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Background: Acinetobacter species (spp.) have unique ability to survive in the hospital environments for long periods. This feature increases the rate of acquisition of infection of hospitalized patients by this high-resistant bacterium. The purpose of this study was determination of prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of Acinetobacter spp. isolated from Alzahra hospital, Isfahan, Iran. Methods: During a three-month period, using the swab method, 40 samples were taken from different parts of the intensive care unit (ICU) and surgery wards of the hospital. All samples were examined for the presence of Acinetobacter spp. After isolation, Acinetobacter spp. were identified using several phenotypic and biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done by disk diffusion method according to CLSI-2011 (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) guidelines. Findings: From 40 swab samples, 202 isolates were obtained that 109 (53.96%) were belonging to gram positive bacilli and coccoci and 93 (46.03%) were gram negative. In the culture of 21 samples (52.5%) Acinetobacter spp. was grown. Most of the isolates were obtained from sink and bed of patients' room, respectively. All of isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) and 18 isolates (85.71%) were extensively drug resistant (XDR) because of their resistance to carbapenems. Conclusion: Regard increasing rate of health-care associated infections (HAI) caused by Acinetobacter spp. and spreading of distribution of the high-resistance strains in the hospital environments, infection control procedures seems to be necessary to eliminate potential sources of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pseudomonas aeroginosa (P. aeroginosa) is one of the most important causes of hospital infections, especially in the intensive care unit (ICU). Increasing antibiotic-resistance of P. aeroginosa cause a lot of problems for patients and in some cases, lead to septicemia and death. The most important antibiotics used in the treatment of P. aeruginosa infection are ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, imipenem and piperacillin mainly used in hospitals. Unsuitable and prolonged use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multidrug (MDR) and pandrug resistant (PDR) strains. In fact, infections with MDR and PDR strains often result in increased cost of treatment, lengthy stay, and overall morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to determine the pattern of drug resistance in P. aeruginosa infection in ICU of Al-Zahra hospital (Isfahan, Iran). Methods: 66 isolates of P. aeruginosa from different clinical specimens from ICU wards of Al-Zahra hospital were isolated. Antibacterial susceptibility test for imipenem, meropenem, amikacin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, aztreonam, cefepime, piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam and ceftazidime was performed using disk diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) method. Findings: Of 66 separated isolates, 51 (77.2%) were of MDR and 33 (50%) were of PDR strain. 75.8% were resistant to ceftazidime and 72.7% to piperacillin. In fact, most of isolates were resistant to both antibiotics. Conclusion: This study shows that overuse and misuse of antibiotics in hospitals has increased drug resistance and creation of the PDR and MDR strains. The results suggest that antibiotic resistance can be determined by choosing the appropriate drug to treat patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]