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In this research, using a suitable method and in line with the development of green chemistry, chitosan particles were prepared through the process of deacetylation from Persian Gulf shrimp shell waste, and then a copper-based complex was successfully synthesized on a substrate of chitosan particles, and with Techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Energy Diffraction Spectroscopy (EDX), Elemental Mapping, and Visible-Ultraviolet Spectroscopy (UV-Vis) was investigated. A wide variety of biaryl compounds were successfully synthesized through the developed catalytic process. The use of chitosan-copper (II) complex catalyst in the synthesis of biphenyl derivatives showed several advantages, including mild reaction conditions and short synthesis time, significant efficiency, avoiding the production of toxic waste, and easy separation of the catalyst. Furthermore, the chitosan-copper(II) complex was easily recovered by filtration and could be reused for five cycles without losing its structural integrity and catalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to assess the impact of a native probiotic product on the intestinal bacteria biodiversity of Penaeus vannamei. Shrimp larvae were administered the probiotic via food (treatment 1), through culture water (treatment 2), and a control group received no probiotics (treatment 3). After three months of rearing, bacteria were isolated from the shrimp intestines, and initial identification was conducted based on morphological, biochemical, and physiological traits. The diversity of intestinal bacterial flora was assessed using PCR-RFLP methods, focusing on the determination of 16S rRNA gene sequences. Results revealed a significantly higher abundance of cultivable bacteria in the intestines of shrimp from treatment 1 (2.4 x 107 CFU/gr) compared to those receiving probiotics through water (6.16 x 106 CFU/gr). The probiotic product led to a reduction in bacterial diversity in the intestines of treated shrimp, decreasing from 10 to 6 genera. Additionally, the frequency of Vibrio bacteria decreased by 20%, while other opportunistic pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Shewanella, and Photobacterium were eliminated. Overall, the findings suggest that administering probiotics through food was more effective in modulating the diversity of the shrimp intestinal microbiome. This study enhances our understanding of the impact of indigenous probiotics on the composition and dynamics of the intestinal microbiome of P. vannamei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of powder and leaf extract of Moringa oleifera on hemolymph factors of Litopenaeus vannamei in response to salinity stress were evaluated. After 8 weeks of feeding with powder (25, 50 and 100g / kg) and extract (0.25, 0.5 and 0.1 g/kg) leaves of Moringa and control treatment without Moringa, all treatments were exposed to short -term salinity stress (5 and 55 ppt). There was a statistically significant difference in total and differential count of homocytes in different dietary treatments in all three normal conditions and under salinity stress of 5 and 55 pp (p<0.05). Under normal conditions and high salinity, shrimps fed with Moringa leaf extract showed higher number of homocytes than other treatments. In stress-free conditions, the number of semi -granular cells in powder and extract treatments was higher than the control group. At 5 ppt, Moringa powder treatments had higher semi-granular and at 55 ppt salinity, the leaf powder group (100 g/kg) and the leaf extract (0.25 g/kg) showed the highest values, respectively. Overall, the results of this study showed the positive effects of using Moringa leaf powder and extract on innate immune system function and exposure to salinity stress in shrimp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: White spot syndrome virus (wssv) is the causing agent for white spot disease in shrimp and many crustaceans. This disease is highly contagious and can cause death within 3–10 days under normal culture conditions. Therefore, early diagnosis of the virus is a necessity. Materials and Methods: Primers were designed for three regions of the virus genome and one region of the shrimp genome so that they could function together in a reaction. DNA was extracted from 40 samples of shrimp suspected of white spot disease. Primers were then optimized individually to detect white spot virus and after selecting the most suitable one, the virus was detected simultaneously by two pairs of primers. Shrimp genome replication primers were also used as internal control. Results: Among the designed primers, three pairs of primers were selected that amplified one fragment of the shrimp genome and two fragments of the virus genome. Of the 40 samples examined, 28 samples were positive (infected with the virus) and 12 samples were negative, which completely matched the results obtained with the reference kit. Conclusion: To detect white spot virus, examination of two regions of the virus genome is sufficient and reduces the possibility of false negatives. It is also effective to use the shrimp genome to control DNA extraction and PCR steps. The single-step method (PCR) is preferable to the two-step method (Nested PCR) due to its reduced probability of contamination and ease of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the purchase amount of shrimp in the market and the relationship between consumption amount and some of demographic characteristics. The statistical population of this study is the whole country that 10 cities including Mashhad, Tehran, Tabriz, Birjand, Kermanshah, Gorgan, Yazd, Bandar Abbas, Ilam and Shiraz were randomly selected and a total 1000 questionnaires were completed by citizens proportionate to the household population of the studied cities. In order to evaluate the number of shrimp purchases per year as well as the amount of each purchase, from the output of SPSS software and to investigate the existence of a significant relationship between consumption amount and demographic characteristics, correlation tests were used. According to the results the number of times shrimp were bought by the household varied from one to twelve times a year (average 1.71±1.11). 44.2% of households of the consumption society bought shrimp once a year and 28.6% of them bought shrimp twice a year. It was further found that the amount of shrimp purchased by household varies from 0.5 to 2 kg per purchase (average 0.92±0.26 kg). While 76.3% of households of the consumption society purchase one kilogram of shrimp in per purchase. According to the findings, consumption amount had no significant relationship with the age, job and field of study variables (p>0.05). But the relationship between this index with the education level and number of household members variables was significant (p<0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth rate, survival and food conversion ratio were compared for two species of shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus and Fenneropenaeus indicus in Bushehr Province in summer 2002. The research was done with two treatments each in three replications in 0.4 ha ponds. Twenty five post larvae of the shrimps in stage PL sub(12) with a mean weight of 5mg were stocked per square meter of the ponds and cultured for 109 days. We found significant differences during the first 31 days in SGR between P. semisulcatus and F. indicus (P0.05). The mean final harvest rate was 903.33kg and 1025.00kg in each pond for P. semisulcatus and F. indicus, respectively. No significant differences in physical and chemical parameters were observed between the two species......

In order to increase the per capita consumption of shrimp in Tehran and its proper placement in the household food basket, it is necessary to study the factors affecting the attitude of citizens towards shrimp consumption as well as the factors affecting on decision to purchase. The purpose of this applied-research study also is to investigate and evaluate these factors. For this purpose, by studying internal and external sources, a number of factors affecting consumers' attitudes and their decision to purchase were identified and then tested in the form of assumptions in the target population. The statistical population of the study is the whole city of Tehran which randomly were selected 12 municipal districts for field study with sample size of 500 people. To collect data, a questionnaire was designed according to the assumptions and completed by the consumption society. In order to test the assumptions and investigate the severity and direction of the relationship between their items, a conceptual model was designed and evaluated by structural equation modeling (Lisrel software). In testing hypothetical factors affecting citizens' attitudes were found quality, type of supply and processing, packaging and different beliefs have positive and significant effects on people's attitudes toward shrimp buying and consumption. But the convenience of cooking of shrimp as well as the time and place of consumption had no significant effect on the attitude of citizens. In the following, the results showed that experimental records of consumption, income and price of shrimp are effective on the intention to purchase but the access factor does not have a significant effect on the intention to buy shrimp. Values of effect coefficients showed that among the effective factors on attitude of citizens and the decision to buy, quality and experimental records of consumption are the most effective factors, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Food-borne diseases are among the most important public health problems. Among them, Salmonella is one of the most important food pathogens. Different Salmonella serotypes enter body through food and causes food infections in consumers. One of the most important evaluation criteria for health is to determine the microbial load of food. Materials and Methods: In this study, 245 shrimp samples supplied in Khuzestan province were taken randomly. The samples kept on ice were transferred to the laboratory and immediately tested microbiologically. Results: In this study, in 50.2 percent of the samples, the average number of bacteria per mL of the rinse water used to rinse the shrimps was 2200 bacteria, in 29.8 percent of the samples, it was 13600 bacteria and in 20.0 percent of the samples, the average number of bacteria per mL of the rinse water, it was 36700 bacteria. Based on these results, the average number of bacteria in the total samples was 20000 bacteria per mL rinse water. Out of the total samples assessed 33 samples were positive and 212 were negative for Salmonella, showing a 13.4 percent prevalence of Salmonella contamination in the shrimp production in Khuzestan Province. Conclusion: Due to the microbial load and Salmonella contamination in shrimp supply in the province of Khuzestan raw or undercooked consumption of shrimps can increase the possibility of problems for consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated effects of water quality on growth of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared in Heleh region of Bushehr in the south of Iran. Physico-chemical parameters such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, pH and clarity were investigated in three 0.5ha shrimp ponds. Nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and total phosphate), magnesium and sulphate as water quality factors were also investigated. Using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), a significant correlation (P0.05) while the afternoon pH values had negative significant correlation with the growth factors (P

We investigated the effects of Vibrionaceae family of bacteria as probiotics in the process of growth and survival rate of shrimp during propagation stages. Bacterial flora were extracted from seawater, culture farms, shrimp culture farms and sludge of private propagation farms. Different bacteria such as Vibrio alginolyticus (serotype 1-4), Vibrio splendidus I, Vibrio fluvialis II, Vibrio anguillarum I, Vibrio costicul, Vibrio vulnificaus, Vibrio nereis, Vibrio camplbelli, Vibrio natriegens, Vibrio proteolyticus, Vibrio plegius II ,Vibrio fischeri, Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas schuberti, Aeromonas salmonisida, Aeromonas veronii were isolated, identified and lyophilized. These bacteria were used in different experiments on shrimp life cycle stages while the shrimps were being fed on live food such as Chaetoceros, Skeletonema and Tetraselmis algae. Vibrio alginolyticus (serotype 1) with 107 cells/ml increased proliferation of Tetraselmis sp to 71 % in 6 days compared to the control e.....

Banana shrimp Fenneropenaeus merguiensis is one of the most important shrimp species in the Persian Gulf compromising about 60% of total shrimp catch in Hormozgan Province. Regarding the importance of banana shrimp in fisheries industry, phylogeny and genetic structure of the population of this in Laft and Sirik estuaries in the Persian Gulf was investigated using mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing of 10 shrimps including 448 aligned base pairs yielded one monomorphic locus, 447 polymorphic loci and seven haplotypes. No insertions and deletions were observed. F-statistic parameter at 95% level of confidence was 0.14 and was not significant between the two populations (P value= 0.08). Phylogenetic trees did not show a differentiated geographical structure between the two regions. Mean values of Tajima's D and Fu's Fs between the regions were 2.61 and 10.33, respectively. Insignificant values of these tests are indicative of no expansion of F. merguiensis population between the two regions. Haplotype and nucleotide diversity of the shrimps were 0.933 ± 0.004 and 0.802 ± 0.672, respectively for the two regions. The results of this study revealed that F. merguiensis populations of Laft and Sirik estuaries had high levels of genetic diversity but regarding the value of F-statistic parameter and its significance level, the existence of genetically similar populations could not be deducted with high level of confidence. The results of present study could be considered in fisheries management for restocking programs and conservation of genetic diversity of populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]