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The criminal policy is separated and modeled based on the reference criteria - freedom, power, and total domination. Freedom is the basic criterion in the freedom-based criminal policy model. The approach of international instruments is to promote this criterion in the criminal policy of countries. In this model, with the distribution of power among the different components of the governance system and the establishment of mutual supervision, some indicators are defined for the police's ability to fulfill legal duties and observance of the legitimate freedoms of the citizens. In freedom-based models, by predicting some indicators, a balance is tried to be established between the legitimate freedoms of the accused, the interests of the society, and the performance of the legal duties of the police. The activity of the judicial authorities and police within the framework of law by prior authorization of law; the supervision of the police activism and the police intervention in the affairs of citizens based on the principle of necessity are some of the indicators that freedom-based systems have defined and identified for police activity. By studying the international instruments, the constitution, and criminal laws of Iran, it can be said that the model accepted in Iran's criminal policy, in the stage of crime detection and preliminary investigations, is the freedom-based model. This research, with a descriptive-analytical method and using library resources, has sought to identify and explain the indicators of police activism in the freedom-based model of criminal policy.

Death is a hierarchical process, and it is necessary for groups such as jurists and physicians to clarify its achievable dimensions, define its standards, and apply it. The category of the soul and its relation to the body can be traced back to Mulla Sadra's theory of essential movement. On the other hand, understanding the moral and religious norms of new topics in medicine requires an explanation of death. Cryopreservation is a new method of medicine in our time, and this method of bodily preservation can be studied from various doctrinal, philosophical, legal and ethical aspects. One of the biggest challenges facing this emerging method is determining the boundary between life and death, because this process occurs after the patient is declared dead. The current study analyzed the information using the descriptive analytical method and by searching for the concept of death in Mullah Sadra's theory of death, which is a divine theory.

Background & Aims Oral presentation skills play an important role in the personal, academic and professional success. It is the most common method of educational assessment in higher education settings. This study aims to determine the oral presentation competency of nursing students from Ardabil university of medical sciences (AUMS). Materials & Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2023 on 274 nursing students from AUMS, who were selected using a convenience sampling method. The data collection tool were a demographic form and Chiang’s oral presentation evaluation scale (OPES). The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 20, using independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance. Results The total score of OPES was 58.81±7.75. The scores of the dimensions of accuracy in content, effective communication, and clarity of speech was 4.01±0.348, 3.72±0.658, and 4.02‌±‌0.673, respectively. Competency was higher in Persian speaking students than in Azari-speaking students. Also, students with a history of more oral presentation and reading of public speaking books obtained higher scores. Conclusion Considering the importance of oral presentations for nurses, it is recommended that nursing professors in AUMS and the educational system in Iran pay more attention to promote this skill in Azeri-speaking nursing students.

IntroductionThis experiment was performed to investigate the effect of microbial inoculation and urea fertilizer on Echinacea purpurea under water stress in two cropping years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 in Ijan village located in Khondab city of Markazi province.Materials and methodsThe experiment was performed in the form of 2 split plots with 3 replications. The first factor included the lack of irrigation in the main plot at 3 levels of 60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from the Class A evaporation pan. The second factor included animal manure (cattle) in the sub-plot at two levels, no fertilizer and 20 tons per hectare. The third factor of biofertilizer and urea fertilizer in the sub-plot in four levels of application of biofertilizer was Azotobacter+Azospirillum, Mycorrhiza, Aztobacter+Azospirillum+Mycorrhiza and application of urea fertilizer (300 kg ha-1). Flower number and weight, total dry matter yield, chlorophyll, relative water content, proline, catalase, carotenoid, chicoric acid and electrical conductivity of cytoplasmic membrane were measured.Results and discussionThe results showed that the interaction effect of manure and biofertilizer on flower weight was significant. The highest flower weight was obtained in the treatment of combined use of Azotobacter+Azospirillium+ Mycorrhiza and application of animal manure (295.9 and 236.3 g m-2, respectively), which was significantly different from urea consumption. The lowest flower weight was obtained in the treatment of separate mycorrhizal application and non-application of animal manure (0.216 236.3 g.m-2). The difference between the highest flower weight in the mentioned treatment with the lowest value was 36%. In the treatment of non-use of manure, the highest flower weight was obtained in the treatment of Azotobacter+Azospirillium+Mycorrhiza (236.3 g m-2). The interaction effect of manure and biofertilizer on chicory acid was significant. The highest chicoric acid was obtained in the treatment of combined use of Azotobacter+Azospirillium+Mycorrhiza and application of animal manure (7.53 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight). The lowest chicoric acid was obtained in the treatment of separate application of mycorrhiza and no application of animal manure (5.76 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight). The difference between the highest chicoric acid in the mentioned treatment with the lowest amount was equal to 30%. In the treatment of non-application of animal manure, the highest chicoric acid was obtained in the treatment of Azotobacter+Azospirillium+Mycorrhiza (7.17 mg g-1 fresh leaf weight).ConclusionIn general, microbial inoculation was able to achieve close quantitative and quantitative performance and sometimes more than urea fertilizer treatment, which can be a guide for identifying soil strains and producing biofertilizers compatible for areas with similar climates or soils.AcknowledgmentsThanks to all lecturers and staff of farm and laboratory department of agriculture department of Islamic Azad University, Varamin branch.

.Introduction: This study aimed to compare motor skills in four groups of intellectual disability, Down syndrome, autism spectrum, and normal children.Methods: The research method was descriptive and causal-comparative. The statistical population of this study included children aged 7 to 12 from centers for special needs in Rasht City in 2022. One hundred people (25 participants for each group) were considered as statistical samples. Eight sub-tests of the shortened form of Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency - Second Edition (BOT-2) were used to collect data. Analysis of variance test was used to analyze the research data at the significance level of 0.05.Results: The results showed that in the sub-tests of movement speed and agility, balance, strength, reaction time, upper limb dexterity, and the total score of motor proficiency, the performance of children with autism spectrum and Down syndrome was weaker than the other two groups (P=0.001). There was no significant difference between the two groups of normal and intellectually disabled children in the balance and strength subtests (P>0.05). Also, in bilateral coordination and visual-motor control subtests, children with autism had a weaker performance than the other three groups (P=0.001), and no significant difference was observed between the other three groups (P>0.05).Conclusion: Considering the poor motor skills of children with autism spectrum and Down syndrome, and the effect of motor skills on social, academic, and learning skills, it seems necessary to include motor skills training and exercises for children with special needs at younger ages in educational programs of special schools and occupational therapy centers.

Introduction: Diabetes is a chronic disease that requires long-term treatment, care, and lifestyle modification. In addition to biological mechanisms, psychological factors can play a role in diabetes. Positive psychological therapy and motivational interviewing seem to help. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of training based on positive psychology and motivational interview on psychological capital, lifestyle, and emotional distress in people with type 2 diabetes.Method: his quasi-experimental research project is a pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population included 45 type 2 diabetes patients in 2019 in Tehran, referring to the Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute who were randomly selected and divided into two experimental groups and one control group. Both under-treatment groups were evaluated before and after the treatment using Walker's lifestyle questionnaire (1997) and psychological Capital Lotanz (2007) questionnaire, Subjects were randomly divided into three groups of 15 people (two experimental groups and one control group). The first group received a positive psychology approach (Seligman, 2006), for 8 sessions of 60 minutes. The second group received a motivational interview therapy approach (Miller, 1983), for 10 sessions of 45 minutes. But the control group did not receive any treatment.Result: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the effectiveness of positive psychology training and motivational interviewing training on psychological capital and lifestyle (p

Background: Adolescence is associated with developmental, biological, psychological and behavioral changes. Emergence of emotional problems and inability to control emotions may make teenagers vulnerable to risky behaviors such as substance abuse. Predisposed people have a greater tendency to use drugs and with this mental occupation, there is a greater possibility that they will fall into the trap of addiction. Paying attention to adolescents' anxiety in school and psychological needs such as communication and attachment, intimacy and independence causes a sense of competence and inner self-efficacy in adolescents. But so far, the study of these variables in the tendency to use drugs has not been studied in an integrated model. Aims: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of school anxiety and emotional control in the relationship between basic psychological needs and the tendency to use drugs among students. Methods: This research was structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all secondary school students of Noor city in the academic year of 1401-1400, of which 250 were selected by cluster sampling. All of them completed Zargar substance abuse questionnaires (2015), Desi and Ryan basic psychological needs (2000), Phillips school anxiety (1987) and Roger and Nashover emotional control scale (1987) in virtual form. The data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation test and structural equations. Results: The results showed that both variables of school anxiety and emotional control had a mediating role in relation to basic psychological needs and tendency to use drugs, and all direct and indirect paths between the variables were significant (p

Background: Theory of gerotranscendence is a framework to plan for good aging and death anxiety among the elderly is important issue needs to planning.Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effect of a gerotranscendence educational program on death anxiety among the elderly.Method: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on the elderly referring to two primary health services centers in Mashhad, Iran, within June-July 2021. Participants were selected using the purposive sampling method and non-randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control (n=25 each). The elderly in the intervention group received three video files based on the dimensions of the theory of gerotranscendence. They discussed and practiced the strategies of gerotranscendence in a virtual group for 3 weeks. The control group had normal activities in their usual virtual groups. Both groups completed the Templer Death Anxiety Scale at the pretest and 2 weeks after the intervention. Data were analyzed by SPSS21.Results: Mean age of the elderly were 66.36±5.55 years, and 54% of the participants were male. Mean anxiety score in the intervention group was significantly reduced (z=-0.377, P

Background: A systematic review of research suggests that different variables affect the explanation of adolescent academic anxiety, but the role of mind theory and compatibility have been neglected as an integrated model. Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the structural equation model of academic anxiety explanation of female adolescents based on mind theory with the mediating role of compatibility. Method: The present study was a descriptive correlation and structural equations. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all ninth grade female adolescents in the first secondary schools during 2019-2020 in Ghaemshahr. In this study, 300 people were selected by two-stage cluster sampling to determine the sample size. Sinha and Singh’s (1993) Student Compatibility Questionnaire, Albert and Haber’s (1960) Academic Achievement Anxiety Questionnaire, and Stirman's Mind Theory (1994) were used for data collection. Structural equations with SPSSV18 and AMOSV23 software were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the variables of mind theory and compatibility have a direct and significant effect on academic anxiety (P

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect teacher violence on academic avoidanc, academic optimism and academic vitality of students. The research method is descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the study was all secondary high school students in Sarbaz city (Sistan and Baluchestan province) in the academic year 2021-2022 (N=5395). By stratified-stratified sampling (by gender) of 359 students through teacher violence scale (Piskin et al., 2014), Academic Avoidance Scale (Khormaei & Saleh Ardestani, 2016), Academic Avoidance Scale (Tschannen-Moran et al., 2013) and Academic Vitality Scale (Hosseinchari & Dehganizade, 2014) were studied. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, Pearson correlation coefficient, Durbin-Watson and path analysis Correlation coefficient and path analysis were used to analyze the data by using SPSS and Smart PLS softwares. Findings showed that teacher violence has a positive effect on academic avoidanc and has a negative effect on academic optimism and academic vitality of students. According to these results, holding in-service training workshops for teachers in the areas of familiarity with children's natural rights, anger management, compassion and forgiveness towards others is recommended.

Falls are a serious concern among the elderly due to being a major cause of harm to their physical and mental health. Despite their potential for harm, they can be prevented with proper care and monitoring. As such, the motivation for this research is to implement an algorithmic solution to the problem of falls that leverages the benefits of Machine Learning to detect falls in the elderly. There are various studies on fall detection that works on one dataset: wearable, environmental, or vision. Such an approach is biased against low fall detection and has a high false alarm rate. According to the literature, using two datasets can result in high accuracy and lower false alarms. The purpose of this study is to contribute to the field of Machine Learning and Fall Detection by investigating the optimal ways to apply common machine and deep learning algorithms trained on multimodal fall data. In addition, it has proposed a multimodal approach by training two separate classifiers using both Machine and Deep Learning and combining them into an overall system using sensor fusion in the form of a majority voting approach. Each trained model outputs an array comprising three percentage numbers, the average of the numbers in the same class from both arrays is then computed, and the highest percentage is the classification result. The working system achieved results were 97% accurate, with the highest being achieved by the Convolutional Neural Network algorithm. These results were higher than other state-of-the-art research conducted in the field.

Falls are a serious concern among the elderly people, causing severe physical pain to them and placing a strain on medical infrastructure. The global elderly population is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, as advances in healthcare allow lifespans to increase globally. This will bring more chances for falls to occur. With this in mind, there is a need for new research to be conducted on finding ways to reduce this problem. One area which shows promise is the use of Machine Learning to perform fall detection. Machine Learning is a rapidly growing field, and it has many applications in various fields such as finance, technology and medicine. When it comes to fall detection, Machine Learning systems are often able to detect falls much better and efficiently than a human can, given the same input data. The goal of this paper is to conduct a survey study on the main and most common machine learning algorithms implemented in the field of early fall detection for elderly people and the characteristics. The paper will discuss the different types of fall detection systems, algorithms, tools, datasets, applications, and challenges. By conducting this research, a better understanding of the context, progress and trends in the field will be possible so that future research will have a guide to build upon.

In recent years, utilizing polygraph technology has drawn the attention of some legal systems in the world. However, some individuals have refused to accept it by arguing that using this technology is in conflict with the defendant's right to remain silent, which violates human dignity and interferes with people's privacy. Despite the proposed disadvantages and the existing challenges in this area, polygraphs can be regarded as scientific evidence to prove the culpability or innocence of the defendant, and by amending the law, it can be considered as another legal evidence to prove a criminal case. In addition, by taking into account the system of spiritual reasons, the legal authorities operate actively in obtaining legal evidence and use whatever reason that makes them certain about a case (even if they contradict legal evidence) and bases their decision-making process on such evidence. Polygraph results can serve as supporting evidence or substantial evidence to offer a judge the necessary information to issue the right verdict, and thus, by evaluating other proofs, it can determine their precision and validity to systematize them to help the judicial authorities with making the right decision.

Background: Considering the complications of covid-19, in order to improve the quality of the care services and ensure of the continuity of these care services out of the hospital, telenursing should be taken.Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of telenursing on the self-efficacy of the covid-19 patients after discharge from hospital.Method: This clinical trial was conducted on 66 covid-19 patients in sabzevar vasei hospital, Iran, during 2021. This participants have been divided to intervention and control groups with permutation blocks of random allocation method. Data collection tools included the demographic questionnaire and the covid-19 Prevention, Recognition, home-management self-efficacy scale were completed online by the participants before and one month after the intervention. A workshop through multimedia app and telenursing was performed to educate patient in the intervention group for one month. The control group only received the usual care at discharge. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 24) through the independent t-test, paired t-test, Chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test.Results: In the control group, the average scores of self-efficacy before and after routine training were 165.66 ±15 and 159.69± 21 21.73, respectively, and in the experimental group before and after telenursing were 144.24± 20.58 and 172.15±13.28, which was significant difference between results (p

Culture is an inseparable part of education in all respects. One of the fields in which culture plays an important role is second language acquisition. English language has become the language of science and technology and that of disseminating knowledge. Hence, English for Specific and General Purposes (ESP and EGP, respectively) is now a subfield in applied linguistics, helping English learners communicate their knowledge through English. The issue of communication leads the field to have a special connection with culture. That said, the purpose of the current study was to investigate the cultural content and cultural elements of the EGP and ESP textbooks used to teach ESP in economic and management, accounting, and psychology in Iranian universities. Using Cortazzi and Jin’s (1999) framework for cultural content, and Adaskou, Britten, and Fahsi’s (1990) framework for their cultural elements, the ESP and EGP textbooks were exqamined. The results indicated that there were statistically significant differences between the cultural content and elements included in the EGP and ESP textbooks; the EGP textbooks contain more cultural content and elements. Thus, it can be concluded that the ESP textbook designers need to pay more attention to the inclusion of cultural content and elements in the ESP textbooks if they want to improve the disciplinary abilities of the ESP students in communicating about the disciplinary notions of their majors.

Based on a resource-based perspective, the service capabilities comprisemanagerial, organizational, marketing, and service quality components that can enhance the competitive position. Owing to the key roles these capabilities may play in isolation and independent of the performance, the current study aimed to investigate the dimensions and criteria of service capabilities in Iranian Small Enterprises (ESs) employing a combination of fuzzy AHP and fuzzy DEMATELand to analyze and delineate the intensity of relationships among them.Alarge gap in existing research on fuzzy DEMATEL weights concerns determination of weights. Hence, the present five-phase study set out to bridge this gap by proposing an innovative approach to determine weights. The research data were collected through a questionnaire and a survey of the views of 10 experts in the field and the analyses of the data underscored the paramount importance of the managerial and organizational capabilities. In addition, the "analysis and formulation of the strategy" criterion was found to be more important than the others. Overall, the criterion of "Corporate Quality" can be considered as the most important criterion in Iranian ESs which should be prioritized.

Background and Objective: Using chewing tobacco is one of the most important health problems in ports of the southern coast of Iran. The prevention of this problem requires identifying the factors affecting this phenomenon. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of chewing tobacco and related factors among adolescents in South- East of Iran (2018). Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 204 male high school students through multistage sampling in two the ports of Konarak and Chabahar located in south - east of Iran during March to June 2018. The data collection tool was a self-administered standardized questionnaire including items about knowledge, attitude and prevalence of chewing tobacco among participants, intimate friends and family members of the study population. Results: Prevalence of chewing tobacco in life time and current use (pervious 30 days) was 71.8% and 43.1%, respectively. Supari was the main chewing tobacco were used (80.8%) by participants. The negative attitudes about chewing tobacco was a protective factor (OR=0.41) and easy access (OR=6.88), using by family members (OR=2.28), and close friends (OR=3.28) were the most important risk factors. Conclusion: The prevalence of chewing tobacco was alarming in male high school students in south - east of Iran.

The purpose of the present study is to survey the relationship between religion and politics in the ideology of jurists during the Qajar dynasty. To this aim, Skinner’s hermeneutics was used to analyze the link between religion and politics in the view of jurists back then, the necessity of chairmanship and government based on jurisprudence, and the relationship between the jurists and kings in that period. Moreover, it was attempted to review some aspects of the political jurisprudence during the Qajar dynasty based on which some of the most important transformations such as Persian constitutionalism took place in that period. The results showed that the power of Shi’ite scholars and their popularity among people made the cruel state in that age in need of their support. The jurists also made use of their religious legitimacy and authority as well as popularity among people to fulfill the Shi’ites’ welfare and prosperity through their contacts with the kings. Due to lack of its religious backup and common popularity, the kingdom of Qajar was in need of Shi’ite jurists to support them, thus the jurists made use of this opportunity to emphasize on the right of common people and their needs in their contacts with the kings. The Persian constitutional government that was not so successful in Iranian society was a reminder of this fact for the Shi’ite jurists that civil order coming from western ideology has no place in Iran and hence the only way to find salvation from tyranny is to establish an Islamic state and implement Islamic rules.

Background and Aim: In todaychr('39')s complex work environment, organizations need a strong link between strategy and effective strategy execution. The purpose of this research is to integrate Balanced Scorecard model with Kaizen management to meet this need and increase innovation efficiency in organization and create sustainable competitive advantage. Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive study in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection, in three stages. Two researcher-made questionnaires(validity and reliability of 0.852)were used perform this applied research in Shahroud hospitals. The first is identify factors using the Delphi method by 16 experts and The second was to confirm the indices, which were completed randomly by 829 hospital beneficiaries and analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis. Structural-interpretive model was used to determine the effect of indicators on each other. In order to determine the cause and effect relationships between the goals and the two models Quality Function Deployment matrix was used by expert opinion. Results: This study showed that in order to achieve the goals of learning development perspective in BSC model, one needs to use "mura" in Kaizen model. Also, to achieve internal process goals, the muri dimension must be used, to achieve the financial perspective objectives of the "deletion"(muda), and for the customer perspective goals, the "mura" dimension must be applied. Conclusion: Integration of BSC and Kaizen models can provide a suitable framework for continuous improvement of performance, because it has been successfully Performance in Shahroud hospitals, this research has shown that it seeks continuous improvement and increased productivity in the hospital.

The problem of evil has a long history in philosophical thinking, and is one of the most important and challenging issues among philosophers and theologians, which in the most pessimistic case, leads to deny God, and in the most optimistic case, claims that there has been a violation of certain attributes of God. For example, evil, and especially the excessive evil, rejects absolute power of God and God's merciful benevolence. The purpose of this writing is to study the logical problem of evil and to solve it from the perspective of the two Islamic and Western thinkers, Morteza Motahari and John Hick. Marteza Motahhari believes that the wisdom and interest of God is dominant over the system of being and that evil is “relative and non-existent” and concludes at the end that evil is based on good and leads to good. The two are "inseparable", and of course, there are benefits to evil. John Hick also believes in the mighty creator who created the best possible universe, while Hick's view is that he is evil and develops the theory of "cultivating the soul," and the purpose of God is to create evil, to uplift human beings and He introduces his spiritual growth and makes it an agent of perfection. But, for him, talking about an unsolved problem and an “unknotted knot” in the name of evil is vain; and finally, for him, the reasons of the existence of evil is "mysterious", in other words, unconscious and beyond comprehension.

Political parties in democratic systems are considered as intermediate institutions of democratic regimes by organizing political power, mobilizing popular forces and regulating the relating power. Political parties plays an important role in regulating the reciprocal relations of the ruling powers; the influence of parties in the interactions of the legislative and executive power has created a dramatic changes in the division of the classical powers of contemporary states. On the other hand, political circles sometimes talk about changing the political system of Iran to the parliamentary system or the legislature’s transforming into two parliamentary chambers; on the other hand, the interrelationships between the legislative and executive bodies are faced with deadlocks. One of the requirements for solving such challenges is the existence of parties in the political system; Therefore, this article examines the function of parties in regulating the relations of powers in the United Kingdom, United States and Iran as a parliamentary, presidential and semi-presidential systems, seeks to identify the disadvantages and advantages of party systems in countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States as party success styles and to explain the challenges of interfering in the interactions of the Iranian state by eliminating the existing shortcomings.

Background: The present study was conducted to investigate the modeling creativity in Relationship between behavioral activation/ inhibition systems with Academic Self-Efficacy in male students.Methods: correlation studies based on structural equation modeling technique. Population Were all of male students in high school of Gonbad city that 230 people selected by cluster sampling. Measurment tools were were behavioral activation/ inhibition systems, Academic Self-Efficacy and Abedi creative questionnairs . data analysis was performed using SPSS-22 using Pearson correlation and path analysis.Findings: Result showed that has been Relationship between Creativity behavioral systems with Academic Self-Efficacy in students. And result showed that the research model was confirmed and in general 0.15 of academic self-efficacy can be explained by Creativity and behavioral systems(P

Topices related to moral responsibility can be seen among the works of Mulla Sadra. Mulla Sadra considers moral responsibility with innovations in the field of originality of existence (esalat-e wujood), gradation of existence (tashkik-e wujood), necessary state of the soul, and final cause, which considers moral responsibility of having implications includes acts, agent and unity of acts, agent and patient (agency and patiency). The agent must also have positive conditions such as authority, power and science. Negative conditions are also ignorance, opacity of sins and self-impurity and imitation. Mulla Sadra expresses the act of moral responsibility on the basis of the final cause and agent’s or doer’s action, and considers all human actions lead to perfection for the final end. Human being is the whole truth of the universe that includes Ideal and intellectual immateriality and material grade and the manifestation of divine essence. In this paper, in a descriptive-analytical method, Mulla Sadra's view on human beings and their responsibilities towards themselves, God and others, and how to create a sense of responsibility in human being and acting in accordance with them are expressed. Mulla Sadra believes that even with minimal science, human can provoke faculty of appetence and create the faculty of appetence, a sense of responsibility in human being and is possessed through will by practical intellect and has attained divine governor. In the system of unity of existence, the actual agents are devoted to Necessary Being and the system of being and even the activities of the servants are conveyed by the Necessary Being. The attribution of the activity to the contingents due to their ability and their grades do not also contradict all attributes of God. So human is morally responsible for achieving favorable perfection.

Background and purpose: Neglect is amongst the deficits in family functioning in Iranian population which is caused by lack of adequate knowledge on related factors. A major problem on this issue is lack of clear definition of this term. The purpose of this study was to analyze the concept, operational definition, and empirical references of neglect in health care system in Guilan province, Iran, using hybrid approach. Materials and methods: The research was conducted using a three-stage model: the review of studies, working in the field, and final analysis of hybrid. At the theoretical stage, we investigated national and international articles, dissertations, and indexing databases for relevant information published between 2000 and 2017. Working in the field was accomplished by collecting clinical data in which 12 participants (selected via targeted sampling) were interviewed. The information was then analyzed. Results: By reviewing the articles, the operational definition of negligence was expressed as forgetting and ignorance. Negligence was recognized as deprivation of human rights and was associated with the function of elderly people. According to the interviews, three main themes and eight sub themes were identified: interactive separation (inevitable avoidance, bitter oblivion, and forgotten by close relatives), psychological conflicts (traumatic experiences, perceived violence, and emotional failure), psychosis (mental excitement and companion concern). Conclusion: There is always an emphasis on respect for the elderly in Iranian culture, however, this vulnerable population is ometimes subject to negligence. Iran is aging and nurses can play a major role in identifying elderely at risk of negligence. Theefore, effective steps can be taken to improve the health of the community by appropriate planning.

Objective (s): The relationship between social capital and health is well establishes. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between social capital and its related factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study and conducted on 326 type 2 diabetes patients who referred to the Iranian Diabetes Society in 2016-2017. Data was collected by the Onyx and Bullen social capital questionnaire. This questionnaire has 36 items and 8 domains. The score range from 0 to 100. Data were analyzed by using statistical tests such as independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, one-way ANOVA, and multiple regression. Results: The mean age of the patients was 55.33 (SD=11.32) years. The mean and (95% confidence interval) of the social capital score of participants was 45.72 (44.16-47.30). Among the eight domains of social capital, the highest mean score was related to the work connections domain 68.06 (63.90-72.22) and the lowest mean score was for the participation in the local communities domain 30.45 (27.97-32.93). The results of multiple regression model showed that gender had a significant association with trust and security where women had lower trust and security score than men (β=-7.88, P

The triazole core is an important part of the therapeutically drugs such as antimicrobial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents. Therefore, a facile synthesis of a series of 1,2,3-triazoles has been introduced by the sequential azidation of alcohols or epoxides and then Cu (I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) in water. The biological profiles of some of these five-membered heterocyclic scaffolds toward anti-bacterial activities were evaluated using Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion method. The biological obtained results were very interesting and revealed that most of the examined molecules are potent antibacterial agents when compared with standard drugs.

Introduction: Broadcast fertilization method increases fertilizer losses while results in lower nutrient absorption by plant roots. Fertigation is an effective method to increase water and fertilizer efficiency and to reduce the losses of nitrogen. Moreover, it allows farmers to apply the nutrients in splits and few amounts in response to crop needs. In the present study, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of split application of fertilizer in furrow fertigation on nitrogen losses and corn yield. Materials and Methods: Field experiments were carried out factorially in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Experimental treatments were consisted of three fertilizer splits (two, three, and four splits) and three levels of urea fertilizer (60, 80 and 100% of required urea fertilizer), which compared with the common method (broadcasting fertilizer) as used by farmers in the fields. Experiments were conducted on a one hectare field in 120 meter long and open end furrows. During the crop season, Irrigation water was applied in the same way for all fertigation treatments and the third type of the WSC flumes was used to measure the amount of input and output water in irrigation events. Moreover, for determining the indexes of uniformity of water distribution in carrying out fertigation experiments, the amount of infiltration into the soil was calculated using the Kostiakov-Louis equation. The parameters of this equation were determined using the water volume balance method. Injection of Urea fertilizer was done by using 40-liter barrels were placed at the beginning of Furrows. In this study, the injection of fertilizers was applied in the last 10 to 20 minutes of irrigation time. Results and Discussions: Results showed that water distribution uniformities of low quarter and low half in all tests were very high. Such that the water low quarter distribution uniformities for all treatments were between 90.5 to 98.3 percent and the low half distribution uniformities of water for different treatments were between 94.4 to 99.0 percent. So, according to the high water distribution uniformity and injecting fertilizer in 20-10 minutes at the end of irrigation, it should be stated that the distribution uniformities of fertilizer, used in the experiments, were high too. Statistical analysis showed that nitrogen usage amount and interaction of splits-usage rates of fertilizer had a significant influence on run-off nitrogen losses. The most nitrogen losses were achieved in treatment using 100 percent of fertilization recommendation and there were not significant differences between 60 and 80 percent of fertilization recommendation. It is nothworthy that, in addition to the nitrogen loss by surface runoff, nitrogen deep percolation losses always are also considered. In fertigation treatments, because of high rate of nitrogen injection in short intervals at the end of irrigations, the amount of nitrogen in the surface layer (20-0 cm) was significantly higher than the lower depths and this could led to low percolation losses of nitrogen, but the broadcast fertilization method provided the highest percent of remaining nitrogen in the soil after fertilization, which almost is unusable for plant and in the case of over irrigation or rainfall, the risk of groundwater pollution could be raised. Besides, the results showed that application of nitrogen in 4 splits provided more grain yield compared to the 3 splits level. Also, grain yield of corn increased significantly with increasing nitrogen rate application. The fertigation treatments had better performance of water and fertilizer application efficiencies compared to broadcast fertilization method. The most grain yield was achieved in the fifth treatment by application of 100 percent of fertilization usage recommendation in three splits. Conclusion: In this study, the effect of furrow fertigation on nitrogen losses and corn yield was studied under different splits and amounts of fertilizer consumption. Eventually, fertigation treatments were compared with traditional treatments (fertilizer broadcasting method). According to the obtained results, evaluate the interactions of the effect of split × N usage showed that, the fourth treatment (60% of fertilizer application in 4 splits) can be suggested, owing to its lower N losses by runoff. In addition there were no statistical significant differences of grain yield between the fourth and fifth treatments (100% of fertilizer application in 3 splits). Consequently, it can be concluded that by the usage of 60 percent of the recommended fertilizer application in four equal splits during the growing season, the potential of environmental pollution will be reduced while achieving optimal performance.

Background & Aim: Diabetes is a chronic disease that needs lifelong special self-care behaviors. Adolescents with type 1 diabetes need self-care education for the control of diabetes and the prevention of its complications. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the impact of self-care education on the control of diabetes complications, medications and HbA1C in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Methods & Materials: This study is a non-randomized clinical trial (IRCT2015051322258N1) carried out on seventy four adolescents aged 12-18 years old with type 1 diabetes referred to the Iran diabetes association. They were selected using convenience sampling method and allocated into two groups (intervention: 34 people, control: 40 people). An educational intervention was performed in five sessions for the intervention group. After education, the patients were trained and followed up using mobile services for three months. The instruments consisted of a demographic characteristics form and a section of the self-care behaviors scale evaluating medications and the control of complications. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software v.18. Results: Before the education, no significant difference was observed in the mean scores of medications and control of complications and level of HbA1C between the two groups of intervention and control (P>0.05). After the education, there was a significant difference between two groups in the mean scores of medications and control of complications and level of HbA1C (P0.05). After the education, there was a significant difference between two groups in the mean scores of medications and control of complications and level of HbA1C (P

The present study investigates the citation behavior in published articles in the Journal of Philosophy and wisdom in the period 1384 to 1393. Firstly, in this analysis, we have a statistical analysis of the reference sections or bibliography of articles, the average number of citations, types of scientific items, the linguistic status of references, author self-citation, journal self-Citation and articles dedicated research areas. According to above statistical analysis conducted in this paper, at the conclusion of this study, we present and expose ten qualitative analysis in areas such as innovation, bibliometric analysis and research ethics is supplied. The authors reviewed here, as with many other areas of the humanities and even more of them, to write their works primarily rely on books, then articles and other scientific items. But, the result of our literature review derived from citation studies of philosophy and humanities in English articles, is different. Therefore, the special results and unique analysis and survey in research ethics is obtained. In addition, certain relation between the Iranian philosophical productions with categories such as "innovation", "team working" in the fields of humanities, as well as more theoretical knowledge than we have established a global production

Background and Objectives Cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), is one of the most important pests of field crops, vegetables, and ornamental plants. Parasitoid wasps, Eretmocerus mundus Mercet and Eretmocerus eremicus Rose and Zolnerowich, as well as predatory bug Orius albidipennis Rueter are natural enemies which are used as biocontrol agents to control B. tabaci and play a critical role in reduction of chemical insecticide application. Materials and Methods In this study, experiments were carried out using a Y-tube olfactometer to determine the impact of volatiles emitted from leaves infested by B. tabaci on attraction of natural enemies. Moreover, the effect of presence of one natural enemy on attraction or repellency of another natural enemy was studied. Results Results of olfactory responses showed that infested cucumber leaves were more attractive for all species of natural enemy species, O. albidipennis, E. mundus and E. eremicus, than healthy leaves. The results also showed that O. albidipennis avoided leaves that both species of parasitoid wasps coexist on them. However, presence of O. albidipennis on the leaves as a competitor did not affect the attraction of the parasitoid wasps to infested leaves. Discussion Induced reactions in damaged plants increase their resistance to invasive pests. These changes can affect the reactions of all organisms around the plants including herbivores, pollinators, natural enemies, and even other plants nearby. Previous research confirms our results on attraction of natural enemies to plants injured by B. tabaci. Avoidance of O. albidipennis of patches containing parasitoids may be due to escape from intraguild predation or other reasons like low quality food in such patches. On the other hand, in this study both parasitoids preferred leaves containing O. albidipennis and whitefly nymphs to leaves with only whitefly nymphs. There is a hypothesis that female parasitoids should not avoid the polyphagous predators because they will lose many oviposition locations, as the number of polyphagous predators is too far in agroecosystems. This theory is corresponding well with the results of our study.

Background and Objectives: Salmonella contamination of broiler breeder farms is of great importance regarding transmission of the bacteria through the production chain of poultry meat. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and management related factors of Salmonella contamination in broiler breeder flocks in Iran. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out between 2013 and 2014 in 23 provinces of Iran. Fecal samples were obtained from 139 broiler breeder farms and were subjected to standard bacteriological tests for Salmonella isolation. The serogroups of isolated Salmonella were determined using standard serological tests. Relevant information of sampled holdings was acquired from the GIS system and used for risk factor detection. Results: The prevalence of Salmonella contamination in broiler breeder holdings was 7.9% and the more positive samples were from Tehran and Fars provinces. The flock age (P = 0.019) and the number of poultry houses in the farm (P = 0.037) were major risk factors of Salmonella contamination in broiler breeder farms. Conclusion: This investigation showed that the prevalence of Salmonella contamination in broiler breeder farms was relatively high. It is necessary to establish an appropriate program for controlling Salmonella contamination in broiler breeder farms. Regular sampling for early detection of contaminated farms would be very important in this case. Sampling from old flocks should be the first priority.

Professional skepticism is among the most significant concepts of auditing. This is due to the fact that the mentioned concept has a profound impact on audit judgment. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between professional skepticism (including neutrality and presumptive doubt dimensions) and the auditors' skeptical judgment. To achieve the purpose of the study, 97 auditors working in auditing institutes as certified public accountants were interviewed. This was conducted employing two quasi-laboratory scenarios that mainly take from Quadackers et al. (2014). The result showed that in a high-risk control environment, the relationship between "neutrality and skeptical judgment" is stronger than the relationship between "presumptive doubt and skeptical judgment". Moreover, the relationship between "neutrality and skeptical judgment" is intensified in a high-risk control environment. However, there is no major difference in the intensity of the relationship between" presumptive doubt and skeptical judgment" in a high and low-risk control environment. Overall, the above-mentioned findings provide empirical evidence for supporting the present viewpoint on auditing standards based on the preference of "neutrality dimension" over "presumptive doubt dimension".

Background: Concerning to the importance of team learning and process change, the clinical laboratories employees should be familiar with organizational learning. This study aimed at assessing and determining organizational learning capability among clinical laboratories employees of Tehran University of Medical Sciences hospitals. Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional one which conducted among 85 employees of clinical laboratories using Cochran formula at five general teaching hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The research instrument was Gomez et al. questionnaire consisted of four dimensions such management commitment, systematic approach, open climate and knowledge transfer in 17 questions. Five point Likert scale was used to rank questions. SPSS software 19 version was utilized to data analysis using t- test, Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Welch method. Results: The average score of organizational learning among employees of studied clinical laboratories was 3.11 which showed relative desirable situation. Also, management commitment as an element of organizational learning had significant difference among the clinical laboratories (p=0.002). There was a significant relationship between employees education level with knowledge transfer and integration capability (p=0.04). Conclusion: The process of organizational learning capability of the studied clinical laboratories was not desirable. Therefore, in order to complete establishment of organizational learning in clinical laboratories, should pay attention to some elements such establishment of patient safety system, initiation of error registration system and encouraging employees to report the errors

Introduction: Educational system of any country should establish the appropriate status for the development of learners and flourish all attitudes of people to learn and educated. Therefore, this research was aimed to compare role playing and lecturing teaching styles through organizational behaviour among health care management students. Methods: This was a interventional-analytical research. The research population was all third year students of health care management in school of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 150 persons who were conducted organizational behaviour lesson while doing this research, divided into 25 students in each test and control groups. The required data collected using active learning, Students satisfaction questionnaires of lecturing and role playing teaching styles, and two types of checklists including standard manager and scenarios assessment and analysed by SPSS software for presentation of percent, average, and standard deviation as descriptive results, and Kolmogrov-Smirnov to determine data normalization, two sample T-Test and Mann-Whitney as analytical results. Result: There were significant correlation between role playing teaching style and active learning (P

Introduction: The importance of the accountability in the new public management is undeniable. But, as long as there is no willing for an individual to seek answers, or more exactly, he is not assertive in seeking answers, accountability does not come to exist, and as a result, there will be no transparency. Therefore, it can be concluded that seeking answers is prior to accountability. The purpose of this research is to investigate the priority of the social seeking answers to accountability in the new public management. Method: The type of this research is an applied descriptive survey. The statistical population of the research include those individuals who are dealing much more with government agencies and organizations, and the sample of the research contains 373 individuals of this population. The measuring instrument of the current research is questionnaire, and for analyzing the results, after examining the normality of the data by SPSS Software Version 22, One-sample T-test has been used including five hypotheses. Results: The results of the research showed that believe in religion, superstitions, trust in the government and the law have had an influence on the priority of the social seeking answers to accountability, but self-esteem and self-help does not have any effect on the priority of social seeking answers to accountability. Moreover, the results of the research indicated that regarding the priority of social seeking answers to accountability, religious beliefs, enjoining good and forbidding wrong, superstitions, and trust in the government and the law affect self-help moderately, and self-confidence, attempt for self-help, and familiarity with the methods of self-help have a lower effect than the average. Conclusion: It is necessary to strengthen the religious beliefs, self-esteem, trust in the government, attempt for self-help, and the level of superstitions should be decreased by planning so that the path of seeking answers be smoothed because it has a great effect on the accountability and financial transparency.

Recently, metha-heuristic methods have been used as an efficient tools to solve complex engineering problems. One of these methods is JPSO algorithm, which, with a change in the nature of the jump of that algorithm in this research, it is possible to solve a graph-based problem with a new algorithm called G-JPSO. The simple and hydropower operation of dams is one of the important issues in the field of water resources management. One of the requirements to solve these problems in a discrete space is creating an appropriate graph. Application of this new developed algorithm on complex mathematical Ackley function and simple and hydropower operation of dams is reported in this paper. The results were compared with the ant colony algorithm. The results showed that the proposed algorithm reach the absolute optimal answer for the Ackley function, and it also showed that a minimum objective function for simple and hydropower operation with 200,000 iterations of the objective function are 1.07 and 7.83, respectively. The value of ant colony algorithm for these two applications are 0.93 and 10.1, respectively. This comparison demonstrates the ability of the developed algorithm in finding solutions close to the optimal solution with a reasonable computational cost.

Background and Aim: Anesthesia has several side effects which are different based on the type of surgery, medication, and depth of anesthesia. The present study aimed at identifying the effect of bi-spectral index monitoring on recovery and postoperative complications in caesarean. Materials and Methods: In this double-blinded clinical trial study with control group, 68 women who were candidates for caesarean were selected using available sampling method and were then randomly assigned in to two groups. For the control group, anesthetic maintenance drug was prescribed based on every body’s weight and hemodynamic conditions while intervention group received titrated dose of anesthetic maintenance drug as needed for maintaining bi-spectral index between 40 and 60. Data collection tool.included a researcher-designed checklist in which the time of extubation after surgery, discharge from the recovery unit (based on Aldert benchmark), and complications during recovery were recorded in addition to demographic data. The obtained data was analyzed by SPSSsoftware(V:16) using statistical independent T test, as well as Fisher Exact test. at the significant level of P

The aim of the present study was to determine the validity and reliability of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children Test (M-ABC Test) for 6-year-old children of Isfahan city. 306 children participated in the study. Inter-rater reliability of the M-ABC test was estimated using two trained observers with 50 children. Test–retest reliability was assessed using 30 children with a one-week interval. To determine construct validity of this test, explanatory and confirmatory factors analyses were used. Agreement between testers was great with a mean intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.98. The mean intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.77 was obtained for test–retest reliability. Three-factor structure of M-ABC test and proper assignment of skills to manual dexterity, ball skill and balance factors were supported for this population. The According to these results, M-ABC test can be applied to assess fundamental skills of 6-year-old children of Isfahan city.

Background: It seems that consumption of fish oil results in reduction of cardiovascular diseases risk factor such as triglyceride and blood pressure in diabetic patients. It is not clear which component of fish oil(EPA or DHA) is more important. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on fasting blood sugar, triglyceride, and blood pressure in type 2 diabetic patients. Material and Methods: The study designed as a triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial. 60 diabetic men and women, aged 30-65 years, were randomly assigned to consume 1g/d EPA, DHA, and canola oil for 12 week. Fasting blood sugar, triglyceride, and blood pressure were measured before and after the study. Results were analyzed through repeated measure test. Results:. After 12 weeks of intervention, 23 women and 22 men with a mean ± SD age of 54.9± 8.2 completed the study. In comparison with the changes from baseline, FBS and triglyceride levels didn't differ between groups (P>0.05). SBP and DBP reduced in three groups (P= 0.0015 and P= 0.000 respectively) but they didn't differ between groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Consumption of 1g/d EPA or DHA doesn't have any effect on FBS, triglyceride, SBP and DBP. This study is the first one which has compared fish oil components effects in diabetic patients.

bstractOne of the fundamental features of law is having of sanction. If law abidingsee themselves freedom and without punishment in performance or rules oflaw, how one can accomplish aim of law that is regulation of personalrelationships and establishment of discipline in society. so whenever rightsof people be molested, reaction against violator should be provided andensured. Procedural rules and principles as partial of rules of law withtheir special sanctions also have been protected by legislator and judicialprecedent. Some of these sections has personal aspect and includes widerange of administrative – disciplinary or criminal and civil measures. Thiscategory of sanctions unlike guarantees related to procedural process canbe made against officials and authorities involved in criminal proceduralprocess that with their performance cause procedural fundamentalprinciples are violated.

شکایت کیفری تحت شمایل قانونی خود حق مسلّم هر شخص است. از طرفی سوء استفادهاز حق شکایت و بازی با آبروی اشخاص جامعه مورد نهی قانونگذار است. در ایـن بـین ممکـناست کسی بدون سوء نیت و در حالی که خود را محق در دعوا میداند دست به طرح شـکایتکیفری بزند و از این طریق ناخواسته هزینههای مالی و معنـوی سـنگینی بـه طـرف شـکایت بـارنماید. احتیاط در طرح شکایت و نسبت دادن عمل مجرمانه به دیگری در حقوق جزای ایـران ودر آثار بزرگان آیین دادرسی کیفری به تصریح و تلویح بیان شـده اسـت. لـزوم توجـه بـه ایـنمسأله نه تنها بایستی در جامعه نهادینه شود و اشخاص خود را مکلف به رعایت آن بداننـد بلکـهنیازمند توجه خاص قانونگذار میباشد تا با اعمال تدابیر مناسب مانع طرح شـکایات بـی اسـاسشود

Background and Objectives: Air pollution and its effects on human health had become a major concern of many healthcare centers decision makers. In this study, air pollution effect on variation of Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) level in diabetic patients was evaluated, which is a unique study in Iran and Middle East region. Materials and Methods: During November-January 2010-11, Tehran, capital of Iran, was exposed with high levels of air pollution. A retrospective cohort study was carried out on 330 patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus for at least 12 months referring to 3 endocrinal care clinics. A questionnaire in two demographic and diabetic related sections was prepared. The patients' HbA1C level recorded on November-January 2009-10 was compared with November-January 2010-11. Descriptive analysis and paired t-test were carried out using SPSS 18 software. Results: The patients investigated were divided into two groups. The first group was composed of 108 patients (53.7% female and 46.3% male) with diabetes mellitus type I (Insulin Dependent), age mean of 17.22, and SD of 11.57. The second group was composed of 222 patients (58.6% female and 41.4% male) with diabetes mellitus type II (Noninsulin Dependent), age mean of 53.91, and SD of 12.12. The change of HbAIC level in both groups wa not statistically significant; in first group, HbA1C level increased from 7.71 to 7.75 mg / 100 ml (P =0.828) and in second group, it increased from 7.06 to 7.08 mg / 100 ml (P = 0.798). Conclusion: According to the results obtained, it can be concluded that relation of air pollution and HbA1C mean variation in diabetic patients was insignificant.

Development of radio frequency spectrum based technologies and increasing demand with inefficient use of spectrum, in the near future will cause scarcity in relation to spectrum as a limited and valuable source. By using cognitive radio technology will transform the traditional spectrum management to the dynamic and more efficient one. The pioneer regulators have been starting activities inoptimization of spectrum usage and dynamic spectrum management. In this study we proposed the following two scenarios:"Hierarchical allocation of spectrum" and "secondary spectrum market" with their strengths/ weaknesses/ opportunities/ threats. The results show that in "Hierarchical allocation of spectrum" scenario there are considerable strength points for “Communications Regulatory Authority”to apply cognitive radio technology, while according to external threats, diversity could be the best strategy. But in "secondary spectrum market" due to existing Strengths and opportunities the best strategy would be attack or outrider position

Background and Aim: Problems such as hypothyroidism and aggressiveness may lead the organizations to reduced and seek to increase further behaviors that have the benefits for organization, such as productivity. One of the factors that produce productivity organization is organizational citizenship behavior. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the component of organizational citizenship behavior with human resources productivity among selected hospital's staff in Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: This research was carried out in 6 Hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences by attitude approach survey and data has been collected via questionnaire that was distributed among 429 staff of these hospitals by 2 stage stochastic sampling method. Research methodology has been descriptive, analytical and cross sectional. For survey to accept or reject the study hypothesis, was performed spearman correlation and regression tests with SPSS software. Results: The study results showed that, in our population perception, there was a significant relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and productivity in people. This means that, in these hospitals, implementation of organizational citizenship behavior has effect on the amount of peoples productivity.Conclusion: In this study, the effect of magnanimity and look over component on productivity had different results in the studied hospitals. But results are same as the initiative of individual creativity component. In addition the potential reasons for probable low levels of these components and their related indices have been analyzed and the solutions have been presented for their improvement.

Background and Aim: Problems such as hypothyroidism and aggressiveness may lead the organizations to reduced and seek to increase further behaviors that have the benefits for organization, such as productivity. One of the factors that produce productivity organization is organizational citizenship behavior. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the component of organizational citizenship behavior with human resources productivity among selected hospital's staff in Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: This research was carried out in 6 Hospitals of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences by attitude approach survey and data has been collected via questionnaire that was distributed among 429 staff of these hospitals by 2 stage stochastic sampling method. Research methodology has been descriptive, analytical and cross sectional. For survey to accept or reject the study hypothesis, was performed spearman correlation and regression tests with SPSS software. Results: The study results showed that, in our population perception, there was a significant relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and productivity in people. This means that, in these hospitals, implementation of organizational citizenship behavior has effect on the amount of peoples productivity.Conclusion: In this study, the effect of magnanimity and look over component on productivity had different results in the studied hospitals. But results are same as the initiative of individual creativity component. In addition the potential reasons for probable low levels of these components and their related indices have been analyzed and the solutions have been presented for their improvement.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is a common disease in the world. Exercise has consistently been shown to improve glucose control. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of a single-session aerobic and resistance exercise on blood glucose in women with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Twenty four women with type 2 diabetes were voluntarily and randomly selected and divided into aerobic exercise, resistance exercise and control groups. Aerobic exercise(rhythmic exercise) was performed for 40 min at 60% HRmax and resistance exercise(weight lifting) for 40 min utilizing 60% of 1-RM. Blood samples were collected before and after exercise. Results: Results of paired sample t-test showed a single-session aerobic and resistance exercise significantly decreased blood glucose(p

The purpose of this study comparison of and ranking mate-selection preferences among female and male students, and three ethnic groups (Kord, Bakhtiyari, and Arabian language). 600 students (in 6 colleges) were selected using randomized stratified sampling, and completed the Mate-Selection Preferences Inventory. To assess of the validity of this measure principle components analysis (varimax rotation) and non-parametric statistics were used. In this study using the PC (varimax rotation), nine factors were extracted (behavioral characteristic, appearance characteristic, et al). Also Friedman test showed that there are significant differences among mate-selection preferences. In addition, the results indicated, significant differences among male (appearance and houscooking) and female (appearance characteristics, social skills, social-economic status, and religious characteristics) students, and ethnic groups in mate-selection preferences.

Introduction: Diabetes is a chronic illness which needs specific self care behaviors to the end of life. On the other hand, studies have shown that improvement in knowledge and practice of diabetic patients brings about improvement of metabolic status for which self care education specially with active method (active involvement of diabetic patients) is necessary. So, this study has been conducted to determine the effect of self care program with group discussion on knowledge and practice of diabetic adolescent girls referring to Iranian Diabetes Society. Methods: This research is a quasi experimental study conducted on 80 diabetic adolescent girls aged 15-19 (40 as experiment and 40 as control group) in Iranian Diabetes Society in 2008-2009. Self care program was designed after data had been collected in pre intervention stage by questionnaires of knowledge and practice as well as educational needs assessment in both groups, and then, self care program was administrated through 8 discussion sessions for experiment group. Finally, the same questionnaires were completed for experiment and control groups of diabetic adolescent girls once just after and one month after intervention again. The collected data were analyzed through SPSS 15 with statistical tests of X2, Independent Sample T test, Repeated Measures and Paired T test. Results: Results showed no significant differences between experiment and control groups in demographic characteristics(age, height, weight, father’s job etc.) through Independent Sample T test and X2 .In experiment group, there was a significant increase in scores of knowledge and practice compared to before, just after and one month after intervention (p0.05) and Independent T-test showed no significant difference in knowledge and practice between experiment and control groups before intervention(p>0.05). There was a significant difference in mean scores of knowledge and practice just after and one month after intervention between two groups of experiment and control shown by Independent T-test (p