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Artificial intelligence has made significant changes in human life and one of the most important areas affected by this technological progress is the area of war and violent conflicts between states. Hence, understanding of its dimensions and consequences is necessary to manage future conditions. The research question is, from the perspective of the strategic policies of the American, Russian and Chinese states, what effect does artificial intelligence have on the nature of war? In this research, the method of qualitative content analysis was used using MaxQD software. The results of the research show that from the point of view of the three states, all three indicators of the nature of Clausewitz's war undergo positive and negative changes under the influence of artificial intelligence. The changes that cause the transformation of the tools, methods and features of war between the states and this transformation makes it more necessary to redefine the security strategy of the states to face the threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: the objective of this paper is to explore the problems of proposal structure of design-based master's thesis in architecture and provide a suggested practical model for architecture students to benefit from writing their proposal to develop a design project. Methods: the research method is a mixed exploratory approach. First, the Delphi method based on semi-structured interviews with the experienced faculty members who are also the members of Graduate Studies Council, as well as interviews with the Master students in architecture in 2020, were used to collect qualitative data to identify factors related to the pathology of the current situation and its improvement. In the next stage, a comparative study was conducted on the experience of 10 universities in designing proposals for the Master of Architecture program, and the results were synthesized from qualitative and quantitative data Results: The findings shows a list of problems related to content/structure, administrative and formal/graphic issues in the current situation from various angles (Master students, faculty and graduate committee members). In the next step, the findings address the extracted common components of proposals in different universities and main priorities such as title, method, innovation aspect, background, questions, and bibliography in the proposal structure. Conclusion: By analyzing the proposal structure based on fundamental questions, this research provides a flexible proposed model based on fundamental research questions such as what, why, how, where (design place), and who (design audience), which includes the main content pillars necessary for research frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The current research was conducted with the aim of designing a suitable pattern for assessing the level of readiness for entering the profession of an elementary teacher. Methods: A sequential exploratory mixed-methods study was designed and executed in two stages to address the research question. In the initial phase, Grounded Theory was employed. Participants, chosen through the criterion strategy, consisted of experienced teachers and subject experts, with data saturation achieved after conducting 19 interviews. Data were gathered using a semi-structured interview technique and subsequently analyzed through open coding methods. Results: After analyzing the data in the first part, the identified pattern had 8 main dimensions and 69 criteria; The main dimensions of the model include cognitive knowledge, metacognitive knowledge, cognitive ability, noncognitive ability, internal insight (identity), external insight (social), individual demeanor and interpersonal demeanor. Conclusion: The results show the wide range of necessary attributes for the teaching profession, and it is necessary to develop a scientific, evidence-based, and integrated mechanism to accurately measure such characteristics before entering the teaching profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research has identified the factors affecting the management and organization of businesses based on e-commerce through a meta-combination approach. The research is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in nature with an exploratory approach. The community of this research is the articles in the field of managing and organizing e-commerce jointly or separately. The method of collecting information is the document-library method with the efficiency of the meta-combination method for extracting factors. The sampling method is also selected based on the entry and exit criteria of the prism method. In order to answer the research questions, 96 articles were examined and analyzed, which led to the extraction of 15 categories and 95 meaningful codes. The results showed that business management based on e-commerce includes the components of online sales, digital marketing, suppliers, leadership, product or service, human resources, organizational culture, customer, market, organizational structure, and organizing business based on E-commerce includes the components of technical dimension, organizational dimension, environmental dimension, economic dimension and financial dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Blockchain technology," also known as "distributed ledger technology (DLT)," ensures transparency, security, traceability, immutability of information, and decentralization. This technology offers a promising outlook for reducing or solving many managerial challenges, such as fairness, and has positioned itself as a critical factor for the sustainability of companies and organizations through its value proposition of "trust." This study aims to design development strategies for a blockchain-based ecosystem by leveraging established and validated models of this technology to create an efficient, secure, and transparent platform in the service delivery chain of a defense service organization. To achieve this, after identifying the essential requirements and drivers of change, the internal and external factors will be specified as the basis for determining strategies. These strategies will then be aligned with validated national and international models, and the components, tools, and platforms of this ecosystem will be presented. To address the research questions, a mixed-methods approach was employed, utilizing questionnaires and expert opinions from the fields of management within the organization and blockchain technology. Finally, based on the obtained results, a strategy map for establishing this ecosystem is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the center of developments on local, regional, national, and global scales, and the site of influential actors, Tehran's metropolitan area has long been a stage for political power dynamics. Additionally, the presence of geopolitical drivers has further elevated its position in power relations. The central question of this research was this: What are the drivers and future scenarios of power relations in Tehran Metropolis? This was an applied research study with an exploratory nature. To answer the research question, indicators were extracted through a multi-stage interview process involving 30 elite experts and an elite panel. The Delphi method was also used to screen the propellants. The data were analyzed using the MicMac and Scenario Wizard software. The research results revealed 45 possible situations across 7 scenarios with strong and likely compatibilities. Based on the scenario table of geopolitical drivers affecting the future of power relations in Tehran Metropolis, 33.33% were in a favorable situation, 41.6% were in a semi-favorable situation, and 25% were in a static situation. The 1st and 2nd scenario boards were the most prominent in terms of position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Smuggling of goods and currency is one of the problems that has its roots abroad. The consequences of trafficking go beyond mere economic loss. Trafficking can destabilize communities and contribute to wider regional tensions. A large part of these problems is related to communication between countries, so the purpose of this research is to examine the problems and provide solutions for changing Iran's policy and convergence with the Central Asia and Caucasus region in the face of this event. The main question of this article is how to change the approach to combating the smuggling of goods and currency between Iran and the region of Central Asia and the Caucasus? The major challenge we face in dealing with the problems of trafficking is the difficulty in conceptualizing the complex issues of collective action, which, with the involvement of many local actors and social networks, takes on another challenge. Public administrators around the world operate very differently in political and socio-economic contexts. As a result, the resources and capacities of public administrators in these areas vary greatly, as globalization has intensified in recent decades, national and regional boundaries, economic, social, political and ideological issues have increasingly been transcended. In fact, many of these issues are beyond the norm. Traditional patterns that emphasize the role of formal organizations are insufficient to address many problems, including trafficking. As a result, concepts such as multi-level governance are increasingly studied. To address complex social, political and economic issues it is necessary to use multi-level policies and multi-level personalities to create solutions to deal with smuggling of goods. Research question: Each of the problems that occur in countries has an external nature and effect. In other words, internal crises have regional and international roots and with the continuation of the crisis, these consequences will spread and with its continuation, all its effects and consequences can be recognized. Meanwhile, the manner and type of governance within countries has a significant effect on creating and solving problems. In the meantime, there are multi-level governance that can strengthen and improve the fight against trafficking. The main question of this article is how can we change the approach of combating smuggling of goods and currency by considering multilevel governance in regional policy making? Research hypothesis: In response to the main question, the hypothesis is raised that multi-level governance strengthens and improves regional policy in the field of combating goods and currency smuggling. Methodology: In this research, the method of text and content analysis of the type of "content network" introduced by atride - stepperling will be used. This method tries to access the text from main themes, organizing themes and inclusive themes; therefore, first, the text analysis of all interviews and the extraction of basic themes, in other words, the delivery of the text, will be carried out. Then, the method of abstracting and extracting the themes of the organizer and finally discovering and explaining the network of themes of governance factors related to the fight against smuggling of goods and currency will be done. Therefore, qualitative and visual analysis methods based on data and content analysis have been used in this research. In fact, by viewing the relevant documents and receiving the primary data, documents, recordings and results of the interviews are accurately and regularly evaluated and analyzed, and objectives and questions are explained with a qualitative method. The data collection method is interview, and the data analysis method is thematic analysis. The sampling method was targeted and snowball, and smuggling experts were contacted to collect data. The data and findings of the research include the opinions of interviewees about the proposed strategies for policymaking in the fight in different dimensions, which were analyzed and presented in the form of comprehensive themes. According to the findings of the research, the re-design of the police to fight the smuggling of goods and currency has been investigated at the transnational level and in operational and executive dimensions. To determine the validity of the research, the research tool was approved by several elites in the field of security and law enforcement concepts, and to check the reliability of qualitative research, there are several strategies that are used here to verify the reliability of data by the experts. Therefore, after extracting concepts and themes and drawing a network of themes between them, they were asked to confirm the researcher's understanding of the data by sending the results to several elites. The aim of this task is to ensure that the researcher has correctly analyzed and classified the data correctly. Results and discussion: The data and findings of the research include the opinions of the interviewees about the proposed strategies for policy making in the struggle in different dimensions, which were analyzed and presented in the form of 7 overarching themes and 23 strategies. According to the interviews conducted in the field of operations and implementation of the fight against smuggling of goods and currency, there was a lot of emphasis on the need to change the structure of the relations between countries in dealing with smuggling. These changes are expressed in dimensions such as decision-making and operations, budget, participation of foreign parties. Conclusion: According to the interviews conducted in operational and executive fields in the fight against smuggling of goods and currency, the need to change the structure of relations between countries in combating smuggling was emphasized. These changes are expressed in dimensions such as decision-making and operations, budget, participation of foreign parties. In an operational and transnational framework, the most important solutions provided by the interviewees are the creation of security agreements and information sharing between different countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: At least in the last three decades, the concept of identity and its consequences on the behavior of governments at the regional and international levels have been the focus of attention for researchers and more broadly, critics of traditional theories of international relations. In other words, it is argued that, unlike traditionalists who focus on certain principles in the behavior of actors, to explain the actions of states, one must take seriously the power, preferences, interests and normative structures, that are inextricably linked to the identity of the actors. For example, post-Structuralists argue that the identity of the state is achieved through the inscription of boundaries that mark the 'inside' from the 'outside', the 'self' from the 'other', and "domestic" from "foreign". Against this background, this research tries to evaluate the process of othering by actors in international arena and answer the basic questions of what othering is. What role does othering play in the identity of actors? In addition to answering the above questions, this study also attempts to evaluate othering in the eastern policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Russian Federation. Research question: How do the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Russian Federation try to distinguish themselves from others with the "looking to the east" strategy and what is the common point or intersection of their strategies? Research hypothesis: The research has arguments, the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Russian Federation are trying to distinguish themselves from others (the West) by emphasizing elements such as geography, culture, civilization, ideology, etc. The common point of this distinction is the rejection of the West (especially the United States). Similarities in the Eastern strategy of the two countries, such as the geographical overlap, the emphasis on traditionalism and traditional values (anti-modern) and anti-hegemonic multipolar order also strengthens this common position. Methodology: This research is qualitative, and the author has tried to test the research hypothesis using a descriptive-analytical approach. The data needed to explain the problem is also collected through library studies (authorized articles, books and internet sources). Since the purpose of the research paper is to provide evidence of othering in the search strategy of Iran and Russia, the conceptual framework of othering was used to test the hypothesis. Results and discussion: The results of this research show that countries define their identity in the regional and international arena and differentiate themselves from others through the process of othering. This distinction is based on the specific characteristics of each country, which can be cultural, historical, geographical, etc. This othering is an inevitable part of identification. The results of this research also show that identification and foreign determination can be seen largely in the looking east strategy of the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran. Conclusion: Iran and Russia are trying to distinguish themselves from others (especially the West) by referring to their unique geographical, cultural and civilizational features in the form of a look-to-the-east strategy and at the same time they try to attract others (especially Eastern countries) to their side. In the meantime, there are some commonalities between the Russian Federation's and the Islamic Republic of Iran's strategy of looking East, which increase the areas of convergence towards identification and cooperation with each other. The first of these similarities is the geographical overlap. In this context, both countries emphasize regions such as Central Asia and the Caucasus as a region of the East. Regardless of the physical geographical dimension, both countries consider regions such as Latin America in their geopolitical imagination as part of the Looking to the East strategy. The most important point in this context is the non-contradiction of the geographical borders of these two countries. The second similarity between the eastern strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Russian Federation is that both countries emphasize traditional values. Values such as justice, equality, freedom and similar values that are usually in conflict with modern values (especially the interpretation represented by the United States and European countries in the form of liberalism). Finally, the third feature of the Eastern strategy of these two countries is their emphasis on the anti-hegemonic multipolar order. Based on the interpretation of these countries, there are different countries and civilizations in the international system, each of which has its own characteristics and coordinates, so we cannot have one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Middle Asia or Central Asia is a vast land with a long history in the heart of the Asian continent. Due to the vast resources available in Central Asia, this region has become a place for global and regional powers to compete. Türkiye is no exception to this rule. This country has made many efforts to expand its presence in the region in the last three decades. In recent years, especially after 2016, this presence was not without a plan and out of excitement, but in a clear frame of mind and with necessary credits, Türkiye has tried to create a stable and effective presence in the region. The presence of regional powers in Central Asia is not limited to Türkiye. Due to many common cultural features with the countries of the region and its special geographical location, Iran has always made a continuous effort to be present in Central Asia. Considering the complex relations and historical rivalry of the two countries, the efforts of each cannot be without influencing the other. Research question: The main question that we intend to answer in this research is what are the consequences of Türkiye's presence in Central Asia on Iran and what is the mechanism of these consequences? Research hypothesis: Based on this new reading of geopolitics, it is possible to hypothesize that the presence of Türkiye in Central Asia will lead to the removal of Iran from the transit and energy corridors of the region, as well as the threat to the territorial integrity of Iran due to the expansion of Pan-Turkism. Methodology and theoretical framework: The analysis of this article is based on the trend impact analysis method. The process is called regular and continuous transformations of data over time. In this method, the process is affected by a sequence of events, and by events we mean significant events that may play an important role in shaping the future. The theoretical framework of this article is based on the three-level reading of the international system along with geopolitical factors. This new reading of geopolitics is taken from the opinion of Mohiuddin Mesbahi in the article "free and restricted: Iran and the international system". Our question can also be put in this new format and reading. Results and discussion: In this research, we have looked for the consequences of Türkiye's presence in Central Asia on Iran. After raising our question, we reviewed previous research to find an answer. Despite addressing the presence of these countries in the region in some articles, no specific research has been done regarding the consequences of Türkiye's presence in Central Asia on Iran. Therefore, we turned to theories to find our answer, and for this purpose. Then we tried to find the answer to our question by using the "trend research" method. For this purpose, we examined Türkiye's presence in the region in the last three decades. Türkiye's emotional presence in the nineties failed and the efforts of Erdogan's government centered on the opinions of Ahmet Davutoglu's were not very successful, but after the 2016 coup and internal and external changes, a new era emerged in the relations between Turkey and the region. In the following, we examined Iran's presence in the region and finally addressed our main issue, which is the consequences of Türkiye's presence in the region on Iran. Türkiye's presence in Central Asia at all three domestic, regional and international levels has consequences for Iran in the region in cultural, economic and political-military fields. In the economic field, Türkiye will strengthen its infrastructure by joining "the Belt and Road Initiative" and by bypassing Iran, in addition to using the advantages of the right of transit and by attracting Chinese capital, the country will strengthen its infrastructure, and the capital will flow to Turkish projects instead of Iran. In addition, in the geopolitical or politicalmilitary field, bypassing Iran in two directions, east-west and northsouth, both in the field of transit and in the field of energy, weakens Iran's strategic position and erodes its geopolitics. On the other hand, with the expansion of annexationist and pan-Turkish ideas in the direction of greater convergence with the region, in addition to threatening Iran's territorial integrity with Turkification of the space, it leaves no room for Iran's presence in the region. Conclusion: Türkiye's presence in Central Asia at domestic, regional and international levels has consequences for Iran in the region in all three cultural, economic and political-military fields. In the economic field, Türkiye will strengthen its infrastructure by joining the Belt and Road Initiative and by bypassing Iran, in addition to using the advantages of the right of transit and by attracting Chinese capital, the country will strengthen its infrastructure, and the capital will flow to Turkish projects instead of Iran. In addition, in the geopolitical or political-military field, bypassing Iran in two directions, east-west and north-south, both in the field of transit and in the field of energy, weakens Iran's strategic position and erodes its geopolitics. On the other hand, with the expansion of annexationist and pan-Turkish ideas in the direction of greater convergence with the region, in addition to threatening Iran's territorial integrity with Turkification of the space, it leaves no room for Iran's presence in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In the contemporary era, independent states, whose most obvious feature is Westphalian sovereignty, form the core of the international system. These states are characterized by the principle of non-interference in their internal affairs and a formal equality with other states, regardless of size, power, or wealth. This state concept, which has its roots in the 1648 "Peace of Westphalia" continues to shape international relations by emphasizing the legal and political independence of states. As a result, states continue to see themselves as the main actors in this system, interacting on the basis of mutual recognition and formal equality. However, the realities of the international system, especially in the Post-Cold War era, show that the practical application of sovereignty is often far from this theoretical ideal. Our goal in this article is to critically evaluate the concept of independence as manifested in Moscow's foreign policy toward Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the creation of the CIS was intended to provide a framework for cooperation for the newly independent states while maintaining some degree of connection with Russia. However, the nature of this relationship has raised important questions about the actual extent of sovereignty that these countries enjoy. This study examines how Russia's foreign policy has maintained a delicate balance between its strategic interests and the autonomy of these countries, assessing whether Moscow genuinely respects their independence or seeks to maintain its sphere of influence in the region. A key aspect of this analysis is the historical context that has shaped the relationship between Russia and the CIS countries. The legacy of the Soviet Union, along with Russia's perception of itself as a regional hegemon, continues to influence its approach to these nations. Many of the CIS countries, while formally independent, have inherited deep political, economic, and security ties with Moscow. Over the years, Russia has used these connections to exert influence, raising concerns about whether these countries can fully exercise their sovereignty without interference. This historical background is crucial for understanding the dynamics of modern Russian foreign policy toward the CIS and the enduring tensions surrounding the concept of independence. The consequences of Moscow's policies for regional stability and international relations are another important area of investigation. Russia's approach to the CIS has often caused tensions with both the CIS countries and foreign powers, especially the west. By maintaining a sphere of influence, Moscow has contributed to conflicts and frozen disputes in regions like Georgia, Ukraine, and Moldova, where aspirations for greater autonomy and closer ties with the West conflict with Russian interests. This study will examine how Russia's foreign policy affects not only the domestic dynamics of the CIS member states but also broader geopolitical relations, including the role of international organizations such as the European Union and NATO. This research seeks to determine the extent to which Russian foreign policy aligns with or undermines the autonomy of CIS member states. While Moscow often presents itself as respecting the independence of these countries, its actions often suggest otherwise. By critically examining these policies and their effects, the study aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between Russia and the CIS, providing insights into the broader issue of state sovereignty in a world where power dynamics are increasingly interdependent. This assessment will provide a clearer picture of whether Russia's engagement with the CIS promotes true independence or perpetuates a new form of dependence that challenges the traditional concept of state sovereignty. Research question: How have the phenomena of globalization, the end of the Cold War, and the collapse of the Eastern Bloc affected the key determinants of national independence in international relations in general, and Russia's foreign policy towards the countries that separated from the Soviet Union in particular? Research hypothesis: The Hypothesis of the article is no view or theory that supports the concept of state independence or the theory of independence in the foreign policy of a state. The findings of this research show that with the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia's perception of the independence of the newly independent states was not fully compatible with the classical and standard concept of sovereignty. Methodology: This study is essentially a qualitative one in nature, utilizing an exploratory method. The process of gathering data is based on documents and library resources, including articles, books, research papers, and reports. Results and discussion: Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia's perception and understanding of the independence of the newly established post-Soviet states diverged from the conventional concept of full sovereignty defined by international norms. Rather than recognizing these states as entirely autonomous entities with complete control over their internal and external affairs, Russia maintained a more nuanced and often limited interpretation of their independence. This view was characterized by an implicit expectation of continued influence on the political, economic, and security decisions of these countries, which reflects a deviation from the classical understanding of sovereignty, which emphasizes nonintervention and the full exercise of state authority. In other words, Russia viewed the independence of these states through a lens that allowed for its continuous regional domination and intervention. Conclusion: Moscow's interpretation of the independence of these newly established post-Soviet states was significantly restrictive, effectively denying them the full exercise of sovereignty over their political and strategic trajectories. Instead of recognizing their right to make independent decisions, Russia has asked these countries to make a tacit commitment to prioritize and align their interests with Russia in a range of critical areas, including political governance, security policies, and economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: One of the factors positively affecting the service provided by public libraries is their attempt to satisfy the information needs of their domestic-cultural communities. The current study aimed to investigate the information needs and expectations of the Azeri community living in East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Ardabil and Zanjan provinces from public libraries. Method: This research was conducted with a quantitative approach and a survey method using a researcher-made questionnaire. The research population included librarians, users and non-users of public libraries in East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Ardabil and Zanjan provinces, who were selected by simple and cluster random sampling. The content and formal validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts in information science and social sciences. To check the reliability of the questionnaire, the test-retest method was used. The time span of the research was 2020-2021. To analyze the data and answer the research questions, statistics such as frequency, mean, and Kruskal-Wallis test were used. Findings: The results showed that social networks were the most important source of information among the users as wells as non-users of the public libraries in the studied provinces. The subjects of interest that participants expected public libraries to provide were psychology, life skills, and language education, respectively. The participants preferred non-curricular information and entertainment sources to be in both Farsi and Turkish-Azeri languages. From the perspective of the studied population, the most important point regarding the quantity and quality of information resources in public libraries was the lack of sufficient attention to resources on the culture and language of the Azeri community with an average of 4.04. Accordingly, they expected public libraries to pay more attention to the information sources on the culture and language of the Azeri community, as the group of librarians, with an average of 4.46, emphasized this issue more than other participant groups. Regarding educational needs, the findings of the research showed that teaching general life skills was the most important educational need identified by the studied society. From the users' point of view, storytelling in the national language, from the point of view of non-users, providing employment information, and from the point of view of librarians, holding cultural-artistic programs were the most important cultural-social needs of public libraries located in the studied provinces. Originality/value: The studied community had a wide range of informational, educational, socio-cultural and service needs. They emphasized the need to pay more attention to resources on the Azari language and culture. Public libraries should design and provide services and resources that fit the specific needs and expectations of the Azeri-speaking community. In this way, they will help to preserve the heritage and culture of the ethnicities and will pave the way for more visit and use of public libraries in the studied provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current applied research was conducted with the aim of recognizing the student-teacher's feelings and their relationship with their identity. The other objective of this study was using borderland discourse in analyzing and promoting positive feelings. Therefore, in response to the first research question, 24 documents, the second question, 10 ones, and the third question, 22 ones, and in total 57 documents from the period of 1974 to 2022 were investigated. They were analyzed using the method of research synthesis and analysis of the theme. The codes, including changes, methods of feeling expression, context of formation, and consequences for the definition and context of recognizing feelings and codes of identity construction, identity type and identity evaluation were identified to determine their relationship with student-teacher identity. Also, inspired by Hopman's theory, classification of positive and negative emotions was done. Finally, with descriptive analysis and interpretation method, the context of studying student-teacher's feelings with borderland discourse was investigated. In order to check the accuracy and robustness of the data, the evaluation was done by reviewing and confirming the coding between the two coders. To ensure the reliability of the study, the method of computing agreement between the two evaluators was used, and the results showed an intra-subject agreement of 0.80. Sandelowski & Barroso validation method was also used for the final question. Findings indicated that it is important to recognize the contexts of the formation and expression of feelings in the multiple identities and to evaluate the identity of student-teachers, because sometimes the teachers' emotional experiences act like an umbrella under which the process of hiding or imitating emotions is hidden. However, by understanding the relationship between borderland discourse and its components, including 1- paying attention to the balance between facts and beliefs in recognizing the feelings and prevailing norms 2- Involving the sense of self in the believability and manifestation of feelings with existing ideologies 3- Accepting the dynamicity of identity in the interaction between personal and professional identity; it is possible to understand the real self and avoid hiding the emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Corona virus has not only affected the biological existence of man, but also threatened our social existence under the tremendous pressure of medical panic and social isolation. This epidemic has led to massive loss of life and an unprecedented economic, social and cultural crisis, with far-reaching social impacts. Research objectives: The purpose of this research is to analyze the lived experience of the citizens of Isfahan about the consequences of the corona virus on their lives and the impact of this epidemic on the reflexivity experienced in this era. Research question: This research seeks to answer the question that What experience do citizens have of reflexivity in the era of Corona and what aspects of their daily life have they reflected and reconsidered? Research method: The current research has used the qualitative method of phenomenology. For this purpose, 30 citizens of Isfahan in different age, occupation and base groups were selected and subjected to in-depth interviews. The data were analyzed using. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Today, mental health is a critical issue worldwide that not only impacts individuals' quality of life but also leads to economic and social consequences for societies when there are deficiencies in this area. Despite the development of mental health infrastructure and services in recent years, significant funding has yet to be allocated to address these needs. To promote and enhance mental health, it is essential to not only identify weaknesses but also allocate an adequate budget for this area. This becomes feasible when there is a comprehensive understanding of the mental health status within local communities. To understand the mental health of a society, it is essential to examine the research conducted in this field. By evaluating scientific outputs, one can gain a comprehensive understanding of the mental health status of the local community. Additionally, by assessing the financial support for scientific articles, it is possible to gauge the efforts of organizations aimed at improving mental health within society. The current research aims to analyze the financial support of institutions concerning research outputs in the field of mental health in Iran, using a scientometric approach. The goal of this study is to conduct a scientometric analysis of research outputs that received financial support in the field of mental health in Iran, as indexed in the Web of Science database. Methodology: The current scientometric research consists of applied studies utilizing a quantitative approach. Data collection was conducted through documentary analysis, employing bibliometric techniques and co-occurrence of words. The research community comprises 3,833 sources, representing all research outputs with financial support in the field of mental health in Iran, which are indexed in the Web of Science database. In this research, no time limit was imposed, and all research outputs related to financial support in the field of mental health in Iran, as indexed in the Web of Science database, were considered. To extract data, a search strategy was employed. In exploring strategies within the field of mental health, concepts with the strongest semantic connections to mental health were taken into account. The analysis of the research questions was conducted using three software programs: Excel, BibExcel, and VOSviewer Findings: The leading financial sponsors among university units in the country were Tehran University of Medical Sciences, with 628 cases; Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, with 231 cases; and Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, with 230 cases. Among non-academic organizations, the most financial support has been provided by the Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) with 156 cases, the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MHME) of Iran with 67 cases, and the National Institute for Medical Research Development (NIMAD) with 59 cases. The British Medical Research Council (MRC) contributed 49 cases, followed by the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) with 40 cases, and the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) with 38 cases, making them the top three foreign organizations, respectively. The studies identify nine subject clusters, with significant emphasis on issues such as depression, anxiety, stress, mental health, mental disorders, COVID-19, quality of life, and schizophrenia. The top three researchers receiving financial support in the field of mental health are Shahin Akhundzadeh, Mojgan Mirghforvand, and Vafa Rahimi Movaghar. Conclusion: Most of the financial sponsors for mental health research in Iran are affiliated with organizations under the Ministry of Health, Treatment, and Medical Education, along with other entities that have not traditionally engaged as financial sponsors in this field. This lack of participation may stem from an improper division of responsibilities within the country's organizations; consequently, the Ministry of Health is recognized as the primary center of activity. Additionally, on an international level, financial support is restricted to a few specific institutions. Therefore, there is a pressing need to enhance collaboration and establish more connections with foreign organizations. Finally, it is anticipated that the results of this study will contribute to the development of an evidence-based information system regarding mental health research and its supporting infrastructure in the country. Scientometric analysis can be instrumental in evaluating the growth and application of knowledge, thereby aiding effective planning for scientific policymakers to enhance financial research support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Television is a general media that faces a range of audiences with diverse tastes and educational levels, and its programs are mainly consumed by the general audience. The "readability" of a text or news report increases the audience's understanding of it and attracts the viewer's attention and interest and conveys its message to the audience more easily. Objective: The evaluation aims to measure the news reports of the IRINN and determine the level of readability obtained from them. Theoretical framework: Robert Gunning's reading order (Fag index) was used. Method: Research method: Quantitative content analysis and among the news broadcasted between the beginning of February 1401 and the end of December 1402 in the detailed news section at 19:00 on the IRINN, 120 news were selected as the sample size for analysis by simple random sampling method. Is. Results: Examining the readability of the annotated news text of the IRINN (at 19:00) showed two general results; First, the broadcasted news is at an average level in terms of readability. Second, the average of 7 years and more of education for understanding the news of the IRINN means that the network is not in an unfavorable situation in this regard. Third, many audiences can understand and receive the news without any problem. Fourth, the investigation in these studies showed that the average length of sentences for news is 27.65 words in total and using this number of words in news sentences is considered to be very long and the most important factor of difficulty in understanding news texts. Conclusions: The investigation of the researches of the IRINN in the field of attention and viewing of the audience during a year of research shows that this network has been unsuccessful in attracting the attention of the audience, especially the general audience, which constitutes the majority of the audience. For this reason, despite the spread of broadcasting (almost universal coverage of the network), it does not have a wide audience. One of the reasons for such a problem is writing news reports regardless of the general audience's ability to understand and read the text. In response to the research questions, it should be said that in order to understand the news presented in the detailed news section of 19, on average, more than 7 literacy classes (2nd guidance and above) are needed, which is at the average reading level. Also, in response to "What factors show the audience's level of understanding of an article". The average sentence length for the studied sample is "27.66" words. Such an average for the news or news report is considered to be too long and causes the reader to misunderstand its content. On the other hand, the length of the sentences affects the easy understanding of the audience of a radio and television news channel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shi’a art, a branch of Islamic art, places a significant emphasis on aesthetic beauty grounded in intrinsic unity and form. In achieving this, it utilizes various elements fundamental to visual composition, including recurrence, harmony, formulation, balance, equilibrium, and proportion. These elements are strategically employed to convey symbolic and metaphorical concepts in alignment with its intended function. This study aimed at investigating the emergence of this style in the cloth covering of the steel Zarih at the Imam Reza holy shrine. This Zarih was constructed by the order of Safavid Shah Soltan Hoseyn, and the existing cloth coverings date back to the mid -Qajar era. The primary research question was: How can some of the most significant formal characteristics of Shi’a art be explored and elucidated in the cloth coverings of the Zarih at the holy shrine of Imam Reza? To maintain coherence and cohesion in the subject under discussion and to avoid delving into technical matters, the study focused exclusively on four cloth coverings of the second Zarih at the holy shrine of Imam Reza. The results of this descriptive -analytical study, which conducted a desk study and literature review, are as follows: In examining the visual characteristics of Shi’a art as the foundation of this study, the characteristics of recurrence, harmony, and formulation, balance, equilibrium, and proportion were identified. These characteristics organize the visual elements of each pattern within the visual composition. Through this perspective, the distinctive features of Shi’a art are discernible in the examination of the Zarih’s cloth coverings. Notably, the symbolism and incorporation of cultural history are manifested in the repetitive patterns of the Zarih’s cloth and similar coverings. Consequently, the constituent components, elements, and compositional arrangements of the Zarih’s cloth coverings under examination serve as compelling evidence to the symbolic and allegorical connotations inherent in Shi’a art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective(s): Systematic reviews are a valuable resource for policy makers, managers and health workers for evidence-based policy making, planning and delivery of health services. However, some systematic reviews are poorly conducted and reported. This study aimed to explain the methodology of systematic review in the health system. Methods: This study was conducted using a scoping review method. Published articles on systematic review methodology in the health system until April 19, 2024 were searched in 3 databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science and Google Scholar search engine. Overall, 109 articles were selected after screening and analysed using narrative analysis method. Results: A systematic review is "an explicit and systematic secondary study to identify, critically appraise, and synthesize primary research evidence to answer a specific research question." Systematic reviews help policymakers, managers, health workers, patients, and the public to apply the best current evidence to practice at a lower cost. Moreover, systematic review is used to develop a new theory or evaluate an existing theory. A simple and comprehensive protocol for conducting a systematic review was proposed. It includes seven steps of formulating research question, searching the literature, screening and selecting studies, appraising the quality of studies, extracting data from included studies, analysing and synthesizing data, and interpreting findings and presenting a conclusion. In addition, the structure of writing a systematic review article was explained and a checklist for evaluating systematic review articles was presented. Conclusion: Methodological limitations of systematic reviews affect the conclusions of these studies. In this study, a suitable model for conducting a systematic review was presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy-making with the aim of changing the behavior of citizens is carried out by governments in various economic, social, environmental, etc. fields. These policies are in the three areas of creating order and social security (such as preventing crime, improving traffic behavior, preserving the environment, etc.), creating beneficial behaviors (such as education, parenting behaviors, etc.) and improving The individual and social lifestyle of the citizens of the society (such as quitting addiction, maintaining personal health, improving eating habits, etc.) have been revealed in many interventions of the government of new governments. Also, special attention to the behavioral dimensions of all policies has been demanded by some political systems in the world. Based on this, the main goal of this research is to analyze the executive mechanisms of public policy with a behavioral approach. Systematic literature review and theme analysis were used. A total of 376 researches/articles were screened during 4 stages and at the end, 191 researches remained. These articles were extracted from 6 valid international databases. In response to the research question, 134 meaningful propositions, 181 initial codes, 57 final codes and 16 themes were identified as behavioral policy components: 1) social marketing, 2) providing information, 3) social norms, 4) incentives, 5) use of emotions and feelings, 6) combination of behavioral and non-behavioral mechanisms, 7) formulation of rules and regulations, 8) creation of attitude- preference-behavior chain, 9) framework/patterning, 10) highlighting, 11) default, 12) simplification, 13) networking, 14) environment design, 15) scheduled notifications, and 16) commitments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supporting the basic research or using the results of the ones have been carried out in other countries (especially developed ones), as well as the manner and the extent of support in such a way that it has the greatest socio-economic effects, has always been one of the concerns of science policymakers. Although many of the researches conducted in Iran universities are basic ones, there is no independent institution to direct and support this type of researches. Given that the most relevant institution for supporting basic research in Iran is the National Science Foundation of Iran, the study of the issues related to supporting basic research in this institution has been considered to answer the research question. In this research, with the aim of achieving a policy model for the development and support of basic research in Iran, a qualitative research method with an exploratory strategy was used, and a semi-structured interview method was used to collect data. In addition, data triangulation and researcher triangulation have been used to ensure the validity of the research. A semi-structured interview was conducted with 13 experts, scientific policy and a number of university faculty members. Based on the analysis, the policy model for the development of basic research in Iran includes components such as determining the topic, variety of programs, evaluation system, incentive system and applicability of the research results. It is also suggested to consider a competitive grant system to support basic research; both the priorities of the policy maker and the preferences of the researchers should be considered in choosing and supporting the projects; and while enhancing the peer review system, new methods and technologies should be employed to evaluate projects, proposals, and researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: The militaries has historically played a crucial role in addressing the disasters in the countries of the world. This study aimed to examine the involvement of armed forces in health management and disaster response. Methods: This field study comprised five phases: formulating the research question, defining the study parameters, selecting relevant research, analyzing the data, and summarizing the findings. We conducted a literature search for articles published between 1980 and 2023 in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and other gray literature. The search focused on titles, abstracts, and keywords. Results: A total of 22,518 studies were identified from scientific databases, along with 62 studies from other sources. After removing duplicates, 6,348 studies remained. Of these, 38 studies were deemed relevant to the research purpose, ultimately resulting in the selection of 8 studies for the final analysis. The Army Health and Treatment System encompasses various activities during disasters, including Factors, Scope, Preparedness, Response, Responsibility, Evacuation of the Wounded, Rescue and Referral System. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the role of the military in managing health and disaster response is essential. Moreover, the capacities of the army can be leveraged for more effective disaster management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research method provides a way to solve to a research problem or a systematic answer to it. It is a framework for collecting, organizing, analyzing and presenting data to study the research problem. Design science research has emerged as an important approach in information systems research. Thus, this study is a systematic review of theoretical literature with a narrative analysis approach to create a comprehensive understanding of key concepts and specialized attitudes around design science research methods. A road map is designed to express how to use DSR to find the answer to the research question(s) about the design of information technology artifacts. The research is conducted with a systematic review method in two main steps. In the first step, the search for reliable sources was carried out using automatic approaches and snowball forward and backward in reliable databases. After the qualitative evaluation of the obtained sources, 52 articles were approved and selected based on specific criteria. In the second step and during the study, based on the narrative analysis method, four narratives emerged: the philosophical foundations of design science research, the theoretical development approach of research in design science, the methodological choice of design science research, and the strategy of design science research. Finally, using the narratives and concepts identified in each narrative, a mapping of the concepts and topics related to the four emerged theme of design science research was done and summarized and drawn in the form of a road map. The compiled roadmap presents the process of using the design science research method in the information technology artifacts design in a structured and accurate way for conducting design science research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The auditor's informational oversight of client activities provides auditors with a wealth of information regarding the operations of companies. Many of these pieces of information can carry competitive advantages for companies, making it necessary for auditors to ensure the security of their clients' information. Auditors, acting as carriers of the information, may cause the dissemination of one client's information to another. This transfer of information between different companies by the auditor is referred to as "information spillover". Companies' concerns about information spillover, particularly information that provides a competitive advantage, can have consequences. One likely outcome is that a company may avoid selecting the same auditor chosen by a competitor in the same industry, to prevent the spillover of crucial information between the two companies. This study aims to investigate the impact of companies' concerns about informational spillover on their choice of auditor. Method: To address the question of whether concern about information spillover affects the choice of the same auditor among companies operating within the same industry, ten industries from the Tehran Stock Exchange, including five innovative industries and five non-innovative industries, were studied over a five-year period from 1396 to 1400. The innovative industries include "Telecommunications," "Information and Communication," "Computers and Related Activities," "Electrical Machinery," and "Pharmaceuticals," while the non-innovative industries include "Transportation and Warehousing," "Tiles and Ceramics," "Metal Products," "Chemicals," and "Cement, Plaster, and Lime". Given that concerns about informational spillover are only justified among companies operating in the same industry, this study considers all possible pairs of companies within each industry and studies their choice of auditor based on their concerns about information spillover. The measurement of companies' concerns about information spillover between each pair of companies was conducted by defining proxies such as research and development costs, innovation, new products, and increases in intangible assets. Then a logistic regression was used to examine the effect of each of these proxies on the choice of the same auditing firm. Finally, to draw conclusions, the results obtained from the various proxies of concern were aggregated into a "concern intensity" proxy to reach a final conclusion and answer the research question. Findings: The results from the logit regression analysis showed that companies operating in innovative industries avoid selecting the same auditor as other companies in the same industry. This significant negative effect of the concern about information spillover on the choice of the same auditor was observed in other proxies of concern, including new products and increases in intangible assets. However, concern about information spillover, as measured by research and development costs, did not have any significant impact on the choice of the same auditor among companies operating in the same industry. In the end, the aggregated proxy, defined as concern intensity, had a negative significant impact on the choice of the same auditor, indicating that companies concerned about information spillover avoid selecting the same auditor as other companies operating in the same industry. Conclusion: The findings indicate that companies concerned about information spillover, due to operating in innovative industries, increases in intangible assets, and the introduction of new products, avoid selecting the same auditing firm as other companies operating in that industry. However, the concertn caused by research and development costs, as another indicator of concern about information spillover, did not significantly impact the choice of the same auditor among these companies. Since high level of concern intensity, as the aggregating proxy, leads companies to avoid selecting the same auditor as other companies operating in the same industry, concern about information spillover is introduced as a significant factor in auditor selection. The results of this research can be used in standard-setting and the development of auditing ethical guidelines to improve practices related to maintaining client information security by auditors, thereby reducing the impact of information spillover concerns on auditor selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the governors of Baghdad is one of the important issues in the relations between Iran and the Ottoman Empire during the Qajar period. The administration of Iraq was difficult due to the distance from the center, the presence of different ethnic groups and Shiite pilgrimage sites, and the proximity to Iran, and the appointed governors tried to strengthen their political and financial power by fueling the differences between Iran and the Ottoman Empire. From the middle of the 19th century and the reforms carried out in the Ottoman territory, an attempt was made to coordinate their administration with Istanbul by appointing governors such as Najib Pasha. However, Pasha's contractionary policy in Baghdad caused a political crisis. Against this backdrop, the research question of the present study concerns the policy adopted by Najib Pasha during the governorship of Baghdad to divide Iran and the Ottoman Empire. Based on the descriptive-analytical approach and the view of centralism, the governors of Baghdad and consequently Najib Pasha saw the security threat from Iran and the Iranians living in Iraq very forceful for their position. Therefore, in their political orientation, they tried to use this intellectual atmosphere of the Istanbul court in line with their interests. Also, relying on the idea of centralism and the unbreakable link of the empire and removing its destructive elements, they tried to consider the suppression and massacre of the people of Karbala as legitimate and necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dabuyid Ispahbads, survivors of high-ranking Sassanid Dynasty in Early Islamic era, resisted strongly against Arabs and achieved independence. They were a dynasty that followed Zoroastrianism and, similar to the Sassanians, imprinted their ritual signs on their coins. One side of a coin is imprinted with the picture of the Kings of late Sassanian era and the other side is imprinted with a brazier and two clergymen on the two sides. The crown of the ruler is decorated with the wing of a hawk and the margin is decorated with the pictures of a crescent moon and star, the Zoroastrian symbols. Barsom is imprinted in the hands of the guards and three dots are imprinted symmetrically between the crescent moon and the star. These imprints continued under the rule of the Abbasid rulers. With a numismatic approach, this study seeks to understand the meanings of the ritual symbols related to Zoroastrianism on the coins of Dabuyid Ispahbads and Abbasid rulers in the first and second centuries AH. The study has been conducted using the two methods of field research on the coins of Mostazafan Foundation's Cultural Institution of Museums and Sepah Bank and the comparative study of the written literature to analyze imprints. The two main research questions are: 1. Are the ritual symbols related to Zoroastrianism 2. Which common in Zoroastrianism do they show? The results indicate the conscious use of motifs to show apparently the rituals related to Zoroaster and to return to the religious beliefs of the Sassanid era. These symbols indicated the stable conditions of the society in Tabaristan despite extensive pressures and attacks. The imprints of star, moon, lotus and iris, eagle's wing, brazier and fire, thin branch, and even the deliberate use of the holy script of Pahlavi show the stable belief of the rule and Tabaristan's people in Zoroaster and the symbols related to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The description of the quality of creating and developing the material world tends to be based on a priori theories rather than a posteriori equations because it is impossible to describe cosmic phenomena by a priori experiences; therefore, to outline a comprehensive model, its geometry is first founded on a priori model, derived from ontological and epistemological basics, while it is then explained by a posteriori equations. This study used Sadrai’s works using an analytical-descriptive method to answer this research question: How is the quality of creating and developing the material world? It was concluded that the material world was created by a prima materia, which is an existential concept from an analytical viewpoint while being physical for all elements from an essence viewpoint, as it is created in an evolutionary form, with the nature of the truth being a detailed existence. An evolutionary prima materia goes through various states. They are formed due to their intrinsic movements, manifest a form of themselves and become a type of secondary matter based on time incidence, with each type combined together for their intrinsic movements, thus manifesting combined physical forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulgakov wrote The Master and Margarita in Magical Realism, which has a modern structure based on its form, syntax, and narration. On the other hand, Murakami wrote Kafka on the Shore in Surrealism. The main research question is how and how much these two novels follow Propp's narrative theory. Who the main characters are that generate meaning and whether they correspond with each other. The authors of this article have referred to research resources written about these works. They also applied the documentary, library, and notetaking methods in the analytical-descriptive study of the present work. After analyzing the two novels according to Propp's morphology theory, it becomes evident that both novels fit into this frame and are based on a super-structure. To show the destiny of humans, both writers created static and dynamic characters, people with earthly characteristics alongside superhuman beings to describe the society of their time and generate meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interpreting trends in the Sassanid state, the practices of which have been the basis for subsequent Iranian states, can deepen the knowledge of Iran's history. Various interpretations have been presented for its rise, the great kings, the Mazdakian movement, and its fall. This paper supposed that using a theoretical framework for interpreting all the events could provide a more comprehensive and integrated interpretation. Since the developers of the conceptual framework of the "natural state" have considered it a framework for interpreting the written history of humans, the main question of the current research was whether this conceptual framework could provide a satisfactory interpretation of trends in the Sassanid state. Therefore, this study was based on an analytical-descriptive method and a library approach. In the viewpoint of "natural state", a state incorporates a coalition of elites, who exercise their control over the society's political, military, economic, religious, and administrative activities to provide them the highest rent. Therefore, the state's changes are those occurring to the coalition members, who may be important due to changes in the situation. In this article, the satisfactory ability of this framework to interpret important events in the Sassanid state, regarding the roles of the coalition members in the production of rents and acts of violence, was shown in a 5-period classification, the characteristics of each of which were then presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the fourth and fifth centuries of Hijri, Muslims faced new challenges and doubts based on the diversity of the ideological composition of Egyptian and Levant inhabitants and the religious tolerance of the Fatimids. The special attention of Muslim scholars was instrumental in maintaining the coherence and consolidation of Muslim beliefs related to Islam in these areas. The covert and overt attention can be understood from this point of view in Abu al-Fath Karajaki's writings to defend the righteousness of Islam (449 AD). Therefore, the central question of the current research has arisen when considering the method of the theologians of that period, which was to use history along with hadith and rational reasoning to prove their beliefs, and Karajaki's way of using historical reports to defend Islam. This study was conducted using the meaning analysis approach and the concept of 'Schemata'. It shows that Karajaki's method was to link famous historical events in defending the authenticity of Islam with the miraculous aspects of God's book (news of the future) and the Prophet's life (PBUH). It makes the possibility of miracles more acceptable. As Christians created the negation of the schemata in the region, it led to the creation of the ideas 'we are like them' (by emphasizing the commonality of the prophets' miracles) and 'we are better than them' (miracles and prophecies connected with history). In this way, the approval of the authenticity of the Prophet (PBUH) and the Qur'an are in line with the approval of these miracles or schemata. Finally, it has also led to the establishment of the legitimacy of Islam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of this study is to observe conceptual changes in loyalty. The research questions are as follows: What is the difference between girls' and their mothers' understanding of loyalty? And what is their reaction to the disloyalty of their spouses? Through reviewing related studies, the most important innovative aspect of this study is that it attempts to analyze the experience of two generations of daughters and mothers in the field of loyalty understanding. Also, another innovative aspect of this study is that it intends to deal with their strategies for achieving loyalty and confronting disloyalty. Theoretical concepts such as Bowman's "Liquid Love," Giddens' "Pure Relationship Theory," Illouz's "Emotional Capitalism," Badiou's "In Praise of Love," and "Ideal Types of social actions" were used to raise theoretical sensitivities. The research method is thematic analysis. The data were collected using a semi-structured interview technique. The samples were Tehranin married daughters aged 23-33 and their mothers (13 mothers and 13 daughters). Based on the primary and the secondary objectives, we grouped 15 main categories into three demeans. The first dimension is the semantic conception of loyalty, including multiple elements of loyalty meaning, intergenerational interpretation of loyalty concept, liberating loyalty, loyalty as the commitment to housekeeping roles, and commodified love and loyalty; the second dimension contains strategies which include: the restorative insight of mothers, daughters' eliminative reaction, effective persuasion, legitimation strategy, a ternary mixture of "conversation, counseling, friendship-basis," and reconsideration in the relationship; We named the final dimension as intervenors, which includes: the shadow of the paternal family and mothers being as referent, religious-moral beliefs and guarantees of loyalty, fear of disputes escalation in case of family intervention, and the importance of the chosen strategies in crucial situations. The findings show a diversity of meanings related to loyalty among participants. A) The dominant concept of loyalty in both generations is sexual and emotional betrayal. b) Another common meaning is that loyalty is a kind of relationship based on adherence to commitment, roles, and responsibilities. c) Another meaning of generally emphasized loyalty, is loyalty as a kind of inner emotional bond, a high level of intimacy, love, and the expression of love. d) Loyalty is one of the most important moral and religious principles emphasized by mothers. e) Loyalty is meaningful as long as it does not hinder their freedom as seen in daughters. The results show that the meaning of loyalty largely depends on the age of participants, mothers commonly percept disloyalty as betrayal, and daughters who are closer to their mothers in terms of age have a similar definition, but in younger daughters, the definition of loyalty is more biased to concepts such as love, intimacy, and liberation. Religious beliefs influence the choice of strategies, especially in mothers; The academic capital of mothers and daughters affects the way they interpret loyalty, and those with higher academic capital, even in more socially prestigious areas, have newer and more modern perceptions of loyalty, which has been mentioned in the previous chapters; The cultural capital, primarily academic capital, in the family, especially in mother, play a very important role helping daughter in choosing strategies while facing challenges, when cultural capital is high, her experience and guidance, make solving daughter's marital issues easier, directing daughters to the efficient family consultations, sticking to conversations instead of spreading issues to the families, are some of such strategies. On the other hand, when the cultural capital is low, facing issues incorrectly by both parties, disloyalty, or even a sense of it, lead to divorce; age also has an impact on choosing strategies. The restorative strategies are more common to mothers, while eliminative one, commodified emotional relationships, and consultation are more common among daughters. Mothers rarely use consultation, sometimes with an incorrect imagination of it because of encouraging youth to divorce; Low economic capital affects chosen strategies in both daughters and mothers. Those from weaker economic backgrounds often opt for restorative and legitimation strategies over eliminative ones. An eliminative strategy is more common among economically independent people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

most important The way of arranging proverbs in dictionaries has been one of the problems for lexicographers and paremiographers. Therefore in this study, based on cognitive semantic approach, the way of arranging proverbs in dictionaries was considered. The purpose of the current study is to organize proverbs in dictionaries in a new, non-linear and non-alphabetical way and according to a scientific and theory-based study, the following research question was approach. To achieve the purpose of the proposed: How to use a way other than the usual alphabetical and linear way based on which proverbs are presented in dictionaries? To do this, based on descriptive-analytical method and cognitive semantics approach and its mechanisms, such as conceptual metaphor, conceptual metonymy and conventional knowledge, the authors have examined the data extracted from The great two-volume Dictionary of Persian Proverbs (Zolfaghari, 2009), The famous Proverbs of Iran (Soheili, 2005) and internet resources. The results indicated that according to semantic motivation and the concepts of target domains of the proverbs, a non-linear and non-alphabetical way can be proposed for arranging proverbs and their equivalents in order to reflect the conceptual structures of mind and language and to help language learners to learn and remember them easily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historic urban fabrics, as integral parts of cities with rich historical and cultural backgrounds, embody undeniable physical and architectural values and reflect the social identity of their inhabitants. However, due to urbanization processes and the subsequent concentration of population and activities in city centers over recent decades, these fabrics have experienced physical, economic, and social decline. Over time, this has led to a loss of vitality and livability in historic districts, rendering them unable to meet the needs of modern urban communities. This research aims to investigate and enhance the livability of the historic district of Semnan. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach, the study extracted indicators and sub-indicators related to the concept of livability through a review of relevant literature. Based on these indicators, research questions were formulated. In-depth interviews with 18 residents of the historic district were conducted until theoretical saturation was reached to gather data for analysis. Utilizing a grounded theory approach and conducting three stages of coding (open, axial, and selective), final categories were extracted and placed within the framework of causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, interactions/strategies, and consequences. A paradigmatic model of grounded theory was presented, and a final theory for enhancing livability in the historic district of Semnan was developed. The findings indicate that providing equitable distribution of services, promoting mixed-use development, ensuring security in public spaces, modernizing the old fabric with new and compatible uses, fostering a sense of identity and belonging, managing construction activities, and gaining the trust and participation of residents are among the most important strategies for mitigating the challenges faced by historic districts and increasing their livability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the important issues of the Safavid period is their challenges with foreigners, such as the Portuguese, in the Persian Gulf. The Portuguese domination over the Persian Gulf led to some effects regarding economic and social life in this region and destruction of free trade. The Portuguese rullling, which lasted for more than a century, finally ended during the reign of Shah Abbas I. One of the important issues in ending the Portuguese domination over these areas and especially on Hormuz Island was the British role, which has been exaggerated by some Western historians. These battles are considered the most important reason for the defeat of the Portuguese. This research was based on rereading and analysis of this premise by relying on Iranian traditions. The basic question was whether the quality and role of the government and Iranian forces in the liberation of Hormuz had been specified in important Persian texts and traditions for this battle. It seemed that the role and Iranian forces in liberating Hormuz was much greater than that of the British according to Persian historical texts and especially poems. In this research, this issue was investigated through an analytical-descriptive method. Introduction The history of the coastal and post-coastal regions of the Persian Gulf is one of the subjects which has received less attention in the sources of the Safavid period. The lack of the Safavid navy to play a role in these regions on the one hand and the absence of the Safavid kings on the other hand were two important factors. In addition, the presence of powerful enemies, such as the Uzbeks and the Ottomans, caused the sources of the Safavid era not to be much focused on the events of these regions since they dealt with the events in which the Safavid court and especially the kings had played an important role. In this period, the main focus of the Safavid court was on the eastern and western regions of Iran and the conflicts with the Uzbek and Ottomans with an attempt to repel the invasion of these two Sunni Muslim powers. The failure of the Safavid sources to address this issue caused many ambiguities to be raised about the events of the mentioned areas. One of the important issues in this field was the presence of the Portuguese and their control over the social and especially commercial affairs of the areas. The long-term rule of this colonial force was one of the reasons why Safavid historians did not deal with the issue of the Persian Gulf. This domination finally ended with the actions of Imam Qali Khan, the ruler of Fars during the time of Shah Abbas I. The British also played a role in ending the Portuguese rule. However, the quality of their presence in these battles was narrated differently by Western historians and in some Iranian sources. This research made an attempt to explain the role of the British and Iranian forces in the battle against the Portuguese based on Iranian traditions. The basic question of this research was how the quality and role of the British and Iranian forces in the battle against the Portuguese was presented in Persian texts. The second question was what the consequences of the British presence in these battles were. It seemed that the role and effectiveness of Iranian forces in liberating Hormuz were much greater than those of the British and the ruler of Fars, while no accurate assessment of the strength and power of the native forces of these areas had been made according to Persian historical texts and especially poems. The role of the British in this battle made them more and more present in the future of the Persian Gulf and gave them privileges and exemptions. So far, some studies have dealt with this issue in a very brief way (Vothoqi and Habibi, 1387, 18). Most of the researches were based on the idea that the British forces freed Hormuz from the Portuguese rule and assigned a very small role of the Iranians in this battle. Like Western historians, many Iranian historians had pointed out the essential role of the British in this battle, which had caused most historians to only retell the western traditions in this matter. Materials and Methods In this research, the mentioned subject was examined by using library sources and an analytical-descriptive method and referring to various sources, especially Persian poems. Using various sources of the Safavid era, the roles of the Iranians and the British in liberating Hormuz from the Portuguese rule were analyzed. Discussion, Results, and Conclusion The Portuguese influence and domination on the coasts of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of ​​Oman, especially the island of Hormuz, led to their monopoly of trade in these areas, disappearance of free trade, and the increasing militarization of the Persian Gulf. This influence and domination of the Portuguese ended with the cooperation of the Safavid and British forces during the reign of Shah Abbas. The ruler of Persia allied with the British without carefully examining the strength of the indigenous forces on the shores of the Persian Gulf, as well as the strength of the Portuguese forces. Although the British took part in the battle against the Portuguese and the conquest of areas, such as Qeshm and Hormuz islands, their role and presence were very small and insignificant. Western sources had described this presence and role with an exaggeration and given the least attention to the role to the Iranians, while the Arab and non-Arab forces native to the shores and back shores of the Persian Gulf played the main role in the defeat of the Portuguese. However, the low presence of British forces in these battles caused more of them to enter the Persian Gulf. It also led to the conclusion of contracts by the Safavid government with them, in which capitulation could be observed and through which exemptions were granted to them. Upon ending the rule of the rulers of Hormuz, the Safavid rule opened the way to riots and separatism in areas, such as Oman, which were previously ruled by the rulers of Hormuz. The Safavids could consolidate their dominance over these areas with the help of the rulers of Hormuz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: US relations with the Soviet Union during the Cold War and with the Russian Federation thereafter have fluctuated from open hostility to competition. However, during and after the Cold War, Track-Two diplomacy, as an organized and institutionalized mechanism, have complemented the official diplomacy between the two countries. During the cold war, the high level of mistrust and hostility between the two superpowers, which sometimes led to the blockage of official relations, forced both sides to use Track-Two diplomacy. But despite ending of systemic competition and changing in the U.S. - Russian relations during the post-collapse era, Track-Two diplomacy continued with the characteristics of the previous era. Research Question: Considering what has been said, the question is how did intra-organizational dynamics lead to the pursuit of Track-Two diplomacy in realizing US and Russian interests during and after the Cold War? Research Hypothesis: The hypothesis of the research is that according to the historical path taken during the Cold War, the need to provide the strategic and sustainable interests of each country, the use of institutions with close ties with the government and interactions formed among the participants in informal processes, have caused the continuation of Track-Two diplomacy in U.S. - Russian relations in post-collapse era. Methodology and Theoretical Framework: To test the above hypothesis, the theory of "historical institutionalism" has been used. The emphasis of this paper is on the "equation" which is one of the main elements of the theory of historical institutionalism. In this direction and examining the same factors that had the same result in two different periods, the historical-comparative method is based on the comparison of the two periods of the Cold War and after the Cold War. The method of collecting information in this research is qualitative and based on documentary method. Results and Discussion: Studying the process of Track-Two diplomacy between the United States and the Soviet Union and its future developments in the post collapse period indicates the necessity of using informal relations to realize foreign policy goals and strategic interests that could not be pursued through official channels. Due to a wall of mistrust between the two countries, Washington and Moscow have faced numerous challenges to reach any kind of agreement. The existence of a growing gap and mistrust at official levels has made it necessary to use government institutions or institutions trusted by governments to implement controlled informal diplomacy in such a way that even the use of Track-Two diplomacy, the experienced people of the two countries resumed the processes with institutionalization in the post-Soviet era. All considered cases were examined in the field of equation, pursuit of benefits resulting from sustainable requirements, dimensions of coalition building interactions and the level of communication between the institutions involved with the center of power. During the Cold War era, there were several strategic interests: improving domestic capabilities, ensuring global strategic stability, and the need for direct communication with the opposing country's society. The adopted strategy was to use institutions or formal institutions with close ties to the government, which led to coalition-building interactions. In the post-collapse period, coalition-building interactions continued but the strategic interests were reduced to geopolitical - regional levels and maintaining the relative level of relations. These goals are generally pursued by non-governmental organizations. Among the three common causal factors in the equation of the two periods of the time, during the Cold War, the ability of Track-Two diplomacy to realize strategic interests is the most important factor. While in the post-collapse era, coalition building interaction is an influential factor. The comparison of the two research periods shows many similarities and differences. The similarities are: the use of the institutional model in Track-Two diplomacy processes, having a high level of support from the governments and the existence of coalition-building interactions in the realization of strategic interests. The most important similarity is the realization of strategic interests which is supported by the highest levels of governance in both periods. This support has been extended to different levels of governance in the post-collapse era. The development of this support is the result of coalition-building interactions formed in the processes of Track-Two diplomacy. The existence of interactions and high-level support in both periods indicates the correspondence of the Track-Two diplomacy in the post Cold War era with its historical path in the Cold War period. Differences can be seen in several fields. As mentioned above, strategic interests are reduced both quantitatively and qualitatively. Participating institutions are increased quantitatively and changed procedurally and substantively. They are changed from 9 governmental institutions to 21 non-governmental institutions. Criticism and opposition to the processes are reduced from the military and security level during the Cold War to the expert level during the post-collapse era. The achievements of Track-Two diplomacy are also decreased in terms of effectiveness. During the Cold War, Track-Two diplomacy processes influenced strategic plans. But in the post-collapse era, they are just a tool for adjusting and readjusting relationships. Conclusion: The findings show that the continuity of the institutional model is common in both periods but the change in the level of interests and the entry of institutions far from the power centers have reduced the impact of these processes on official paths in the next period. On the other hand, the number of involved pathways and institutions in Track-Two diplomacy processes has significantly increased. Finally, in a general summary of the comparison, it can be said that during the Cold War, the track diplomacy between the United States and the Soviet Union was strengthened and effective. However, after the Cold War, US-Russia Track-Two diplomacy was developed but it did not have much impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This article aims to explore a semi-hidden duality and contradiction within the ideology of Marxism, and the period under discussion is from the announcement of the Communist Manifesto in 1848 to the death of Stalin in 1953. The characters discussed in this article are Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels as the founders of Marxism and Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin as the first leaders of the Soviet Union. The concepts of nation, nationalism and cosmopolitranism and their corresponding concepts have been used frequently in Marxist works but the attitude of the founders of Marxism, Marx and Engels and the first political leaders of Marxism, Lenin, Trotsky and Stalin, who were the first leaders of the Soviet Union were not the same, both in the theoretical and practical aspects towards these concepts. In general issues such as nation and nationalism on the one hand and cosmopolitranism on the other are opposing concepts; Also, in ideology of Marxism, proletarian cosmopolitranism is proposed as an ultimate ideal. Therefore, it is expected that the attitude of Marxists towards the nation and nationalism has always been pessimistic and negative and towards cosmopolitranism, it has always been optimistic and positive, but the issue that this article intends to address and analyze is that their attitude towards these concepts and phenomena is not always based on this model and the duality and contradiction that is sometimes hidden and sometimes obvious in their speech and actions, is visible. This duality and contradiction appear from the founding and emergence of the ideology of Marxism by Marx and Engels until the later Marxists such as Georgy Plekhanov, Karl Kautsky and Rosa Luxemburg to the first leaders of Soviet Union and many other great Marxists. Sometimes the concepts of nation and nationalism can be seen in the works of the first thinkers and leaders of Marxism in such a way that they seem to have accepted these concepts as social realities, both in the objective and the subjective dimension and have a positive aspect. This is while these thinkers and leaders in their other works consider the nation and nationalism as a negative phenomenon that should be removed from the field of human societies. Whenever the discussed thinkers consider the nation and nationalism with an optimistic attitude, it is assumed that they do not have much inclination towards cosmopolitranism or even reject it, because the nation and nationalism in general are not compatible with cosmopolitranism. While in many of their works, completely optimistic and biased attitudes towards cosmopolitranism and transnationalism can be seen and this is another aspect of duality and conflict under discussion. There is no doubt that the ideology of Marxism inherently does not want to be limited to a territorial area, even to the extent of a country. Considering its slogans and its content, this ideology is a universal thought and wants to include as many minds and lands as possible. Therefore, the tendency and partiality of early Marxists towards cosmopolitranism is a fundamental tendency and their optimistic attitude towards nationalism which is sometimes expressed, is superficial. Research Question: Based on the above-mentioned explanations, we can raise the question of what were the views of the founders of Marxism and the first leaders of the Soviet Union regarding the concepts of nation and nationalism compared to cosmopolitranism, and what are the reasons for the duality and conflict about it? Research Hypothesis: In this regard, it can be hypothesized that the reason for the duality and conflict of attitudes towards the concepts of nation and nationalism compared to cosmopolitranism in Marxism is the use of nation and nationalism as a tool to achieve ideological goals, including cosmopolitranism. Methodology: The research method is qualitative and is based on Quentin Skinner's Speech and its data is collected from library resources. In this method, the author's intention is the most important issue, and its ultimate meaning is in the author's situation and objective intention. Also, the collected data has been analyzed in this article. Results and Discussion: In this article, it is concluded that the discussed duality and contradiction arose because the founders and first political leaders of Marxism considered the nation and nationalism as a means to achieve their ideals and ideological goals, including the spread of Marxism and transnationalism. In other words, they have no faith and respect for the nation and nationalism and only use these concepts as tools based on the idea of "the end justifies the means" used these concepts as instruments. Conclusion: This instrumental use specially was to achieve these goals: the advancement of ideological goals, including the facilitation of proletarian revolutions and the achievement of cosmopolitranism. for the survival of the newly established Soviet government; To create a united front in support of the Soviet Union against the capitalist front; Compromise with capitalist enemy countries and finally the possibility of coexistence of different ethnicities and nations within the Soviet Union, including Central Asian nations and then trying to integrate them within the framework of Marxism ideology. These findings can answer some questions and issues related to Marxism, for example, in Central Asian countries and reveal the reasons for the failure of this ideology at the level of the international system. The results of this research can be used to analyze other Marxist tendencies, including Marxist parties and groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The rapid emergence of Taliban in Afghan politics in the 1990s and its governance is one of the important changes in Afghanistan in the last four decades. The emergence of the Taliban was a surprise. The Taliban, who appeared from the south of Afghanistan, managed to control Kabul and the northern regions of the country on several occasions. After capturing Herat, they were able to capture Kabul easily. Although two decades have passed since the fall of the first government of this group, there have been fewer scientific analyzes and researches about its economic and politicaleconomic issues. A detailed examination of the economy and political economy of the first Taliban government helps us to know this group better. Understanding the political economy of the Taliban adds to our knowledge of the nature and characteristics of the Taliban. In order to understand the political economy of the Taliban, this research examines the financial resources of this group and the economic situation of Afghanistan under their rule. The focus of this research is on the political economy of the Taliban. The research seeks to determine the nature of the political economy of the Taliban. Research Question: What was the type of political economy of the first Taliban government between the years 1996-2001? Research Hypothesis: The hypothesis is that the nature of the political economy of the Taliban was a combination of the political economy of terrorism and conservatism, which claimed to follow Islamic teachings in managing the economic issues of the society and was not compatible with the usual approaches of political economy in the world. It seems that the political economy of the first Taliban government cannot be studied in the framework of the popular political economy approaches in the world. In other words, the political economy of the Taliban cannot be analyzed in the framework of classical, radical and neoliberal political economy approaches. The Taliban's view of the economy was religious and ideological. Methodology and Theoretical Framework: In this article, a qualitative method and a descriptive-analytical approach have been used to investigate the political economy of the first Taliban government. The approach of the political economy of terrorism and some components of the political economy of conservatism is the theoretical framework of this research. Results and Discussion: The Taliban leadership's approach to the economy was ideological. They were exerting their religious, jurisprudential and economic rules in the areas under their control. This view worsened the economic situation of Afghanistan. Mullah Omar and other Taliban leaders did not believe in solving people's economic problems through government intervention and scientific programs. According to them, only God can solve people's economic problems. The Taliban did not follow any specific rules or economic system to run Afghanistan's economy. Mullah Omar issued several orders in the first government of the Taliban. The Taliban were loyal to these orders. The Taliban government had numerous internal and external financial resources. They were using traditional trade and transit as official sources and drugs and mines as informal sources. Afghanistan's trade with the Persian Gulf countries and Pakistan developed during the Taliban regime. Trade and transit were the largest official source of income for the Taliban. Approximately 300 trucks daily went from Kandahar to Central Asia and through Herat to Iran. About 200 other trucks were traveling to northern Afghanistan daily through Jalalabad and Kabul customs, earning large sums of money for the Taliban. Smuggling was another source of funds for the Taliban. Mines were another internal source of funding for the Taliban. In the areas under the control of this group, the Taliban were extracting mines in an unprofessional and non-standard manner. The Taliban also met part of their financial needs through tithe and zakat. The Taliban also earned a lot of money through drug cultivation and trafficking. The Taliban did not establish the cultivation, production and trafficking of drugs in Afghanistan, but they were its promoters. During the Afghan war against the Soviet Union, jihadist groups met part of their financial needs through the sale of drugs. But when the Taliban came to power, they expanded poppy cultivation and smuggling to meet the needs of their war machine and government and allowed ordinary farmers to grow it. Under the first Taliban government, opium production in Afghanistan increased dramatically. The sale of opium provided many of the financial needs of this group. The Taliban used the sale of opium as an economic and political tool. Some of the Taliban leaders had made a lot of money from opium cultivation, smuggling and trade. Some governments and ideological groups allied with the Taliban were also involved in financing the group. The Taliban also provided part of their government's financial needs from foreign sources. The government of Pakistan and a number of Pakistani groups and citizens have always helped the Taliban. The government of Saudi Arabia and some groups and citizens of this country have also made a significant contribution to the financing of the Taliban. Al-Qaeda and Osama bin laden have also provided significant aid to the Taliban. Al-Qaeda's aids to the Taliban were generous. The Taliban did not lose anything in hosting Al-Qaeda. This group was a good host for Al-Qaeda network especially for its leader. Al-Qaeda was also a good and useful guest for the Taliban. These two shared ideological and financial interests and supported and strengthened each other. Conclusion: The findings of this study show that the Taliban's political economy is not compatible with neoliberal political economy, radical political economy, and classical economy. Little can be found in the political economy of this group that matches the political economy of conservatism. In fact, the political economy of the Taliban has been the closest and most compatible political economy of terrorism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The interaction between the principle of the right to selfdetermination and the immunity of countries' territorial integrity as two fundamental rules in contemporary international law has always been emphasized in the legal order arising from the United Nations Charter. Therefore, the right to self-determination is defined in the framework of the prohibition of territorial occupation and decolonization, so as not to conflict with the territorial integrity of states. In the post-colonial era, the internal aspect of the right to selfdetermination in the sense of equal political participation and preservation of cultural rights and freedoms has been recognized internationally, on the other hand, the illegitimacy of any separatism has been repeatedly emphasized. Despite this, the theory of secession as a solution has become a document for separatist groups and some countries to claim the existence of secessionist rights in exceptional circumstances. For example, the separatists of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, citing this theory, declared the independence of these regions by issuing a statement in 2008 after holding a referendum, and the Russian government immediately recognized the independence of these regions. Research Question: The main question of this article is whether the independence of South Ossetia and Abkhazia from Georgia has legal legitimacy or not? Research Hypothesis: The hypothesis of the research is based on the premise that this separation has no legal legitimacy and the problem of South Ossetia and Abkhazia can be analyzed by establishing a kind of interaction and balance between the two principles of the right to selfdetermination and the immunity of the territorial integrity of the states. Methodology: The current research method is qualitative based on content analysis with a descriptive-analytical approach and it was carried out by using library and internet sources including international and national documents, opinions, judgments, reports, books and articles. Results and Discussion: According to the findings of this research, due to the importance of the principle of territorial integrity and the lack of preconditions such as the occurrence of genocide and resorting to this concept as a last resort, the legal conditions for resorting to reformed separation have not been met. Having the specific language, culture, customs and myths of South Ossetia and Abkhazia have introduced them as a special people with a distinct identity both in terms of objective and mental characteristics, they can be considered a special demographic group. Although the people in the sense given in the United Nations Charter refers to the inhabitants of a country or a colonial land under a guardianship, but perhaps they can be regarded as the people and therefore entitled to benefit from the right to selfdetermination, but in this framework, they have the internal aspect of the right to self-determination and not the external one. Of course, the only hypothesis that exists in relation to the external aspect of the right to self-determination outside the colonial framework and under trust is the theory of reformed separation which has seriously been questioned as a rule of international law. But assuming that we make separation as a criterion, this issue cannot be considered as an example of separation as a solution regardless of the fact that reformed separation is associated with genocide more than any other fundamental human rights violation. But if we want to have a broader interpretation of the reformed separation inspired by the decision of the Canadian court in the case of Quebec, in cases where people have been oppressed and deprived of participation in the administration of affairs, it should be applied and certainly separation should be the last resort. Therefore, the Georgian government and the representatives of the people of South Ossetia and Abkhazia should conduct negotiations in good faith and it should respect the right to political participation and guarantee their economic, social, cultural development and internal autonomy. Conclusion: It can be said that Ossetians and Abkhazians enjoy the right to internal self-determination, but all the prerequisites and grounds for their benefit from the external aspect of the right to selfdetermination have not been provided and therefore, the declaration of independence of these territories cannot be considered in accordance with the principle of the right to self-determination. Their separation from Georgia was done illegally and as a result of Russia resorting to illegitimate force against Georgia. The Russian government prepared the ground for this separation by military action and campaigning in Georgia and expelling Georgians and by violating the rules of international law regarding the prohibition of resorting to force and non-interference in the internal affairs of governments, which is a violation of the rules of international law. Granting Russian passports to the residents of these two regions and Russia's effective control over the security and administrative institutions of these regions has practically meant their annexation to Russia. From the point of view of neutral observers, these regions have become Russian states instead of an independent country and lack the necessary criteria to be a state, so what happened here was an act of occupation and annexation similar to what happened in the Northern Cyprus and Nagorno-Karabakh lacks legitimacy and is not compatible with the principle of the right to self-determination. It seems that the best way to solve this problem is to recognize the right of internal self-determination of the people of South Ossetia and Abkhazia within the framework of the country of Georgia. Therefore, the two mentioned regions can be autonomous and maintain their identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The quality of permeability is a physical indicator that is significant in the formation of a successful place, especially in the field of public spaces. On the other hand, given that this research considers the issue of attendance of a traditional bazaar, the quality of permeability at the edges, especially the entrances and the rows leading to them, can play a significant role here. The entrance of a space is the first place where many of its features are discovered. Accordingly, the issue of quality of permeability is considered in this research as an independent variable, and its role in people’s presence in the space of a traditional bazaar is examined as a dependent variable. This concept of permeability has been proposed in the existing literature in three forms: neighborhood quality, spatial continuity, and accessibility. Theoretical framework According to the existing literature, the factors affecting permeability, especially in connection with urban contexts, can be examined in three areas, as follows. - The quality of neighborhoods. The quality of neighborhoods in a spatial configuration means the functional compatibility of the uses that form that space so that the performance of one does not disturb or hinder that of another. - Spatial continuity. Spatial continuity means the formal and functional connection of spaces with each other so that the environment is perceived by an external observer in a unified manner. This concept can be analyzed in an urban environment using indicators such as integration and connectivity. - Accessibility. In the literature on architecture, the issue of accessibility can be examined in two areas: visual accessibility and physical accessibility. Visual accessibility means the ability to view a space from neighboring spaces. Physical access pertains to people’s ability to move within the space. Methodology The current research adopts a combination of the qualitative and quantitative methods in data analysis. In the data collection section, the methods of documentary study, direct field observation, and interview with businesses and bazaar users were used, and in the data analysis section, the content analysis method and the space syntax software were used. In regard to the edges (independent variable), the three indicators of access quality (including physical access and visual access), spatial continuity, and the quality of neighborhoods were measured separately for each of the entrances. In the analysis of the quality of visual access, indicators were used such as the visibility of the entrances, the variety of uses in the bazaar that can be viewed from the entrance areas, and the amount of details on the space that can be viewed from the entrances. In the measurement of physical access, the degrees of enclosure and isolation of entrances in the bazaar were analyzed. In relation to the quality of neighborhoods, indicators such as the diversity and density of neighborhoods and the degree of their compatibility and interdependence were examined. Results and discussion No research has been conducted on the issue of attendance of the bazaar and the effect of the quality of permeability thereon, hence the attempt to answer the research questions about how the quality of permeability affects people’s attendance of the bazaar. - How does visual access affect attendance in the bazaar? The more visible the details from inside the bazaar to the user through its inputs, the more widely people choose those inputs to penetrate the bazaar and, therefore, the greater the attendance of the bazaar. The results of this research demonstrated that the difference in level between the passage and the space inside the market and the increase in the visible surface due to the presence of linear geometries along the lines leading to the entrances raises the range of visibility before entry into the bazaar space. - How does physical access affect attendance in the bazaar? The first feature for people to identify about the entrances is their visibility from the surrounding roads. If people can see inside the space before entering it, they can choose whether they want to enter the space or not. The second factor effective on physical access to the bazaar is the users’ willingness to use different entrances. In some cases, this increases the attendance of the bazaar, and in others, it decreases people’s desire attend it. - How does the quality of the neighborhood affect attendance in the bazaar? The existence of diverse uses and their density in those respects provides the possibility of meeting a greater range of client needs, which ultimately increases their attendance. Moreover, because they complement each other, users increase related nearby users’ attendance. However, the necessary conditions concerning the quality of neighbors are compatible with one another. This means that when incompatible users are placed together, they prevent people from attending the space due to the nuisance that they cause, besides their negative effects on each other’s functions. - How does spatial continuity at the entrances of the bazaar cause attendance thereof? The degree of spatial continuity at the bazaar entrances can be evaluated using the two indices of integration and connectivity. The values of these two indicators are directly related to the geometric and spatial qualities of the inputs and the lines leading to them. Conclusion The most important results of the current research can be presented as follows. • The quality of access to bazaar inputs is considered as the most important factor affecting permeability, thereby increasing bazaar attendance. This quality can be examined in the form of the two concepts of visual access and physical access. • The quality of neighborhoods can increase attendance in the bazaar in the form of the compatibility of and dependence between the uses of different bazaar lines and their density and diversity. • Spatial continuity at the entrances and the rows leading to them in the form of their geometric and spatial features (increasing the widths of the entrance and the rows leading thereto, connecting the entrance with public open spaces and main passages, using linear geometry, reducing the depths of the rows, and integrating and connecting the lines leading to the entrance with other spaces) can increase bazaar permeability and therefore its attendance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: How to interact with Russia as one of the great and influential powers of the international system has always been one of the important issues of Iran's foreign policy, which has various political, security and economic aspects. In this way, as much as the West and the United States became the "other" in the form of enemy in Iran's foreign policy, the policy of looking to the East and being close to states like China and Russia became more prominent in the form of East-oriented friendship patterns and regional friendship patterns. In general, Iran's relations with Russia can be analyzed at three levels of analysis: "bilateral relations", "regional relations" and "international relations". In this regard, the main aim of this research is to deal with the main reason of Iran's tendency towards Russia from the perspective of a theoretical narrative. Research Question: The main question of this research is that which of the theories of alliance and coalition in international relations literature can better explain why Iran is tending towards Russia? Research Hypothesis: In this research, our assumption is that among the various theoretical narratives of alliance and coalition between states, neorealist narratives such as the theory of "Balance of Threat" or "Bandwagoning Policy" provide a better perspective of Iran-Russia relations. Because due to the lack of economic interdependence between Iran and Russia, as well as the lack of a common identity between them, the "economic interdependence theory" or "identity-oriented theories" cannot correctly explain the tendency of Iran to be closer to Russia. Methodology (and theoretical framework if there are): In terms of method, this research is based on a case study in a theoretical framework (adaptation of the theory to the case) as one of the qualitative research methods. The method of collecting data is document study and use of virtual resources. Results and Discussion: To answer the main question of this research in the first part of this research, we will discuss the nature of relations between Iran and Russia and the indicators of cooperation between them. In this topic, we will understand that according to Russian national security documents, Iran is only an important partner of Russia in some areas and regional issues. But on the other hand, Iran wants a strong alliance with Russia beyond a regional cooperation. In this regard, this claim can be proved by mentioning some cases at the level of "speech acts" and also "practical actions" of Iran's officials. In the second section, we examine Iran's policy towards Russia in the form of creating a balance of threats, a balance against the common threats of the United States for both states. Based on this assumption, Iran, as a security-seeking actor who has an understanding of the threat from the united states, tends to form a security alliance with Russia in order to contain its threat. Therefore, common identity factors have no role in the tendency to unite with Russia. According to this assumption, Iran is only looking for security ties with Russia, and economic ties and making profits have no place or are not the first priority in Iran's policy of proximity. In the fourth section, we will examine the orientation of Iran towards Russia in the form of " Bandwagoning Policy". According to this theory, the main reason for Iran's tendency to unite with Russia is not to contain the threat of the unites states and maintain security, but the main reason is to increase the country's power and development, in fact, the union with Russia is an opportunity to gain benefits and results. According to this theory, Iran as a rebellious revisionist state with unlimited aims that has limited resources and ability to change the order (revolutionary change), with the Russia as a revisionist state with limited goals that has the necessary resources and ability to change the status quo (gradual change) is accompanied in order to benefit from the capabilities of this state in changing the existing situation and to have a share in the victory. So, in adopting a follow-up policy, two factors are very important: The amount of state power that is followed, the amount of benefits that can be obtained from the following policy, and according to the variables of Russia's power, Iran can gain political, security and economic benefits from following that policy. The research findings show that in the "Balance of Threat" theory factors such as containing the threatening states, the importance of the US threat as a common threat to both states, considering Iran as a security actor, considering the alliance as a security alliance against a common threat, the elites' perception of the threat factor and the aggressive intentions of the threatening state are very important. In contrast in the " Bandwagoning Policy" theory factors such as gaining profits, the unimportance of the common threat of the US, considering Iran as an opportunistic and profit-seeking actor, considering the alliance as an extended alliance for profit, the importance of Russia's power compared to Iran, the importance of the perceptions of the elites and their calculation from profits and losses that results of the " Bandwagoning Policy" are very important. Conclusion: Finally, we conclude that both narratives can be useful, although in each of these two theoretical perspectives, the "causes, motivations and results" of Iran's policy towards Russia are interpreted quite differently from each other. On the other hand, in the second theoretical narrative, we should distinguish between Walt's and Schweller's narratives about "Bandwagoning Policy". Because Schweller's narrative is a suitable narrative for explaining Iran's policy towards Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Israel with the aim of getting out of its regional and international isolation has been trying to expand its relations at different levels with the South Caucasus and Central Asian countries in the framework of peripheral doctrine. In this regard, it has been successful in expanding relations with some regional countries including Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan. A variety of literature has been created in the field of Israel's main and strategic goals for cooperation with the Republic of Azerbaijan in recent years, however, no successful research has been done regarding the nature of the relations between these two actors. Therefore, this feature of the selected topic distinguishes it from previous studies that have been done before. In order to understand the dimensions and depth of relations between Israel and the Republic of Azerbaijan, the important indicators of strategic relations have been adopted in connection with the important axes of cooperation between the two actors in different fields to understand whether their relations can be called strategic alliance or technical cooperation. Research Question: Which of the concepts of Strategic Alliance or tactical cooperation is more effective to show the interaction between the Republic of Azerbaijan and Israel? Research Hypothesis: Studies show that the cooperation of two actors lacks the majority of strategic alliance indicators including the uniqueness of relations, the depth of relations, convergent strategic goals, institutionalization, and the precise definition of enemy concepts, the threat and presence of competitors, excluding the friendly atmosphere in bilateral relations and to some extent long-term cooperation. As a result, compared to the concept of strategic alliance, tactical cooperation has more explanatory power to understand and model the relationship between the two actors. Methodology (and theoretical framework if there are): In order to explain the main idea of the research, this article uses the Qualitative method of structural and interpretive modeling which has been used in this article and has tried to use the collected data in order to obtain a suitable model for the analysis of relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and Israel. The review of various research indicates the fact that for the analysis of relations between Israel and the Republic of Azerbaijan, conceptual frameworks can be more productive than theoretical frameworks. Therefore, strategic concept has been chosen to explain the typology of the two actor's relations. It seems that the following components constitute the most important indicators of strategic relations that have been applied in Israel-Azerbaijan relations to determine its typology. 1. The existence of converging strategic goals, which can be considered as the starting point of strategic cooperation based on which players receive the initial understanding that they can achieve their goals through mutual efforts. 2. The existence of long-term, authentic and deep cooperation between the two players, different from the temporary alliance that is created to achieve specific goals at a specific time or to deal with specific events. 3. The incomparability of relations which includes the expansion of high-level official meetings between the two actors, the increase in mutual economic cooperation, the creation of a common market by addressing tariff and non-tariff issues and the deepening of military cooperation. 4. Institutionalizing cooperation in which the two actors are expected to be members of an efficient regional or intra-regional organization. 5. The existence of a friendly atmosphere in bilateral cooperation that has been influenced by the historical and cultural backgrounds and the appropriate path to solve problems. 6. Having a common threat or enemy that forces the actors to work together and come up with strategies to deal with it. Results and Discussion: Israel's view of the Republic of Azerbaijan can be interpreted and analyzed in the form of three approaches: the containment strategy, the Greater Middle East plan and the peripheral doctrine, based on which it has tried to use Azerbaijan's capabilities against Iran. On the other hand, the goals and security plans of Azerbaijan, including the solution of the Karabakh crisis, instability in the South Caucasus region, tension with other regional and extra-regional countries, has caused Azerbaijan to adjust its policy towards Israel to use Jewish lobbies in the US Congress for fulfilling the military requirements of this country. In addition, it has been shown that the axes of cooperation between the two actors, such as trade and energy, have not been deepened compared to their cooperation with other partners and more recently, the increasing growth of military deals has been fueled by growing regional instabilities. The beginning of the cooperation between the two actors dates back to 1991 and after that their cooperation began in various technical, economic, infrastructural and agricultural dimensions, however the depth of relations between the two sides has not expanded and Israeli competitors, including Turkish, Russian and European companies have been most successful in concluding economic cooperation agreements with Azerbaijan. Also, despite the fact that Azerbaijan is a member of numerous organizations such as ECO, Commonwealth of Independent States, it does not cooperate with Israel in any joint organization and their relations are not institutionalized, so much so that Ilham Aliyev used the word iceberg in 2009 to describe the nature of their relations which are mostly secret and informal. Conclusion: Statistical analysis and relational experiences show that the concept of technical cooperation is more useful and constructive than strategic alliance to understand the relationship between the two actors. Due to the lack of depth and varieties in economic cooperation, weak institutionalization, distinct strategic goals and having a different driving force of foreign policy, their relationship cannot be classified as a strategic alliance. Another significant point that should be noted is that there is a positive correlation between the increase in instability in the South Caucasus and the increase in cooperation between Israel and the Republic of Azerbaijan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Every crisis that happens, the nature and messages of the actors are different. In other words, domestic crises have domestic effects and consequences, and international crises have international effects and consequences. The crisis may not be an exception to this rule and it has results and consequences, and these consequences will definitely expand with its continuation, but it can be recognized according to the effects of all and its consequences. What is certain is that this is the main cause of this crisis. Ukraine is a country with a special geopolitical position between the European Union and Russia. This geopolitical situation has caused Ukraine to inadvertently enter into international conflicts, which have generally been between the three powers of Russia, the European Union, and the United States. In fact, Ukraine has been a victim of geopolitical danger, which has always caused many conflicts and displacements in this country throughout history, and this issue has made it unable to have an independent internal policy and always fluctuate between the East and the East. The crisis of 2014 (Ukraine), which arose after the non-signing of the cooperation agreement between Ukraine and the European Union, can be considered in the framework of competition between great powers. Research Question: A question has been raised about this research, what is the impact of this crisis and does it have any consequences for European countries, Russia, Europe and the United States? Research Hypothesis: Every crisis that occurs has different nature and effects, actors and messages. In other words, domestic crises have domestic effects and consequences, and international crises have international effects and consequences. The crisis may not be an exception to this rule and it has results and consequences, and these consequences will definitely expand with the continuation of the crisis, but it can be recognized due to the continuity of all its effects and consequences. What is certain is that this issue is the main cause of this crisis. Methodology (and theoretical framework if there are): The research method is descriptive-analytical in the form of a qualitative method based on content analysis and using the threat balance theory as an intellectual framework. Stephen Walt believes that governments not only balance against power, but may also balance against threats. Walt believes that the threat is the core of countries' concern. To understand the extent of the threat, factors such as threatening intentions and behavior, geographic proximity, and offensive power of the threat source must also be considered. The situation of Ukraine is such that this country is placed between Russia and the West, and if each of the parties dominates this country, they will be in a higher position and will subsequently gain the ability to create threats. Russia felt threatened by Ukraine joining the European Union and NATO and considered it a strategic threat and reacted to it. In fact, Russia's sense of danger from the emerging threats led this country to adopt a balancing act against other powers. Results and Discussion: The crisis of 2014 in Ukraine, which led to the non-signing of the cooperation agreement between the representatives of this country and the European Union, can also be considered against this power. Yanukovych announced that he has no ally to join the European Union. This was followed by a demonstration in Kyiv's Independence Square protesting Yanukovych's decision not to join the European Union. The demonstration turned violent. Following these developments and the deterioration of the local internal situation, Viktor Yanukovych was removed from the presidency, elections were held on May 25, 2014, and Petro Poroshenko was elected as the President of the Republic. Following these incidents, serious protests started in the east and south of the country. On February 26, pro-Russian separatists took control of the Crimean Peninsula. A few days after these events, on March 16, 2014, the people of Crimea joined Russia by holding a referendum, and this peninsula became part of Russian territory. After Crimea's independence, separatists demonstrated in Luhansk and Donetsk, demanding secession from Kyiv. With the efforts of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the warring groups signed the Minsk Protocol in September 2014 with the aim of a ceasefire. After a month-long ceasefire, a second Minsk agreement was signed in February 2015 by the leaders of Britain, Russia, some French and German officials to revive the previous agreement. Therefore, the consequences of this crisis are not limited to everyone, but it has many effects and consequences for all parties involved. Conclusion: The crisis of 2014 was the result of the friction of the great powers, as well as the readiness of the internal conditions in Ukraine. Following this crisis, the demarcations of the Cold War era were reestablished, but in this period the competition was more economic and both sides benefited more from economic and political tools. EU-Russia relations were at a high level before the crisis, the volume of trade between these two powers was high, and these relations were not suitable for the United States because by destroying Russia, the world was moving towards multipolarity. This leads to a situation in which the United States can no longer exert power alone as a hegemon. Therefore, with this crisis, the relationship between Russia and the European Union has decreased significantly, and the European Union has approached the United States to deal with Russia and has increased its relations with this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present research has evaluated the accessibility capabilities of the user interface environment of virtual teaching systems Methods: The research is of an applied type, which was carried out by a survey method of the type of revelatory evaluation. The statistical population is six virtual & real time teaching systems "Adobe Connect, sky room, Skype, Big Blue Button, Google Meet, Gharar". The research tool is the localized evaluation list corresponding to the virtual teaching systems inside the country in accordance with the evaluation indicators listed in ISO 9241, which indicators have been identified and prioritized using B. W.M. In order to answer the research questions, descriptive statistics and Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) model decision making method were used. In this method, the points obtained from the evaluation of each software in each index were multiplied by the B. W.M. weighting coefficient determined for each index and based on the result, the user interface environment of the virtual teaching systems was compared with each other in terms of accessibility features. The research hypotheses were examined through the Kruskal-Walli's test. Results: After examining the accessibility features of the user interface of the studied virtual teaching systems, it was determined that Skype, Adobe Connect, Big Blue Button, Sky room, google Meet, respectively, and according to the features related to the accessibility has been ranked first to sixth. No significant difference was observed between of compliance with the evaluation indicators of the accessibility capabilities of the interaction environment (user interface) of the virtual education systems in four general indicators in the systems. The highest mean of compliance with the level of accessibility related to pointer tools and compatibility with assistive technologies and the lowest mean of compliance with the level of accessibility related to keyboard input were detected in the studied community Conclusions: By using the findings of the present research, we can get a clear vision of the existing reality of the possibilities of virtual teaching systems. The findings of the present research are a guide for the selection and use of the mentioned systems for teachers, officials and managers of education centers. Therefore, conducting this research is necessary to explain the future horizons and it is hoped that it will have a significant contribution to improve the virtual education situation in the IRAN and the results of the research findings can be effective in improving the accessibility of these systems and educational institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Interior decoration", "interior design", and "interior architecture" are known as three names that refer to specialties that are focused on the organization of interior spaces. The emergence of these three specialties takes place in a historical process; first "interior decoration" in the early nineteenth century, then "interior design" in the early twentieth century, and then "interior architecture" about four decades ago. The precedence and delay in the emergence and application of these specialties does not mean the complete replacement of the latter over the earlier one; however, in some cases and for some reasons, the former specialty has been replaced by the latter. In fact, these three specialties, despite their many similarities and commonalities, have different meanings and uses and in relation to each other, and they have created a relationship that is questionable and worth considering. So the main question of this research is what is the relationship between the mergence of "Interior decoration", "interior design", and "interior architecture". To answer the above question, first, the foundations and origins of each are examined and analyzed. This is because by finding the roots and recognizing the factors and conditions of each period, it is possible to identify the requirements and needs that have affected the emergence of each. These factors and conditions form a system in which they interact and are affected. As a result, their interaction leads to the formation and objectification of each of these specialties. After recognizing the way the three specialties are formed, their function and functional evolution have been studied in both the context of profession and education. In this way, the relationship between these three specialties is explained. Since the subject of this research is to know the origin of these professional areas and how it is formed, the main focus is on beginning to find the subject matter of these specialties that have lasted from the early nineteenth century to the late twentieth century. In the last two decades, these specialties have become more widespread in the profession and education, and so a careful study of this issue requires further opportunities. Therefore, the time period studied in this research is from around 1800 to 2000. So the goal of this study is to understand the relationship between these three titles. The methodology of this research is analytical, interpretive, and logical reasoning. This means that by searching, collecting, and organizing documents, and evaluating and interpreting data, a description of the origin and formation of these three specialties is provided. The findings of this study show how the factors influencing the formation and survival of "interior decoration", "interior design", and "interior architecture" operate and how they relate to each other. Since a relatively short time has passed since the introduction of these specialties, this research can help to understand each of these three areas of expertise more accurately and is effective in clarifying their position in relation to each other. Continuation of this research can help to develop the concepts and theoretical foundations of these specialties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern psychological studies convincingly prove that the variable nostalgia is in close relationship with the awareness and cognitive scope of people. Nostalgia, therefore, is actually a rational function capable of achieving innovative, productive bases via providing and using a background for rhetoric and discourse partners. Repressed, sublimative desires manifest themselves through either language or organism. This is essentially the reason why poems and poetry are deemed highly important in psychological studies. Drawing on these notions, Rumi succeeded in explaining a thoughtful, nostalgic world, defining a sublimative language in a skillful fashion. Using library research, the present study tries to find answers to two research questions: 1) Is it possible to consider Neynameh as a nostalgic, thoughtful text, and its linguistic codes as some sublimative behavioral language? 2) Can anyone elicit a significant relationship out of the mix of nostalgia and sublimation in Neynameh? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Philosophers, especially at the beginning of the era of philosophy, have made various arguments to explain the origin of existence. Allameh Tabatabai's argument of reality is among them. In this study, Swinburne's account of the simplicity principle is analyzed. Then, the principles and concepts postulated in the argument of reality are analyzed and examined based on the facets. What seems impressive in the argument of reality is brevity. In this research, an attempt has been made to answer two research questions: 1) Is it rational to consider the simplicity criterion in assessing the truth of a theory and its probability? Also, is the argument of reality in the viewpoint of Swinburne's simplicity principle, simpler than other arguments? Swinburne positively agrees with this view. He considers simplicity to be a fundamental a priori truth, and the criterion of the probability of an explanation. ‘Simplicity’ is one of the fundamental concepts of epistemology. ‘Syntactic simplicity’ measures the number and brevity of the basic principles of a theory and its formulation, and ‘ontological simplicity’ measures the number of kinds of concepts postulated in a theory. William Ockham did not explicitly mention the principle of simplicity, but he is known for the famous term "Ockham's Razor". He does not consider the assumption of plurality without the necessity to be rational. Popper argued that a simple theory is easier to be falsified. According to Eliot Sober, simplicity is meaningful only if it is placed in a particular context. So, he proposes the principle of ‘parsimony’. According to David Lewis, the predicates and concepts that formulated a simple theory should refer to perfectly natural properties. Quine considers the tendency to prefer simple theories to be caused by ‘translogical features of human thought’ that tend the world to be simple. Swinburne argues it is an a priori ultimate epistemological principle that simplicity is evidence of truth. He considers simplicity to be the criterion of the probability of a theory and the evidence of the truth of that theory and suggests six facets in his account. Philosophically, the factors are 1) the number of concepts and principles postulated, 2) the number of kinds of concepts, 3) understanding the concepts postulated in a theory not to be entailed in understanding other concepts and principles, 4) a theory consisting of a few principles is simpler than one consisting of many principles, 5) a formulation of a theory in which principles relate to a few concepts is simpler rather than many concepts, and 6) a mathematical formulation is simpler. The principles and concepts postulated in the argument of reality are general and obvious in that their definition is literal, and they consist of the concept of eternal necessity and the concept of reality. The concept of reality takes precedence over the concept of the authenticity of existence and nature. In Allameh’s argument, from the beginning, the external reality is considered, regardless of whether that reality is an example of existence based on the authenticity of existence, or based on the authenticity of nature, it is an example of a contingent nature or a necessity nature, which does not make a difference in the completeness of the argument. Because it is enough to be clear that absolute reality exists unconditionally. This argument relies on the inviolable truth of the proposition that absolute reality necessarily exists. This brevity in the principles and concepts of the argument of reality makes it very compatible with the principle of simplicity and the facets that Swinburne enumerated in his account. According to Swinburne’s account, simplicity is a fundamental a priori truth. The Proposition "absolute reality necessarily exists" is a priori true and never accepts negation, and it always corresponds to a reality, either negatively or positively. The results of the present study show that, according to Swinburne's account, simplicity is the criterion of the probability of an explanation. In other words, if an explanation is a priori true, so the fundamental evidence for its truth is the simplicity of that explanation. Therefore, according to the correspondence theory of truth, it seems to be rational that the argument of reality is simpler and more probable than other arguments. In addition, it seems there is a correspondence in the argument of reality for each of the facets Swinburne enumerated for simplicity making it simpler than other arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sindbadnama (the Book of Sindbad) of Zahiri Samarqandi is one of the Persian fiction texts composed of one main story and several internal stories. It is narrated in several Arabic and Persian texts, including folklore Arabic Sinbadnama, Alif Laila and Laila (the Arabian Nights), Tutinama (Tales of a Parrot) of Nakhshabi, and Jami al-Hikayat. The research questions are, what are the differences in these texts in the narration of the main story and internal stories, and can the examination of these differences shed light on some of the ambiguities of this story in Zahiri’s narration? To answer these questions, we used the American school of comparative literature studies. The comparison shows that in the main story, in some narrations, more attention is paid to the details and cause and effect relationships. Accordingly, according to Zahiri’s narration, some ambiguities of the main story can be resolved. This is one of the goals of comparing and writing this article. The inner stories in these texts are not exactly the same. Some of the internal stories are common to all the texts we discuss, with slight differences. Some other stories are mentioned in Zahiri’s narration and not in other narrations. On the contrary, some stories are mentioned in other narrations and are not in Zahiri’s. Many factors have caused these differences: the place of translation or compilation and the translator and the author's imagination, creativity, or intention are the most important factors that have agitated the difference and transformation of traditions in one way or another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Could the way an event is encoded in language affect people’s perception of the responsibility attributed to the agent of the event? This article aimed to empirically investigate the effect of nominalization on the participants’ perception of the responsibility attributed to an agent in discourse. To answer the research question, two tasks were designed. In the first task, 331 participants read two scenarios, namely “An Accident in the Restaurant” and “Environmental Pollution”, in two nominalized and non-nominalized versions. Then, they answered two questions regarding the responsibility of the agent in bringing about the accident and the amount of damage on a Likert scale. The results showed that the nominalized version of the Restaurant scenario had caused participants to rate the responsibility of the agent in the accident significantly lower than in the non-nominalized version. No effect of nominalization was found for either question in the Environment scenario, nor for the question asking about the amount of damage in the Restaurant scenario. In order to test the reliability of the observed effect, a second task was designed in which an accident happened in an interview session. One hundred forty-six new participants participated in the second task. The results of the second task showed the same patterns as in the first task. Participants had rated the responsibility of the agent in the nominalized version of the scenario significantly lower compared to their responsibility in the non-nominalized version. The findings confirm the role of nominalization in concealing agency in discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]