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Introduction: Evaluation is an integral part of the educational process and it's very important. Also, the advancement of modern technologies has led to a shift in learning and education, and according to that, the evaluation has changed. The purpose of this study was to review the evaluation in e-learning. Methods: The present study was a qualitative research which carried out with respect to the principles of qualitative paradigm. The method of data collection was the study of documents and the search for scientific information from written and digital sources. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive-interpretive approach. Results: The findings of the study showed that in e-learning, evaluation of learners and the course is carried out as initial, formative, and summative evaluation. Also, the research findings also showed that the reason for evaluation in e-learning is evaluation as an integral part of any educational system, helping the learner, and helping the educator. And used from various methods such as online quizzes, webinar, portfolio, discussion forums, telephone appraisal, project, self-assessment, peer review, article, and ... for evaluation in e-learning. Conclusions: Indeed, Evaluation in any kind of educational system (both traditional and electronic) is of particular importance and should always be considered. Because it brings about different situations and through it, you can improve and improve yourself.Evaluation, E-learning, Initial evaluation, Formative evaluation, Summative evaluation

Background and Aim: In social marketing, the common techniques of commercial marketing are used to increase the chances of acceptability of an idea or action by the target group. In this study, we determined the impact of an intervention based on social marketing to reduce risky driving behaviors among taxi drivers in Tehran. Materials and Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study, consisting of a quantitative and a qualitative part, on taxi-drivers in 2 regions (an intervention and a control groups) in the City of Tehran. Based on a formative research approach, the components of social marketing, namely, the product (reminder message for concentrating on avoidance of two target behaviors, tailgating and not driving between lines), price, place and promotion were determined. An 8-week educational program was implemented, the components being installation of stickers before the driver's eyes, distributing a pamphlet, and transferring messages through taxi route supervisors as opinion leaders. After six weeks, risky driving behaviors were assessed by checklists and compared. Results: The intervention resulted in statistically significant reductions in the two target behaviors in the intervention group as compared with the control group. Furthermore, logistic regression showed that the odds ratio for avoiding both behaviors increased significantly in the intervention group. Conclusion: Determining specific target groups, designing interventions based on actual needs and wants of the target group, and focusing on the factors influencing the behavior market are the basic elements of social marketing. Due consideration of these elements when designing behavioral interventions would lead to reductions in risky driving behaviors [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: This study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of a safe community program, as an international community-based program, for injury prevention and safety promotion, in Kashmar Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, the data on injured patients consulting hospital emergency wards in Kashmar and 44 other districts (as control) for a period of 3 years (March 20 2005 to March 19, 2008) were analyzed and compared. Results: The number of injuries/100,000 population in Kashmar was 4654.6, 4570.9, and 4949.2 in March 2005-2006, 2006-2007, and 2007-2008, respectively. The corresponding figures (means) for the control districts were 822.7, 1130.0 and 1245.5. The injury- related fatality rate in the emergency ward for the 3 periods was 57.6, 52.9, and 44.2 per 100,000 in Kashmar and 12.2, 13, and 11.9 per 100,000 in the control districts. The injury rate showed an increase and the injury- related fatality rate showed a decrease in both Kashmar and the control districts over the 3 year period, but there was a statistically significant difference between the decreased injury-related fatality rate in Kashmar (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The Kashmar International Safe Community Program resulted in no significant decrease in the rate of injuries in Kashmar. However, as compared to the control distrcts, it caused a decrease in the injury-related fatality rate over the 3-year period. Long-term studies are necessary to confirm these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asymptomatic bacteriuria is prevalent during pregnancy. It can lead to pyelonephritis, premature pregnancy and low birth weight. In this prospective study, to determine prevalence and risk factors of asymptomatic bacteriuria, 205 consecutive pregnant women who visited our prenatal care clinic in Mirza-Koochakkhan Hospital and had no urinary symptom were entered. Patients data were recorded using a questionnaire and urine samples were obtained for urinalysis and urine culture. We analysed data by using fisher exact and chi-squared test. 14 cases had positive urine culture (6.8%). Significant correlation was seen between asymptomatic bacteriuria and age, parity, past history of kidney stone, pyelonephritis, urinary tract infection, preterm delivery and pyuria pvalue

Asymptomatic bacteriuria is prevalent during pregnancy. It can lead to pyelonephritis, premature pregnancy and low birth weight. In this prospective study, to determine prevalence and risk factors of asymptomatic bacteriuria, 205 consecutive pregnant women who visited our prenatal care clinic in Mirza-Koochakkhan Hospital and had no urinary symptom were entered. Patients data were recorded using a questionnaire and urine samples were obtained for urinalysis and urine culture. We analysed data by using fisher exact and chi-squared test. 14 cases had positive urine culture (6.8%). Significant correlation was seen between asymptomatic bacteriuria and age, parity, past history of kidney stone, pyelonephritis, urinary tract infection, preterm delivery and pyuria pvalue