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Analyzing tourists' photos' visual content proves to be an effective method for understanding their behaviors and preferences in tourism destinations. This approach can serve as a valuable tool for precision marketing of tourism destinations, including tourist villages. The present study employed a novel methodology by conducting visual analysis of data. The analysis considered the characteristics of the photos, describing the observable appearance of themes and specific features within the collection. Subsequently, the most significant items, their frequency, simultaneity, and categories were identified and the relevant items were coded. For this study, a sample of 548 uploaded photos of Iranian villages on Flickr was selected and analyzed. Through the photo analysis, 21 dominant scenes in villages were identified and further classified into 5 attractions and 9 types of tourism. ArcGIS was employed for spatial analysis to examine differences in tourists' perceptions and behaviors. The study findings revealed that attractions, such as landscapes, infrastructure, and scenes of rural houses had captured the interest of tourists visiting Iranian rural destinations. These attractions were perceived more frequently compared to others. Additionally, among the various types of tourism, rural tourism emerged as the predominant perception among tourists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housing is one of human’s basic needs and a part of village's identity, and in recent decades, for various reasons, it has become the basis for physical changes in rural settlements. The article emphasizes on the analysis of the physical consequences of rural housing facilities in Khansar County and it is trying to analyze "quality of materials", "structural quality", "native structure of housing" and "quality of standard housing" in rural housing built with the project’s funds. The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey-based. The statistical population is the heads of rural households based on the 2016 census and the number of samples calculated by the Cochran formula is 345 people who were selected by simple random sampling. Also, by using cluster-random sampling method, the number of 18 villages was determined. According to library studies, interviews with Housing Foundation officials and field observations, a questionnaire with 27 questions was designed under the supervision of university experts and distributed and completed among the samples. The reliability of the questionnaire was obtained using Cronbach's alpha method, based on 40 questionnaires, 0.83, which is at the optimal level. Based on the results obtained from the path analysis of structural equations, in general, rural housing facilities have had an effect on the physical transformations of rural settlements in Khansar with an impact factor of 0.18. Meanwhile, rural housing facilities have an impact factor of 0.31 on "quality of materials", "structural quality" with an impact factor of 0.48, "native structure" with an impact factor of 0.81, and "standard housing" with an impact factor of 0.25 has been effective. Therefore, it is suggested to continue providing facilities with a new approach based on local conditions in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the issues and challenges of rural areas and providing logical solutions for them is one of the fundamental steps towards sustainable rural development. Nowadays, rural areas face numerous problems and obstacles, with the risk of floods being one of them. To mitigate the effects of this event, a resilience approach has been proposed. The aim of the research is to elucidate the physical resilience of housing in rural areas, focusing on flood risk, using structural equation modeling. This study is practical in terms of its objective and descriptive-analytical in nature, based on field surveys. The structure of housing resilience is reduced to 5 components: spatial resilience, legal resilience, structural resilience, functional resilience, and mental imagery resilience, using 33 indicators in a quantitative Likert spectrum. After initial exploratory studies, 9 villages with the highest vulnerability to floods in the county were identified and examined as case studies. These villages had 2590 residential units in the year 1401, with 127 units determined as samples using the Cochran formula. The research tool was completed with the help of household heads residing in these villages, resulting in a questionnaire reliability of 0.812. The results indicate that the measured reliability of each of the five measurement models on housing resilience and the second-order five-factor model for examining housing resilience were acceptable. In conclusion, the structural resilience index had the highest impact at 0.69, followed by legal resilience at 0.49, spatial resilience at 0.44, functional resilience at 0.32, and mental imagery resilience with the least impact at 0.26 on housing resilience. Additionally, the obtained influence coefficient between housing resilience and the flood variable is -0.78, indicating a strong indirect relationship between floods and housing resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Climate Change has revealed the necessity of attention to the issue of water in different fields such as architecture. Water use management in arid and semi-arid climates of Iran has long been considered by the scientific and executive community of the country, but these considerations are not considered in humid regions, especially the Caspian Sea. This lack of attention to the subject of water in the studies of Rural Architecture in the area of Mazandaran is under conditions that the structures of buildings are shaped by water. The purpose of this paper is to analyze feasibility of developing rainwater harvesting systems in rural housing of Mazandaran province according to the compatibility in three dimensions of social, physical and institutional. This paper is an applied and quantitative research. the data were classified into three groups: physical, social and technical. Method: This paper is an applied and quantitative research. The data were classified into three groups of physical, social and technical. Quantitative data analysis was done by Delphi method and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test by SPSS.24 software. The study area is the villages of Mazandaran province (Parsi, Shaneshar, Diva, Kabarakla, Kotna and Varki villages) which are divided into three groups of "mountainous", "foothill" and "plain". Results: The results show that participation in the development of rainwater harvesting in mountain and foothill regions of the province is close to each other, but in plain villages, social adjustment is lower than average. In the physical dimension, the adaptation of rural architecture is above average and this consistency in all three types of villages is almost close to each other. the results show that participation in the development of rainwater harvesting in mountain and foothill regions of the province is close to each other, but in plain villages, social adjustment is lower than average. Conclusions: In the physical dimension, the adaptation of rural architecture is above average and this consistency in all three types of villages is almost close to each other. Therefore, the physical structure and architecture of rural housing of Mazandaran have the potential to develop rainwater harvesting systems; But in the institutional dimension, Rural Management capacities are more than average and can prevent the development of rainwater harvesting systems in the villages of Mazandaran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housing resilience is one of the important issues that is based on improving the quality of life of villagers in order to prevent possible damage and make villages livable. Building suitable housing and improving its indicators will increase stability and livability and increase the motivation of the village population to stay and the resistance of rural buildings against threats. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of housing resilience on livability in rural areas. In terms of practical purpose, this research is based on analytical and exploratory nature and its governing approach is qualitative-quantitative. The statistical community is the central part of Ardabil city. In order to examine the issue, the opinions of 30 experts and specialists related to the present issue were used in a targeted manner. The results based on the experts' point of view to identify the driving components of housing resilience after four rotations showed that among the 30 components, 12 are key resilience components. Also, the results of Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that there is a positive relationship between the components of resilience and livability. The results of multivariate regression also showed that the resilience components had an effect on livability and explained 0.610 of the total variance of rural livability. Therefore, paying attention to the livability of these areas in the form of improving and modernizing the village and increasing welfare can provide the grounds for the sustainability of the population in rural areas, and for its development, physical problems and an unfavorable environment must be eliminated first.

housing in rural areas has a special role in meeting basic human needs. Considering the diverse functions of rural housing, it is important to study the effect of various factors on its resilience. Many components can play a role in that change. The purpose of the current research is to explain the paradigm model of rural housing resilience with emphasis on the rural economy. The current research is of a qualitative type and in terms of Morse's typology, it is a "parallel single method". The meta-composite method was used in data collection. The data collection method is document study and semi-structured interview. Nvivo software was used for qualitative data analysis and coding. Based on documentary studies and the use of meta-composite method, the theoretical framework of the research and the initial conceptual model of resilience were presented. The main components are: "optimal governance", "social justice", "endogenous growth", "sense of belonging" and "social vitality". Also, content analysis method is used to explain the components of the final conceptual model of rural housing resilience. Based on the questions raised in the interview process, 757 referrals were provided. With multiple revisions and integration of codes based on similarity during several stages of data summarization, 35 primary codes and 17 core codes were extracted. Based on the components presented in the conceptual model, interview questions were formulated and after summarizing the data, the spiral conceptual model was presented as the final model.

housing in rural areas has a special role in meeting basic human needs. Considering the diverse functions of rural housing, it is important to study the effect of various factors on its resilience. Many components can play a role in that change. The purpose of the current research is to explain the paradigm model of rural housing resilience with emphasis on the rural economy. The current research is of a qualitative type and in terms of Morse's typology, it is a "parallel single method". The meta-composite method was used in data collection. The data collection method is document study and semi-structured interview. Nvivo software was used for qualitative data analysis and coding. Based on documentary studies and the use of meta-composite method, the theoretical framework of the research and the initial conceptual model of resilience were presented. The main components are: "optimal governance", "social justice", "endogenous growth", "sense of belonging" and "social vitality". Also, content analysis method is used to explain the components of the final conceptual model of rural housing resilience. Based on the questions raised in the interview process, 757 referrals were provided. With multiple revisions and integration of codes based on similarity during several stages of data summarization, 35 primary codes and 17 core codes were extracted. Based on the components presented in the conceptual model, interview questions were formulated and after summarizing the data, the spiral conceptual model was presented as the final model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housing resilience is one of the important issues that is based on improving the quality of life of villagers in order to prevent possible damage and make villages livable. Building suitable housing and improving its indicators will increase stability and livability and increase the motivation of the village population to stay and the resistance of rural buildings against threats. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of housing resilience on livability in rural areas. In terms of practical purpose, this research is based on analytical and exploratory nature and its governing approach is qualitative-quantitative. The statistical community is the central part of Ardabil city. In order to examine the issue, the opinions of 30 experts and specialists related to the present issue were used in a targeted manner. The results based on the experts' point of view to identify the driving components of housing resilience after four rotations showed that among the 30 components, 12 are key resilience components. Also, the results of Pearson's correlation coefficient showed that there is a positive relationship between the components of resilience and livability. The results of multivariate regression also showed that the resilience components had an effect on livability and explained 0.610 of the total variance of rural livability. Therefore, paying attention to the livability of these areas in the form of improving and modernizing the village and increasing welfare can provide the grounds for the sustainability of the population in rural areas, and for its development, physical problems and an unfavorable environment must be eliminated first. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The native architecture of the village is a rare story of connection with nature and landscape, which, while giving identity and integration with the environment, has turned biological crises into the dynamics of life. The energy crisis and the need to use renewable solar energy in cold and mountainous villages is the basis for the recognition of a word called "sunlit space". The sunlit space is an open space or a semi-open space that can be effective in creating a favorable microclimate. The purpose of this research, while introducing this space, is to know the patterns of the sunlit space and introduce its dominant specie in the mountainous villages of Shemiranat, and the main question of the research is what is the typology of the sunlit space in the mountainous villages and What are the effective characteristics of the dominant specie in creating a favorable microclimate?This research has been conducted using a qualitative method and based on library studies and a wide range of field researches. based on certain criteria, 10 villages were selected and about 40 houses were visited. In order to answer the problem, while collecting and preparing complete documents from each house, qualitative conversations and interviews with residents have also been conducted. According to the results of this research, there are 4 different types of sunlit spaces in the surveyed villages Which The dominant type of sunlit space, in mountainous and cold villages , is the court and area that faces the south front, is on the second floor and above the ground level, and is located on the space of the stable and warehouse. Paying attention to the sunlit spaces in the houses of the mountainous villages, although it is focused on the native architecture and the past; But paying attention to solar energy is not limited by time And the mutual and inevitable connection of the native houses and new constructions represent this fact that to maintain the kinship between structures and reduce energy consumption, it is vital and valuable to reflect on local patterns and create a link in the form of new architecture for the villages.

Livelihood-based housing helps diversify livelihoods by creating the conditions for home-based businesses in rural areas, thereby increasing rural incomes and employment.This factor along with a set of factors and variables inside and outside the system can help to stabilize the population and reduce migration in rural areas. In this intertwined complex, the extent and role of factors in stabilizing the population and reducing rural migration is unclear. The purpose of this article is to determine the impact and role of each factor, especially livelihood-based housing on the stabilization of rural population. For this purpose, the provinces were divided into three groups based on the share of rural Livelihood units and two provinces were selected from each category and a total of 6 provinces. In each province, one city and two to three villages and in total 13 villages and 332 households were selected as a sample and data were collected using a questionnaire. Findings showed that among the various factors that directly and indirectly play a role in stabilizing the rural population, livelihood-based housing with a higher impact factor explains the dependent variable. While statistics and information show a decrease in this type of housing in rural areas. Therefore, it is suggested that by modifying the existing processes and procedures and creating coordination and support for such housing, action be taken to develop livelihood-based housing in rural areas.

Iran is among the top countries in the world in terms of natural disasters and every year a large number of compatriots lose their homes due to these disasters. Accordingly, the issue of safety of rural housing and proper management against hazards is one of the main goals of planning. This research is of applied type and in terms of the method is descriptive-analytical and the required information has been collected in both documentary and field form (researcher-made questionnaire). The purpose of this study is to investigate the variables affecting the resilience of rural housing against hazards in the plain and mountainous villages of Quchan city. The statistical population of the present study consists of heads of households living in 4 plain villages and 4 mountainous villages. According to the 2016 census, the study area had a population of 11,712 people and 3702 households. Using Cochran's formula, 350 people were selected as the sample size and the questionnaires were distributed based on the Systematic Random Sampling among households according to the population of each village. Data analysis and processing were performed using various tests by the SPSS software environment and GIS software was used to prepare the maps. The results of the Chi-square test illustrate that there is a significant relationship between components such as high-interest rates on loans, inability to repay them, and the degree of resilience of rural housing up to 99% confidence level. likewise, the results of the Friedman test indicate that the lack of a valid guarantor, high mortgage interest rates, and inability to repay are the most significant challenges against housing resilience. In addition, the results of Mann–Whitney U test and the independent t-test demonstrate that there is a significant difference up to 99% between the mountain villages and plain areas in various aspects. Moreover, the results of the logistic regression test demonstrate that the 3 studied variables were able to inspect 58% of the variable changes of satisfaction from assistance and the remaining 42% are related to components that were not identified in the present study and can be predicted by other factors. Accordingly, access to fire stations and the quality of connecting roads, especially in mountain villages play an important role in providing on-time assistance to people in the occurrence of natural disasters.

The present study was applied, descriptive-analytical, and quantitative-qualitative in terms of the purpose, nature, and approach. Library and field methods were used to gather the required data. The statistical population of the study comprised 10 tourist villages in the central part of Nir city with a population of 1157. Based on Cochran’s formula, the sample size was 289 people, which was increased to 300 people to achieve better results. The distribution of the number of samples in the villages was in proportion to their population. The natural, economic, social, cultural, physical, and managerial (institutional) indicators were used in both progressive and inhibitory dimensions. Based on the qualitative content analysis of the collected data through review of sources and interviews, key concepts were extracted from the text of notes and interviews, and during open coding, 30 inhibiting factors and 22 promoting factors were identified. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed by experts in this field and Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.85), respectively. SPSS19 and Lisrel software were used for data analysis. The results of the study showed that among the factors promoting rural tourism, the highest factor loads among the underlying physical, environmental, socio-economic, and managerial-institutional factors were related to the beauties in rural housing, having beautiful and original natural landscapes, the existence of a diversity of livelihood, the increase of institutions and non-governmental organizations in the field of tourism, respectively. Regarding the deterrents, the results showed that the highest factor loads among the physical, environmental, socio-economic, and managerial-institutional were related to weaknesses in the field of road and transportation, the destruction of natural resources in the village, the lack of allocation of bank credits to the tourism sector, and finally the lack of coordination between the organizations and the ministries in charge, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of adaptation of the system of activities to changes in the configuration of native housing and rural engineering through classification of activities and measurement of syntactic data of houses. For this purpose, 382 houses from two types of rural housing in Eshkorat, Guilan were randomly selected according to the method based on purpose and considerations. Structured interviews, observation and recording of activities were used to analyze the activities. Also, chi-square, balloon and cluster analysis were used to find the differences, as well as the most important activity and its place. The results generally showed that the two types of housing have different configurations that have caused the classification of activities, their location and the relationship between them in these housings is different. However, despite the change in the spatial configuration, the system of activities has not changed and the residents have adapted to the desired spaces. It was found that residents adapt to spatial changes through the categorization of activities, choosing the location of similar features and multi-functional spaces without deleting activities, which is due to cultural and social laws. Residents' adaptability has enabled them to use all the spaces of the house and to coordinate with the residential environment to meet their needs, values and behaviors. The findings confirm the need to pay attention to adaptability in the syntactic analysis of residential environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable Housing is housing that is economically appropriate, socially acceptable, technically and physically feasible, environmentally friendly, feasible and environmentally friendly. The research method is descriptive-analytical. In order to select the villages under study according to the size of the study area, the first step was identified using factor analysis of homogeneous zones, then cluster analysis was used to cluster the cities. According to cluster analysis, the provinces were divided into 3 climatic zones. In each zone based on household information, natural location and distance of each village, abundance of villages in each of the homogenous zones was determined and a total of 50 villages were sampled. Statistical population includes households living in rural areas of Lorestan province. 500 heads of households were selected using Cochran formula. Descriptive and inferential statistics (T-test and ANOVA) were used to analyze the data from field studies. The results of single-sample T-tests show that overall the stability level of housing dimensions in different zones is low. The results of the analysis of stability radar also show that in the study area 20 villages were in instability, 26 villages were in poor stability and 4 villages were in moderate stability.

Housing in rural areas has a special role in meeting basic human needs. Considering various functions of rural housing, it is important to study the impact of various factors on how it changes and evolves. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of lifestyle on the physical identity of housing in rural areas. The present study was conducted in the first half of 1399 by data collection, library and field methods and using tools (questionnaire, observation); the type of research is applied and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the research is the households of the villages of Gozeldareh rural district, which in the 1395 census has eight inhabited villages: including 1451 households and 4864 people. Among households, 305 households were selected using the Cochran's formula as a sample and from each village, based on the percentage of households, a number of samples was completed to complete a questionnaire and simple random sampling. The method of data analysis was quantitative using descriptive statistics (mean, frequency percentage and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (path analysis). In the physical dimension, the index of "adequacy of housing for rest" with an average of 3.27%, and in the dimension of attachment, the index of "villagers' efforts to resolve social disputes" with an average of 3.77% are of the greatest importance. According to the results of the inferential test, the dimensions of lifestyle as an independent variable and housing identity as a dependent variable, and among the dimensions of lifestyle, the dimension of spiritual health with the highest beta (0.494) is the most influential factor. The main recommendation of the present study is providing housing rehabilitation credit facilities taking into account the living needs of the villagers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In rural communities, diversifying sources of income through rural entrepreneurship by relying on the establishment of skills houses can be a good way to develop employment, reduce unemployment, increase income and improve the quality of life of villagers. Entrepreneurship and Skills House is a popular and voluntary organization that will work in line with the goals of entrepreneurship and empowerment, with a village-centered approach in cooperation with residents, stakeholders and local and regional stakeholders. It is an organization that promises rural development by training and discovering new ideas and supporting them. In this regard, the present study aims to investigate and formulate optimal scenarios for job creation in rural areas of East Guilan and by emphasizing the role of skills houses in creating sustainable employment, tries to answer the question "What is a suitable scenario for sustainable job creation based on skills houses?" The geographical scope includes the rural area of East Guilan and the village analysis unit. In this research, 260 villages have been studied and to determine the indicators affecting rural employment based on skills houses, 384 farmers, 400 local managers and elites, and 150 experts from organizations and institutions in charge of rural development participated. The results of this study showed that the optimal scenario for the development of sustainable employment is based on skills houses in the eastern region of Guilan; the scenario is "job creation compatible with the natural environment". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the government has implemented several measures in the form of a rural guide plan and rural reconstruction-renovation plan for the development of rural settlements in different parts of the country. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of government measures in the development of rural housing in Dolatabad rural district in Jiroft County. This research is descriptive-analytical, in which the documentary method is used to review the research background and problem statement and a survey method is used to collect information related to government actions in the studied villages. In this regard, 345 households were calculated as the sample size, according to the number of households in villages having a rural guide plan or rural reconstruction-renovation plan, and by using the Cochran formula. Sampling of households was done to complete the questionnaires by simple random sampling. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive, inferential statistics and integrated AHP-Vikor model with Expert Choice, SPSS and ArcGIS software. According to the results of the research, the level of government executive-practical measures in rural reconstruction-renovation plans was better as compared to the rural guide plans. Conversely, comparing the level of executive-practical measures with control-supervision measures has also shown the superiority of executive-practical measures to control-supervision measures. Also, according to the model used, it was recorded that the state of government measures has been relatively weak in 22.7% of villages.

Sarand is a village in the county of Harris in the East Azerbaijan province, Iran. In 2012, it suffered a total destruction in an earthquake. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the housing pattern proposed for the injured and to compare it with the previous patterns. Also, a comparative evaluation is performed of the behavioral patterns in both pre- and post-earthquake settings to clarify the deficiencies and problems encountered. In order to achieve the desired goals, in addition to studying the existing documents, a field survey was done. For this purpose, the descriptive exploratory method was used in the research.The results of the research indicate that the patterns of place-behavior in Sarand village houses after the earthquake are fundamentally different from the pre-earthquake patterns. Due to the hasty reconstruction of buildings, little or no attention was paid to the traditional and indigenous patterns, participation of the villagers, and issues of rural livelihoods. In addition, the results indicate that the language of the new housing model after the earthquake is in contrast to the language of the traditional housing model. In the case of human patterns, it can be concluded that the place-behavior patterns of traditional houses have turned into poor physical-functional patterns in the new houses. Therefore, possible problems in such cases can be reduced in the future by the cooperation and involvement of users in reconstruction processes, using of their experiences and opinions, and application of traditional and indigenous principles.

A careful study of the dimensions of human life in rural areas and its accurate recognition for the design and construction of suitable houses require a special look at rural housing research in terms of physical, technical, economic, cultural, social and environmental aspects. This research analyzes the records in the literature on rural housing by referring to scientific journals in the field. The findings of the study indicate that most of the research has been conducted in a descending order in the provinces of North Khorasan, Fars, Zanjan, and Sistan and Baluchestan The series of studies carried out can be classified under nine issues including rural house designing and modelling, sustainable housing, structural-functional changes in houses, native architecture of Iranian houses, planning and policy, facilities and credits, housing rehabilitation, analysis of housing indices, and geographic analysis of housing elements. The findings of this research indicate three main approaches adopted in the study of rural housing in Iran. As much as 83.58% of all the research has been conducted with quantitative methodology, 13.43% with qualitative method, and just 2.98% (two cases) with combined methodology. Also, as the results show, of all the rural housing research in the country, 34.22% is retrospective, 11.94% is prospective, and 53.73% has addressed the existing housing situation.

One of the challenges of health care system in Iran is the disproportionate level of the health houses compared to the people’s need. As health houses are considered the first line of defense in the realm of health, their excellence is crucially important to achieve acceptable performance. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the excellence strategies of health houses located in Iran rural areas. In this systematic review study, twelve electronic databases and search engines were searched by related keywords to find articles in both Persian and English from 2000 to 2020. CASP checklist was employed to evaluate the quality of these articles which were about primary health care. Out of 558 articles, 28 were selected with related titles, abstracts, and content. The findings of this study revealed that the main strategies of rural health houses’ excellence included improving the quality of care services, information technology, work conditions, the behavior of service providers, community participation, support and motivation, as well as improving governance and leadership strategies with several sub-strategies. Rural health houses’ excellence strategies revitalize and recreate the passivized role and mission of health houses in achieving the goals of primary health care in Iran health care system. Therefore, rational, balanced, scientific, and systematic investment is required not only in one strategy but in all mentioned strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: Rural development is an all-embracing, constant, stable, endogenous, inclusive, transformational, creative, growth-promoting process that leans on the participation and self-confidence of the villagers. Within its framework, the cultural, social, and economic capacities and abilities of the communities will grow and excel based on meeting the basic material and spiritual needs and effective control over the forces forming the local housing system and human capital development by taking advantage of internal opportunities in the village. Purpose of the Study: This research aims to explain the tourism capacities for the development of rural areas in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Methodology: The statistical population of the research is the cultural heritage and tourism experts and other similar specialists as well as the trustees of tourism units in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. The sampling method is a complete enumeration and the data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire in the recent year. Delphi and SWOT methods were used to analyze the data and TOPSIS technique was used to rank the villages. Results: The final results indicated that the most important tourism capacities in the studied villages include intact natural resorts, enjoyable climate, and especially immaculate nomadiclife attractions, and the most crucial drawbacks of the tourism industry involve the absence of planning, accommodation dearth, and health facility deficiency, combined with the feebleness in tourism culture. In the meantime, the villages of Sar Aghaseyed, Sheikh Alikhan, Dimeh, Avargan, and Atashgah have more capabilities, respectively, and it may be essential to enter them into tourism programing priorities. Innovation: Scientific methods and techniques for explaining the tourism capacities of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province is the innovation of this research. Also, the tourism capacities of the statistical population studied have not been investigated at this level so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, awareness of rural facilities and cul de sacs and analyzing them in rural development planning process is so important and had been counted as necessities of designing the development plans and projects. In this order, varied projects had been applied in form of rural development plans that a rural housing renovation and improvement project is one of recent and also important type of them. This plan began from 1989 by agricultural Jihad ministry and for achieving to such purposes like: providing the suitable, safe and strong house for rural community. But it’s obvious that the effect of these kinds of projects don’t limited to scarce purpose of rural environment development and its impacts on rural environmental quality will be appearance in a long time. This study tried to assessing the effect of rural housing renovation and improvement projects on the rural environmental quality in Houmeh Dehestan from Shirvan township rural districts that contain 22 rural points. In this study had been used of analyzing – descriptive methodology in type of field study research. Sample size of study also had been chosen from rural housing loan recipients that through of Cochran formula are 203 families and selected by random. After questionnaire designing and confirming the validity and reliability using Cronbach's alpha (80%), data were analyzed in SPSS and that result show these project had a considerable effects on all indexes of rural environmental quality and economic dimension with total effect about 0.659 has the greatest impact and social dimension with total effect about 0.450 has less impact on the environmental quality of case study rural area.

Considering the extreme vulnerability of rural houses, offering low-interest credits to villagers has been one of the most important strategies for retrofitting and ameliorating of housing status in the country, especially in the last decade. Therefore, the study of factors influencing villagers that tend to make use of this facility could be one of the most important issues that could be contributing to the implementation of this strategy. With this purpose in mind, present study aims to investigate the motives of villagers to make use of such credits and is based on the Field study in Mehrooye district, fariab city Kerman Province. Research method has been documentary - analytical and field data was collected by questionnaire and for data analysis SPSS software, is used. The reliability of the questionnaire by using of Cronbach''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''s Alpha method obtained 0/73 the research population of the study is consisted of the Mehruie village’s households that have used credits between 2007-2013 years. Accordingly, the number of these households was 1078 and also, the sample population was 200 households that were analyzed by Cocran stratified sampling. The results show that there is a significant relationship between lack of civilian housing and use of credits. In addition, the social, economic and administrative – Executive factors have played a decisive role in creating trends toward receiving credits in rural housing, and a review of the components of the social, economic and administrative - Executive factors revealed that social factors are most important

Nearly three decades have passed from performing Hadi Plans in rural areas. For these projects, the national credit has been spent in different stages and its performance has created extensive changes in the areas of physical – space such as change in the physical texture of the village, change in the pattern of housing construction, coordination of rural road networks, and facilitate the traffic of villagers. The aim of this study is to assess the physical effects of the projects in the rural areas of the Karkhe in the county of Ahvaz. This research , based on the purpose is of functional type and from the nature and method view is of descriptive analytical one . The study focused on four aspects of housing, road networks, land use and environmental health. Data collection was carried out through integration of documentary and field methods and based on it, with respect to volume of statistical society ( 1333 households), the number of households based on Cochranformula has been obtained equal to 298 households. Analysis of the results showed that the effect of Hadi plan in the villages has a significant meaning in all four dimensions. On this basis, it can be concluded that performing rural Hadi plan will improve in practice the studied variables in rural housing, road networks, environment health and land use in Karkhe which means the creation of relatively appropriate and regular physical texture for rural settlements.

During the last decades, we witness the damping of many functions of traditional rural houses with increasing people's tendency to renovate homes and the Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation. Several factors are involved in , that the strengthening and also retrofitting rural housing and modernity and changing the needs of the rural people are among the most important factors effective on the renovation of rural houses compatible with the urban patterns . Changing the function of rural houses has widely affected on the rural life and has created new needs for inhabitants. The villagers based on the defined requirements , has formed new frameworks for their life, that due to the behavior change based on it have affected on their life and the depending rural life. Therefore, study the functions of new housing and the generated requirements in this regard is important. So, in this research, the functions of new housing in Pole Baba Hossein village was studied. The general approach of the research is qualitative one and the method for gathering data is of descriptive one and the data were analyzed by perceptual and communication Content analysis method. The statistical community of the research were the rural people who renewed their houses. Targeted and snow ball method was used as the sampling method. Based on saturation theory, 52 people who has renewed their houses, have been studied. The results of the research showed that the most important physiological, social, physiological- individual and livelihood functions of renewed houses in Pole Baba Hossein village are respectively as the following: providing recreational facilities, provision of social dignity and honor, creating the sense of calm and provision of a place for keeping agricultural tools and products .

Modernization of rural housing based on the principles of sustainability is one of the most important prerequisites for achieving sustainable development in rural areas. This can only be achieved by knowing the exact status of rural housing and its range of stability. And rural planning is not possible without it. On the other hand, survey of the stability of the different aspects of rural housing will have a decisive role in decisions related to how to promote this project aimed at sustainable rural development. Therefore, this study we have investigated and compared the economic, Social, environmental, technical and physical aspects of new rural housing with sustainability approach, quantitative paradigm and the case study method. The statistical population in the study were all the people of Baba Hoseyn Bridge Village from which a number were selected who had reconstructed their homes. The results are shown in 4 dimensions of new housing's economic, social, environmental, technical and physical aspects in the Baba Hoseyn Bridge Village although they have very little inclination towards sustainability. Despite this, the hybrid economic index for reconstruction of rural housing turned out to be more stable than other metrics.

1-Introduction Rural development comes from different factors, one of them is desirable housing. Compiling a program in rural sustainable housing district needs identify and analysis of the dimensions and various components of sustainable housing and indicators of sustainable housing as a plan and essential tool for expression and sustainable of the different dimensions of social, economic and physical housingsustainable have a special place in rural house planning. The quantitative and qualitative status indicators show rural housing and improvement of house planning for a long term horizon. Therefore, identify the most important indicators andviewing of specify sustainable rural housing and assessment of indicators and its viewing in rural different centers is an issue thisstudy has raised to answer inits. Housing is something more than an alone physical shelter and all services and necessary public facilities, including for human welfare and mustprepared a lien somewhat long and confident for itsusers. Housing is like physical facilities unit or similar an economic commodity and high durability that also has social role or group and in addition to these, including to resolving of financial needs as status views and also is socio - economic condition of individuals. One of the issues that the attention had shifted toits housing and sustainable development and consistent with its human development.In such the strategy for use of resources and facilities, without destruction are considering. The important that has been consider in the documents of secondof meeting human settlements, importance of sustainable settlements and providing adequate housing is for people in thedevelopment process. Sustainable housing is housing that is economical appropriate, socially acceptable, Possible in terms of technical and physical and strong and consistent is with environment. The type of housing that the biological needs of current generations based on natural resources, energy efficiency meet and condition attractive neighborhoods and safe for attention to ecological issues, cultural and economic to require is sustainable housing. So the main question of this research is: Silakhor Sharghi rural district rural housing on base physical indicators, economic and social that in which are sustainabilitylevel? 2-Methodology The research method in the study is descriptive -analytical and also measurable .The goal of this research is an application research that has beencompound. For data collection two methods of library and documentary andalso was used the field method and direct observation. The main tool of this research is a questionnaire which its content validity finally has been approved and reform by the university professor and experts of foundation housing. The statistical society of the research is the heads of householdshousing units in rural area of silakhor Sharghi rural district Azna Township (1535people), thus access to the logical volume of the sample of the Cochran,s formula was used that volume of statiscal society in rural area of Silakhor Sharghi rural district, it was determined 310 the head of households to answer the questions of questionnaire .In the research for sampling in rurals were used class randomly method. So after determination the sample volume for data collection, first the study rurals were the number of residential units in class three of rural small, medium and large groups and 2 rural in each classas anindex was determined in each class. The explanations in this research housing sustainable was separated and evaluated to three of future in physical sustainable, economicsustainable and social sustainable. 3-Discussion Complex issues of sustainable development, requires an integrated set and together of recommender (indicators) is in the form of indicators. The indicators should be integrated in the set are made of recommender. The indicators are designed with the global experiences, internal experiences, and proportional to area conditions (localization indicators).To notice the main question of this study is means "Rural housing based on physical indicators, economic and social that in which are sustainable level"to survey this question was used the one-sample T-test in this form number 3 is considered as moderate sustainability and the data in each of the indicators are measured with the number. In the single-sample t-test showed equality assume H 0 is consistent of sustainability with the number of three (moderate sustainability)and essential H1 inequality with the moderate sustainability. In the case should be used to high and low values: 1-The average is greater than observed value, if "high" and "low" value is positive. 2-The average is smaller than observed value, if "high" and low value is negative. Therefor all indicators divided into three levels: unsustainable, relatively sustainable and sustainable and finally have been assessment the result of sustainability in three dimensions of physical, social and economic. 4-Conclusion Results show that most of rate in housing rural indicators unsustainability are in economic dimension. At the indicators of economic sustainability of rural housing, indicators of household financial ability, housing current expenses, housing steady expenses, use of financial support and livelihoods are in unsustainability conditions. The findings of this study show that 35% of indicators were in sustainable condition, 30% in somewhat sustainable and 35% in unsustainable conditions that in order to benefit from a healthy housing and sustainableprograms to improving indicators of unsustainable have been done that most of the economic dimension. The results also show that there are differences between rural housing sustainability dimensions way that rurals housing are in social dimension with sustainable conditions, in physical dimension in with somewhat sustainable condition and in economic dimension in unsustainable conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, awareness of the facilities and problems of rural areas and analyzing them is very important in the process of rural development planning and considered necessary to provide some kind of plans and development programs. Rural improvement projects are rural development projects in which it is tried to improve and organize rural housing. The purpose of this study was to analyze driving components in successful implementation of improvement and reconstruction plans in rural housing. A descriptive–correlation survey approach was used in this study. The statistical population of this study consisted of the rural housing loan recipients in 2009 in Khodabandeh, Zanjan province. Sample size was estimated using Cochrane formula (n=1040) and selected with random sampling method. . The questionnaire was used for data collection in this study. Reliability and content validity has been confirmed using Cronbach's coefficient alpha (0.80), and surveys of specialists and professors associated with the issue. Data analysis has been made by using SPSS software. Results of factor analysis has shown that technical(20.82), service - credit(18.74), social - cultural (12.35) and organizational – administrative(11.56) are most important factors driving the successful implementation of improvement and renovation projects of rural housing that has explained 63.48 percent of total variance.

Extended abstract1- Introduction Geomorphotourism has become an increasingly important and widely discussed sub-sector of the global tourism industry, and despite debate over its definition, it is now broadly accepted that geotourism entails three main criteria. Firstly, geotourism should involve a nature-based element in which its attractions are primarily based in the natural environment and geomorphic features. Secondly, there should be an element of education, learning or appreciation between the geotourist and the attraction. Finally, geotourism should appear to be Environmentally and socio-culturally sustainable, in a way which ‘enhances the natural and cultural resource base of the destination and promotes the viability of the operation’. Geomorphotourism considering the geomorphic landforms of region causes sustainable development in the region. In this research based on geomorphic landforms and springs of Kalat Mountain have been investigated the correlation between these features to analysis geomorphotourism potential of studied area.2- Methodology2-1- Study AreaThe studied area located in Khorasan Razavi, with 3500 km2 area. According to the location of this area in the folded mountain of Kopeh-dagh unit, natural features and geomorphologic landforms of this region including erosional phenomena, karst features have been caused the high geotourism potential for the studied area. The studied region located in 36 25 to 37 19 latitudes and 59 18 to 60 29 longitudes. Figure 1 shows the location of studied area. Fig. 1: the studied areas location From geology view, in higher than 1500 m, the Jurassic formation of lime stone and dolomite are raised. In levels of lower than 1500 m, have been formed the Paleogene sediments, sandstone, shale and gypsum. 2-2- MethodologyThis research has been done in three steps including geology and springs mapping, land units map preparing, classification and analyzing. To reach the purposes, geology and topography maps, aerial photos, multi-spectral imagery and RS/GIS software were used. To determine geomorphotourism locations, GPS and field operation were applied. The statistical analysis has been done for correlation and regression testing. 3- Results and DiscussionThe correlation of each geological formation by Pearson test showed that there is a strong and significant correlation (R2=0.8). The analysis indicated that spring density of Shorijeh, Sanganeh, Tirgan and Mozdooran is high. Also the highest discharge concentration is in relation to Tirgan and Mozdooran geology units. Areas with slopes greater than 15% have high potential to emergence geomorphic attractions which cover 66% of south and south west of Kalat region. Based on the findings, southern regions of Kalat Mountain have high potential of geomorphotourism comparison to north regions which located hill geomorphic type. Limestone and dolomite facies of Mozdoran geologic unit include most geomorphic attractions which back to sensitivity degree of this unit to erosion process. Karst and lime stone features have high geomorphotourism potential in the studied area.Ecotourism planning in the study area can be a suitable way to reach sustainable development goals in the region which improve social-economic conditions of the settlements.ReferencesAhmadi, H., Feiznia, S. (1999). Quaternary Formations (Principles and applications), University of Tehran Press, first editionAhrari, M., Shahrokhi, Zh. (2008). Geotourism in Chabahar, Magazine of Iran geology data, 17 (67): 46-53Behniafar, A. (2009). Geomorphic Properties of Akhlamad Karst in northern Binaloud Mountains, J. of Geography and Development, 14: 121-140Eshghi, A., Servati, M.R. (2003). Potential Parameters of Water Pollutions in Kardeh Basin, J. of Geography and Development, 2: 149-170Eshghi, A., Servati, M.R. (2004). Geomorphological Properties of Kars Landscape of Kardeh Basin, J. of Geographical Research, 48: 1-15Han, B. Beckmann, M (2003). The entrepreneurship factor in sustainable tourism development, Maya Lordkipanidze, Vol.14: 102-125 Kadivar, A, Saghaei, M. (2006). Tourism Management in Akhlamad Tourism Places, J. of Geographical Research, 83: 111-134Kamyabi, S. (2008). Assessment of Geotourism Attractions in National Park of Kavir, Semnan, 4th Conf of Geology and EnvironmentKarami, F. (2007). Geotourism Potentials in Kandovan Development, J. of Geographical Space, 20: 115-129Khadivi, Sh. (2006). Geotourism Atlas of Ardabil Province, Iran Geological Data Network, pp. 61Mikaeili. A. (2000). Tourism Planning Based on Ecological Concepts, J. of Geographical Researches (Tehran), 39: 21-28Newsome, D. dowling, R (2006). Geo-tourism; sustainability, impacts and management, Oxford, Great Britain, Pp: 260NGO (National Geographical Organization), Topography Map 1:250000, Sheets of NJ40-16, NJ40-12, NJ41-13Rezvani, A. (2002). Role of Ecotourism in Environment Conservation, J. of Environment Studies, 31: 115-122Servati, M, Ghasemi, A. (2008). Geotourism Strategies in Fars Province, J. of Geographical Space, 24: 23-50 Servati. M, Kazzazi, A. (2006). Geotourism and Planning Opportunities in Hamadan Province, J. of Geographical Space, 16: 1-37Shemshad, M. (2008). Role of Geological Features in Ecotourism Development, 4th Conf of Geology and Environment, Tehran.Thomas, R. Pigozzi, B. and Sambrook, R (2005). Tourist Carrying Capacity Measures: Crowding Syndrome in the Caribbean, The Professional Geographer, Vol.57, No.1: 13-20 Zomorrodian, M.J. (2003). An Approach to Springs and Lakes of Mashhad Considering Ecotourism, J. of Geography and Development, 2: 73-94

This article analyzes rural housing from a cultural point of view in the past and present. It studies housing as one of the main elements of lifestyle to understand the rural life as a whole. The author, first, studies the effects of modernity on housing culture in the areas such as modernization, rationalization, secularisation, globalization, individualization, democratization, urbanization, mediatization, commercialization and bureaucratization. Then, he describes these developments in an Iranian village which is the birthplace of the author using on ethnographical explanation. This study shows that the characteristics of rural housing which were: noncommodification, strong connection with village, being a birth place and somewhere to be nurtured, being mixed with family and historical myths and narratives, coexisting with the nature, lack of privacy have undergone charges. Therefore, we can not address them by adopting a classical approach considering village as the locus of tradition and city as the locus of modernity. The author believes that a kind of “Iranian rural modernity” has been formed in Iranian villages.

One of the most important factors in development of rural is sustainable housing and in this regard identifying of features and analysis of dimensions and different components of sustainable rural housing have special importance .The aim of this study is analysis and assessment of the indicators and dimensions of sustainable rural housing that the case study has been in Malavi rural district of Poldokhtar Township. The method of the research is descriptive --analytical and the approach is integrated. The statistical population of the research is the households of the Malavi rural area. The sample size for the designed questionnaire is determined 175 residents using Cochran's formula and the method of sampling is occasional. In order to estimate the reliability of the research, Cronbachs' alpha coefficient was used and indicated the coefficient of 77.0, 84.0, 71.0 percent for three parts of the questionnaire, representing the appropriateness of the instruments used. The obtained results from analyzes of the SPSS software show that About 84 percent of the indicators have been in unstable and somewhat stable conditions. Also the findings show that there are different between types of rural in indicators and dimensions of housing sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]