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Nowadays, due to the pollution that businesses and various industries impose to the environment, the adoption of strategies and policies by governments to improve the environmental performance of the supply chain has received more attention. The green supply chain will have many benefits, such as saving energy resources, reducing pollutants, and so on. Government intervention to develop these chains takes various forms, such as subsidies, taxes, licensing, and advertising. In this study, two manufacturers with green and non-green supply chains compete in a competitive market and sell their products through a joint retailer, and the government intervenes as a leader in the Stackelberg game. These chains are designed based on the selection of agent-based pricing and wholesale pricing methods in four different models. In these models, the government advertises for green products in the first and second models and imposes taxes on the producer of non-green products in the third and fourth models, seeking to maximize social welfare and improving the environment. In order to analyze and compare the models, the game theory approach was used. The results show that in general, government intervention improves the environmental situation and social welfare, and in the case of advertising has a better effect on the overall market trend and also on social welfare than the tax imposing strategy.IntroductionToday, with the rapid growth of industries worldwide, the environmental impact and ecological effects of products have become significant concerns. There is a growing awareness of the environmental consequences and associated risks to human health resulting from industrial activities. Consequently, research on green supply chain management has seen a significant increase. As public awareness about environmental issues continues to rise and concerns about the future of our planet intensify, customers are increasingly inclined to purchase environmentally friendly products. This shift in consumer behavior has prompted manufacturers and businesses to reassess their production processes and adapt to changing customer preferences and new government policies. The primary objective of this research is to investigate the role of government intervention in influencing the demand for green and non-green products through factor-oriented green and non-green supply chains. Additionally, the study aims to identify government policies that can facilitate the development and adoption of green products. The findings of this research can be utilized by governments to promote the use of environmentally friendly goods and enhance environmental protection efforts.Materials and methodsThe approach of this research involves modeling and analysis. The research considers multiple models, each consisting of two supply chains with two manufacturers and a common retailer. One manufacturer produces a green product (environmentally friendly), while the other produces a non-green product (not environmentally friendly). Throughout the research, all comparative models adhere to this structure, with the first supply chain focusing on the production of green products and the second supply chain delivering non-green products to customers. All the analyses conducted in this research are mathematically analyzed and utilize game theory to validate the model results and analyze them. Since the model results are mathematically proven, there is no need to collect real-world data. Instead, hypothetical data are used in the examples to illustrate the various aspects of the problem. In this research, all the models are designed based on the Stackelberg game, and the government takes the initiative in determining its objectives.ResultsIn order to compare the models and analyze the results, we first considered a fixed strategy (advertisement or taxation) for the government. This allowed us to investigate the effect of pricing type on profit, demand, and social welfare. We compared the first model with the second model and also compared the third and fourth models together. Furthermore, we compared the advertising strategy models with the taxation strategy models, examining each strategy within the supply chains. The results indicate that the second model generates the highest level of social welfare and benefits for society, while also resulting in the greatest profit for producers and retailers. Following that, the first model exhibits more social welfare compared to the third and fourth models. Additionally, the profit of the green product producer in the first model significantly surpasses that of the non-green product producer. This difference in profitability serves as an incentive for producers to transition to green product production. Although the profit disparity between producers in the third and fourth models is more substantial and encourages the greater promotion of green product production, it leads to lower satisfaction and well-being.ConclusionsThe results demonstrate the high sensitivity of producers' and retailers' profits to the pricing of their products. The product price is influenced by factors such as whether the supply chain is factor-oriented or wholesale, as well as the type of government intervention. When consumers make purchasing decisions, they consider not only the price but also other parameters, such as the environmental friendliness of the product. In other words, the choice of a product is determined by a set of conditions and is not solely dependent on price fluctuations. The pricing method, whether factor-oriented or wholesale, significantly impacts the profitability of supply chain members and has implications for social welfare and environmental improvement. Different types of government intervention, such as cultural initiatives or taxation, can also lead to changes in the results

In recent decades, the increase in temperature has caused widespread climate change all over the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran and Yazd province. The purpose of this study is to project climate change in Yazd province using the CanESM2 model and new emission scenarios (RCP) during 2021-2050 (near future) and 2051-2080 (distant future) and to study the trend of changes in the baseline period using the Mann-Kendall test. The statistical indices of R2, RMSE, and NSE were used to evaluate the performance of the CanESM2 model. According to the results, the model had an appropriate performance for projecting precipitation and temperature in the future period and was classified into good and very good classes in terms of capability. Investigating the trend of the annual change of temperature and precipitation in the baseline period showed that the temperature had an increasing trend under most scenarios and stations, while the trend of the change of precipitation was no significant. The results of temperature changes in Yazd province indicated an increase of 2.2, 1.2, and 2.5 °C during 2021-2050 and 2.28, 3.19, and 4.77°C during 2051-2080 under RCP2, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively. Changes in precipitation in Yazad province during the winter season showed a decrease in precipitation by 32, 26, and 34% during 2021-2050 and by 32, 32, and 5% during 2051-2080 under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively.

Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) is an important beneficial predator in agriculture, which is easily reared in laboratory. It is widely used in augmentative biological control programs. Research on sublethal effects, aims to reveal the negative and non-lethal impacts of insecticides on pests and provide practical information for forming effective pest control strategies. The lethal and sublethal effects of tebufenozide, clothianidin, and flupyradifurone on the common green lacewing, C. carnea were investigated in laboratory conditions at 25 ± 2°C, 60 ± 5% RH and a photoperiod of 16:8 h. (L:D). The results indicated the oviposition period in insects treated with flupyradifurone (26.62 days) was significantly different from the oviposition period in insects treated with clothianidin (21.90 days) and tebufenozide (21.62 days). Total fecundity in flupyradifurone treatment was significantly higher than the total fecundity in other treatments. The life table experiment of current study showed the values of r in control and the populations treated with LC30 of clothianidin, tebufenozide and flupyradifurone were 0.15, 0.17, 0.14, 0.15 day-1, respectively. The finite rate of increase (λ) was affected with different treatments; and the values varied from 1.19 to 1.16 day-1 for C. carnea adults treated with clothianidin and tebufenozide, respectively. The highest survival rate of C. carnea was observed in control (58 days). Based on the results, it seems flupyradifurone may have less harmful effects on total lifespan, fecundity rate and bio-characteristics of green lacewing population than clothianidin and tebufenozide.

Introduction: Phyllodes (PTs) tumors are fibroblastic neoplasms of the breast. PTs are relatively rare and include less than 1% of all breast neoplasms. In this study, a case of large tumor of Phyllodes following fennel consumption was reported. Case presentation: The patient was a 47-year-old MCzabz female who complained of a large mass in the left breast and referred to Peymaniyeh Hospital in Jahrom. The patient had a history of infertility for 8 years. She had a 3 cm mass in the left breast from the past 2 years. During previous 7 months, she has used fennel for 3 months due to menstrual irregularities. Conclusion: It seems that the increasing of the breast tumor size in this patient is due to arbitrary consumption of fennel; because fennel has a lot of estrogen, which affects Endoplasmic Reticulum, and tumor filament cells also have beta ER-estrogen receptors; in this patient, the arbitrary consumption of fennel for 3 months has led to the sudden increase in the volume of this mass in the breast.

Introduction: Benign breast diseases are one of the most common diseases in the females of any society. This study was performed with aim to determine demographic characteristics, history of disease and body mass index in women with benign breast masses and compare it with healthy women referred to Khatam-Al-Anbia Clinic in Jahrom. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in 2019 with participation of 610 women referred to Khatam-Al-Anbia Clinic in Jahrom. 148 women had fibroadenoma and 467 didn’t have fibroadenoma. Data related to the patients were collected using a questionnaire including individual demographic characteristics and medical records of the referred women. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software (version 21) and descriptive and inferential statistical tests. P

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Anxiety can weaken the body's immune system and make them vulnerable to the diseases such as coronavirus disease. This study was performed with aim to evaluate the level of anxiety caused by the new coronavirus (Covid-19) in patients with breast cancer during the coronavirus pandemic. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in 2020 on 102 breast cancer patients in Jahrom. Data collection tools were Demographic Information Questionnaire and Coronavirus Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS). Scoring range in this study was 0-54. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 21) and statistical tests of t-test and ANOVA or its non-parametric equivalent. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean score of anxiety caused by Covid-19 virus 19 in patients with breast cancer was 22.44±16.61, which is lower than average level. Among the components of anxiety, the mean score of psychological symptoms (36.81±24.38) in patients with breast cancer was higher than physical symptoms (12.76±11.73). No significant relationship was observed between other demographic variables and anxiety caused by Coronavirus 19 (P>0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that the level of anxiety in women with breast cancer in Jahrom is lower than average level.

Humiliation as social, multifaceted, dynamic, and relational affects the individual social relationships and interactions. The extent and extent of these changes in the humiliating person is different in relation to his position and the subject of contempt. The present study aimed to investigate the experience of Humiliation in women with HIV/AIDS. Regarding the low status of women in the investigated groups and the hot stigma associated, this study is a step towards awareness of a multifaceted and less well-known social phenomenon. The research methodology used qualitative and research community of women with HIV/AIDS in Tehran province. Among the community, three clubs were positive and from among the clubs, 21 were available with the maximum variety, informed consent and ethics of confidentiality. The time of collecting the information in winter and spring of 2017-2018, the instrument of compilation was semi-structured interview and The method of information analysis has been "thematic analysis." The most important issues are "Humiliation for non-existentialism", "humiliation caused by a lack of value", "spiral of femininity", "AIDS and humiliation", "fear of Humiliation" and "acceptance of humiliation". Based on the findings, it can be said that HIV/AIDS in the cross-section with the sexes is an addictive and inferiority to the affected women. This situation is at the heart of the lives of affected women and affects their everyday experiences.

Objective: Value-at-Risk (VaR) is a standard tool for measuring potential risk of economic losses in financial markets, thus it is largely used in controlling and predicting a wide variety of risks such as market, credit, and financial risks. Method: Applying criteria information, this study shows that the best model for measuring the volatility of coin’s futures return, during the period 2013/12/17 to 2016/10/27, is MA(1)-FIAPARCH-CHUNG (2, d, 1). According to the applied model, the VAR, for short- and long-term positions, was calculated and, then, to confirm the accuracy of the applied VAR, Kupic test was run. Resutls: Our findings indicate that asymmetry evaluation and long-term memory of return volatility can ensure a more accurate VAR model which enhances the quality of the risk management process in the Tehran Futures Market.

Objective: Analyzing the behavior of Tehran Stock Market, based on the daily asset return for the duration between 1387 and 1397 has been the main aim of this research.Methods: Tehran Stock Market daily asset return can be considered as a time-series and therefore all existing models can be applied to it. Considering the distributional and temporal properties of such series, it can be shown that the series is stationary. Hence, Hidden Semi-Markov Model, which is widely used for analyzing time series, could be employed to analyze this series.Results: Based on Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Akaike and Bayesian indices, the best density function for the series is a three parameter Gussian Mixture. Moreover, employing three-state Hidden Semi-Markov Model would be the suitable method for modeling. In addition, it was found that Tehran Stock Market followed three states namely bull, bear, and sidewalk and the definitions for such states have been given, while the probability of being in each state has also been provided.Conclusion: Tehran Stock Market was in sidewalk state around half of the analyzed duration and the luckiest state after both bear and bull states was sidewalk. The market almost never came to bull state after the bear state. Moreover, the chance of getting into bear state from sidewalk was three times more than the chance of getting into the bull market.

Objective (s): Abuse and substance abuse is one of the most significant psychological and social problems of adolescence. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on reducing substance abuse and death anxiety among male adolescents with substance abuse. Methods: The present study was a pretest-posttest study with a control group among a convenience sample of adolescent males with substance abuse referred to addiction treatment clinics in the district 4 of Tehran who had high drug abuse scores. They were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Data were collected in two stages before and after 8 sessions intervention by two questionnaires the status of consumption of drugs and the Templar death anxiety scale. Paired t-test, independent t-test and repeated measures variance analysis were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between two groups in terms of substance abuse and death anxiety. Mental awareness-based cognitive therapy was effective on reducing substance abuse and death anxiety. Conclusion: The findings suggest that mindfulness therapy could be effective in reducing substance use and death anxiety among adolescents.

Objective (s): The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on the incidence of anxiety in patients with anxiety disorder. Methods: This was a semi-experimental study with pretest and post-test evaluation and with control group. The study used a multistage cluster random sampling method to recruit 28 patients (14 patients for experimental group and 14 patients for control group). The experimental group received the ACT while the control group received the normal care. The following questionnaires were used to collect data: Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Interpersonal Sensitivity Scale (IPSM). Results: The results of the covariance analysis showed that acceptance and commitment therapy could reduce the overall anxiety in the experimental group at a significant level. Decreases in mental anxiety, physical, panic, shyness, separation anxiety, and the need for patient approval were highly desirable. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) can be used as an adjunct therapy to reduce the incidence of anxiety symptoms in patients suffering from anxiety disorders.

According to the importance of the hedging of gold coin market fluctuations, the purpose of this study is to estimate the minimize variance of optimal hedge ratios for Bahar Azadi coin futures contracts from period of 2013/12/17 to 2017/06/01 using Markov Switching model and comparison of hedging performance computed by it with other commonly used model in this field. For this purpose Effectiveness of Markov Switching dynamic model of optimal hedge ratios and static optimal hedge ratio of Ordinary Least Square model is compared, in two periods in the sample and out of the sample. The results indicate that in the sample period, the hedge ratio of Markov Switching model had the best performance in terms of reducing variance and increasing utility rates. Also in out of the sample period indicated that the superiority of the Markov Switching model against simple hedge depends on the period and the perspective of the investor.

This study examines the week-form efficiency and predictability of lead market using both technical and fundamental approaches and tries to find the best method to be used for predicting the lead price. To this end, we first test the week-form efficiency and show that the time series of prices does not follow a random walk, so we can conclude that the week form information efficiency does not hold in the lead market and the lead price is predictable. Then a range of linear and non-linear methods have been used to peredit lead price. The data for lead price and fundamental factors are weakly observations over the first week of 2005 up to the last week of 2015 and has been gathered using a variety of resources including LME, SGS, ILZSG, FRED websites. The results show that in the technical approach, the hybrid GMDH and genetic algorithm model is the best model in terms of the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). In the fundamental approach, two stage least-square is the best model in terms of RMSE and MAPE. As the market is not efficient, the next question is if the market participant can apply investment strategies to exploit the peredictability in this market in their trades. The question may be investigated by future reaseach.

Background and Aim: Improving and strengthening interpersonal relationships is one of the necessities of social life. The main purpose of this article is to examine the current state of interpersonal interactions of police officers and provide solutions to cover possible weaknesses and improve and strengthen the strengths of interpersonal interactions of police officers with a look at the life of the Holy Prophet. Method: The research method is descriptive-applied research. The statistical population is all police officers, from the rank of first lieutenant to colonel they serve in various NAJA disciplines and study as undergraduate and graduate students at Amin University of Law Enforcement Sciences. The total number of these students as a statistical population is 210 people.136 people were selected by proportional stratified sampling method using Morgan table. Data collection, field and its tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Findings and Conclusion: The research findings showed that for NAJA managers, among the five basic characteristics of interpersonal communication, the dimension of openness was the most important of all dimensions and the dimension of positivity was the least important of all dimensions. Showed prioritization of interpersonal communication using Friedman coefficient “Equality" in the first place, empathy in the second place, openness and supportiveness and positivism are in the third to sixth ranks, respectively. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that there are five components proposed in the model of "Ditto" and "Gibb" in the biography of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). And training in these components can be helpful in improving police interpersonal communication skills.

Background: Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism have been known as the most important reasons for DUB (dysfunctional uterine bleeding) that presents as menstrual irregularities. Regarding to the effects of thyroid hormones on mense, levothyroxine intake may be effective on DUB in euthyroid women. Material and Methods: In this interventional randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial on 120 women aged 35-55 years old with DUB that they had no organic reasons and had normal thyroid function and they were taking oral contraceptive pill (OCP), were divided in two groups that each group included 60 women. The intervention group took one tablet of levothyroxine 0.1 mg daily and control group took placebo for three months and after 3 months, comparison between two groups were performed by using SPSS software 16 and in order to data analyzing paired t test and student t test and covariance analysis was used. Results: Our study showed the overall recovery rate of all kinds of mense irregularities was 48(80%) and 51(85%) in intervention and control groups respectively that shows there was no difference in comparison to pretreatment (P=0/47). The comparison of recovery rate based on different kinds of mense irregularities in two groups showed that recovery rate in metrorrhagia was significantly more in intervention group (100%) than control group. Based on covariance analysis, a meaningful recovery rate in duration and interval bleeding, and the number of used pads was seen in intervention group in comparison to control group (F=4.352, P=0.006).

In recent decades, the quality of groundwater in most areas of Iran has become critical. In this regard, water resources management, especially groundwater resources has a great importance. The aim of existence research was to investigate the temporal and spatial process of underground water quality changes in Ardakan plain, Yazd Province for drinking and agricultural purposes, according to water quality classification systems of Wilcox and Schuler. In this paper, electrical conductivity, sodium absorption ratio (SAR), magnesium, calcium, chlorine, acidity, sulphate and sodium were measured and then interpolated and subsequently classified according to the Kriging, Wilcox and Schuler methods, respectively. The results showed that, except for the parts of the North-East, the rest of the plain have reasonably suitable quality for drinking and with the passage of time, the quality of underground water has been deteriorated. In the case of agricultural, the same setting exists and most of the pollution has been associated with the northern and Eastern parts of the area, which has been expanding over the recent decades. The main reasons of decreasing water quality, on the one hand, can be due to the over-exploitation of water resources as the result of the expansion of urban areas and industrial activities, particularly in the city of Ardakan and Meybod, dominance of traditional agriculture and extensive cultivation of pistachio trees. On the other hand, this reduction in water quality could be attributed to the recent droughts which has diminished groundwater recharge as well.

A comprehensive study is launched to compare different simulation techniques for the mechanical behavior of steel cord/rubber composites. A brief literature review is first performed and then various developed computational methods are examined. Uncured pre-shaped steel cord/rubber specimens, collected from a tire factory, were cured with different cord angles. These test samples were tested under tensile and shear modes. In order to check the validity and accuracy of the different computational techniques, the samples were analyzed using both analytical and numerical procedures which were based on the finite element method. The results showed that the accuracy and convergence of the computational methods are highly dependent on the selected numerical approach, the angle between cord and direction of applied load and also the hyperelastic or hyperviscoelastic model used to describe the mechanical behavior of the rubbery part. None of these models could predict nonlinear behavior of the cord/rubber composites in shear mode. Therefore, developing new constitutive models for this purpose is necessary.

In this paper by using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model we study how macroeconomic variables are affected by different shocks using fiscal reaction functions for Iran’s economy. For this purpose we compare the results of a real business cycles model in a baseline scenario, in which the government does not follow any specific reaction to the shocks and alternatives in which the government reacts counter and pro cyclically to the shocks. Results of the simulations indicate that when the government follows backward looking fiscal rules the deviation of the variables from steady state increases. In other words, in a real business cycle model for the Iranian economy, we show that the consequence of the government’s intervention in the economy is economic instability in Iran.

One of the striking aspects in the world is the phenomena of desertification and degradation of natural resources and international efforts has been considered over the last decades to combat and prevent this phenomenon. The most important cases of these measures are the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and adaptation to drought effects. The Convention introduced some measures on desertification monitoring and assessment to the member countries. The aim of this study was to assess desertification model IMDPA is Yazd-Ardakan plain. During this study due to time constraints and literature, some indicators of water and climate were selected for each condition of the region. Indicators to measure were groundwater levels depletion and electrical conductivity for water criterion; and drought, aridity and continuous droughts period for the climate criterion. First, the geometric mean of indicators and the criteria of desertification was calculated and based on the quantitative indicators and benchmarks desertification status was classified in 5 classes including non-significant, low, moderate, severe and very severe, and desertification condition map were drawn using GIS in the studied period. According to the results and the numerical measured values, groundwater level depletion with the value of 3.84 is the most effective indicator while continuous drought period with the numerical value of 0.53 showed to have the lowest impact on desertification of the region. According to the analysis, the numerical value of the water criterion is 3.44 is the most effective factor which shows severe condition of desertification in the region.

Using a New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium of Iran with price rigidity and imperfect markets, this paper shows how different stochastic shocks affect main macroeconomic variables in presence of variety of reaction functions. In this way, we compare the response of those variables to the shocks in baseline scenario (which the government does not perform any reaction) with an alternative; when government reacts counter-cyclically through back ward looking fiscal rules. Our findings was in favor of active counter-cyclical fiscal policy, by showing that the deviations from target values decrease when government reacts actively.

Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus is introduced as the third major source of animal origin food borne disease. This bacterium can proliferate and produce toxin in protein and carbohydrate foods leading to food-poisoning. The aim of this study was isolation, identification and enumerating of S. aureus in meat as well as intestinal contents of native duck around Tabriz area. For this purpose, a total number of 35 native ducks randomly was purchased in the nearby villages of Tabriz. Fifty g of thigh meat together with 10 g of intestinal content of each carcass were sampled and analyzed according to the ISIRI protocols. The isolates were confirmed by PCR technique. Results showed that 17.14% of meat and fecal samples were found contaminated with S. aureus. Mean values of S. aureus load in meat and feces were estimated at 87 CFU/g and 64 CFU/g, respectively. It was assumed that contamination of duck meat with S. aureus can be occurred through non-hygienic practices during slaughter as well as contamination with intestinal contents and/or skin of the carcass.

Afinite element model is developed for simulation of the curing process of a thick axisymmetric rubber article reinforced by metal plates during the molding and cooling stages. The model consists of the heat transfer equation and a newly developed kinetics model for the determination of the state of cure in the rubber. The latter is based on the modification of the well-known Kamal-Sourour model. The thermal contact of the rubber with metallic surfaces (inserts and molds) and the variation of the thermal properties (conductivity and specific heat) with temperature and state-of-cure are taken into consideration. The ABAQUS code is used in conjunction with an in-house developed user subroutine to solve the governing equations. Having compared temperature profile and variation of the state-of-cure with experimentally measured data, the accuracy and applicability of the model is confirmed. It is also shown that this model can be successfully used for the optimization of curing process which gives rise to reduction of the molding time.

Objectives: Depression is the most common mood and psychiatric disorder. The aim of this study was to provide a clear picture of the prevalence, risk factors and interventions of depression in Iranian elderly. Methods & Materials: This study is a systematic review. Statistic population included Farsi and English studies with various aspects of depression in elderly. Keywords "Depression, Dysthymia, Melancholia, mood disorder, Iran and elderly" in Medline, SID, Iran doc, Iran medex, Mag iran and Iran psych database were searched. Then, repeated articles and articles outside the study period (1997 to 2011) were excluded. In the first stage of screening, titles and in the second stage, abstracts were reviewed by two experts. Afterwards papers were evaluated qualitatively based on Critical Appraisal Skills Program site. Results: After searching, screening and qualitative evaluation studies, the final synthesis was performed on 26 articles. Synthesis papers related to aging showed that the prevalence of depressive disorder in elderly residents at home with the back is 95.64% and with the GDS 81.85%. The prevalence of depression in the elderly living at home with the GDS was 57.58%. The most important factors associated with depression in Iranian studies were, female gender, marring status, living in a nursing home, education level, age and socio-economic status. Also, the most interventions in this age group were respectively psychotherapy, medication and exercise. Conclusions: The high prevalence of depression in elderly in Iranian studies, the need for further Investigation and intervention, regard to factors associated with depression in this period.

Background: Determination of biological age is a crucial challenge in gerontology. We studied the profile of variations in physical fitness factors in three groups of active, moderately active, and inactive Iranian women. Finally, a formula was produced to estimate biological age of women based on their physical fitness measures. Methods: This ex-post facto research was conducted in 2010. After signing informed consent forms, 107 women from Isfahan (Iran) were selected by purposeful stratified sampling. The subjects aged 18-65 years old and were categorized into age groups of 18-20, 21-25, 26-30, 31-35, 36-40, 41-45, 46-50, 51-55, 56-60, and 61-65 years old. From about 50 women who were asked to participate in each age group, at least 10 volunteers were evaluated. Physical fitness tests included vertical jump, modified pull-ups, sit and reach, Illinois agility test, 30-meter run, 20-meter shuttle run, sit-ups, and medicine ball throw. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS16. Findings: Discriminant analysis revealed that 64% of physical fitness level was explained by physical activity level (P ≤ 0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed that chronological age had an inverse relationship with physical fitness factors. However, the rate of physical fitness reduction of subjects depended on their sporting activity level, i.e. higher sporting activity was associated with lower rate of physical fitness reduction. Conclusion: Similar to reports from developed countries, this study indicated that physical activity had positive effects on biological age. However, our subjects had lower levels of physical fitness. This study also provided a good opportunity to produce an equation to estimate biological age of Iranian women. Our findings are alarming, especially when considering aerobic fitness. This study could be more reliable, if the same data were collected from other provinces of the country. Keywords: Biological age, Physical fitness factors, Estimation of biological age

چکیدهمقدمه: با توجه به مشكلات بيماران اسكيزوفرني در انجام مهارت‌هاي زندگي،ارزشيابي مهارت‌هاي زندگي در اين بيماران ضروري به نطر مي‌رسد. بر اين اساس، ارزيابي مهارت‌هاي زندگي Kohlman كه در سال 1978 توسط Linda Thomson Kohlman در سياتل ايالت واشنگتن طرح‌ريزي شد، به فارسي برگردانده، پايايي و روايي آن در بيماران اسكيزوفرني تهران بررسي گرديد. مواد و روش‌ها: اين پژوهش به شيوه مقطعي توصيفي- تحليلي انجام شد و پايايي بازآزمایی، پايايي بين ارزيابان، روايي همزمان و روايي سازه آزمون بررسي گردید. به اين منظور 105 بيمار اسكيزوفرني سرپايي، 35 بيمار اسكيزوفرني بستري و 35 نفر از افراد سالم جامعه مورد ارزيابي قرار گرفتند. یافته‎ها: مقايسه نمرات حاصل از ارزيابي دو آزمونگر در 30 بيمار سرپايي (997/0 = r) و نتايج حاصل از تكرار آزمون در 24 بيمار سرپايي (967/0 = r) نشان داد كه آزمون از پايايي مناسب برخوردار است. روايي همزمان از طريق محاسبه همبستگي بين نمره آزمون Kohlman و آزمون مقياس ارزيابي كلي در 35 بيمار بستري تعيين شد (86/0- = r). توانايي تمايز مهارت‌هاي زندگي افراد سالم از بيمار، نشان دهنده روايي سازه آزمون مهارت‌هاي زندگي Kohlman است. بحث: آزمون مهارت‌هاي زندگي Kohlman كه طي اين پژوهش مورد بررسي و بازبيني قرار گرفت، از پايايي و روايي لازم در جمعيت بيماران اسكيزوفرني تهران برخوردار است. کلید واژه‌ها: اسكيزوفرني، مهارت‌هاي زندگي، پايايي، روايي.