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Introduction The studied area is situated 15 km away from the southwest of Maimeh at the western part of Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc. This zone is a part of the Zagros orogenic belt formed due to the subduction of the Neo-Tethyan oceanic crust under the Central Iran block. The magmatic activity in the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc has begun in Eocene (Alavi, 2004) and continued until Quaternary (Ghasemi and Talbot, 2006). In the middle part of the studied area, several outcrops of the post-Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks with basaltic to andesitic composition have been seen (Vahdati Daneshmand, 2006). Until now, no petrological and geochemical data about these rocks are present. Therefore, in this study, petrographic and the geochemical features of these rocks are discussed in detail. This study aims to reveal a better understanding of the petrology and petrogenesis of volcanic rocks in the southeast of Maimeh and the middle part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc as a part of the Zagros orogenic belt. Materials and methods To reach the goal of the research, after collecting basic information using geological maps and works done in the study area, all volcanic outcrops systematically sampled, and more than 50 fresh samples were chosen and studied. Afterward, seven samples were chosen for geochemical analyses by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) at the ACME Laboratories, Vancouver, Canada. The results of chemical analyses are listed in table 1. Discussion Based on the field observations, the volcanic rocks have basaltic to andesitic composition with plagioclase, clinopyroxene, olivine, amphibole, biotite, and opaque microphenocrysts. Clinopyroxene (probably augite) is the main minerals as phenocrysts and small mineral in the groundmass. Olivine phenocryst has undergone limited alteration to iddingsite and amphiboles show burned margin. Opacitization in amphibole occurs due to a decrease in water pressure with magma rising or as a result of the increase in temperature (Plechov et al., 2008). These rocks have microlithic porphyry, glomeroporphyry and vesicular textures. According to geochemical analysis, intermediate rocks have calc-alkaline nature and basalt is alkaline. They display enrichment in LILEs (Rb, Ba, K, Sr, U, and Th) relative to HFSEs (especially Nb, Ti, and P) and coherent REE patterns characterized by enrichment in LREEs relative to HREEs without negative Eu anomaly. These features are characteristics of subduction-related magmatism (Woodhead et al., 1993). U and Th enrichment may be due to crustal contamination (Kuscu and Geneli, 2010) or the addition of pelagic sediments and/or altered oceanic crust to the source of magma (Fan et al., 2003). The tectonic discrimination diagrams show an active continental arc setting for these rocks. Geochemical evidence shows that the volcanic rocks were originated from low degree partial melting (1) partial melting of a garnet- lherzolitic mantle source that enriched by slab-derived fluids. The magma has undergone AFC processes during ascending and alkaline affinity changed to calc-alkaline nature. The volcanic rocks occurred as a result of the subduction of the Neo-Tethyan oceanic crust beneath the Central Iran microplate. References Alavi, M., 2004. Regional stratigraphy of the Zagros fold-thrust belt of Iran and its proforeland evolution. American Journal of Science, 304(1): 1–20. http://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.304.1.1 Fan, W.M., Guo, F., Wang, Y.J. and Lin, G. 2003. Late Mesozoic calc-alkaline volcanism of post-orogenic extension in the northern Da Hinggan Mountains, northeastern China. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 121(1–2): 115–135. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00415-8 Ghasemi, A. and Tabatabaei Manesh, S.M. 2015. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Ghohroud igneous complex (Urumieh–Dokhtar zone): Evidence for Neotethyan subduction during the Neogene. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 8(11): 9599–9623. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-015-1883-7 Kuscu, G.G. and Geneli, F., 2010. Review of post collisional volcanism in the Central Anatolian volcanic province (Turkey), with special reference to the Tepekoy volcanic complex. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 99(3): 593–621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-008-0402-4 Plechov, P.Y., Tsai, A.E., Shcherbakov, V.D. and Dirksen, O.V., 2008. Opacitization conditions of hornblende in Bezymyannyi volcano andesites (March 30, 1956 eruption). Petrology, 16‌(1): 19–35. http://doi.org/ 10.1134/S0869591108010025 Vahdati Daneshmand, F., 2006. Geological map of Maimeh, Scale 1:100000, Sheet No. 6256. Geological Survey of Iran. Tehran, Iran. Woodhead, J., Eggins, S. and Gamble, J., 1993. High field strength and transition element systematics in island arc and back-arc basin basalts: Evidence for multi-phase melt extraction and a depleted mantle wedge. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 114(4): 491–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(93)90078-N

Introduction The Shahzade-Ali Akbar area located at 68 Km south of Isfahan is located in the southern zone of the Cimmerian Sanandaj-Sirjan block as a part of the northern shelf of the Neo-Tethyan Ocean (Stampli and Borel, 2002). This area lies in the Shahreza-Abadeh-Hambast belt and is well-known for its classic Permian-Triassic outcrops. The Lower Triassic carbonate rocks have hosted several interlayer igneous horizons. The composition of these rocks varies from olivine basalt to quartz basalt and their hypabyssal equivalents. Plagioclase (labradorite), clinopyroxene (augite), olivine, amphibole and quartz are major and ilmenite and titanomagnetite are minor minerals. The main objective of this research study is to investigate the geological, geochemical and petrogenesis of igneous rocks using mineral chemistry. Materials and methods More than 50 samples representing whole units were selected in order to identify the geological setting of the igneous horizon, and their thin sections were prepared. Minerals and textures of rocks were studied by using polarizing microscope (Olympus BH-2). Then, 6 samples were selected for mineral chemistry and their mineral compositions were determined by electron microprobe at the Naruto University, Japan. The EPMA (Jeol- JXA-8800R) was used at operating conditions of 15 kV, 20 nA. Minpet software and spread sheet have been used for mineral chemistry studies and mineral formula calculations. Discussion Based on the field observations, igneous units that are 120 centimeters to 10 meters thick have basaltic composition and are interlayered with Lower Triassic carbonate rocks. Microscopic study showed that these rocks are composed of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, olivine, amphibole, quartz and opaque minerals (ilmenite and titanomagnetite) and have porphyritic, ophitic, intersertal to intergranular textures. These rocks have undergone alterations and secondary minerals are widespread. EPMA analyses show andesine to labradorite composition, clinopyroxene (augite) and amphibole (edenite). In the Q-J diagram (Morimoto et al., 1988), all clinopyroxenes are located in the Mg-Fe-Ca (Quad) field. In the Wo-En-Fs diagram (Beccaluva et al., 1989), clinopyroxens show augitic with lessor amounts of diopside composition. According to clinopyroxene chemistry diagrams such as Si¬¬O2 vs. Al2O3 and Ti vs. Al (Le Bas, 1962), the samples belong to sub-alkaline series. Discriminate diagrams such as Ti¬¬O2 vs. Al2O3 (Le Bas, 1962), Ti¬¬ vs. Ca+Na and Ti vs. Al (Leterrier et al., 198a2) are used for identification of magma affinity. These diagrams show that the studied rocks are tholeiitic. The rocks under study demonstrate the MORB feature on tectonic discrimination diagrams (TiO2-SiO2/100-Na2O, Beccaluva et al., 1989) In the 2Ti+Cr+AlVI vs. Na+AlIV diagram (Morimoto et al., 1988) all clinopyroxenes are located below the Fe3+=0 line that indicates low oxygen fugacity during crystallization (Schweitzer et al., 1979). In Helz (1973) diagrams, the pressure and percentage of magma water estimated to be 2 to 10 Kbar pressure and about 10% water content. In YPT vs. XPT diagrams (Soesoo, 1997) the temperatures and the pressure of clinopyroxene crystallization are about 1150-1200 ◦C and 2-10 Kbar respectively. Results The studied area had been a part of the Cimmeride microcontinent (Horacek et al., 2007) which had begun separating from the northern margin of Gondwana during Triassic time (Şengör, 1984), and traversed north to the southern Eurasian border (Stampli and Borel, 2002). In this area, several interlayer igneous rocks with basaltic composition are seen with Lower Triassic carbonate rocks. Based on the chemical composition of pyroxenes, the magma has sub-alkaline and tholeiitic affinity. The crystallization of ilmenite-titanomgenetite and diagram of clinopyroxenes crystallization conditions illustrate the low level of oxygen fugacity in the formation of the rocks under discussion. The pressure of magma crystallization is estimated to be between 2 and 10 kb, and the magmatic water content is about 10%. The studied rocks show MORB characteristics. Interlayering with lower Triassic sediments, sub-alkaline nature of the magma, low level oxygen fugacity during crystallization and geotectonic environment, suggest that the rocks have been formed in the early stages of the opening of the oceanic crust. A process that has led to the formation of the Neo-Tethys Ocean in the later stages.

Introduction Clinopyroxene is one of the most common of the rock forming minerals. Its long formation period (from the earliest crystallization of magma in the core of phenocrysts to the final microcrystalline crystallization in the rock background) can show the history of the host magma crystallization. The composition of clinopyroxene, especially those phenocrysts, in volcanic rocks could well establish the magmatic nature of the host lava. The clinopyroxene composition can point out the magmatic series, the tectonic environment and the source rock (Kushiro, 1960; Nisbet and Pearce, 1977, Leterrier et al., 1982). In addition, it is possible to estimate the temperature and pressure of rock formation by studying the chemistry of clinopyroxenes (Nimis and Taylor, 2000; Putirka, 2008). The study area is located in the middle part of the Urumieh- Dokhtar magmatic belt. It exactly lies in the area between Tarq and Mazdeh, its longitude is 51° 43' to 52° 00' E and its latitude is 33° 15' to 33° 30' N. The Eocene magmatic rocks vary from rather basic to acidic in composition, but they are mainly intermediate and they are rather basic rocks (Ghadirpour, 2017). Previously, various studies on using the chemical composition of the major elements of clinopyroxene were conducted to discover the conditions for the formation of igneous rocks in different parts of Iran (Sayari and Sharifi, 2016; Falahaty et. al., 2016; and Mohammadi et. al., 2017). So far, in all of these studies that have been conducted on volcanic rocks, the mineral chemistry of clinopyroxene has not been used to evaluate the magma's features such as temperature, pressure, and oxygen fugacity. In this article, we are going to study the mentioned features of magma by using chinopyroxene chemistry. Materials and Methods To determine the geotectonic setting and the physicochemical conditions of volcanic rocks, thirty thin sections have been prepared. Their minerals and texture have been studied by using polarizing binocular microscope (Olympus BH-2). After detailed mineralogy and selection of suitable samples, microprobe analysis is done by EPMA (JEOL- JXA) in the Naruto University, Japan. The mineral analysis is performed at 15 nA intensity of current and accelerate voltage of 15 Kev. Discussion The study area is situated in the South of Natanz, between Tarq and Mazdeh villages. The volcanic rocks vary from acidic to rather basic (basaltic andesite to andesite and rarely rhyolite). Microlitic porphyric, glomeroporphyric and vesicular are some textures which are observed in the volcanics. Plagioclase and euhedral clinopyroxene occasionally with simple twinning are characteristic minerals of rocks. According to Wo-En-Fs diagram (Morimoto, 1989), clinopyroxene shows mainly the composition of augite. It is concluded that the magmatic series of rocks is calc-alkaline which is in relation to the subduction of the Neotethys oceanic crust under the central Iranian plate. There are several diagrams that are used for this purpose which are as follows. The Al2O3-Ti2O diagram (Le Bas, 1962): In this diagram, the studied clinopyroxene shows the nature of calc-alkaline. One of the diagrams used to determine the tectonic setting according to clinopyroxene composition is the F1- F2 diagram (Nisbet and Pearce, 1977). Based on this diagram, the Tarq- Mazdeh volcanic rocks belong to the magmatic arc environment. The Clinopyroxene temperatures are calculated by using a variety of methods which indicate that most of clinopyroxene in temperature range of 1150 to 1200°C has been crystallized (Soesoo, 1997). The temperature indicates changes in crystallization of clinopyroxene. Result The calculated temperatures of clinopyroxenes by using various methods show that they are crystalized in the temperature range of 1150 to 1200˚c. It mainly means that there is a change in temperature during clinopyroxene crystallization. By considering the barometric diagram, the pressure of clinopyroxene formation has been determined below 10 kb, in the depth range of 2 to 5 km. References Falahaty, S., Noghreyan, M., Sharifi, M., Torabi, Gh., Safaei, H. and Mackizadeh, M., 2016. Clinopyroxene application in petrogenesis identification of volcanic rocks associated with salt domes from Shurab (Southeast Qom). Journal of Economic Geology, 8(1): 21–38. (in Persian with English abstract) Ghadirpour, M., 2017. Petrology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks in south of Natanz (between Tarq and Mazdeh). M.Sc. Thesis, Payam Noor University, Isfahan, Iran, 110 pp. Kushiro, I., 1960. Si- AI relation in clinopyroxenes from igneous rocks. American Journal of Science, 258(5): 548–554. Le Bas, N.J., 1962. The role of aluminous in igneous clinopyroxenes with relation to their parentage. American Journal of Science, 260(4): 267–88. Leterrier, J., Maury, R.C., Thonon, P., Girard, D. and Marchal, M., 1982. Clinopyroxene composition as method of identification of the magmatic affinities of paleo-volcanic series. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 59(1): 139–154. Mohammadi, S.S., Bayani, R., Nakhai, M., Chung, S.L. and Zarrinkoub, M.H., 2017. Petrography, mineral chemistry, geochemistry and geotectonic setting of tertiary volcanics of Shushk (East of Sarbisheh), Southern Khorasan. Iranian Journal of Crystallography and Mineralogy, 25(1): 167–186. (in Persian) Morimoto, N., 1989. Nomenclature of pyroxenes. The Canadian Mineralogist, 27(1): 143–156. Nimis, P. and Taylor, W.R., 2000. Single clinopyroxene thermobarometry for garnet peridotite. Part 1. and Calibration testing of a Cr-in-Cpx barometer and an enstatite-in-Cpx thermometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 139(5): 541–554. Nisbet, E.G. and Pearce, J.A., 1977. Clinopyroxene composition of mafic lavas from different tectonic settings. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 63(2): 161–173. Putirka, K., 2008. Thermometers and Barometers for Volcanic Systems. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 69(1): 61–120. Sayari, M. and Sharifi, M., 2016. Application of clinopyroxene chemistry to interpret the physical conditions of ascending magma, a case study of Eocene volcanic rocks in the Ghohrud area (North of Isfahan). Journal of Economic Geology, 8(1): 61–78. (in Persian with English abstract) Soesoo, A., 1997. A multivariate statistical analysis of clinopyroxene composition: empirical coordinates for the crystallization P-T estimations. GFF, 119(1): 55–60.

Joveinan marbles and skarns are located 5 km NE of Ghohrood and 140 km NW ofIsfahan in the *central part of Urumieh- Dokhtar magmatic arc. Intrusion of Ghohroodgranitoid into the Cretaceous carbonate rocks caused the contact metamorphism andformation of skarn mineral paragenesis wollastonite, clinopyroxene, garnet, actinolite,epidote, chlorite, calcite, quartz, magnetite and sulfides (iron and copper). Mineralogicalstudies and paragenetic mineral relations confirm that the Joveinan skarn is polygeneticin origin and evolved in two major stages, metamorphism and metasomatism(progressive and retrogressive). In metamorphism stage that occurred immediately afterthe granitoid magma emplacement within carbonate rocks, Joveinan marbles were formed. Metasomatic stage occurred with generation of anhydrous calc-silicatesminerals such as wollastonite, diopsidic-hedenbergitic pyroxene and ugrandite garnets.The main stage of retrograde metasomatic, alteration of primary calc-silicate minerals ofskarn (pyroxene-garnet), caused the formation of epidote, actinolite and chlorite. Theassociation of wollastonite, magnetite and andradite represents that skarn crystallized inover 550 ° C temperature range and low partial pressure of CO2. Joveinan skarn is acalcic skarn that has been formed at shallow depth by oxidative hydrothermal fluids andevolved in different stages.

Iranian Arts emerged out of social, political and cultural changes. This is something which linked directly with more general assumption talking about cultural identity and about adjusting new ideas. Iran, as an ancient country with an old culture and rich traditions, has been facing many cultural challenges which had impact on this country, however; it was also able to exchange culturally and even affect attacking culture and its products simultaneously. Today scholars and social authorities have tendency to proliferate culture on basis of aboriginal cultures. Other believe that postmode-rnnnism is final destiny of human being and we are now shared our destiny with western world making us look at our future through the light of postmodernism. Presently we have come across a complicated situation dealing with dilemma of western culture and its tendency for domination others. Our Negligence caused us to miss many opportunities for looking at all its aspects. Iranian painting, as cultural heritage, is our symbolic and spiritual repertoire which should be protected as spiritual heritage and histor-ical experiment and we should transfer it to the next generations. This study attempts to look at the situation of Iranian painting and propounds the last theories on tradition, modernism and postmodern-nism. In regard to rapid artistic changes in west the study of thought changes as historical background2 of these changes seems useful. The methodology of this study is analytical and procedure of data collection is documental. The qualitative findings prove that modernity does not mean rupture from tradition. It is necessary to borrow from tradition and to understand its new concepts. We should make ourselves ready to answer this question that how it is possible to recreate traditional arts thought and culture combining with world arts and make a new discourse, and eventually Arts Higher Education should be planned so that it would lead to cultural awareness in regard to roots of modern and traditional arts.