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The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the behavioral inhibition and activation systems and anger rumination and expression with the mediation of difficulty in emotion regulation in college students. This was descriptive correlational research. The study population included all students aged 18 to 22 years studying in Tehran's public universities in 2023, and 384 people were selected as a sample using the convenience sampling method, and responded to the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation Scale Carver & White, Anger Rumination Scale Sukhodolsky et al., Anger Expression Scale Buss & Perry, and Brief Version of Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Bjureberg et al. In order to analyze the data, path analysis was used with the hierarchical regression method according to Baron and Kenny suggestion and Sobel test. The results showed that the behavioral inhibition/activation systems were able to predict anger rumination and expression respectively through difficulty in emotion regulation. The findings are useful for having practical implications for preventive and therapeutic interventions in anger management.

Introduction: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are one of the most common occupational complaints among dentists. Accurate assessment of the pain caused by these disorders is of paramount importance in its better control. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and evaluate the correlation of the Visual Analogue Scale with the different dimensions of the McGill Pain Questionnaire in dental students in the city of Tehran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive-correlation study conducted among 120 dental students in Tehran in 2020-2021, data related to musculoskeletal disorders were collected through the Nordic questionnaire. Pain assessment was also performed using the Visual Analogue Scale and McGill Pain Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 and statistical tests, including chi-square, Spearman, and Pearson correlation, to examine the relationship between the two measures. Results: In this study, the highest prevalence of disorders was observed in the neck region (42.5%), upper back (35%), and lower back (31.7%). Neck pain and discomfort, in the last 12 months, caused a reduction in work activity more than any other region among the participants. Significant correlations were found between the Visual Pain Scale and the Sensory (r=0.543, p=0.011), Affective (r=0.549, p=0.020), and Evaluative (r=0.538, p=0.035) dimensions of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Conclusion: The present study indicates that work-related musculoskeletal disorders are common in dental students. There is a high correlation between the Visual Pain Scale and the McGill Pain Questionnaire in assessing pain intensity.

This study was conducted to investigate the moderated role of basic psychological needs by family cohesion in the relationship between shyness and mobile phone dependency among girl adolescents. It is a descriptive correlational research study. The study population included all girl adolescents aged 13 to 18, who were students in Tehran in 1401. 283 individuals were selected as a sample using the convenience sampling method and responded to the Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale (Cheek, 1983), Mobile Phone Addiction Index (Leung, 2008), Basic Psychological Needs Scale (Deci & Ryan, 2000), and Family Organized Cohesiveness Scale (Fisher et al., 1992). Pearson correlation and multiple regression were used to analyze the data, and the Hayes macro-Process (model 4 & 59) in SPSS24 was installed. The results showed that basic psychological needs mediate the relationship between shyness and mobile phone dependency. The relation of shyness with mobile phone dependency and basic psychological needs, as well as the relationship between basic psychological needs and mobile phone dependence, is moderated by family cohesion. Based on this, by increasing the satisfaction of basic psychological needs in adolescents and increasing family cohesion, their shyness, and as a result, their dependence on mobile phones will decrease. These findings are useful for understanding the complex mechanism of shyness effects on mobile phone dependency and have practical implications for preventing and reducing adolescents' dependence on mobile phones. ‌ Keywords Shyness, Mobile Phone Dependency, Basic Psychological Needs, Family Cohesion, Girl Adolescents. ‌ ‌Introduction Considering the expansion of mobile phone use among Iranian adolescents and the risk of dependency, it is necessary to understand the underlying mechanisms of mobile phone dependency to make decisions for preventive interventions. Personality characteristics, especially high levels of shyness, make adolescents vulnerable to mobile phone dependency (Han et al., 2017). Shy adolescents experience communication problems, social anxiety, loneliness, and depression (Liu et al., 2019). To avoid these negative emotions, they turn to excessive use of mobile phones, which leads to dependency (Enez et al., 2016). Although existing studies have shown the effect of shyness on mobile phone dependency, the mechanism of this relationship has been less investigated from the perspective of the interaction between individual and environmental factors. One of the individual factors related to mobile phone dependency is basic psychological needs. If basic psychological needs are not met, pathological compensation may occur. Shy people's withdrawn personality facilitates unsatisfied interpersonal relationships and unmet basic psychological needs in real situations. Anonymity and lack of face-to-face contact in the mobile network space provide a relatively safe and relaxing environment for shy people so that their unmet needs can be pathologically compensated by using mobile phones. Improper mobile phone use may lead to mobile phone dependency. This mediating process, in which shyness affects mobile phone dependency through basic psychological needs, may be influenced by the family as the primary direct microsystem. Studies have shown that high family cohesion is a protective factor against Internet addiction (Wang et al., 2018). Shy people may become dependent on mobile phones to escape from social pressures in reality and eliminate negative emotions. However, if family members have intimate relationships, these relationships as a source of social support can address some basic psychological needs of shy people and reduce the incidence of mobile phone dependency (Sela et al., 2019). At present, few studies have been conducted on the relationship between shyness and mobile phone dependency among adolescents. Adolescence is a period in which the body and mind undergo drastic changes and the level of shyness increases. Also, although the effect of shyness on mobile phone dependency has been examined only in some foreign studies, the mechanism of this relationship is not clear, and few studies have examined this relationship from the perspective of the interaction between the person and the environment (Hong et al., 2019; Sela et al., 2019). Based on this, considering the expansion of mobile phone use, it is necessary to identify the impact that personal and individual characteristics and environmental factors have on mobile phone dependency in this period. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the mediating role of basic psychological needs in the relationship between shyness and mobile phone dependency in adolescent girls and to study the moderating role of family cohesion in the mediation process. Methodology The method of this research is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population included all adolescent girls aged 13 to 18 who were students in Tehran in 1401. A sample of 283 was selected using a convenience sampling method and responded to the Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale (Cheek, 1983), Mobile Phone Addiction Index (Leung, 2008), Basic Psychological Needs Scale (Deci & Ryan, 2000) & Family Organized Cohesiveness Scale (Fisher et al., 1992). Descriptive Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression were used to analyze the data using the Hayes macro-process (models 4 & 59) in SPSS24. The moderated mediation model was also tested with 5000 bootstrap samples and a 95% confidence interval. Findings Investigating mediation paths using the Hayes regression model 4 showed that shyness has a positive and significant relationship with mobile phone dependency and a negative and significant relationship with basic psychological needs. Also, the relationship between basic psychological needs and mobile phone dependency was found to be negative and significant. When all three variables were entered into the regression equation, shyness positively and significantly predicted mobile phone dependency. Then, the indirect path of the relationship between shyness and mobile phone dependency was significant through the mediation of basic psychological needs. The bootstrap test results indicated the indirect effect of basic psychological needs with a 95% confidence interval, which means the mediation total effect was estimated as 57.90%. Examining the moderating paths using the 59 Hayes regression model showed that the interaction of shyness with family cohesion significantly predicted basic psychological needs and mobile phone dependency. Also, the interaction of basic psychological needs with family cohesion significantly predicted mobile phone dependency. Result The findings showed that shyness is directly and indirectly related to mobile phone dependency through basic psychological needs, and the mediation of basic psychological needs is moderated by family cohesion. In other words, the relationship of shyness with mobile phone dependency and basic psychological needs and the relationship between basic psychological needs and mobile phone dependency were all moderated by family cohesion. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between shyness and mobile phone dependency. As a practical suggestion, attention should be paid to the effect of shyness on mobile phone dependency, particularly for people with high shyness, to strengthen intervention and support and reduce the likelihood of mobile phone dependency through effective control of the level of shyness. Finally, understanding and satisfying the basic psychological needs of shy people through social skills training and self-disclosure tasks to improve social skills is important to reduce mobile phone dependency, and it is necessary to understand the importance of family cohesion in supporting individuals.

Corona epidemics have forced educational systems in many countries to use online education and adapt to digital learning environments.Despite many benefits of online education, such as unlimited time and space,resource sharing and collaboration, openness and personalization of learning,but it can be frustrating and stressful because many teachers lack the skills, resources and competencies of online education.A review of research evidence shows that a large amount of research activity is devoted to teachers' digital competencies, but information on how this feature,along with other teacher features such as use intention of online teaching and student features such as online learning difficulties affects on their online teaching behavior, are not available.Thus,the aim of this study was to investigate whether teachers'digital competencies,use intention of online teaching and students' online learning difficulties predict online teaching behavior.In this correlation study, the population was all teachers of primary and secondary schools in Tehran in the academic year1400-1401,which324teachers were selected with use of convenience sampling.They responded online to the Teachers' Digital Competence Scale,Teachers' Use Intention of Online Teaching Scale,Teachers'Online Teaching Behavior Scale&Teachers'Perceived Online Learning Difficulties of Students Questionnaire.Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data.The results showed that the online teaching behavior had a positive andsignificant relationshipwith teachers'digital competencies and the use intention of online teaching, and this relationship was negatively and significantlywith students'online learning difficulties.Also, the resultsof multiple regression analysis showed that teachers'digital competencies, use intention of online teaching and students'online learning difficulties, are able tosignificantly explain changes in teachers'online teaching behavior as predictor variable in a predictive model. Based on the research findings, it is necessaryfor teachers in online teaching to improve their digital skills and competencies in accessing and using resources, analyzing data related to students' learning characteristics, and combining digital resourceswith educational content to produce more comprehensible content, in fact, modify and improve online teaching behaviors.Also,online teaching has more requirements for teachers than traditional classroom teaching. People use digital technology and resources to varying degrees;Therefore, it is necessary for teachers in teaching activities to strengthen their desire to use online education and increase their awareness of integrating information technology with educational activities by avoiding mechanical transfer to offline-online education.Overall, the present study adds insights into improving online teaching behavior&can help to better understand the effect of teachers'characteristics including digital competencies and use intention of online teaching and students' characteristics including online learning difficulties on online teaching behavior.

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to investigate the psychometric adequacy of the Cyber-Victimization Scale among 326 girl students of Tehran that were selected with the use of virtual snowball sampling. In this correlational study, they completed the Cyber-Victimization Scale (Buelga et al., 2019), Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (Purcell, 2007), and Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale (Joseph & Stockton, 2018). The exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis methods and internal consistency were used to compute the CYBVICS's factorial validity and reliability, respectively. To examine the construct validity of the CYBVICS, correlations between different dimensions of CYBVICS with Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale and Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale were computed. The results of principal component analysis (PC) and varimax rotation replicated 2-factor structures: direct cyber-victimization and indirect cyber-victimization in the Iranian sample. The goodness of fit indices of confirmatory factor analysis with the use of AMOS confirmed the 2 extracted factors. Correlational analyses between CYBVICS's factors with Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale's factors provided initial evidence for the CYBVICS convergent validity & correlational analyses between CYBVICS's factors with Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale's factors provided initial evidence for the CYBVICS discriminant validity. Internal consistency for the CYBVICS's factors was desirable (a=0.93). In sum, these findings provide evidence for the validity and reliability of the CYBVICS as an instrument to assess the Cyber-Victimization among Iranian girl students. Keywords Cyber-Victimization Scale (CYBVICS), Psychometric Properties, Girl Students Introduction Cyberspace due to easy and fast access to instant messaging services and social networks, not only can be used for educational purposes, positive communication with others, and entertainment among teenagers, but it can also be easily used to bully others. cyberbullying is defined as intentional, aggressive, and repetitive behavior in which an individual or group of individuals uses electronic devices -primarily the internet and smartphones- to bully a person who is unable to defend himself or herself. The increase and spread of cyberbullying among adolescents can be due to several factors such as increasing access to and widespread use of smartphones. Continuous advances in technology have led to the emergence of new methods and the transformation of coercion in cyberspace. In one classification, victimization in cyberspace includes direct and indirect victimization; Direct victimization means verbal coercion such as sending offensive messages in forums or groups and social coercion such as social exclusion from online groups. Indirect victimization includes behaviors that occur through methods such as misrepresenting the victim, forgery and identity theft and hacking a personal account, or manipulating photos, videos, and rumors about the victim. Negative consequences of cyberbullying undermine adolescent freedom of action in the use and search of valuable online resources and lead to severe functional and psychosocial consequences such as academic and behavioral problems, depressive symptoms, and increased loneliness due to lack of parental awareness. Accordingly, to take timely intervention in resolving this social problem and prevent its negative consequences, it is necessary to evaluate and identify it using up-to-date and valid tools. Method: This is a correlational research based on the covariance matrix. The statistical population includes all female students of first and second high school in Tehran, whereby 326 of whom were selected using the virtual snowball sampling method. Students responded to the scales victimization in cyberspace (Buelga et al., 2019), Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (Purcell, 2007), and Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale (Joseph & Stockton, 2018). To determine the factor validity of CYBVICS the statistical methods of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used and Cronbach's alpha coefficients were used to examine its internal consistency. Also, to examine the construct validity of the CYBVICS, correlations between different dimensions of CYBVICS with Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale and Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale were reported. Results: The results of principal component analysis (PC) using varimax rotation empirically supported direct and indirect cyber victimization in the sample which explains %77.31 of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis based on AMOS software confirmed the existence of two factors and the validity of the victimization in cyberspace. The similarity of the factor structure of the Cyber-Victimization Scale with its original version shows that the interpretive power of its underlying theoretical logic is transcendental. The positive correlation of CYBVICS's factors with dimensions of the Peer Victimization Scale's supported the convergent validity of CYBVICS, indicating that the main motivations for both types of bullying may be the same and that the bully, do coercion regardless of the context, both in real life and in cyberspace. Cyberbullying and victimization are to a large extent part of the general pattern of bullying and victimization in the traditional sense that the use of electronic media is only one form of manifestation. Also, both types of victimization may be ascribed while socializing, especially from the parents, or be rooted in the characteristics of the victim. Significant but weak correlation analyses between CYBVICS's factors with Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale, while confirming the relationship between the family atmosphere and personal and social resources to face peer bullying, confirmed the divergent validity of CYBVICS. The negative atmosphere of the family, by reducing the sources of personal and social confrontation of adolescents, makes them easier targets for bullying and violence. The free pattern of family relationships with parents and the adolescent's sense of value and respect in the family is negatively related to cyber victimization and plays a protective role in this regard. The relationship between patterns of parent-adolescent relations and victimization in cyberspace suggests that in situations where the adolescent is exposed to cyberbullying, the family can play an important role in helping him or her get out of the situation. When the family has no source of protection or help, and the parent-child relationship is threatened, humiliated, and insulted, children experience more psychological and behavioral problems and consequently, more harm from being victimized by peers and so on. Finally, in this study, the numerical value of the internal consistency coefficient for measuring CYBVICS (a=0.93) showed that this scale has the necessary reliability. 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Since private sector investment is dependent on people deposits with banks, the amount of deposits affects national investment and product. The various factors influence private deposits with banks. This paper investigates the relationship between rent-seeking opportunities and bank deposits using the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) in Iranian economy during 1971-2010. The results show that the exchange rate premium and interest rate premium affect quantity of deposits with banks in the short-run with coefficients of orders -0.1486 and -0.3468, respectively. Moreover, the long-run equilibrium relationship indicates that the elasticity of deposits relative to rent-seeking opportunities in exchange and money markets are -0.0166 and -0.0389, respectively. These findings show that rent-seeking indicators have significant and negative effects on private deposits with banks. In fact, rent-seekingopportunities stimulate individuals to shift away their deposits from formal money market towards informal markets in order to make more profits.

Introduction The study area is a small part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar structural zone in the Markazi province, located in the northeastern part of the Farmahin, north of Arak (Hajian, 1970). The volcanic rocks studied from the area include andesite, dacite, rhyodacite, ignimbrite and tuff of Middle to Late Eocene age (middle Lutetian to upper Lutetian) (Ameri et al., 2009). It seems that folding and faulting is caused in sedimentary basin and volcanic activities. On the other hand, except of orogeny maybe rifting had rule in eruption so that this case has seen in the other area such as Taft and Khezrabad in central Iran (Zarei Sahamieh et al., 2008). The oldest formation in the studied area is Triassic limestones. The dominant textures of these rocks are porphyritic, microlite porphyritic, microlitic and rarely sieve-texture. Sieve texture and dusty texture (dusty plagioclases) indicates magma mixing. Mineralogically, they contain plagioclases, clinopyroxenes, amphiboles, quartz and biotite as the main constituents and zircon, apatite, and opaque minerals as accessories. Plagioclases in the andesitic and basaltic- andesite rocks are labradorite, bytownite and anorthite (based on electron microprobe) .Moreover, plagioclases in andesitic rocks show that H2O is lesser than 2.5 precent. Amphibole is found in both plagioclases and groundmass. Materials and methods In this article are used different analyses methods such as XRF, ICP-MS and EPMA. Whole-rock major and trace element analyses were determined with ICP-MS method. The major and trace element composition of some rock was determined by electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) using a Cameca SX100 instrument in Iran Mineral Processing Research Center (IMPRC). Moreover, whole-rock major and some trace element analyses for some samples were obtained by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), using an ARL Advant-XP automated X-ray spectrometer. Results Chemical data based on electron micro probe studies of minerals indicate the presence of labradorite, bytownite, anorthite as the plagioclases in volcanic rocks, as well as augite, pigeonite and clinoenstatite among the pyroxenes are abundant. Microscopic study of these lavas and pyroclastic rocks show evidences of magmatic contamination in the form of oscillatory zoning, resorption rims in plagioclase and presence of basic inclusions. The presence of oxidized amphibole rims (in hornblende) indicates the high temperature of the magma at the time of eruption. Based on geochemistry especially the ratio of Eu/Eu* is variable between liquid and solid phases. The calculated of this ratio in studied rocks show negative anomaly (Eu According to classification diagrams is used of different diagrams for example TAS/SiO2, R1-R2 and Zr/TiO2-Nb/Y. TAS/SiO2 diagram show that the rocks are of basaltic-andesite, andesite and dacite. R1-R2 diagram show these rocks are andesite, andesi-basalt, dacite and rhyodacite. Finally, based on Zr/TiO2-Nb/Y the rocks in area under study are andesite, basalt, dacite and rhyodacite type. The geochemical diagrams (such as AFM) for identify of mama series show that the rocks studied are calc-alkaline and A/NK-A/CNK show magma is peraluminous to metaluminous in nature. Enrichment of incompatible and LILE elements such as Ba, K and Rb show that contamination of magma with continental crust have been occurred in this area. Similarity between REE patterns in all samples is related to common source for all volcanic rocks in the studied area. Discussion The tectonic setting diagrams show that these rocks belong to the continental margin which have been involved in a subduction zone and belong to the orogenic andesite belt. The position of the samples on the major elements-SiO2 diagrams indicate that magma differentiation has been occurred. Spider diagrams show depletion and enrichment that the type of rocks in studied area have positive anomalous of Rb and negative anomalous of Nb and Ti, this phenomenon shows contamination between magma and crustal rocks (Ghasemi and Talbot, 2006; Rollinson, 1993). Comparison of spider diagrams normalized to chondrite or MORB also show that the parent magma has been contaminated. It appears that assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) were the dominant processes in the genesis of the studied volcanic rocks (Roozbehani and Arvin, 2010). As a conclusion and regarding to what we said in this article ,the area under study are included both lava and pyroclastic rocks such as andesite, dacite, rhyodacite, ignimbrite ,tuff and tuffits that cut by younger dykes and belong to Middle to Late Eocene age(middle Lutetian to upper Lutetian).There is no rocks older than Triassic age. Volcanic rocks have been occurred in two environments, dry and water together. From volumetric point of view, Aciditic and intermediate rocks such as dacite, rhyodacite and andesite are the most in the area under study (Ahmadian et al., 2010). Basitic rocks are a lesser amount than the others. Regarding to all evidences such as field works, structurally, texturally, mineralogically, geochemically and petrologically show that rocks in studied area belong to subduction zone and magma that created of these rocks have been originated from mantle and contaminated with continental crust during eruption and rising. Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank Journal Manager and reviewers who critically reviewed the manuscript and made valuable suggestions for its improvement. References Ahmadian, J., Bahadoran, N., Torabi, G. and Morata, M., 2010. Geochemistry and petrogenesis of volcanic rocks in Aroosan Kabood (north-east of Anarak). Journal of Petrology, 1(1): 103-120. (in Persian) Ameri, A., ashrafi, N. and Karimi qarebaba, H., 2009. Petrology, Geochemistry and tectonics environment of Eocene volcanic rocks in east of Herris, east Azerbayjan, north-west of Iran. Journal of geosciences, 18(71): 85-90. (in Persian) Ghasemi, A. and Talbot, C.J., 2006. A new scenario for the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone (Iran). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 26(6): 683-693. Hajian, J., 1970 . Geological map of Farmahin (1/100000). Geological Survey of Iran. Rollinson, H.R., 1993. Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation and Interpretation. Longman scientific and technical, London, 352 pp. Roozbehani, L. and Arvin, M., 2010. Petrography, geochemistry and petrogenesis of ryolitic and andesitic rocks in Nasir Abad, south-west, Kerman .Journal of Petrology, 1(2): 1-16. (in Persian). Tabatabai Manesh, M., Sayed Safai, H. and Mirlohi, A.S., 2010. Study of mineralogy and effective process on volcanic rocks in Jahaq anticlinal (south of Kashan). Journal of Petrology, 1(2): 61-76. 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