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Background. Hospitals, patients, researchers, and healthcare organizations are producing enormous amounts of data in both the healthcare and drug detection sectors. With continued development of cheap data storage and availability of smart devices in the world, the influence of big data (BD) will continue to grow. This influence has also carried over to healthcare. The volumes of data available in the fields of pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmaceutics are constantly increasing. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the applications of big data technology in the field of pharmaceutics. Methods. Using the mixed methods approach, this study was conducted in two phases in winter 2023. In the first phase, the applications of big data technology were identified by library search and assessed by content analysis. In the second phase, applications were ranked by a panel of experts, including 17 experts who worked in the Iranian pharmaceutical industry. The stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA) method was used for ranking the application of big data in pharmaceutics. Results. The present study examined the importance of big data applications in pharmaceutics. The results showed that drug discovery (0.263) and clinical study analysis (0.224) had the highest importance, followed by drug efficacy and performance (0.197), drug safety (0.170) and drug personalization (0.146). Conclusion. The present study detailed a substantial attempt to review the existing literature regarding the implementation of big data and to rank big data applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Big data can help researchers to better discover and develop drugs and understand the effects of drugs and other chemicals on the human body. As a result, it can help improve the safety and efficacy of drugs and other chemicals. Also, big data can help to improve the accuracy of predictions regarding the effects of drugs and chemicals, which can improve safety in drug development and help to avoid potential adverse drug interactions. The applications considered in this study are ultimately necessary for humanity, and big data may significantly impact the betterment of these domains. Big data has a revolutionary potential, providing new ways to understand and predict the effects of drugs. BD will possibly play an important role in pharmaceutics in future, critically helping to drug discovery and improve drug safety and efficacy.

Introduction: As the worldwide population grows and the access to healthcare is increasingly being demanded, real-time monitoring of different biological signals has driven the study and development of diverse wearable technology. Monitoring of physical activity and behaviors by wearable devices may improve these health behaviors. This study endeavored to recognize the challenges of wearable technology in medicine and healthcare.Methods: This applied study was conducted in two phases using qualitative approach in winter 2023. Initially, the challenges of wearable devices were recognized from previous studies. In the second step, the study experts evaluated conceptual model by Delphi method. The expert panel consists of 13 individuals active in information technology in healthcare according to targeted sampling.Results: According results the main challenges of wearable devices are technology acceptance (0.923), design/development (0.769), data quality/safety (0.769), privacy/confidentiality (0.923), socioeconomic impact (0.846), interoperability/connectivity (0.769), patient information/data overload (0.846), remote monitoring (0.846), and sanctions (0.769).Conclusion: This study revealed that applications of the wearable technology in healthcare are becoming mature and established as a scientific domain. Practical adoption in wearable technology still demands design and validation of new pathways, strategic formulation, and a sound business model. Practitioners and researchers should consider how these technological advances may impact healthcare in the new era.

Background and Aims: Artificial intelligence (AI) technology is widely used in dentistry in addition to numerous other sectors that impact human life, including medicine. A dentist can use AI technology to analyze patient data, diagnostic processes, and management activities. This study was conducted in Iran to identify the dental applications of AI and prioritize them. Materials and Methods: In the winter of 2022, this applied research was carried out in two stages using a mixed method. In the qualitative phase, 570 articles from 2011 to 2022 were identified in the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar among the studies in the field of dentistry and related to artificial intelligence technology based on keywords and then the applications of artificial intelligence in dentistry were extracted. In the quantitative phase, the identified applications prioritized by a group of experts comprised 13 University faculty members with related research areas using the best-worst method (BWM). Results: The factors identified in the first stage of research were classified into six categories: implant and surgery, executive management, disease diagnosis, analysis of images, clinical prediction, and orthodontics. According to the experts’ opinion, it was determined that medical photo analysis had the highest coefficient of importance (0.252) followed by orthodontics (0.234), disease diagnosis (0.151), implantology and surgery (0.143), clinical forecasts (0.127), and executive management (0.093). Conclusion: Dentists can use the capabilities of artificial intelligence in examining patients' teeth and diagnostic tests in dentistry based on the analysis of patient information. Information technology policymakers with the support and reinforcement of knowledge-based companies active in the field of artificial intelligence and joint investment in the field of medicine can be the basis for progress and the development of this technology in the country and the field of treatment.

The maturity of business intelligence is a result of the evolution and advancement of technology and management approaches that help to provide accurate information, predictive analyzes and improve decisions in organizations using advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence and data analysis. Despite technological maturity that improves the efficiency and performance of organizations over time, business intelligence is far from becoming a mainstream trend in organizations. According to numerous researches in the field of business intelligence, the aim of this research was to present the framework of factors affecting the maturity of business intelligence using a meta-composite approach. In order to reach a comprehensive framework that includes all the maturity factors of business intelligence, 221 scientific studies were reviewed. Relevant codes were extracted using content analysis in metacomposite method. The categories were leveled using the comprehensive interpretive structural modeling method and the most influential ones were determined. The findings show that a total of 93 codes were extracted and divided into 6 categories. These categories include organization and management factors, environment, technology infrastructure, human resources - knowledge, data management and data analysis. The categories of technology infrastructure, data management and data analysis were placed at level three and have the greatest impact on the maturity of business intelligence.

In order to investigate the effect of salinity and cadmium (Cd) on yield, chlorophyll content and antioxidant activity of Kochia plant, a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The experimental treatments included five Cd levels (0, 5, 30, 60 and 90 mg Cd kg-1 soil as cadmium sulphate) and three salinity levels (0, 2.5 and 5 g kg-1 soil as NaCl equal to electrical conductivity (EC) 0.65, 9.4, and 18 dS m-1, respectively). The results showed that mean shoot fresh and dry weight, root weight, and plant height at 5 g NaCl Kg-1, decreased significantly by 22, 24, 23, and 15 %; and at 90 mg Cd Kg-1 soil decreased by 52, 67, 45, and 41%, respectively. The greatest reduction in shoot fresh and dry weight, root dry weight and plant height observed at 5 g NaCl Kg-1 + 90 mg Cd Kg-1 levels. The highest total chlorophyll content observed at control (with no salinity and Cd) and 5 g kg-1 salinity + 5 mg Cd kg-1. With addition of NaCl, the harmful effect of Cd on chlorophyll content of the plant decreased. Salinity and Cd levels had a different effects on antioxidant activity of Koshia plant. However, at higher Cd levels (60 and 90 mg Cd kg-1), with increasing of salinity levels, no significant differences was observed in peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity. In general, the change in the activity pattern of the plant antioxidant system, especially catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes under high stress conditions showed that Kochia plant can withstand stress conditions via activating its antioxidant system.

Banking industry affected by economic transformation, internet development, and financial innovations. Hence, the banking industry requires urgent transformation and is seeking new growth avenues. On the other hand, blockchain technology is a disruptive technology that changes business models. Using distributed software architecture and advanced computing, blockchain can change the way information is exchanged between actors in the chain. Therefore, the research purpose is to identify the influential factors in the acceptance and then application of blockchain in Iran's banking industry. This research is applied and descriptive correlational method was used. The UTAUT - Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology – has been contextually used as the theoretical model of the research. Moreover, the statistical population of the research is all the employees in banking industry in Shiraz. For data analysis, structural equation modeling and Smart PLS software have been used. The results accentuated and proved the positive impacts of Performance expectancy, Effort expectancy, social influence and Individual factors on the intention to use blockchain technology. Moreover, the last but not least important factor, was the impact of Behavioral Intention on the actual use of blockchain technology. As a result, in Iran's banking system, the use of blockchain is being accepted as a way of rolling out economic constraints and making commercial payments.

Introduction: Massive open online courses (MOOCs) are known as new advances in e-learning. Learning through MOOCs requires different education than what happens in face-to-face learning. In these courses, it is important to connect with participants from different backgrounds and personalize learning. Therefore, with the development of MOOC as a new teaching method, training-based businesses need to acquire new knowledge and skills to obtain the desired training and gain acceptable learning outcomes. An important aspect of innovation in this business is tied to the role of the Internet and the related technologies, but this feature is not necessarily the only aspect that leads to innovation in the MOOC business model. This is because, with the advent of these technologies, there has been a significant shift in attitudes towards training and skill development systems that have changed the education business environment. Besides, the characteristics of this business are different from those of other web-based businesses which require that a business model be provided specifically for MOOC. The business model explains the logic of an organization on how to create, deliver, and acquire values. Thus, the business model helps to understand the relevant factors in the business context and to recognize and interact with them. In this environment, business logic is constantly changing and improving. A business model can integrate resources, activities and knowledge and facilitate the identification of competency resources. The model also helps businesses to fulfil their mission and reduce budgetary and financial pressures and constraints. Despite the increased number of MOOCs in Iran, some entrepreneurs have failed due to several factors, including the weakness of these institutions to adapting to environmental conditions and their changes as well as the weakness of their commercialization strategy. Therefore, setting up MOOC courses requires structures and resources that must be identified in interactions with the business environment before any action is taken. A business model can identify the important components of creating a competitive advantage in accordance with environmental factors and promote the development of businesses based on economic principles as well as educational policies. Accordingly, this paper aimed to provide a business model in line with the features of the MOOC that can specify important business components and develop a business strategy in accordance with educational policies.Methodology: In this study, the mixed research method has been used to create comprehensible designs from the analysis of complex data. This method is a process for collecting, analyzing and describing qualitative and quantitative data that help to better understand the challenges of research. Using only a qualitative or quantitative research approach reveals only a few aspects of the phenomenon being studied. Therefore, the mixed research method provides a better understanding of various phenomena. This research is based on a mixed approach, qualitative and quantitative, in two stages. In the qualitative phase, a systematic review approach has been used to identify the components of the e-business model. Then, experts' opinions are used to match the components of the e-business model (obtained from systematic review) with the characteristics of the MOOC business model and to reach the proposed components for the MOOC business model. In the quantitative phase, a questionnaire has been prepared and provided to the experts to evaluate the proposed components for the MOOC business model. The t-test serves to analyze the answers and finalize the components of the model, and the Friedman test prioritizes the components. In the second stage, the fuzzy Delphi approach is used to present the MOOC business model.Results and Discussion: The elements of the MOOC model proposed in this study are highly consistent with a business model. In a sense, the components of the MOOC model project the aspects of a business model in more details. The sub-components in the model address features that are specific to MOOC businesses and, therefore, do not apply to other types of e-businesses in general. To develop the model, the opinions of MOOC business experts and entrepreneurs were taken into consideration, which could be fruitful to improve MOOC implementation plans in Iran as well as its competitive position.Conclusion: According to the findings of this research, the model of earnings, the proposed value and the customer are the most important components of a MOOC business model. It is presented in the form of 55 concepts in 12 main components. The use of the proposed model has such benefits as promoting MOOC planning and facilitating the acquisition of competitive advantage. Besides, the results of this study can be used by entrepreneurs in this field to create successful business models. The insight provided by this study can lead to a common understanding among e-learning activists about the challenges in the MOOC business. Due to technological innovations, it also lays the ground for future changes in the field.

Background. Life expectancy is an important health status indicator based on average number of years a person at a given age may be expected to live given current mortality rates. Given this significance, it would be necessary to probe into the factors affecting the life expectancy. Ensuring that information and communication technology (ICT) services are properly used could contribute to development and achievement, as it represents an important issue for the countries moving toward knowledge-based and information-based societies. Therefore, this study explored the impact of the information and communication technology on life expectancy. Methods. This study covers annual data from 2008 to 2018 for a group of countries in the Middle East. Data were retrieved from the Annual Reports such as World Bank and International Telecommunication Union (ITU) data sets. The effects of ICT on life expectancy are estimated with the Panel model. We also used the Hausman test to investigate fixed versus random effects. The data were analyzed by Stata 14 software. Results. The core findings of this study confirm the significant impact of ICT on life expectancy in the Middle East. The calculated Coefficient of the regression was 0.551 indicating how much life expectancy changes when ICT variable increases by one unit. Moreover, the rho (intraclass correlation) was found to be 0.975 showing that 97.5% of the variance is due to differences across panels. Conclusion. Considering the effect of ICT on life expectancy, policymakers of the Middle Eastern countries should integrate the use of ICT with the existing programs and systems. Technology is not an end in itself but merely the means to reinforce the existing system and to meet the locally determined goals. It can be used as a tool to attain broader health and development goals. Background Life expectancy is an important health status indicator based on average number of years a person at a given age may be expected to live given current mortality rates. Given this significance, it would be necessary to probe into the factors affecting the life expectancy. Ensuring that information and communication technology (ICT) services are properly used could contribute to development and achievement, as it represents an important issue for the countries moving toward knowledge-based and information-based societies. As ICT affects everyday lives, it also impacts the macroeconomic growth, which in turn further affects everyday lives by allowing improvements in infrastructures and a higher standard of living. ICTs inherently entail the economic development of countries, regions and cities, while also improving social inclusion, well-being and therefore quality of life. Therefore, this study explored the impact of the information and communication technology on life expectancy. Methods This study covers annual data from 2008 to 2018 for a group of countries of in the Middle East. Data were retrieved from the Annual Reports such as World Bank dataset and International Telecommunication Union (ITU) data set. The effects of information and communication technology on life expectancy were estimated through the Panel model. First, stationary tests were performed with the Fisher’s generalized unit root test. In the Fisher test for panel data, the null hypothesis of a unit root was rejected at the 5% level of significance. The cross-section correlation test was performed with the Freeze test. The null hypothesis of no correlation was rejected at the 5% level of significance. We also used the Hausman test to investigate fixed versus random effects. The null hypothesis of no fixed effects was accepted so the random effects model was used. The Hausman test detects endogenous regressors in a regression model. Endogenous variables have values that are determined by other variables in the system. The data were analyzed by Stata 14 software. Results The core findings of this study confirm the significant impact of information and communication technology on life expectancy in the Middle East. The Coefficient of the regression was 0.551 indicating how much life expectancy changes when information technology variable increases by one unit. The coefficient of ICT shows that 1% increase in ICT variable causes 0.551 % incline in life expectancy and this result is significant at 5% level of significance. Regarding control variables, we found that all have expected statistically significant effects on life expectancy. The intra-cluster correlation coefficient (rho) is a measure of the relatedness, or similarity, of clustered data. Values of rho range from 0 to 1 in human studies, and as the rho increases, more individuals within the clusters resemble one another. The rho (intraclass correlation) was found to be 0.975 showing that 97.5% of the variance is due to differences across panels. This research recommends that human development programs need to focus on polices which foster digital inclusion. Conclusion Considering the effect of information and communication technology on life expectancy, policymakers of the Middle Eastern countries should integrate the use of information and communication technology with the existing programs and systems. The digital citizen is happier and values living in regions with technological capacity, investing in research development, and committed to achieving sustainable growth. ICT use leads to improved assessments of the efficiency and management of the public administration by more technological users, underlining the importance of an understanding between users and public services in the virtual sphere. Technology is not an end in itself but merely an instrument to reinforce the existing system and to meet the locally determined goals. It can be used as a tool to attain broader health and development goals. The findings from this study provide key insights that explain how life expectancy may be enhanced through ICTs. Practical Implications of Research According to the influence of information and communication technology (ICT) on life expectancy, policymakers should provide ICT infrastructures and adopt strategies integrating ICT policies with human life criteria such as education, health and work to improve life expectancy. Ethical Consideration The paper reflects the author’s own research and analysis in a truthful and complete manner. Conflict of Interests This study was an independent research and the author declares no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Acknowledgement I would like to thank Dr Marzieh Ronaghi for her guidance and assistance throughout this research.

Background and purpose: The present study assessed the incidence of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) and its relationship with demographic variables, previous orthodontic treatment, and mandibular mobility in patients attending Sari Dental School. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, 68 individuals were randomly selected. Data were obtained by interviewing the patients and clinical examinations. The relation between TMD and other variables was then analyzed applying Chi-square test and exact fisher test in SPSS V22. Results: TMD was found in 75% (n=51), including 35.3% of men and 64.7% of women. Among these, 14 had previously received orthodontic treatment, 34 had a monthly salary of less than one million tomans ($30), and 49 were city dwellers. Maximum mouth opening was 44.52±7 mm in patients without TMD (P= 0.84). People without TMD had greater maximal lateral mandibular movement to the right (P= 0.2) and left (P= 0.84), but this was not statistically significant. Conclusion: A history of orthodontic treatment can contribute to the development of TMD. Nevertheless, good financial status helps in benefiting from more follow-up treatments and decreases the incidence and progression of TMD, although this was not significantly correlated with other variables.

The rapid depletion of natural resources and growing awareness of the environmental deterioration have made sustainability one of the key elements enabling contemporary businesses to thrive. Among the most crucial sustainable practices is the application of Green IT due to the wide use of IT in various business sectors to enhance the performance of businesses. Green Information Technology (IT) has emerged as a vital IT governance concern to promote environmentally-friendly IT use and ecologically responsible business processes. according to various researches in green information technology, this research aims to design a green information technology using Meta-synthesis method. In order to design and explain a comprehensive model, all factors of green information technology have been identified through systematic literature review using 189 papers and content analysis. Then the importance and priority of each proposed factor was determined using Shannon quantitative method. The results reveal cost reduction, data center layout, employee stewardship and participation are the major factors in green information technology. At the end the research results demonstrate a comprehensive framework for green information technology factors.

Objective: Knowledge management (KM) is a concept of managing knowledge in the company. The implementation of concept has different levels in each company. Organizations implement KM practices and technologies based on the promise of increasing their effectiveness, efficiency, and competitiveness. The concept of maturity can be used for defining the state of effectiveness of an organization or the state of its capability and competency in managing the processes, programs or projects effectively. KM maturity is a guide or measure of the company's position in managing of knowledge. The multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) is widely used method to evaluate criteria that are typically multiple. crisp decision-making method is not appropriate because many of the maintenance goals taken as criteria are non-monetary and difficult to be quantified. Type-2 fuzzy sets are used for modeling uncertainty and imprecision in a better way because of fuzzy membership function. Some fuzzy multicriteria methods have recently been extended by using type-2 fuzzy sets. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a widely used multicriteria method that can take into account various and conflicting criteria at the same time. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate KM maturity using Analytic Hierarchy Process method under interval type-2 fuzzy environment. Methodology: This research is a descriptive survey. KM dimensions were ranked by a panel of experts, which consists of seven members. Experts panel consist of faculty of management who published papers and books in KM field. To clarify the evaluation process, an IT company is taken as a case and using APQC's (American Productivity and Quality Center) model. APQC’s Levels of KM maturity provide a road map for moving from immature, inconsistent KM activities to mature; disciplined approaches aligned with strategic business imperatives. The survey sample population consisted of 273 employees and managers of the case. Findings: According to fuzzyanalytic hierarchy process results KM process (0.24), technology (0.23), evaluation (0.20), KM culture (0.18) and leadership (0.15) are the most important dimensions of KM maturity. it was revealed that the importance of KM processes could be ordered as following: Knowledge Capturing, Knowledge Creation, Knowledge Transferring, and Knowledge Reusing. Also, the results showed the case is located on third level of KM maturity (standardize). The primary focus at Level 3 is to manage the KM strategy, processes, and approaches identified and defined in Level 2. Conclusion: An important part of the results revealed how to use fuzzy analytic hierarchy process for evaluating KM maturity and the importance of processes and technology in KM maturity. In addition, the case is located on third level of KM maturity; during this third level, the KM team often evolves into a KM Center of Excellence with oversight responsibilities for the KM approaches and processes. Oversight includes identifying opportunities to apply select KM approaches and processes, securing funding and resources for the pilots, marketing and communicating the strategy, implementing a change management strategy, and refining the KM approaches and processes into standard, replicable methodologies.

Introduction: Blockchain can be defined as a distributed and immutable digital ledger that provides data transparency and user privacy. According to the applications of blockchain, conducting of each application needs planning and cost management. This study endeavored to identify and rank the uses of blockchain technology in healthcare. Methods: This descriptive study was done in the winter semester of the academic year of 2020. In the first phase, the uses of blockchain technology in healthcare were recognized from library resources using qualitative content analysis. In the next phase, these uses were prioritized by a panel of experts with 17 members. Then, we used fuzzy Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (SWARA) method for ranking the uses of blockchain in healthcare. Results: Electronic health records (0.43), smart contracts (0.21), internet of things infrastructure (0.15), information security and privacy (0.08), administrative management (0.06), and electronic voting (0.04) were the important applications of blockchain technology in healthcare. Conclusion: Finding of this study show that blockchain technology has important applications in healthcare electronic health records and smart contracts. Therefore, health system policymakers should provide the infrastructure for implementation of blockchain technology among medical and health organizations. This study can contribute to the research in the blockchain field, and enrich the literature on the application of this technology in healthcare.

Background and Aim: Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality are immersive technologies that integrate virtual and real-world elements. These technologies have been used to help and improve human capabilities in many fields. Virtual and augmented systems are used in various medical situations. They are effective options in most stages of patient treatment and performing medical procedures. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the applications of virtual and augmented reality technologies in the field of medicine and rank them. Materials and Methods: This applied research was conducted in two phases using mixed-method approach in 2020. Library resources were used in the qualitative phase and a questionnaire in the quantitative phase. The applications of virtual and augmented reality technologies were ranked by a panel of experts having 13 members. Finally, Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis(SWARA) method was used to rank the applications of technologies in medicine. Results: The results of SWARA method showed that education (0.252), surgery (0.216), health games (0.188), patient control and diagnosis (0.186), and pharma (0.158) were the most important applications of virtual and augmented reality in medicine. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be acknowledged that medical education and surgery are the most important applications of augmented and virtual reality technologies in medicine. Therefore, policymakers and hospital managers must use this ranking for the development of virtual and augmented reality technologies in their organization to provide better services to the customers and patients.

Background: The fourth industrial revolution consists of combining network devices with cloud computing methods and analyzing large data and artificial intelligence, which makes it possible to call such an infrastructure smart. In a Smart Hospital, all things and devices are designed to be connected and integrated, thus achieving better patient care, increasing efficiency and reducing time waste. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to recognize the components of smart hospital based on disruptive technologies of industry 4.0. Materials and Methods: This applied research has been done in two phases using qualitative approach in winter 2019. In the first step, the components of smart hospital were recognized from previous studies. In the second step, research experts evaluate conceptual model by Delphi method. The expert panel consists of 15 individuals active in information technology in healthcare according to targeted sampling. Results: According to research results the main components of smart hospital are eight technologies: Internet of things technology, robotic, blockchain technology, cloud computing, big data, augmented and virtual reality technology, additive manufacturing and artificial intelligence. Conclusion: According to components of smart hospital, Hospitals managers should equip their organization and adopt process and equipment by disruptive technologies. Due to sanctions, investment in Iranian knowledge-based companies active in new technologies field and Joint venture with them can be a suitable solution for healthcare policymakers.

Background and Aim: The Fog Computing is a highly virtualized platform that provides storage, computing and networking services between the Cloud data centers and end devices. Fog computing fits the characteristics of real-time health monitoring systems. In such systems, a large amount of data is acquired from a multitude of bio and environmental sensors. On the other hand, its distribution and open structure makes it vulnerable and weak to security threats. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to identify the security challenges in healthcare. Materials and Methods: This applied research has been done in three phases using mixed-method approach in 2019. In the first phase, security codes from library resources by content analysis was identified. In the second phase interpretation of experts by Delphi method, Panel of IT experts consists of twelve members who work on healthcare sector was evaluated. Finally, we used Analytic Hierarchy Process method for ranking security codes. Results: According to fuzzy AHP results attacks(0.31), secure communications(0.23), authentication and access control(0.19), trust(0.15) and privacy preservation(0.12) are the most important criteria in security challenges of fog computing. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, secure communications and network attacks are the major challenges in fog computing, because fog nodes are usually deployed in some places with relatively weak protection. They may encounter various malicious attacks. As a result, policymakers should be aware of the role of secure communications and network attacks in fog computing implementation.

The Islamic ethics views dedication to work as a virtue. Social relations at work are encouraged in order to meet one’s needs and establish equilibrium in one’s individual and social life. On the other hand Social capital can facilitate access to information and vital sources in order to promote performance and use environmental opportunities. An organization with powerful social capital can have immediate access to a wide range of information in order to create innovative performance. This capital is an intangible asset to the organizations and successful organizations can use it appropriately and immediately. Accordingly, this research examines the effect of Islamic ethics on social capital with the role of mediator of social responsibility. This research is descriptive survey, in which the questionnaire has been used to collect data. Shiraz University was chosen as an Islamic case. The survey sample consists of 273 randomly taken employees of Shiraz University. Data collected by structural equation software LISREL has been analyzed. The results revealed Islamic ethics has a positive and significant effect on social responsibility and social capital.

Background and Objective: Parents of children with cancer are more susceptible to psychological problems such as anxiety, depression, stress, and generally, mental health risks. This study was done to determine the effectiveness of group acceptance and commitment therapy on self-efficacy among mothers of children with cancer. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 30 mothers of children with cancer referring to Children’s Medical Center in Tehran, Iran during 2017. Mothers were non-randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. For gathering the data, the parental self agency measure of Dumka and colleagues (PSAM; 1996) was used. The group acceptance and commitment therapy was offered to subjects in the interventional group for 2-hour in 10 sessions, but the control group's mothers did not receive any intervention. Results: Mean scores of self-efficacy among mothers of children with cancer were 31.40±6.40 and 53.87±13.35 in pre-test and post-test, respectively (P

Background and Aim: MOOC stands for Massive Open Online Course and is an instructional approach that allows hundreds of thousands of students to access -- typically free of charge -- online courses anywhere around the world. The continuous and rapid growth of MOOCs has attracted the attention of educational community and has gained widespread popularity among many universities. Therefore, based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model, an applied research was conducted to study medical studentschr('39') acceptance to use MOOCs. Materials and Methods: It is a descriptive survey that has been done in 2019. The sample consisted of 367 randomly selected students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (SUMS). The data collection tool was a questionnaire, the validity and reliability of which were confirmed. The data were analyzed by SPSS and LISREL 8.8 software. Results: An important part of the results revealed that there was a positive meaningful relationship between "performance expectancy" and "behavioral intention", "effort expectancy" and "behavioral intention", "facilitating conditions" and "use of the system", and "behavioral intention" and "use of the system". Conclusion: According to the results of this study, MOOC managerschr('39') motivation to implement the system effectively strongly depends on the behavioral intention of users, especially studentschr('39') willingness to accept and use the system.

Objective: Organizations require knowledge management (KM) in order to continue their activities and sustainability in their competitive cycles. One of the problems of organizations and managers is the implementation of KM, considering the factors affecting the implementation of KM plays an important role in the success and development of the organization. Meanwhile, the factors affecting the implementation of KM, determining the importance of each of the factors and providing an appropriate framework for their application in KM implementation process play a fundamental role in advancing the organization's goals. The purpose of this research is to identify and rank the factors affecting the implementation of KM by reviewing the past studies. Methodology: Meta-synthesis attempts to integrate results from a number of different but inter-related qualitative studies. In order to identify the factors, all dimensions of KM implementation have been identified through Meta-Synthesis using 335 papers were published in Sciencedirect, SID, Magiran and ElmNet from 2010 to 2018. Then, the importance and priority of each proposed dimension was determined using Shannon quantitative method based on content analysis. Findings: The results of the research in the extension method showed 3 categories (organizational, personal, and environmental), 8 concepts (KM process, organization structure, technology, management, individual, trust, competitive and culture) and 52 codes (knowledge creation (0.016), knowledge identification (0.026), knowledge leadership (0.00), knowledge planning (0.01), knowledge effectiveness (0.024), knowledge sharing (0.039), knowledge evaluation (0.01), knowledge storage (0.02), knowledge learning (0.00), knowledge transparency (0.00), knowledge implementation (0.024), knowledge quality (0.024), KM alignment (0.02), organization strategy (0.016), KM strategies (0.039), employees enrichment (0.01), organizational enrichment (0.00), organizational sources (0.02), financial sources (0.016), organizational environment (0.00), the number of employees (0.016), recruitment (0.00), organizational size (0.016), performance evaluation (0.026), KM system selecting (0.026), employees training (0.031), reverse engineering (0.00), fast upgrade (0.024), flexability (0.032), confidence (0.032), easy implementation (0.026), technological tools(0.01), storage capacity (0.024), information technology infrastructure (0.035), management support (0.035), human resource management (0.039), team working (0.031), participation (0.00), motivation (0.034), justice(0.00), readiness(0.00), concentration (0.00), communication (0.031), employees trust and managers(0.031), employees trust (0.024), competition force (0.016), benchmarking (0.016), world services availability (0.02), best practices (0.01), knowledge base culture (0.01), innovation culture (0.032) and organizational culture (0.044) in KM implementation. Conclusion: A successful KM program will consider more than just technology. An organization should also consider organization culture, leadership, strategic alignment, managers' support, information technology and motivation were identified as the most important factors for success of KM implementation.

Background. Hospitals, patients, researchers, and healthcare organizations are producing enormous amounts of data in both the healthcare and drug detection sectors. With continued development of cheap data storage and availability of smart devices in the world, the influence of big data (BD) will continue to grow. This influence has also carried over to healthcare. The volumes of data available in the fields of pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmaceutics are constantly increasing. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the applications of big data technology in the field of pharmaceutics. Methods. Using the mixed methods approach, this study was conducted in two phases in winter 2023. In the first phase, the applications of big data technology were identified by library search and assessed by content analysis. In the second phase, applications were ranked by a panel of experts, including 17 experts who worked in the Iranian pharmaceutical industry. The stepwise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA) method was used for ranking the application of big data in pharmaceutics. Results. The present study examined the importance of big data applications in pharmaceutics. The results showed that drug discovery (0.263) and clinical study analysis (0.224) had the highest importance, followed by drug efficacy and performance (0.197), drug safety (0.170) and drug personalization (0.146). Conclusion. The present study detailed a substantial attempt to review the existing literature regarding the implementation of big data and to rank big data applications in the pharmaceutical industry. Big data can help researchers to better discover and develop drugs and understand the effects of drugs and other chemicals on the human body. As a result, it can help improve the safety and efficacy of drugs and other chemicals. Also, big data can help to improve the accuracy of predictions regarding the effects of drugs and chemicals, which can improve safety in drug development and help to avoid potential adverse drug interactions. The applications considered in this study are ultimately necessary for humanity, and big data may significantly impact the betterment of these domains. Big data has a revolutionary potential, providing new ways to understand and predict the effects of drugs. BD will possibly play an important role in pharmaceutics in future, critically helping to drug discovery and improve drug safety and efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of poultry manure (PM) and derived biochars on phosphorous (P) availability and apparent recovery in a calcareous soil. Treatments consisted of four rates of P (0, 30, 60 and 90 µgg-1) and five organic substances (blank, poultry manure and derived biochars at 200, 300 and 400°C). organic substances were incorporated with 400 g of soil at 2% level (w/w). All soil treated samples plus control were incubated for 150 days. Soil P availbility determined at 8 different stage of incubation time period. Phosphorous availability was less in untreated soil samples with organic substances and also decreased with time. Although P recovery from inorganic P fertilizer was high in the early stages of incubation time compared to treated soil samples but decreased with time, if not treated with organic substances. Phosphorus availability and recovery increased with time in PM and biochares treated soil samples. Simultanous application of inorganic P and organic substances decreased apparent P recovery. Negative interaction obsorved between organic substances and high rates of inorganic P fertilizer on P availability. It was concluded that PM biochar prepared at 300°C had the highest effect on adjusting P availability in calcareous soil.

Introduction: Plants can uptake, bioaccumulate and immobilize different metals in their tissues. Phytoremediation technique has been used to remove hazardous substances including heavy metals from the environment. Assisted phytoremediation is usually the process of applying a chemical additive to heavy metal contaminated soils to enhance the metal uptake by plants. The main objective of present study was to investigate the effectiveness of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and a humic substance (HS) on Ni phytoremediation by maize in a Ni-pollutrd calcareous soil. Materials and Methods: The experiment designed as a 5×3 factorial trial arranged in a completely randomized design with three replicates. Three kilograms of soil was placed in plastic pots and pots were watered with distilled water to field capacity and maintained at this moisture level throughout the experiment by watering the pots to a constant weight. The soils were polluted with 250 mg Ni Kg-1 as Ni-nitrate Ni (NO3)2. Six maize (Zea mays L.) seeds were planted 2 cm deep in soil and thinned to three uniform stands 1 week after emergence. Treatments consisted of three levels of soil application of commercially humic substance, HS, (0, 3, and 6 mg kg as Humax 95-WSG containing about 80% humic acid, and about 15% fulvic acid) and five levels of PGRs (0 or 10 µM GA3, IAA, BAP and SA). The HS was applied as split doses in three times at 15 day intervals along with irrigation water. The seedlings were exposed to aqueous solutions of HS 16 days after sowing for the first time. Prepared solutions of PGRs were sprayed three times at 15 day intervals from emergence. Seven weeks after planting, shoots were harvested and roots were separated from soil carefully, both parts were rinsed with distilled water and dried at 65°C for 72 h, weighed, ground, and dry meshed at 550°C. Root and shoot dry matter and Ni concentration and uptake and phytoremediation criteria were considered as plant responses. Data were statistically analyzed using SAS and SPSS software packages. Application of different PGRs had no considerable effect on phytoextraction or translocation efficiencies. Among the four PGRs studied application of SA and BA significantly increased mean uptake efficiency. Results and Discussion: Among four PGRs evaluated, application of GA3 increased mean shoot dry matter yield and application of SA increased mean root dry matter yield. Application of the highest HS level (6 mg kg-1) decreased both mean root and shoot dry weight. Application of SA increased Ni concentration in both maize root and shoot. Application of BA only increased Ni concentration in maize root. Although application of the highest HS level (6 mg kg-1) caused an increase in Ni concentration in maize shoot, this effect was attributed to the influence of HS on the decrease in decreasing dry weight of maize shoot. Application of all PGRs except GA3 increased leaf greenness criterion. Addition of HS had no significant effect on leaf greenness. Application of PGRs enhanced root concentration factor (RCF) and decreased translocation factor (TF). Among PGRs evaluated, BA was the most effective on TF, and SA or BA was the most effective on RCF. However HS were not significantly influenced these phytoremediation criteria, as compared with control. The efficiency of PGRs in root Ni uptake was in the order of SA > BA > GA3 > IAA. Application of BA had a significant effect on Ni distribution among root and shoot, in comparison with other PGRs, and caused an increase and a decrease in root and shoot uptake of Ni, respectively. However HS had a negative effect on tolerance index and its application decreased root and shoot dry weights. Results showed that the values of Ni in maize root was considerably higher than that of maize shoot demonstrated that phytostabilization was the main mechanism involved in the phytoremediation of Ni by maize and application of PGRs was effective on this mechanism. Conclusion: Results reported here indicated that although the addition of HS did not cause a significant effect on Ni phytoremediation, application of most studied PGRs had a positive effect on Ni phytoremediation by maize. Application of SA and BA increased uptake efficiency and RCF and application of GA3 increased shoot dry matter and tolerance index. The fact that Ni uptake by roots was significantly higher than that of shoots demonstrated that phytostabilization was the main mechanism involved in the phytoremediation of Ni by maize. According to results reported herein the addition of PGRs especially SA is likely to be promising in phytostabilization of Ni in calcareous soils polluted with this metal.

Background and purpose: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are manifested as a group of signs and symptoms diagnosed by pain, and malfunction of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and masticatory muscles. The role of etiologic factors such as stress and occlusal interferences has gained much attraction. In this study, we assessed the incidence of TMD and its relationship with stress and occlusal interferences in individuals attending Sari Dental School Clinic, 2014-2015. Materials and methods: In this descriptive-analytical study 68 people (41 females and 27 males) were selected. Occlusal interferences were assessed by clinical examinations and the stress levels of the participants were determined by The Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS). The relation between TMD and other variables were analyzed by Chi-square and exact fisher tests. Data was analyzed in SPSS V. 22. Results: Of the total population studied 51 (75.0%) had TMD. Among TMD patients one (1.9%) had low-level stress, 30 (58.8%) had moderate-level, and 20 (39.2%) were found to have high-level stress. No significant relationship was found between TMD and stress. In TMD group, 13.7% did not have centric interferences; 70.6% showed interferences up to arch of closure, and 15.7% had interferences up to line of closure. Significant relationships were found between TMD and interferences of working side (P

Introduction: Vermicompost is one of the important bio-fertilizer which is the product of the process of composting different organic wastes such as manures and crop residues using different earthworms. Vermicomposts, especially those are derived from animal wastes,contain the large amounts of nutrients compaired with the composts prepared from crop residues. Vermicomposts contain plant available form of nutrients such as nitrate nitrogen, exchangeable phosphorus and potassium, calcium and magnesium. Nowadays, the use of vermicompost in sustainable agriculture to improve the growth and quality of fruits and crops is very common. Drought occurs when the amount of moisture in soil and water resources and rainfall is less than what plants need for normal growth and function. Two thirds of farm lands in Iran have been located in arid and semi-arid regions with annual rainfall less than150 mm that has been distributed irregularly and unpredictable during growth season imposing water stress in most crops. It indicates the importance of water management and proposing different strategies for mitigating detrimental effect of water stress in croplands. Due to the fact that crops nutrient management under drought and water stress using organic fertilizers is an effective method in reaching to high yields in sustainable agriculture, the objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of vermicompost application on reducing the adverse effects of water stress on the growth and chemical composition of corn in a calcareous soil. Materials and Methods: In order to study the influence of water stress and application of vermicompost on corn dry matter yield and nutrients concentration of corn shoot, a greenhouse factorial experiment (4×3) in completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in college of agriculture, Shiraz university, Shiraz, Iran. The factors consisted of four vermicompost levels (0, 10, 20 and30g kg-1soil equal to 0, 20, 40 and 60 Mg ha-1) and three moisture levels(100, 80and 60%of field capacity(FC)). The soil samples were collected (0-30 cm depth) from a calcareous soil (Fine, mixed, mesic, Typic, Calcixrepts), located at Bajgah, Shiraz, Iran. Soil samples were mixed thoroughly with different levels of vermicompost and transfred to plastic pots. Six corn seeds were planted in each pot and were thinned to three uniform plants, one week after germination. Eight weeks after germination, corn shoots were harvested, dried and recorded. Plant samples were grind using a portable grinder and transferred to the laboratory for chemical analysis. The collected data were statistically analysed using SAS software (9.1.3) package. Results and Discussion: The results indicated that with increasing the levels of vermicompost, dry matter yield and concentrations of total nitrogen (TN), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), copper(Cu) and zinc (Zn) in corn shoots were significantly increased. But, due to the antagonistic relationship between manganese (Mn) and Zn or Fe,concentrations of Mn were significantly decreased. However, the concentration of Mn was in the sufficiency range. The highest dry matter yield and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in corn shoot was observed at 30 g kg-1 vermicompost treatment, with 19, 10 and 20 % increase (compared to the control), respectively. The application of 30 g kg-1 vermicompost increased the concentrations of Zn, Cu and Fe by 41%, 90% and 75%, respectively and concentration of Mn decreased by 11.88%, compared to the control. Increasing the levels of water stress increased significantly the concentration of nutrients in corn shoot due to the reduction of corn biomass. The highest increase in nutrient concentrations was observed at 60% FC moisture level. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in corn shoots by 12.5and 22.5% and Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn by 25, 83, 43and29% were higher compared to those of control (100% FC), respectively. The interaction effects of water stress and vermicompost on the concentrations of shoot N and Cu were significant and both were incresead by simultanoeus application of vermicompost and levels of water stress. The applicaion of 30 g kg-1 vermicompost (about 60 ton ha-1) under 60% FC moisture level increased significantly dry matter yield and the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc, copper and iron in corn shoot by 29%,5.5%, 23, 110, 41 and 71 percent compared to the control, respectively. However, because of the antagonistic relationships,the iron or manganese concentrations were reduced, but were yet in the sufficiency range. The use of 30 g kg-1 vermicompost under 80% FC moisture level Also increased significantly the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc, iron and copper by 9, 23, 24, 59 and 43 percent compared to the control, respectively. Conclusion: The applicaion of 30 g kg-1 vermicompost increased significantly dry matter yield and the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc, copper and iron in corn shoot under water stress treatments. In conclusion, the application of vermicompost mitigated the detrimental effects of water stress on corn dry matter yield and concentration of nutrients due to the positive effects of compost on physical, chemical and biological properties of the calcareous soil.

Purpose: This research aims to evaluate the effects of information technology governance maturity on knowledge management processes. Methodology: This research formulated as a descriptive survey. The survey sample population consisted of 469 randomly taken experts who work in IT companies of Iran, according to a cluster random sampling skim. We Used semi-structured interview with sophisticated experts for the extraction of evaluation factors. The information technology governance maturity was evaluated by means of COBIT’s Infrastructure. Relationships between maturities of knowledge management processes with the information technology governance formulated as 8 hypotheses. To examine the hypotheses we used Granger-Cause test and vector auto regression. Findings: results revealed that IT governance has effect on knowledge transfer, knowledge storage and knowledge utilization. Thus, by increase in the IT governance in an organization, we might expect the facilitation of knowledge management processes. Originality/Value: The relationship between information technology maturity and knowledge management processes first evaluated by this research

Information technology has been considered the greatest innovation of the new era because it has a lot of fruitful social economic and scientific impacts. E-marketing joins creative and technical aspects of the Internet, including: design, development, advertising and sales. This research aims to design an e-marketing framework by using Meta-synthesis method. In order to design and explain a comprehensive model, all dimensions of E-marketing have been identified through systematic literature review using Meta-Synthesis method. Then the importance and priority of each proposed dimension was determined using Shannon quantitative method based on content analysis. The results reveal marketing strategies, E-commerce & Internet, business strategies and consumers behavior are the major criteria in E-marketing implementation.

Corporate governance is the system by which corporations are directed and controlled. Corporate governance also provides the structure through which company objectives are established, the means to achieve these objectives, and how to monitor their performance. ICTs have the potential to make organization and its services more transparent by providing easy access to information. This research aims to evaluate the relationship between information technology governance and corporate governance. The survey sample population consisted of 178 randomly taken managers and employees who work in public organizations. To examine the hypothesis, we use canonical correlation analysis. An important part of results from canonical correlation analysis indicated that there is a proper linear mixture between the variables of canonical effective factors on corporate governance and its components.

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in phytoremediation of zinc contaminated calcareous soil by vetiver grass. Experiment was a factorial arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Two factors consisted of Zn levels (10, 150, 300 and 600 mg kg-1 as ZnSO4.7H2O) and AM fungi (control, Glomus intraradices, Glomus versiforme). Shoot and root dry weights decreased as Zn levels increased. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased those plant measured parameters compared to those of control. With increasing Zn levels, and mycorrhizal inoculation, Zn uptake of shoot and root increased. Root colonization with mycorrhizal inoculation increased, but decreased as Zn levels increased. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased zinc extraction, uptake and translocation efficiencies. Zinc translocation factor decreased as Zn levels increased, however inoculation with AM fungi increased it. Zinc extraction and uptake efficiencies of G. intraradices were more than G. versiforme,while zinc translocation efficiency and factor were vice versa.

The current global situation is characterized by the interrelated, complex uncertainty, volatile and dynamic business environments. This has encouraged the appearance of critical risks that can impact on the firms’ performance. This article aims to uncover some important dimensions of the organizational change issues around ERPII projects. The results indicate that the lack of suitable data centers, telecommunication infrastructure problems and costs of software will impact on implementation of integrated web-based information systems in Iran

Every organization requires data and information to run its business and support decision making. These data and information can be obtained from many sources, internal or external organization. Wherever they come from, data and information should be free from any errors and defects to make the business run well and the decision taken from them qualified. In this article, after determination of information quality criteria, weight or importance of each criterion were calculated by utilizing fuzzy-AHP. The main conclusion from this particular study was designing a model to illustrate the information gap between current level and targeted level. The gap between those two levels could be used as guideline for improvement plan.

To overcome the competition, a company not only focuses on physical capital, but also focuses on intellectual capital. Company can achieve a competitive advantage and earn profit by owing intellectual capital. Since intellectual capital is intangible, there is a need for sufficient transparency in management and measurement. This study was a descriptive survey. The purpose of this paper was to examine the inter-relationships and the interaction effects among intellectual capital components and to demonstrate the impact of intellectual capital on organizational performance, in IT industry. The main conclusion from this particular study was the intellectual capital has influence on IT companies' performance