be a good aging predictive factor in the coming years. Material and Methods: The method of this project is a qualitative content analysis study. The statistical population of this study consisted of 287 elderly managers in organizations related to the provision of active aging services. The research tool was a questionnaire which was developed by the researcher. Quantitative assessment was done using content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one sample t-test and SPSS software. Results: According to the findings of this study, nutrition, housing, leisure planning, income security, urban planning and spaces, mental health, community attitudes and health literacy, lifelong learning and employment are effective in prioritizing active aging policy and nutrition with 0.512 factor loading has the most important factor and "lifelong training" with 0.820 factor loading is the least in defining the factors of active aging in prioritizing. Conclusion: If government and related organizations make policy-making based on priorities, and need-based policy-making becomes coherent and integrated, significant results are expected to improve the condition of the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of bureaucratic culture on organizational laziness with the mediating role of organizational paranoia. This study is a descriptive survey research, and in terms of purpose is an applied research. In this study, a standard questionnaire was used to measure variables. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed using the content validity method and Cronbach's alpha. The statistical population of the study was comprised of governmental organizations in Khorramabad city, out of which 384 employees were selected as sample members using convenience sampling method and Cochran formula. Data was analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling with Amos and SPSS. The results show that at confidence level of 0.95, bureaucratic culture has a positive and significant effect on laziness and organizational paranoia. In addition, the analysis of indirect paths shows that organizational paranoia has mediates the effect of bureaucratic culture on organizational laziness. As a result, it can be said that when the organization's employees are deprived of the freedom of action, autonomy, independence, and creativity by the system and its bureaucratic culture, they get pessimistic and paranoid about organizational laws and regulations, lose their motivation and efficiency, and become infected with organizational laziness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Studies show that attitude toward seeking psychological help significantly contributes to the receiving professional psychological services. Thus, measuring the attitude toward these services has been imperative for researchers and policymakers. Aim: Regarding the lack of a proper scale, the purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the attitudes toward receiving professional psychological services scale-short form (ATSPPH-S) among the Iranian older adults. Method: This cross-sectional (descriptive) study using a multistage cluster sampling technique was conducted on a sample of 200 community-dwelling people aged 60 years and above in Tehran city. Psychometric evaluation of ATSPPH-S was assessed through face validity and confirmatory factor analysis. The WHO well-being scale (WHO-5) was employed for predictive validity. Moreover, internal consistency reliability was examined by Cronbach's alpha. Results: Face validity of the scale was accepted by the expert panel after reviewing and revising. The scale had a significant and positive correlation with WHO-5(r=0.26). The CFA revealed that the ATSPPH-S structure was a valid model (CMIN = 2.229, GFI = 0.929, CFI = 0.943, RMSEA = 0.079). The ATSPPH-S Cronbach's alpha was 0.84. Conclusion: The results showed ATSPPH-S is a valid and reliable scale for measuring attitude toward receiving mental health services among Iranian older adults. Therefore, the ATSPPH-S can be used in future research after more consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Given the necessity of assessing knowledge and practice of individuals to prevent the Aflatoxin contamination in pistachio in order to develop appropriate educational interventions, design and validating a standard tool is essential. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop and validate an instrument to determine the knowledge and performance of pistachio farmer in terms of Aflatoxin contamination and the methods to prevent its production in pistachio product. Materials and Methods:In this research, initial items of instrument were designed based on literature review and interview with experts and farmers. The face validity, Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content validity Index (CVI) of instrument were determined by interview with farmers and through opinions of experts' panel respectively. Test-retest analysis was conducted to test the stability of the instrument. Also, according to the data of 380 farmers, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed. Results: The results showed that CVI and CVR of items of instrument were ≤0.79 and ≤0.62 respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good fit for the data. EFA Analysis showed that KMO is suitable for 3 groups of Knowledge and also for practice. Bartlett's test was significant and zero hypothesis of data was rejected. According to factor load higher than 0.3 for every question, neither of them was removed. Finally, questionnaire of Knowledge was confirmed with 18 and Practice questionnaire was confirmed with 10 questions. Conclusion: The developed instrument can be used to measure the knowledge and practice of pistachio farmers about Aflatoxin contamination, as a research tool, to be used to develop appropriate educational interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying and explaining effective drivers in commercial branding. The present study was applied and descriptive survey in terms of purpose and method. It was also inductive-deductive and qualitative-quantitative in terms of philosophy and approach. The statistical population of this study was all the economic activists, investors, managers and experts in the sectors of industry and mining and university professors in Lorestan province selected by the purposeful sampling method. In the qualitative section, interviews were used to identify propellers of commercial branding of Lorestan products. It should be noted that after developing the interviews and gathering information, the validity and reliability of the interviews were tested using Relative Content Validity Index and Kappa Cohen Reliability Index. In the quantitative part, the data collection tool was a questionnaire. In this way, the propellers identified through interviews were given to the participants in the form of a questionnaire for use in the Delphi Fuzzy Method. To assess the validity and reliability of the research questionnaire, content validity and reliability based on inconsistency rate were used, which was 0.038. Regarding the data analysis method, it should be noted that in the qualitative part of the research, the software Atlas.ti and in the part of the qualitative, Delphi Fuzzy method have been used. The results of this study included identifying and prioritizing the most important propellers of commercial branding of industrial products in Lorestan province. Finally, 20 determinant factors of industrial product branding were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet marketing is one of the emerging concepts that can play a significant role in achieving specific marketing goals. In this research, efforts have been made to identify key determinants and outcomes of internet marketing capabilities. The population includes all employees of Sepah Bank branches in the city of Ardabil with a total of 191 individuals. According to Morgan's table, the sample size was 125, which was distributed by simple random sampling method and completed by employees of different branches of Sepah Bank. Data collection was done by Hayes’ (2011) standard questionnaire and its validity was assessed by content validity and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The research model was tested based on structural equation modeling and AMOS software. The results showed that internet marketing capability has a significant positive effect on customer performance, market performance, and financial performance. Internet marketing also has a mediating role in relation between the features of firm, service and environment with performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the importance of discussing the effect of government debt size on economic growth, this study examines the Validity of the Debt Laffer Curve using a Smooth Transition Regression (STR) model in Iran during 1973-2016. The findings support a threshold behavior of two regimes between the government debt size and economic growth in the Iran's economy. The threshold level of government debt size is 41.70% of the GDP. In periods that the government debt size is less than 41.71% or the first regime, government debt size has a negative effect on economic growth. Therefore, the evidence does not corroborate the existence of the Debt Laffer Curve in Iran's economy. The disapproval of this hypothesis and the negative impact of government debt on economic growth - at low levels of debt size - can be rooted in the fact that government spends the borrowed funds on the deficits that emerged from structural imperfection and institutional rigidity, while it should be used to develop infrastructures or foster productive investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem statement: Tourism is one of the industries with the strongest development momentum in the global economy, encompassing too many positive and negative effects. One of the key factors in local tourism development, is local residents’ satisfaction. Understanding the relation between tourism effects, and residents’ satisfaction of their lives, plays a key role in the future success of tourism destinations. bottom-up spillover theory recognizes this relation. The basic premise of bottom-up spillover theory is that life satisfaction is on top of attitude (or satisfaction) hierarchy; and therefore is influenced by satisfaction with life domains (e.g., satisfaction with the community, family, work, social life, health, and so on). Aim: this research explores the link between community residents’ perceptions of tourism (economic, social, cultural, and environmental) impacts, with residents’ satisfaction with particular life domains (material well-being, community well-being, emotional well-being, and health and safety well-being); and overall life satisfaction. Methodology: The Research method is quantitative-analytic. The survey instrument was a questionnaire. The statistical population of this research consisted of all of Kamardough Region's residents. the sample was determined through Krejcie-Morgan Table; and selected through the Random Sampling method (n=220). The face validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. the reliability of the questionnaire was approved using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α= 0/73-0/91). Results: regression analysis showed that the impact of material well-being, health wellbeing, community well-being, and emotional well-being, has been significant in residents' satisfaction from the region. These variables could finally predict 34.4% of variances in the satisfaction variable. While, the two material well-being, and emotional well-being, had more power in predicting the individual satisfaction, comparing the other two variables. Innovation: The study's innovation is in using bottom-up spillover theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to investigate the determinants of electronic word-of-mouth (e-WOM), and the effects that it can have on the immediate and hidden consumer's behavioral responses. This research is a practical in terms of purpose, and descriptive-survey and correlation type from the view point of data-collection procedure. The statistical population was Iranian Instagram users. The responses of 393 users were collected by electronic questionnaire in online platforms. The validity of the questionnaire was verified through content validity and the reliability through Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis was conducted with SPSS and structural equation modeling method by the Smart PlS software. The results indicate that the tie strength, resemblance, normative influence, and informational influence have a positive significant impact on e-WOM. Also, e-WOM has a positive significant effect on information pass-along, impulse buying, future-purchase intention, and brand engagement of consumer's behaviors. In addition, according to the results of this research, it was found that the variable ‘trust’ has no significant effect on e-WOM variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Information security is a vital issue and nowadays, organizations all over the world have felt this fact. In the majority of the research conducted in this field, the role of human factor has been neglected and the past research has employed a technical approach to tackle this issue. The present article has been conducted with the aim of studying the impacts of personnel’s perceptions about the consequences of sensitive information disclosure and personnel’s organizational commitment on their intention to violate the information security. Materials and Methods: The sample for this research was composed of 118 physicians, working in education specialized hospitals in Isfahan, who were nonrandomly surveyed by using the scale adapted from D’Arcy et al. for security policy, including 7 items and Allen and Meyer for organizational commitment, including 24 items. After confirming its validity by face validity, content validity and construct validity, and its reliability by Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability, the hypotheses were examined by using partial least square technique, using SmartPLS. Findings: The results of this study illustrated that physicians’ perceptions toward organizational policies- which is an indication of certainty and severity of sanctions against unauthorized information disclosure has a negative impact on their intention to violate information security (P<0.001). Moreover, the results demonstrated that physicians’ perceptions about the impact of organizational commitment, consisting of affective commitment, normative commitment, and continuance commitment had no significant impact on their intention to violate information security. Ethical Considerations: Participation was voluntarily, participants’ oral consent was obtained and their identity confidentiality was also assured. Conclusion: Organizational policies in the sense of severity and certainty of the sanctions should be enhanced at the hospital and even ministry level and communicated with service providers in the health centers by using different tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]