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‌ ∴ Introduction ∴ ‌ The legal framework and governance of a nation are profoundly influenced by its foundational theories and intellectual bases, which are often encapsulated in the nation’s constitution. This is particularly evident in the Islamic Republic of Iran, where the concept of the authority of the supreme leader [Velayat-e Faqih] has been a cornerstone of its legal and political system since the Islamic Revolution of 1979. The principle, deeply rooted in Islamic law, posits that the governance of Muslims should be under the guidance of a qualified jurist during the era of Imam occultation. This concept was institutionalized through the Iranian Constitution, particularly with the ratification of article 5, marking a significant departure from prior constitutional frameworks. Martyr Dr. Sayyed Mohammad Hosseini Beheshti (1928-1981), a pivotal figure in the revolution and the establishment of the new constitution, played a central role in articulating and implementing this principle. This paper aims to delve into Beheshti's contributions and perspectives on the authority of the supreme leader, examining the evolution of this concept and its practical implications within the framework of the Iranian Constitution. ‌ ∴ Research Question ∴ ‌ The primary inquiry of this paper revolves around the conceptualization of the authority of the supreme leader as articulated by Martyr Beheshti. Specifically, it seeks to address whether Beheshti's discourses and writings support the notion of the absolute authority of the supreme leader during the era of Imam occultation. Additionally, it questions how Beheshti justified the necessity of this absolute authority and the extent to which he envisioned the scope of the supreme leader’s powers within society. This exploration is crucial for understanding the theoretical underpinnings of Iran's political system and the constitutional legitimation of the supreme leader’s authority. ‌ ∴ Research Hypothesis ∴ ‌ It is hypothesized that Martyr Beheshti’s intellectual and juridical endeavors significantly contributed to the conceptualization and institutionalization of the Authority of the supreme leader in the Iranian political and legal systems. Beheshti, leveraging his scholarly background and political activism, posited that the absolute authority of a qualified supreme leader is essential for guiding the Islamic community in the absence of the Imam. This hypothesis further suggests that Beheshti envisioned a broad scope of powers for the supreme leader, aiming to ensure the governance of society aligns with Islamic principles. This study seeks to affirm these hypotheses by examining Beheshti's contributions to the theoretical foundation and practical application of Velayat-e Faqih. ‌ ∴ Methodology & Framework, if Applicable ∴ ‌ The methodology employed in this research is content analysis, focusing on a systematic examination of Beheshti’s speeches, writings, and the constitutional texts. This method allows for an in-depth analysis of the discourse, enabling the extraction of key concepts and viewpoints without imposing external interpretations. The research utilizes library resources, including primary and secondary sources, to construct a comprehensive understanding of Beheshti’s thoughts and the legal-rational structure of the Authority of the supreme leader in Iran. The framework for analysis involves categorizing and tabulating the data to facilitate a clear, systematic presentation of findings. This approach not only highlights Beheshti’s influence on the development of Iran’s constitution but also provides insights into the dynamic interplay between religious authority and state power in the context of modern Islamic governance. ‌ ∴ Results & Discussion ∴ ‌ The research meticulously explores Martyr Beheshti’s profound contributions to the constitutional law of the Islamic Republic of Iran, particularly focusing on the authority of the supreme leader [Velayat-e Faqih] and its operational limits within the state’s governance. The findings underscore Beheshti’s pivotal role in articulating a vision where the supreme leader’s authority, grounded in Islamic jurisprudence and the collective will of the Muslim community, serves as the linchpin for the governance of an Islamic society. His interpretations emphasize the balance between divine guidance and the community’s welfare, advocating for a leadership model that, while authoritative, fundamentally differs from autocratic or tyrannical governance. Beheshti’s perspective on the supreme leader’s authority elucidates a governance model that is neither democratic in the conventional Western sense nor autocratic. It highlights a unique framework where the supreme leader, meeting stringent qualifications and enjoying broad public support, leads with an authority derived from both divine law and the consent of the governed. This model proposes a symbiotic relationship between the jurist’s leadership and the community's welfare, advocating for decisions that prioritize the collective good over individual interests. Further, the analysis reveals that the absolute authority of the supreme leader [Velayat-e Motlaqe-ye Faqih], as envisaged by Beheshti, inherently contains checks against tyranny. Beheshti's distinction between tyranny and the supreme leader’s governance lies in the voluntary acceptance and religious obligation of the community towards the supreme leader's leadership, reinforced by the latter's adherence to Islamic principles and the public interest. The constitutional place of the guardianship of the Islamic jurist, as articulated by Beheshti, is central to the Islamic Republic’s governance philosophy. Beheshti champions the necessity of an informed, divinely guided leader to ensure the Islamic character of the state's governance. This principle, he argues, is paramount, forming the constitutional bedrock of the Islamic Republic. Beheshti's discussions on the limits of the supreme leader’s authority indicate a nuanced understanding of governance. While the constitution delineates the framework within which the supreme leader operates, Beheshti acknowledges the flexibility required to address the community's needs and the public interest, suggesting that in exceptional circumstances, the supreme leader’s authority can extend beyond constitutional stipulations, as exemplified by Imam Khomeini's actions prior to the 1989 (1368 SH) constitutional amendment. ‌ ∴ Conclusion ∴ ‌ This study concludes that Martyr Beheshti’s contributions to the conceptual and practical understanding of the authority of the guardianship of the Islamic jurist in Iran's constitutional law are both foundational and transformative. Beheshti's vision delineates a governance model that integrates Islamic jurisprudence with the principles of collective welfare and leadership accountability. His interpretations advocate for a leadership that, while authoritative, is fundamentally anti-tyrannical, grounded in the community's welfare and the principles of Islam. Beheshti’s elucidation of the guardianship of the Islamic jurist’s role and authority within the Islamic Republic's constitution provides a critical framework for understanding the balance between divine guidance and the societal contract in Islamic governance. The nuanced portrayal of the supreme leader’s authority, with its inherent limits and responsibilities, offers a unique perspective on the governance of an Islamic society, highlighting the dynamic interplay between religious authority, constitutional law, and the public interest. In essence, this research underscores the enduring relevance of Beheshti’s thought in the discourse on Islamic governance, presenting his work as a cornerstone in the development of the Islamic Republic of Iran's constitutional and legal framework. Beheshti’s legacy, as examined through this study, offers invaluable insights into the implementing Islamic principles in the governance of a modern state, reflecting a profound engagement with the challenges of religious authority and political power.

‘Law’ is the foundation and cornerstone in creating a legal regime. From the Constitutionalism Era until now, Muslim thinkers and scholars have always endeavored to investigate the concept of law and its related issues, and examine the ratio between legislation and canonization (Shariat). Among these scholars, martyr Beheshti has a worthy position due to his high scientific and jurisprudential capability and representation of an active role in codifying the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The current research, using a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer this question of what the position of ‘law’ and its related issues in the thought of martyr Beheshti is? The results of this research show that, according to the thoughts of martyr Beheshti, the existence of ‘law’ in a society is necessary for its management, and the mere factor of education cannot bring real felicity to the society and for this reason, he considers the law as a binding rule from a powerful source that imposes duties on the society, and if people disobey the law, they will be subject to punishments. From his point of view, the law governs all relationships between individuals, and everyone is equal before the law. Furthermore, in his view, law is divided into three types: authoritarian, national and universal. He believes that the ratio between law and freedom in Islamic society is such that the law determines the limits of freedom. The process of legislation in the Islamic regime is the confluence of ideologue and democracy, and in the process of writing laws, attention should be paid to the three important principles: rule of Islam, observance of public interests of society, and rule of justice.

Enterprise Social Media (ESM) has been normally embraced by companies to boost team performance and agility for workers. The goal of this study is to investigate the mediating effect of workplace isolation on the relationships among usage ESM, employee agility and Team Performance along with exploration of the moderating influence of workplace Integrational study model. This research adds to corporate awareness in illustrating the impact of ESM use on team performance and employee agility based on theory of social exchange, theory of information processing and the theory of transactive memory. Cross-sectional survey was employed to collect data from telecommunication firms (public & private). 400 respondents were selected through purposive sampling technique and given close ended questionnaires, 348 questionnaires were selected for further analysis; through a number of statistical tools, after screening out the filled responses. It resulted in Suggesting ESM has a favorable effect on Employee Agility and Team Performance, but the negative relationships were observed among workplace isolation and employee agility and team performance. Further, Workplace Isolation mediated the relationship among ESM, Employee Agility and Team performance. Additionally, Workplace Integration strongly moderated the relationship between ESM and Workplace Isolation. Experts and/or administrators should pay consideration to the impact of using ESM on agility and team performance of the workers. In addition, when implementing ESM to increase team performance they should concentrate on the extent of team diversity. By presenting the relationship between use of ESM, isolation in the workplace, workplace integration, agility of workers and performance of teams; it enriches the ESM use works by exploring the moderating functions of workplace integration while describing the beneficial consequences of workplace integration.

Agriculture as an academic field, like the other majors of social life, needs appropriate planning approaches based on a spatial perspective into regional capacities as much as national interests. Therefore, in addition to economic growth, spatial perspective prohibits regional imbalance and injustice because the emergence of injustice weakens social stability. As one of the approaches in spatial planning, territorial planning considers growth of regional potentials to remove imbalance. But, its perception of justice as well as its theoretical sufficiency and clarity are subject to vagueness. This research, by qualitative research method, analyzes territorial planning from the perspective of essential elements of justice, showing how it suffers from some vagueness about justice. So, agricultural policy-makers should beware of these vague questions concerning justice.

The analysis of public policy change and stability is one of the most attractive and yet challengeable subjects in policy research and use of policy process theories is very useful and helpful for explanation of this change. On the other hand, given to being contractual frameworks (especially in upstream section of petroleum industry) as important policies in this field, it is important and critical to understand their formation process and can prepare the context of their pathology, correction and development. In this article, the process of formulation and emergence of Iran Petroleum Contract (IPC) to its ratification is studied and explained by Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) as analysis Framework. Essence and goals of research have demanded to convey this article with qualitative case study. Document study, direct observation and analysis of visual and audio archives have used for data gathering. Focus group and expert opinion have served for validation of outputs and scrutinization in data analyzing. Research results show the strength of advocacy coalition framework in this process explanation, and could explain three stages in IPC formation: 1. Coalitions emergence. 2. Policy blockage. 3. Deadlock breaking and ratification of new policy.

In the past, most of the companies in service industry were using consumer-based approach in branding. This approach is mainly based on advertising to build powerful brand and underestimate the role of employees in branding. Lately, a new approach was developed in which employees play an important role in branding. This approach is mainly shaped by internal brand management (IBM), employees’ commitment to the brand (BC) and brand citizenship behavior (BCB). The aim of this study is to investigate the factors which affect on formation of brand citizenship behavior. This approach has attracted less attention in Persian literature. This is an applied research in term of goal, and also descriptivecorrelative approach in data collection. Statistical population includedall employees of ASIA insurance company in Tehran that 154 selected through Convenience sampling method. To test the hypotheses, structural equation model through Lisrel 8.8 were used. Our results show the relationship between IBM and BCB, job satisfaction and BCB, IBM an employees’ brand trust. But in contrast to the previous researches, there is no relationship between IBM and BC, and BC with BCB neither. Finally, recommendations are presented to managers.

Today, supply chain management (SCM) is a strategic topic for the integration or performance of organizations that are involved in various industries and create value in the form of offering products/services to customers. Due to the ever-increasing use of the information, financial and physical exchanges in supply chains, it is necessary to examine the role of information security management system (ISMS) in supply chain more than ever. Some researchers believe that information security management systems are effective on accuracy of information exchange, integration of organizational processes, and improvement of business performance. But, the effect of information security management on supply chain has not been explored in any research studies in aviation companies. Therefore, the present study was carried out to explore the effectiveness of information security management on increased supply chain performance in the Aviation Industry in Iran (via a case study in one of the related factories). Having studied the literature about these two topics, supply chain performance indexes were identified and prioritized based on the balanced scorecard model. Then the effective factors on information security management were identified. In order to explore the relationship among the research variables and determine the relationship among latent variables, a questionnaire was prepared and distributed among 220 managers, specialists and authorities of organizational units of information technology and supply chain. Correlation analysis and structural equations modeling were conducted by means of SPSS and AMOS software and how information security management is effective on increased performance of supply chains was investigated. The results showed the effect of dimensions of information security management including information accuracy, avoiding human and hardware mistakes, creating trains grounds, information uniformity and etc. On four aspects of the balanced scorecard, i.e. internal processes, financial, customers and growth and learning and ultimately on supply chain performance.

Improving applied science is one of the main goals in higher education policy, Todays. In the meantime, practicalization of theoretical sciences is difficult and complicated because dividing science into practical and theoretical, puts these two groups of sciences in front of each other. Although, Sciences like physics and chemistry have been divided into applied and theoretical since a long time, dividing philosophy into theoretical and applied philosophy has not been considered seriously. The term “Applied Philosophy” has been used by some philosophers recently and there are some centers working under this name, but teaching applied philosophy is not a powerful stream in higher education. In this paper by showing the difference between applied philosophy and what is traditionally called practical wisdom, I’m going to argue that Interdisciplinarity is one of the best ways of developing applied philosophy and introducing some fields it.

According to primary rule, receiving property belonging to other without his consent is not permissible unless there is a specific reason for it. Since all the governmental taxes particularly customs lack the consent of individuals, some hold that its levying is not permissible. However, refusing to levy these taxes leads to disturbing the business system of the society. Thus, some have permitted it based on the secondary rule. Most of those justifying collection of taxes through secondary rule, have stated government and its requirements as reasons for it. However, this issue has been controversial among Shiite jurisprudents and many have considered the common arguments inadequate for establishing the permissibility of government. As a result, the concomitants of the issue of government including customs are under question too. The present article seeks to put forward a new method towards permissibility of levying taxes .Hence raising the issue in a way that those not approving the government would sanction this practice.

Various lists of news values in communication have been offered since 1960. This article, next to a comparative and analytical explanation of those lists in the recent five decades, presents the authors, own selected list which embodies all the previous ones. Then it is shown that the news values issue in both the practical domain of communication i.e the media, and its scientific domain, are based on the uses and gratification theory when it comes to a knowledge of the audience. The philosophical foundations of gratification theory which is in flounced by humanistic and capitalistic views are also explained. There is a final emphasis on the need of adopting a critical and cautious view when selecting practical communication models such as news values in our Islamic society due to the predominance of modernist world views.

The present study examines the relationship between using Internet social networks and some of the life style's indices. The study relies on the assumption that the Internet and virtual space, particularly online social networks, have remarkably attracted young people nowadays so far as such networks have filled most of the youths' leisure times. In the context of globalization and the advent of new communication technologies, a virtual space has emerged interacting with the real one. To measure the relationship between these two spaces, i.e. the time people allocate to the Internet and other cultural implications of being a member of social networks, the present research employs online survey and online questionnaire administration to collect data from the active users of Iranian Social Network, i.e. Cloob.com. The findings suggest that the Internet and online social networks fill most of the youths' leisure time; people become the member of such networks with different goals of which amusement is the most significant. Furthermore, the networks membership would partially affect cultural symbols related to individuals' everyday life including dressing and daily talks. Online social networks have also brought about changes in friend-making and marriage style which are all conclusively examined in chapter four (data analysis). The study also addresses the contents of private or group messages. To examine the contents of private messages, the research employs questionnaires and to depict a Precis picture of group messages, it uses content analysis method to examine the content of all discussed issues by young people in the network. The results of the content analysis reveal that private and group messages communicated in the Iranian Largest online social network, i.e. Cloob.com, have different contents indicating a change in people’s life style.

The present study aims at identifying the specific roles of both agricultural extension and water advisory in the different stages of irrigation development projects, as well as investigating the possible integration between the two sides; finally the study aims at identifying the most important means to establish the integration between them in this field. This study was conducted in two governorates (Quena and Kafr El-Sheikh). Data were collected through personal interview by using a questionnaire from agricultural extension workers and water advisory engineers (35 and 25, respectively) in May and June, 2013. Data were presented by using averages, percentages and frequencies tabulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]