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The present research aims to investigate the impact of perceptual social disorganization and the collective efficacy of deviant behaviors among University of Mazandaran students. The method of this survey research was stratified random sampling in proportion to the volume. The tool for collecting information in the current research is a questionnaire, and 411 questionnaires have been analyzed. The results of the analysis of the findings show that there is no significant difference between boys and girls in terms of deviant behavior. The results of the path analysis test have also shown that there is a positive and significant relationship between imagined social disorder, imagined physical disorder and deviant behavior. Also, there is a positive relationship between imagined physical disorder and fear of crime; And there is an inverse and significant relationship between fear of crime and collective efficacy. According to the findings, people's perception of social disorder has an effect on crime. In other words, disorder increases fear of crime, which in turn reduces social control/collective efficacy and makes neighborhoods vulnerable to criminal invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apathy is a passive activity in which individuals avoid active engagement and altruism while lacking interest in or concern about social problems. This paper aims to analyze social apathy in Ilam province and find its causes and consequences. The study was conducted by a qualitative method according to the grounded theory approach and using purposive sampling strategies (theoretical sampling). The required data were collected through interviews with 28 participants. Data were analyzed using the Strauss and Corbin coding paradigm in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. As the results showed, ignorance of citizens’ role, political structure, rising expectations, selfish individualism, the decline in collective loyalty, social trade-offs, socioeconomic inequalities, and the accumulation of poverty and misery were the causal factors. Besides, the contextual factors included social loafing, non-assertiveness, economization of culture, legal gap, failure of the training system, the chaos of tradition, nepotism, low-performance civil organizations, and isolationism. Finally, government inefficiency, collective hysteria, and media malfunction were intervening factors. As the findings of the study show, ‘social disorganization’ was the main core of the research, which results from causal, contextual, and intervening factors.

In settlements located on the eastern borders of Iran (the borders between Iran and Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan) - that for reasons, security and non-security have been considered as critical border areas- rate of social capital seems lower than expected. However, this capital is considered as a key factor of sustainable development of border settlements. Therefore this study has been done with the aim of explaig the threatening factors of security in the framework of social capital approach and investigating its spatial differences in border settlements of Sistan and Baluchistan province. Social capital be included indicators of social trust, participation and solidarity. Threatening factors of security to be included social disorganization, relative deprivation and lack of social control. The method of research is analytical- descriptive and correlation. Due to widespread population, 382 local people and 136 local administrators were selected by Cochrane from Mirjaveh, Saravan and Zahak Township as the sample size. The data processed and analyzed using fuzzy logic (MATLAB) and statistical methods (SPSS). The research findings indicate a relatively high rates of social capital and average of threatening factors of security respectively with the degree (0.628) and (0.593) as well as high reverse correlation between social capital and threatening factors of security (-0.838). Findings also indicate a significant difference, of spatial in terms of geo-political location and the lack of it in terms of the type of settlement (rural and urban). Therefore, the results indicate lack efficient management of border areas in the region and lack of based-opportunity approach to border and border areas that emphasizes livelihood and other aspects of frontiersmen life in relation to security and national and regional development.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between poverty and the spread of various types of urban violence in the neighborhoods of the city of Yazd. According to the objectives of the research, it is a practical research and its method is descriptive- analytical. The statistical population is 43 criminals convicted in the neighborhood of the city of Yazd. Research indices included seven indicators of poverty as independent variables and 12 indicators of urban violence as dependent variables. To analyze the data and evaluate the relationship between variables of inferential statistical tests such as multivariate regression coefficient and path analysis, as well as the nearest neighbors’ index were used to rank the level of violence in Yazd city Neighborhoods. The findings show that most neighborhoods that have the highest poverty rates often have more violent hotspots. In this regard, based on the path analysis model, it was also clear that in this relationship indicators of income rate and education level are most effective and the indicator of access to services is the least effective impact. In connection with direct effect, component of literacy level has the least effect and the component of unemployment rate has the greatest effect in the increase of urban violence, and the multiple correlation coefficient with value of 0/741 confirms the relationship between the spread of poverty and increase in the level of violence and reducing the rate of the feeling of security in the Yazd neighborhood. Finally, some strategies for the elimination of poverty and reduction of urban violence in the neighborhoods of Yazd are presented.

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between poverty and the spread of various types of urban violence in the neighborhoods of the city of Yazd. According to the objectives of the research, it is a practical research and its method is descriptive- analytical. The statistical population is 43 criminals convicted in the neighborhood of the city of Yazd. Research indices included seven indicators of poverty as independent variables and 12 indicators of urban violence as dependent variables. To analyze the data and evaluate the relationship between variables of inferential statistical tests such as multivariate regression coefficient and path analysis, as well as the nearest neighbors’ index were used to rank the level of violence in Yazd city Neighborhoods. The findings show that most neighborhoods that have the highest poverty rates often have more violent hotspots. In this regard, based on the path analysis model, it was also clear that in this relationship indicators of income rate and education level are most effective and the indicator of access to services is the least effective impact. In connection with direct effect, component of literacy level has the least effect and the component of unemployment rate has the greatest effect in the increase of urban violence, and the multiple correlation coefficient with value of 0/741 confirms the relationship between the spread of poverty and increase in the level of violence and reducing the rate of the feeling of security in the Yazd neighborhood. Finally, some strategies for the elimination of poverty and reduction of urban violence in the neighborhoods of Yazd are presented.