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علی­رغم نقش مهم تهویه هوای طبیعی بر آتریوم، شرایط گرمایی درونی و کاهش بار استفاده از انرژی به مانند سیستم حیاط مرکزی، نقاط ضعفی که چگونه پارامترهای طراحی مختلف بر شرایط گرمایی تأثیر می­گذارد. پیچیدگی طراحی تهویه هوا طبیعی آتریوم که نیز شباهت ساختاری زیادی با حیاط مرکزی اقلیم گرم و خشک ایران دارد، نمی­توان به تنهایی به طراحی شبیه­سازی آن اکتفا نمود. در چند سال گذشته، محققان روش­های مختلفی از قبیل ارائه نمونه مدل، تحقیقات و محاسبات پیکره­بندی را مطرح نمودند تا عملکردهای گرمایی و تهویه هوای آتریوم را شناسایی کنند. با این حال تنوع در ارائه مدل­سازی، در نظر گرفتن همه پارامترهای مشترک موجود در طراحی آتریوم دستیابی به نتیجۀ مطلوب را مشکل می­سازد. این پژوهش به روش کمی و کیفی و با تکیه بر داده­های کتابخانه­ای انجام شده است. با مروری کوتاه بر مطالعات صورت گرفتۀ قبلی، در مورد نقش تهویه هوای طبیعی در ساختمان­های آتریوم در آب و هوای مختلف، پارامترهای طراحی مؤثر و کاربرد آنها برای ارتقا عملکرد گرمایی و کاهش مصرف انرژی را فراهم می­کند. این پارامترها شامل پیکربندی­ آتریوم­های مختلف و اجزای مختلف آن از قبیل هندسه، ویژگی­های دهانه، سقف، مصالح و داخل آن می­باشد. اندازه درزهای بیرونی تNثیرگذارترین پارامتری است که بر شرایط گرمایی درونی و عملکردهای تهویه هوای آتریوم و در نتیجه کاهش بار مصرف انرژی تأثیر می­گذارد.اهداف پژوهش: بررسی حیاط مرکزی در معماری موجود در فلات مرکزی ایران.بررسی نقش آتریوم در تهویه هوای طبیعی و تشابه برخی عملکرد و اجزای آن با حیاط مرکزی.سؤالات پژوهش: حیاط مرکزی چه نقشی در تهویۀ هوای درونی ساختمان داشته است و عملکرد آن به چه صورت بوده است؟در کارکرد بهینه تهویۀ ساختمان، چه پارامترهایی در طراحی آتریوم می­تواند تأثیرگذار باشد؟

Background: the emergence of aggression in children living in Welfare Centers is a prevalent problem that requires effective interventions for treatment and prevention. Researches have been conducted on interventions to reduce aggression in children, but the type of research that examines the effectiveness of Play-Based Resilience Training on aggression has been neglected. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Play-Based Resilience Training on aggression in children under the supervision of the Welfare Organization. Method: The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design, and a control group. The statistical population included children aged 5-7 years under the supervision of the Tehran Welfare Organization in 2019. The sample consisted of 30 children who were selected by the convenient sampling method and randomly assigned to the study and control groups (15 individuals in each group). The research tools included the Preschooler Aggression Questionnaires of Vahedi et al. (2008), and the Child and Youth Resilience Measure of Ungar and Liebenberg (2009), and the Play-Based Resilience Training Package (Mohammadi Shemirani, 2019). For the children in the study group, the resilience training package was implemented in 14 sessions, and each session lasted for one hour. The data analysis was conducted by using the Multivariate Analysis of Covariance. Results: The results showed that Play-Based Resilience Training significantly reduced aggression and its components (verbal, physical, active, and total aggression) except for the component of relational aggression in the study group participants (p< 0/01). Conclusions: according to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that the Play-Based Resilience Training Package can be used as an efficient intervention to reduce aggression in children

Plex housing is a type of collective housing that bears common facilities and buildings such as structures and conveniences, as well as a semi-private social interaction space. These sets can be organized into groups of two to six units. Plexiglas has been proposed as a new approach that has positive aspects of biological complexes and saves energy consumption and is in harmony with nature. The need for housing, per capita shortage of urban land, economic efficiency in construction and the use of modern technology in construction, makes it necessary to offer a type of design that is superior to traditional systems. Based on this, a multi-unit housing design model is proposed. This article intends to explain the principles and criteria of design in Plex housing in order to achieve the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of the ideal design. These quantitative factors include alignment with the environment, climate and region, reducing energy consumption of the building during heating and cooling, saving per capita use of urban land, and qualitatively, promoting social sustainability is a determining factor. The research findings present the principles of Plex housing design in three dimensions: climate, social and sustainability. This can meet the requirements of the collective housing criteria and the principles and benefits of using the Plex housing as a new method in residential housing in the country. Research aims: 1. To review the positive aspects of Plex housing 2. To provide a model for the principles of Plex housing design in order to achieve quantitative and qualitative design dimensions Research questions: 1. What are the positive aspects of Plex housing? 1. What criteria and standards can be effective in plex housing design?

Background and Aim: Despite numerous advances in treating various diseases and increased life expectancy, obesity will be the leading cause of hopelessness in the next 100 years. The present study aimed to compare the effects of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) on lifestyle habits, disordered eating behavior, and health-promoting lifestyle in obese women. Methods & Materials: The statistical population consisted of all women referring to obesity clinics in district 2 of Tehran City, Iran, in 2019. Forty-Five patients were selected by convenience sampling method and replaced in 3 groups of 15 (two experimental & one control groups). The study participants were assessed using the Assessment of Life Habits Scale (LIFE-H)), the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), and the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile-II (HPLP-II). The ACT group underwent nine 90-minute sessions and the CBT group received eight 90-minute sessions. The control group received no training. The collected data were analyzed using Mixed Design and repeated-measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in SPSS. Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch (Code: IR.IAU.K.REC.1398.039). Results: The present research results signified that ACT and CBT were effective on the habits of eating disorders and health-promoting lifestyles in the explored obese women. The achieved changes remained stable until the follow-up phase (P

Aim and Background: In the child welfare system, children and youth under care are always considered as a fragile and at-risk population ,Therefore preventive interventions are very important in reducing harms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of play-based resilience training package on social adjustment of children under the guardianship of the Welfare Organization. Methods and Materials: The present study was a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included children aged 5-7 years under the guardianship of Tehran Province Welfare in 2019. First, 5 centers were purposefully selected and then 30 children with research criteria were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The instruments used in this study include the Rutter Children's Behavioral Disorders Questionnaire (1967), the Child and Youth Resilience Measure (Ungar & Liebenberg ,2009) and the Play-based resilience training package (Mohammadi Shemirani, 2019). For the children in the experimental group, the resilience training package was implemented in 14 sessions, each session lasting one hour. Data analysis was performed using univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance. Findings: Results showed that resilience training significantly affected social adjustment and its components(hyperactivity-aggression, attention deficit disorder, social maladaptation)(p

Aims & Backgrounds: This study aims to identify the typology of wind-catchers in Semnan province as an example of traditional architecture based on sustainable development patterns. Methodology: This is applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology, which has been done through library and field study. The methodology has been a combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods. First, 37 items were selected as the main samples and evaluated using five evaluation indicators. In these perceptions, the selected buildings and especially their wind-catchers were carefully examined and their maps were drawn accurately, and then by examining and comparing the obtained maps, different types of wind-catchers were categorized in separate categories according to the similarities and differences. Findings: The results showed that 10.8% of wind catchers are two-way and 89.2% are four-way. Examination of wind towers’ plan of wind-catchers in the plan shows all wind-catchers studied wind catchers are connected to the hall; 45.9% of them are located in the symmetry axis of the hall and 54.1% are located in the corner of the hall. Examination of the windshield plan showed that 29.7% of the windshields had a square plan and 70.3% had a rectangular plan. The results showed that 40.5% of wind-catchers ventilate only the ground floor, while 59.5% ventilate the basement. Moreover, 27% of wind towers have a square shelf, 46% have a vertical rectangular shelf and 27% have windshields with a horizontal rectangular shelf. The western half of the province has more wind-catchers than the eastern and northern half. Conclusion: By applying the principles of traditional architecture in line with the climate, it is possible to meet some of todaychr('39')s architectural needs such as air conditioning and optimal energy consumption.

The architecture and construction of housing has long been one of the most significant human concerns and at the same time, it has been unswervingly associated with climatic conditions. Studying this architectural model along with its quantitative and qualitative features play a vital role in promoting sustainable architecture. Irreparable damages to the environment have been caused as the result of global warming and city pollution; therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the use of fossil energy resources and the limitation of fossil fuel resources by emphasizing the principles of sustainable architecture and indigenous buildings and its use in solving this crisis. The present research is accomplished by a descriptive and analytical method in two parts based on a qualitative system and a descriptive method. The study and analysis of selected samples of arid climates is completed based on three criteria of physical fit, spatial organization and criteria related to environmental conditions. Findings indicate that indigenous architecture in hot and dry climates is closely related to climatic conditions and by designing and adopting the most appropriate strategies, sustainable architecture can be achieved in these areas. Research aims: 1.Detecting the degree of adaptation of indigenous architecture in the climate of arid regions. 2. Developing appropriate instructions based on the indigenous architectural features of cold, hot and dry areas. Research questions: 1. What is the impact of the architecture of arid areas on the receiving environment? 2. What are the similarities and contrasts between hot and dry climates and cold and dry climates?

Environmental issues and energy crisis are among the problems of contemporary man for which the local architecture in hot and arid areas in Iran achieved some wise solutions. This kind of architecture has been successful in harmonizing the environment, utilization the natural sources, and confronting hard climate conditions. Sustainable architecture of this area could obtain impressing success in thermal balancing with the help of suitable materials and knowledge of the local architects. That is why recognition the patterns of this architecture can be useful for designing modern houses. This research studies design standards of central courtyard and summer hall in Yazd Qajar housesin the hot and arid areas of Iran. The statistical population of this study contains some traditional houses in Qajar era because most of these kinds of buildings have been built in this period of time. The correlation method has been used for finding the relations between different spaces and geometric patterns. Deducing and analyzing the results have been by comparison and induction. After field studies and collecting information, the measured dimensions of the central courtyards and summer halls have been presented in different charts and the design standards and structural patterns have been surveyed. On the other hand, the proportions and spatial relations of various areas have been investigated. According to the aim of this research, this is a functional survey with the quantitive-qualitative method. As the conclusion, the design standards and the correct proportions of the central courtyards and summer halls in hot and arid areas in Iran have been resulted.

In this research, according to the studies of samples of hot and dry climate rating systems in the world and also hot and dry climate in Iran, all of the issues that are available in this field are studied and the purpose of this article is to answer this question that whether these studies can be used to formulate sustainability standards at the vernacular level of Iranian architecture as well, and how we can extract and design sustainability indicators and variables of hot and dry climate based on these texts. Based on this, examples of sustainable standards in the world for hot and dry climate, such as rating systems (GRIHA, NABERS, GREEN STAR, SAGREEN STAR, ESTIDAMA, QSAS), as well as hot and dry climatic condition indicators and sustainability strategies in this climate are investigated and it is concluded that regional, vernacular , architectural and urban standards in such systems are quite influential among selected hot and dry climate systems and we can not necessarily use the world's outstanding systems for hot and dry climate in Iran. So, to provide a sustainable and vernacular system for this climate, we should take into account the climatic and regional conditions and priorities as well as other standards and patterns that are developed and implemented in Iran.

The study of architectural principles in various regions indicates the close relationship between the common architecture in each region and its geographical environment. Scrutinizing the characteristics of architectural styles in different regions and their merits can be effective in providing optimal architectural patterns. Indigenous housing in the hot and dry climate of Iran has constantly provided thermal comfort for its residents; followed by the coordination of the principles of construction according to climatic conditions, environmental comfort and energy saving solutions. Hence, such features can be used in contemporary architecture as rich patterns of former architecture. The issue raised here is the capacity of indigenous architecture used in modern architecture. This research is completed by a descriptive and analytical method with an applied purpose and the use of qualitative and quantitative inference method along with field analysis of native houses of Yazd city; moreover, data collection is accomplished with the aid of library studies and field observation. Findings show that in many cases, indigenous housing patterns of hot and dry climates have a noteworthy outcome on cultivating the thermal comfort of building users. Research aims: 1. Recognition of indigenous housing design strategies in hot and dry areas. 2. Investigation the influence of the form of the building in hot and dry areas on the issue of thermal comfort. Research questions: 1. What is the effect of indigenous architectural principles of hot and dry areas on the thermal comfort of the building? 2. Can the indigenous architecture of hot and dry areas be used as a suitable model in modern architecture?

Background and purpose: Image quality together with low patient dose is two important goals in radiography procedures. Acquire radiographic images with inadequate quality give rise to uselessly patient dose, improper diagnosis, waste the cost and impose the biological effect to the patients. In this study image quality was evaluated for most common radiographic procedures based on indentified image quality criteria in Sari referral governmental hospitals. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study more than 1200 radiographic images were evaluated for adult patients in two referral hospitals in Sari. Image quality were assessed based on identified image criteria in the Commission of European Communities guidelines and Merrill's atlas. Image evaluation were done in two image criteria as anatomical visibility and radiographic indicators. Results: Mean radiographic images which met all quality criteria on anatomical visibility evaluation in Imam Khomeini and Bu-ali sina hospital were %71.9 ± 9.8. The Highest quality adherence was in image edge sharpness as a important radiographic criteria. Lumbar spine radiography had the best image quality in two hospital than the other radiographs. Conclusion: This study shown that radiographic images in referral governmental hospital in sari had good quality. Having the deep inspiration of patient in chest radiography and proper field size in skull radiography improves radiographic image quality criteria adherence in two hospitals, considerably.

In this research, optimization of examinations' timetable for university courses, based on a real problem in one of the universities in Iran is studied. The objective function defined for this problem is more practical and realistic than the other objective functions that have been utilized by previous researchers in literature and effectively reflects the real objective of the problem. In order to define the objective function, we have made use of Coulomb's law in electricity that says the magnitude of the electrostatic force of interaction between two point charges is directly proportional to the scalar multiplication of the magnitudes of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. We have defined a repulsive force between any pair of Examinations. The optimum solution is achieved when the sum of all forces is minimized. Hence, the obtained mathematical model is a non-linear programming with binary variables, similar to the quadratic assignment problem (QAP) which is an NP-Hard problem. This sort of problems can be solved exactly only if they are in small sizes. For solving this problem in medium and large scale, some methods are used based on Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm and Imperialist Competitive algorithm (ICA). These algorithms can reach good sub-optimal solutions in a short period of time. Practical results of this mathematical model are already used in one of the national universities in Iran. The practical results demonstrate the high efficiency and effectiveness of this model.

Objective and Background: Fluoride is an element widely found in the earth crust. Advantages and disadvantages of fluoride in the human body are depended on its concentration. Long-term consumption of drinking water contaminated with arsenic can cause adverse health effects such as skin lesions and cancer in humans. The aim of this study was to study efficiency of nano alumina on multi walled carbon nano tube for removal As(V) and fluoride from aqueous solution. Materials and Method: In this study, nano-scale crystalline alumina was synthesized on single walled carbon nanotube by sol-gel method for using as a sorbent for solid phase extraction of Fluorine ion and arsenic(V). Response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken was used to assess the effect of independent variables on the response function and prediction of the best response value. In this study, effect of different parameters, such as contact time (10 to 120 min), pH (3-9), adsorbent dosage (0.25-1.5 g/L) and initial concentration of fluoride (2-8 mg/L) on efficiency of process was investigated. The structure of nano-scale alumina on multi walled carbon nano tube was determined by XRD and SEM techniques. Moreover, Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were used to calculate equilibrium constant. Results: It was found that by increasing contact time and adsorbent dosage the rate of fluoride removal increased. However, by increasing pH and initial concentration the efficiency of fluoride removal decreased. High value for R2 (0.94) shows that removal of arsenic(V) can be described by this model. The Freundlich isotherm was the best fitted graph for experimental data with R2 more than 0.997. Conclusion: In this study, it was observed that efficiency of arsenic(V) and fluoride removal was greatly increased by using nano-scale alumina on multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs).

Background: Epicardial fat tissue is known as a risk factor in cardiovascular diseases. This study was designed to compare the epicardial fat thickness in patients with cardiovascular diseases and normal patients. It also tried to find a correlation between epicardial fat thickness and severity of coronary stenosis. Methods: This study was conducted from September 2010 to April 2011 at two university hospitals (Noor and Chamran Referral centers) associated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. A total number of 196 subjects were allocate to three groups of control (n = 68), acute coronary syndrome (n = 64) and chronic stable angina (n = 64). After registering demographic data, all individuals underwent echocardiography in diastolic subcostal view to determine the epicardial fat thickness. Angiography was also conducted to assess the severity of coronary stenosis. The thickness of epicardial fat was compared between groups and its correlations with age, sex, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, waist circumference, body mass index and severity of coronary stenosis were evaluated. Findings: The mean age of participants was 59.54 ± 11.01 years. There were statistical differences between age, sex, smoking and severity of coronary stenosis (P < 0.001, P = 0.03, P = 0.04, and P < 0.001, respectively). The mean of epicardial fat thickness in acute coronary syndrome, chronic stable angina and control groups were 5.7 ± 2.1, 6.2 ± 2.0 and 4.6 ± 1.9 mm (P < 0.001). There were no independent correlation between predicting factors and epicardial fat thickness (P > 0.05). Conclusion: This study indicated the thickness of epicardial fat to be more in cardiovascular diseases compared with normal persons. Future studies for evaluating the sensitivity and specificity of this diagnostic method are warranted.

Lighting Quality is one of the most effective factorson student’s performances. In respect of visual quality, high performance schools have valuable educational spaces and theses spaces creation is possible with proper design.The aim of present Article is to achive to the measure and effect process of various factors on proper daylighting in different classroom’s circumsments (16 tips). In this correlation research with modelling method – Structural Equation Modelling- in statistic case studies includes 2324 students, researcher made questionnaire is accomplished and through the causal relations modeling by path analysis, direct and indirect effects of window’s physical variables on daylighting studied.The research’s statistical case studies includes Tehran guidance schools. Among these population, girlish and boyish schools of three zone of Tehran (3,11&18) as the statistic case studies in sixteen types of classrooms – in order to control four variables; window’s orientation, window’s transparency, height of window’s okb and window’s glass percent – to answer the questionnaire – by the method of multi stage casual racemose – are selected. The questionnaire in several stages prepared and its validity and reliability is estimated. Questionnaire reliability measure (α= 0/825) and its validity is optained by content validity and construct validity. The research method is causal relations modeling by path analysis. Found model and its data tables shows the importance of four factors; "view and its effects", "glare", "lighting quality" and "window’s nonvisual effects". Among these factors, "view" factor is independent variable, "window’s nonvisual effects" is dependent variable and other factors are mediator variables. Furtheremore, hypothesis survey showed that controlled variables (window’s orientation, window’s transparency, height of window’s okb and window’s glass percent) are effective on measure and effect process in Tehran guidance schools classrooms daylighting.

Introduction & Objective: One candidate gene for colorectal cancer susceptibility is exonuclease1 (EXO1) .It is a member of RAD2 nuclease family. It plays a main role in mismatch repair. EXO1 acts also in DNA replication and recombination. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are shown to be related with cancer incidence. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between P757L polymorphism at exon 13 of the EXO1 gene and the risk of colorectal cancer in an Iranian population. Materials & Methods: In this case-control study, 81cases and 86 healthy controls were selected from among individuals who were referred toTehran Taleghani hospital during 2008-2009. The individuals were divided into two groups, case and control, based on their colonoscopy and pathology results. Genotype analysis was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method and MNII restriction enzyme. Totally 167 samples were analyzed. Results: Based on our findings when Pro/Pro genotype was reference for the Leu/Leu (TT) genotype (OR=0.168, 95%CI 0.034-0.816), it showed a reverse association with colorectal cancer. While Pro/Leu (CT) genotype did not revealed a significant association with colorectal cancer at the same status. (OR=0.663, 95%CI 0.340-1.294). Conclusion: The results of this study were compatible with other investigations which convey Leu/Leu (TT) genotype of EXO1 has reverse association with colorectal cancer. Therefore TT genotype has a protective effect against colorectal cancer.

Background: In stent restenosis (ISR) following endovascular interventions is the main limitation of their long-term success. Despite advances have been made during recent years to decrease restenosis, it remains a challenging clinical problem.The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between angiographic coronary in stent restenosis, inflammation after successful stent implantation. Methods: This study included 78 patients, 35year old and higher who underwent coronary angiography more than 1 year after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation because of symptoms suggestive ischemia. Patients were divided into ISR group (case) and patent stent group (control) according to angiography results. For all patients blood lipids and high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) were measured simultaneously. Results: Age, sex, hypertension, current smoking, and lipid profile other than High Density Lipoprotein (HDL-C) of patients in the case and control groups were similar .However, HDL-C < 40mg/L was more prevalent with ISR (66.7% vs. 30.8%, p=0.002). The hsCRP level was 2.98±2.06 mg/L in the case group and 2.50±1.80 mg/L in the control group. There were no significant differences in mean hsCRP concentration between the two groups (p=0.14), however mean hsCRP level was significantly higher in men of case group than control group (3.35mg/L vs. 2.21mg/L, p

Abstract: Using data of 314 manufacturing firms listed on Tehran Stock Exchange for the period 1994-2004, this paper empirically investigates the dividend decision. Unlike previous Iranian papers investigated the dividend policy, factors affecting dividends, and the effects of dividends on the stock prices, present paper focuses on the dividend decision and the effects of market factors on the dividend decision. Our results show that of the firm-based factors, only prior year dividend, current earnings, prior year earnings, and current earnings changes affect on dividend decision, and unlike prior researches, no strong evidences on the other firm based variables such as growth opportunities; leverage ratio, firm size, and ownership concentration are obtained. It seems also that current stock price return is considered by the firms deciding to reduce dividend. For the firms reducing dividends, weak evidences are obtained showing that the greater the current stock price is, the fewer dividends are paid.

Background: We aimed to evaluate subepicardial and subendocardial left ventricular (LV) functions in patients with single coronary artery lesion at early stage after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: Patients with left anterior descending (LAD) lesion (n = 40) were evaluated. Patients un-derwent PCI and at least one coronary stent was placed. After PCI, the pulsed-wave tissue doppler im-aging (pw-TDI) parameters taken from subepicardial and subepicardial layers were compared among the them. Finding: The systolic and diastolic pw-TDI parameters were apparently different between the patient after PCI, while the systolic pw-TDI parameters did not change. The diastolic pw-TDI parameters taken from both subepicardial (circumferential contraction) and subendocardial layers (longitudinal contraction) improved after PCI. After PCI, it was shown that while Ea velocity (P = 0.012) taken from the subendocardial layer increased, IVRa velocity (P < 0.001) taken from the subepicardial layer decreased. Conclusion: In our study, left ventricular, left atrium, and aortic valve diameter increase in patients with coronary artery disease. The systolic and diastolic functions were impaired at subendocardial and subepicardial layers. These dysfunctions can be easily presented with pw-TDI. Although systolic dys-function persists, diastolic dysfunction improves at early stage after PCI. Key words: Angioplasty, Percutaneous Coronary, Echocardiography, Doppler, Tissue doppler imag-ing.

Introduction & Objectives: Vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is involved in regulating cell growth and proliferation, may contribute to the development of colorectal cancer. Polymorphisms in the VDR gene may influence the expression or function of the VDR protein. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between the polymorphism and colorectal cancer. Materials & Methods: In this case-control study, the association between VDR polymorphism and colorectal cancer in 130 patients and 130 controls was evaluated. PCR-RFLP technique was used to determine the genotypes. Results: The frequencies of the CC, CT, and TT genotypes were 10%, 31.5%, 58.5% in healthy controls and 15.4%, 37.7% and 65.8% in colorectal cancer patients, respectively. We observed the T allele in 60.7%, 65.8%, and the C allele in 39.3% and 34.2% of the control group and colorectal cancer patients. We could find significant association between the CT genotype and colorectal cancer (P=0.005 CI=95% 0.257-0.783 OD=0.449) while there was not any association between the CC genotype and colorectal cancer P=0.992, CI=95% 0.433-2.289, OD=0.996. Conclusion: Based on our finding, interestingly we could detect a reverse association between genotype 61968T>C and colorectal cancer. But we could not find any significant association between CC genotype and colorectal cancer. Our study corroborates the findings of the previous studies regarding lack of association between the CC genotype and colorectal cancer.

Background: Studies of the association between the plasma concentration of lipoprotein (a) and coronary heart disease (CHD) have reported apparently conflicting finding. Methods: The objective of the present study is to evaluate the association between serum levels of LP (a) and ischemic heart disease as well as other cardiovascular risk factors in a population – based study conducted on local cross sectional. LP (a) serum was measured in 142 patients with chronic stable angina who were under going clinically indicated coronary angiography. Lipid profilefasting blood glucose, anthropometric and clinical parameters were analyzed. Findings: LP (a) levels were significantly associated with numbers of coronary artery stenosis (CAD) in men, but no in women. Also, an direct association between mean levels of LP (a) and number of CAD in men younger than 55 years old inverse association in men older than 55years old were observed. Conclusion: Our multivariate analysis found that LP (a) was considered an independent predictor for severity of CHD in men, especially in younger individuals. Key words: Lipoprotein (a), Cardivascular risk factors, Ischemic heart disease.

Background: Reperfusion therapy is the standard treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). If the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), as a preferred reperfusion strategy, was not available, thrombolytic therapy is chosen as an alternative treatment. However, the affect of thrombolytic therapy in old patients is still controversial; especially because of its effects on increasing the incidence of intra cranial hemorrhage (ICH). In this study, we evaluated the incidence of neurological symptoms and ICH after thrombolytic therapy in more than 65 years old patients with AMI. Methods: 300 patients of 65 years old and more with AMI in which their symptoms had been begun more than 12 hours before admission to the hospital, and with no contraindications for receiving thrombolytic therapy, were chosen. The patients were admitted in Noor hospital between 2004 and 2006. All of them received streptokinase (SK) in the same way, and the information's were pulled out from their files and gathered in a check list. Findings: Among 300 patients in our study, there were 124 women (41/33%) and 176 men (58/66%). Their mean age was (74±9) years (from 65 to 92 years). 78% were discharged after one week hospitalization and 22% (66 patients) died. Arrhythmias or myocardial re-infarction were the leading cause of death in 56/06% of all deaths. No death due to ICH and no evidence of ICH, such as hemi-paresis or loss of consciousness, were occurred. Conclusion: We suggest that thrombolytic therapy in old patients with acute myocardial infarction is a good alternative treatment when there is no ready access to a skilled PCI facility. In our study, increasing of mortality rate due to ICH was not enough to exclude giving SK to more than 65 years old patients. Key words: Acute myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention, intracranial hemorrhage, streptokinase, thrombolytic therapy

The present article is about the need to pay attention to teaching sustainable architecture in Iran and examining its facilities and obstacles. The aim of this training is to gain scientific knowledge about environmental resources, ethical principles, values ​​and skills in line with the goals of sustainable development and people's participation in decision-making. In the transition from conventional architecture to a sustainable architecture series, architectural education requires a fundamental transformation and also faces numerous and structural obstacles. Problems with educational planning in sustainable architecture include the use of environmental resources, transportation, building materials, the collection and integration of building systems, and multi-purpose uses that are consistent with human values. In Iran, these trainings are in conflict with the habits of society and require the coordination of the management structure. The study of sustainable architecture education in three Iranian universities has shown that despite some shortcomings in this education, students' attitudes have been oriented and sufficient motivation has been created to change performance. The solar architecture, which became popular in the 1970s after the energy crisis, has been hailed by many masters in Iran as part of its curriculum.Send

A selective and sensitive method for determination of cadmium and zinc is presented. The method is based on adsorptive accumulation of the complexes of Cd (II) and Zn (II) ions with 4-amiono-5-methyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-tion (MMTT) onto hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE), followed by reduction of the adsorbed species by voltammetric scan using differential pulse modulation. The ligand concentration, pH, potential and time of accumulation, scan rate and pulse height were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, a linear calibration curve was obtained for the concentration of Cd (II) and Zn (II) in the range of 5-450 and 5-850 ng/ml, respectively, with a detection limit of 1.7 ng/ml Cd (II) and 1.3 ng/ml Zn (II). The ability of the method was evaluated by analysis of cadmium and zinc in water and alloy samples.

Background and Objective: Pathology of Hirschsprung’s disease is a ganglionic colon, and the most common symptoms is chronic constipation. Surgical intervention started with stages pull-through from last decades, but since 1980, many pediatric surgeons have performed on stage pull-through with excellent results. Methods: From 1992 to 1998, 40 patients with Hirschsprung’s disease who were divided into 2 patient groups (20 patients in each group) operated with different stages (Swenson) and one-stage pull through procedures in Mofid children’s hospital and the results of these 2 procedures were compared with each other. Findings: 6 years evaluation reveals one stage pull-through takes less time, has less cost, short staying in hospital, less complications and earlier recovery than stages procedures. Conclusion: One stage pull-through in HD is a safe and effective procedure, but most important point is patient selection.

BACKGROUND: Nephropathy is one of the serious adverse effects in administration of contrast media in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This study was designed in order to evaluate the effect of ACEI and diuretics on contrast- induced nephropathy. METHODS: This randomized clinical trial was conducted in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2006. Overall, 60 persons were randomly assigned for each group. Groups A and B were treated by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and groups C and D were treated by diuretics. In group A, ACEI was discontinued from 36 hours before PCI and in group C diuretics were discontinued as well. The post-intervention and the amount of increase in the serum creatinin (Cr) level were compared by ANOVA between groups. FINDINGS: The increase in Cr level was not significantly different between groups A and B (0.07±0.22 vs.,0.06±0.13 mg/dL , respectively, p=0.7). Similarly, this difference was not significant between groups C and D (0.08±0.17vs. 0.05±0.14mg/dL, respectively, p=0.2). CONCLUSION: Regarding to non- significant difference of Cr level between the groups either continuing or discontinuing ACEI and diuretics,in the presence of normal kidney function, these drugss,have no side effect in patients undergoing PCI. KEY WORDS: Contrast induced nephropathy, percutaneous coronary intervention

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking and hypertension (HTN), are both major risk factors for premature atherosclerosis. Currently, limited information is available from the effect of these risk factors on the Pattern of vessel involvement and also on the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at coronary angiography. Our study compared their effects on angiography of patients with premature atherosclerosis. METHODS: The study included 240 consecutive patients, under age of 45 years old, cigarette smoker or hypertensive hospitalized with a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. These patients underwent coronary angiography. Number and type of vessel involvement and also LVEF were studied. Logistic regression was used for data analysis. FINDINGS: Of patients, 24 were both smoker and hypertensive, and were excluded from this study. In addition, 142 of 216 patients (65.7%) were smoker and 74 (33.4%) were hypertensive. Left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) involvement was more common in smoker young patient and low LVEF was more common in these patients compared with hypertensive young patients (28.2% versus 17.6%, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that smoking is more prevalent risk factor for premature coronary artery disease. Smoking has a significant effect on the pattern of vessel involvement and LVEF at coronary angiography of young patients. Our study emphasized on the importance of modifying in young active population. KEY WORDS: Smoking, hypertension, premature coronary artery disease.

Ecology, as the platform of a city, has gotten special attention amongst varied disciplines associated with urbanization since the issue of global climate change has been arisen. The approach of Ecocity is derived from ignoring the ecosystem and natural context of cities during the modern era urban planning and the environmental and human crisis caused by it. Current environmental concerns are derived from rapid growth of the cities and urban life style. Therefore the solution should be found within the cities. Ecocity is rebuilding cities in harmony with nature and natural life-cycle of ecosystem. Correspondingly, the simultaneous survival of human being and biosphere could be achieved through reintegration of built and natural environment. Comparable to other divisions of sustainability, theoretical framework of Ecocity is an interdisciplinary issue. According to the comprehensive scope of the matter, there are plenty of ambiguities for policy makers, planners and urban designers in the field of implementation. This fact would decrease practicability of Ecocity or else the approach would not be applied according to its main principles. Considering the fact that saving the biosphere could not be achieved entirely by having a couple of Ecocities, Ecocity principles should be applicable in various ecological and natural basis of each and every city. This paper seeks to answer the following questions: Do specific criteria exist to define Ecocity morphology? How would unique characteristics of ecological context influence on those macro-criteria? The research method is descriptive-analytical based on literature review of existing documents and comparative analyses amongst various theories in the field. The findings represent convergence within Ecocity's morphological criteria in different approaches. The results indicates that the adaption of built environment with the climatic, natural and ecological basis of the city, considerable capitation of green areas within the city, disavowal of urban sprawl, mixed use zoning, pedestrian, bicycle and public transport priority, vast usage of renewable energy, evidences of biodiversity within the city and employing specific ecological, historical and cultural symbols to have an improved sense of belonging are the main morphological indicators of Ecocity. However, these indicators are used as an upstream urban plan and each of them could be redefined in detail according to ecological characteristics of a particular city. Accordingly, Major criteria are redefined as follows: compliance with natural environment and climate will coordinate a city with bioregion and as a result emphasize on its specifications. Improving urban green space per capita will lead to widespread use of native plants and spreads of habitat for divert species. Preventing urban sprawl would conserve natural heritage and would highlight ecological landscape of the city. Mixed use reduces inner-city travel and strengthens the presence of pedestrians with their particular culture and behavior. Not being car-oriented, it helps the city to preserve its geographical and natural platform. The type of renewable energy will differ based on its climatic features. Promoting the sense of belonging of citizens' point of view in Ecocity is achieved through indigenous traditions and customs and the city's culture, history and symbols as well as its architecture and urban design. Therefore, it varies from one city to another. Consequently, this paper defined criteria for Ecocity morphology which are applicable to ecological context of cities. Thus, the research hypothesis is proved. According to the existing economic oriented approach through urban issues, Ecocity implementation needs changing attitude through common economic foundation, and promoting collective consciousness amongst climatic hazards and responsibility for the next generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decades, Iran's southern provinces have been among the most important spots in the world because of their strategic location toward the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea. However, despite the importance of those spots, there have been little academic research on their urban structures. Many ancient structures in Iran's southern areas have been destroyed by severe weather over time and only a few sites remain from the Qajar era. This adds to the importance of taking efforts to preserve those sites. In fact, the protection and documentation of the remained buildings of Qajar era in southern Iran is important since in today's architecture, it can be used as examples of vernacular architecture in adaptation with environmental conditions. The degree of prosperity of any city can be a crucial factor in studying its urban structures in any given juncture. To the same effect, the present paper will first identify the main prosperity criteria in Iran's southern cities based on availablescripts from the Qajar era and then will then determine the typology attributes by combination of characteristics. The typology will be a descriptive typology and has a grounded structure. The data will be gathered through theoretical studies, based on scripts available from the Qajar era written documents such as itineraries and historical books. This paper will first identify the criteria of prosperity in this region as illustrated in the scripts remaining from Qajar era. The results show that during the Qajar era the existence of drinking water, fertile land and geographical positioning were important criteria for considering a region as prosperous. Further factors included the secure and easy access to land and marine passages. Based on the combined factors for the research, 12 cities, ports and islands were identified and an analysis on the typologies showed that the main criterion for prosperity in ports is easy access to the open sea. This is while drinking water, fertile land and easy access to the open sea are the main criteria for prosperity of cities. As for islands, the important criteria for prosperity are drinking water, fertile land. Results also show that easy access to the open sea and geographic positioning were the most frequent criteria for the prosperity of ports. This is while drinking water, fertile land and easy access to land are the main criteria for prosperity of cities. As for Islands, the important criteria for prosperity are drinking water, fertile land and sea resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By compatibility with different environmental factors, architecture and urbanization meet human's needs and ease hard conditions through making human-made factors. Because human being is a social creature, he satisfies part of his needs through relation with fellowmen and other communities. Naturally, this relation results in similarities of architectural and artistic key forms and elements. This research attempts to study the amount of climate factors' effects on similarity of architectural shapes and characteristics of regions which are the same in terms of climate and endemic factors but lack any cultural relations. For this purpose, Meymad village in Kerman-Iran and Mesa Verde Village in Colorado-USA have been selected as samples. These two regions are the same in terms of climate and local factors, while they have no cultural relationships. The hypothesis of this research is studying the direct effects of environmental factors such as earth's shape, altitude, precipitation, and etc. on architectural forms. Methodology of the present research is a case study in which the positioning and architecture of Meymand and Mesa Verde villages have been compared. The other methodology is correlation in which the independent variables are climate and local factors such as earth's shape, precipitation, altitude, average of annual maximum and minimum temperatures and Coupon climate zoning. Dependent variables are positioning of village contexture, type of materials, external for of building and nature of internal applications positioning. Solutions were applied to gather these information include literature review and documentary studies in both regions, climate calculation of 10-year weather factors and drawing related diagrams, analyzing the content of diagrams, closing data to architectural basics and finally, comparative studies of both regions' architecture and examining their similarities and differences in a reflective analysis. Meymad's latitude is 30° 15" and its longitude is 55° 25", also its altitude is 2240m. What made forming a hole in the mount with no landslide and collapse possible in Meymand Village was a cooled resistant layer of volcanic lavas of "Mazadoun" mount. It makes possible to drill the lower layers of the mount with no danger. This thick layer is generally used in upper parts of buildings and roof of upstairs. Another type of residence is seen in pastures and farms which covers temporary and seasonal needs of Meymand's locals. Of these kinds of houses, we can imply to sheds, hedge and Kombeh which are constructed with light and available materials such as trees' branches and leaves. The boughs are used in shed and Kombeh as main material and conveyor, whereas hedge is a shelter which is constructed by drilling a hole and wooden cover. Many Pueblo people or Indians of southwestern America, made houses in the wide openings of caves; the most splendid is Mesa Verde Rock Castle Complex in Colorado-USA. In this region, architecture is a response to natural views and function of existing geographic order. Architecture of this region is consisted from a united collection of small and pierced residential fundamental units fenced with wall. Mesa Verdi residential complex has been retreated from natural gutta line of upper rock and thus all houses are located under southern horizontal sunshade and the interior air has been adjusted by controlling radiation attraction. Stone materials used in southern walls have 1 to 1.5 meters width and like northern natural wall, the complex benefits from high temperature mass. In Mesa Verde, living is based on agriculture and poultry (Charls F, 1996:110). Most of agriculture in Mesa Verde region has been done through dry farming method. Another type of temporary residences built by light materials is used in farms which are constructed from boughs and covered by leaves of trees; such as Choctaw, Sweet Lodge and Hogan. Sweet lodge is a kind of temporary residence which is constructed by drilling a rounded hole in the earth and covered by leaves and uses earth temperature balance (Floyd, 1999:110). According to an especial division, we can divide human residences into fertile and barren regions climates. A barren climate is caused by industrial activities in human's territory. In architecture climate, human-made spaces are constructed in barren climate and what are seen in fertile climate are pristine nature, agricultural territory and poultry pastures. Human-made spaces in fertile climates are constructed for preserving nature's territory and local architecture makes least interfere in this territory. Architectural solutions used in one region are different from that of another. Even in most similar sites, we can't see same architectural approaches, because other factors of climate and earth's shape are effective in architecture of a region. Although, considering the similarity of natural environment wich has climatic, position and ecological factors in cases under study, we should be more accurate about human-made spaces therein. Generally, we can consider the following cases as most important characteristics of Meymand and Mesa Verde Villages: • incorporating human-made and natural sites, • using light materials with least needed processes, • utilizing heavy materials for construction of building in human eco and establishing permanent residences, • And, using light materials for construction of shelter in agricultural eco and establishing temporary residences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Epicardial fat tissue is known as a risk factor in cardiovascular diseases. This study was designed to compare the epicardial fat thickness in patients with cardiovascular diseases and normal patients. It also tried to find a correlation between epicardial fat thickness and severity of coronary stenosis. Methods: This study was conducted from September 2010 to April 2011 at two university hospitals (Noor and Chamran Referral centers) associated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. A total number of 196 subjects were allocate to three groups of control (n = 68), acute coronary syndrome (n = 64) and chronic stable angina (n = 64). After registering demographic data, all individuals underwent echocardiography in diastolic subcostal view to determine the epicardial fat thickness. Angiography was also conducted to assess the severity of coronary stenosis. The thickness of epicardial fat was compared between groups and its correlations with age, sex, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, waist circumference, body mass index and severity of coronary stenosis were evaluated. Findings: The mean age of participants was 59.54 ± 11.01 years. There were statistical differences between age, sex, smoking and severity of coronary stenosis (P < 0.001, P = 0.03, P = 0.04, and P < 0.001, respectively). The mean of epicardial fat thickness in acute coronary syndrome, chronic stable angina and control groups were 5.7 ± 2.1, 6.2 ± 2.0 and 4.6 ± 1.9 mm (P < 0.001). There were no independent correlation between predicting factors and epicardial fat thickness (P > 0.05). Conclusion: This study indicated the thickness of epicardial fat to be more in cardiovascular diseases compared with normal persons. Future studies for evaluating the sensitivity and specificity of this diagnostic method are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]