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Orchids are one of the most famous and important ornamental plants that have a high commercial value. plant tissue culture is one of the most important methods for the plant proliferation. The aim of this study was to determine the best concentration of growth regulators of benzyl amino purine (BAP) and indole butyric acid (IBA) on orchid micro propagation. The flower stem buds of orchid (Phalaenopsis philippinensis) were used as explant. This study was performed as a factorial in a completely randomized design with two factors BAP, IBA and in three replications. In the stem formation section of the first factor BAP at 4 levels (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/l) and IBA at 2 levels (0 and 0.25 mg/l), also in the root formation section the first factor IBA in 4 levels (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/l) and BAP were considered at 2 levels (0 and 0.1 mg/l). The results of this study showed that the highest number of shoot formation was obtained at the concentration of 1 mg/L BAP with 0.25 mg/L IBA which has led to the production of 12.27 shoot per explant. The lowest number of shoot formation was observed in the group control. In the root formation, the highest number of roots (4.33) and also the maximum root length (8.67 cm) were obtained at the concentration of 1 mg/L IBA with 0.1 mg/L BAP. The results also show that the combination of growth regulators together improves the result in comparison with their uses alone. Therefor results generally shows that the plant tissue culture is a suitable and optimal way to propagate orchid species.

Orchids are one of the most famous and important ornamental plants that have a high commercial value. plant tissue culture is one of the most important methods for the plant proliferation. The aim of this study was to determine the best concentration of growth regulators of benzyl amino purine (BAP) and indole butyric acid (IBA) on orchid micro propagation. The flower stem buds of orchid (Phalaenopsis philippinensis) were used as explant. This study was performed as a factorial in a completely randomized design with two factors BAP, IBA and in three replications. In the stem formation section of the first factor BAP at 4 levels (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/l) and IBA at 2 levels (0 and 0.25 mg/l), also in the root formation section the first factor IBA in 4 levels (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/l) and BAP were considered at 2 levels (0 and 0.1 mg/l). The results of this study showed that the highest number of shoot formation was obtained at the concentration of 1 mg/L BAP with 0.25 mg/L IBA which has led to the production of 12.27 shoot per explant. The lowest number of shoot formation was observed in the group control. In the root formation, the highest number of roots (4.33) and also the maximum root length (8.67 cm) were obtained at the concentration of 1 mg/L IBA with 0.1 mg/L BAP. The results also show that the combination of growth regulators together improves the result in comparison with their uses alone. Therefor results generally shows that the plant tissue culture is a suitable and optimal way to propagate orchid species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaccinium arctostaphylos L., belonging to the Ericaceae family, is an important medicinal plant, which its leaves and fruits are widely used to treat high blood pressure and diabetes diseases. Advances in plant cell and tissue culture techniques have increased the utility of plants as a renewable resource for valuable compounds. This study was performed to investigate the effect of yeast extract on the growth of nodal explants, biochemical characteristics and the amount of secondary metabolites under in vitro cultures of Whortleberry (Vaccinium arctostaphylos L.). The surface sterilized explants were cultured on MS medium containing different treatments including control (without plant growth regulators), 2 mg/ L BAP, 0.1 mg/ L IBA and yeast extract (concentrations of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/L). The utilization of yeast extract in concentrations of 500 to 2000 mg/L did not have a positive effect on the number of leaves per explant and survival rate of explants, but, significantly decreased the shoot growth from the explants. HPLC analysis showed that utilization of 1000 mg/L yeast extract significantly increased the amount of rutin in leaves of Vaccinium arctostaphylos in vitro cultures. So, the highest amount of rutin (130.95 mg/L) was obtained in the MS medium containing 2 mg/L BAP+ 0.1 mg/L IBA + 100 mg/L yeast extract, which was 2.7 times higher than that of control. Yeast extract had no significant effect on the amount of quercetin. Therefore, according to the results of this study, yeast extract stimulant can be used to increase the routine production in V. arctostaphylos cultures.

Microbial contamination is one of the main challenges and influential factors in the response of explants under in vitro cultures, especially in woody plants where the explants are prepared from natural habitats. In the present study, to investigate the effects of benomyl on microbial contamination and growth of Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. node explants, MS containing different concentrations of benomyl (0-2000 mg.L-1) was used. Furthermore, to investigate the interaction of benomyl, basal medium, and hormonal composition on the growth response of explants, different basal media (MS, AN, and WPM) containing IBA (0.1 mg.L-1), cytokinin (Zeatin, BAP, and TDZ, each at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg.L-1), and benomyl (0 and 150 mg.L-1) were studied. The results showed that benomyl in MS medium had no significant effect on the explants contamination, but use of lower benomyl concentrations (400 mg.L-1 or less) could provide better growth conditions. Interaction of treatments significantly affected the percentage of survival and explants foliation. MS contained benomyl showed higher percentage of survival and foliation than MS without benomyl, but in AN and WPM media, the percentage of survival and foliation were significantly decreased in the presence of benomyl. Furthermore, in AN and WPM media contained cytokinin, the presence of benomyl significantly reduced the foliation percentage, while in MS medium, the effect of benomyl was different depending on the concentration and cytokinin type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferulago angulata as a medicinal plant belongs to the Apiaceae family, and propagated by seed. But, seed dormancy is a main limiting factor in its propagation. To evaluate the efficiency of in vitro culture as well as the combination of culture medium and explant type on breaking seeds dormancy of Ferulago angulata, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with five replications. The treatments consisted of four ecotypes (Abenahr, Gauonhe, Vezg, Sisakht) from Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran and three concentrations of Murashige and Skoog basal medium (1/4, 1/2 and IMS) and explant type (seed or embryo). Collected seeds were surface sterilized and then were planted as intact seeds, and isolated embryos in the above mentioned media. In this experiment, isolated embryos germinated after 3 to 6 days, depending on the ecotype. However, no germination was observed in the intact seeds in the used media. The results of embryo culture showed that culture medium and ecotype significantly affected all measured seedling traits. Mean comparison indicated that there were significant differences between different media and 1/4MS medium was superior to the other two culture media in terms of embryo germination percentage and seedling growth. There also were significant diff'erences between different ecotypes, and Gauonhe ecotype showed higher embryo germination percentage and seedling growth than other ecotypes. So, in vitro culture of Ferulago angulata seed embryos on 1/4MS medium provides an effective method to overcome seed dormancy. Seedlings resulting from germination and embryo growth were suceessfiilly transferred to pots and placed in natural environment. According to the results of this study, germination inhibitors in F. angulata are located in the tissues surrounding the embryo and the embryo would not be able to germinate until the inhibitory factors are removed. Therefore, isolation and/„ vitro culture of the embryo provides a suitable approach to overcome seed dormancy in this plant, especially for laboratory studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CAB 6P and JASPI rootstocks belongs to Prunus genus, are very noticeable in terms of dwarfing. Due to the importance of dwarf rootstocks in fruit trees commercial production and also their mass propagation by tissue culture, this research was conducted to study the proliferation, rooting and acclimatization of these rootstocks. A factorial experiment was carried out based on a completely randomized design, including the effect of MS and 1/2 MS media in combination with different concentrations of BA (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/l) and IBA (0, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/l) on proliferation and also the effect of WPM and MS media in combination with different concentrations of IBA and NAA (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/l) on rooting of two rootstock (JASPI and CAB 6P). Based on the results, MS medium with 1 mg/l BA + 0.2 mg/l IBA for proliferation of both rootstocks and WPM medium containing 1.5 mg/l IBA + 0.5 mg/l NAA and WPM medium containing 0.5 mg/l IBA+ 0.5 mg/l NAA are recommended for rooting stage of CAB 6P and JASPI rootstocks, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the effects of different basal medium and plant growth regulators on in vitro establishment and growth of hazelnut were investigated. For this, the spring apical and auxiliary buds of cv. Fertile were sterilized and cultured on NRM, MS and 1/2MS basal media containing 0.01 mg/l IBA and different levels of BAP. The results indicated that percentage of explant growth (shooting), number of leaves per explant and shoot length influenced significantly by basal media and concentration of plant growth regulator. Based on orthogonal contrasts analysis, although the highest percentage of shooting was obtained on MS medium, shoot length of explants cultured on NRM basal medium were significantly higher than those of MS and 1/2MS. The best growth response of explants in establishment stage (50% shooting, 5.33 leaves per shoot and 1.6 cm shoot length) were obtained with NRM medium supplemented with 0.01 mg/l IBA and 1 mg/l BAP. Shoots derived from establishment stage were cut to single-node explants and transferred on NRM medium supplemented with 0.05 mg/l IBA and different levels of BAP and TDZ. The highest percentage of explants growth with lowest callgenesis and explnt browning were obtained on NRM medium containing 0.05 mg/l IBA and 5 mg/l BAP.

Whortleberry is one of the important medicinal plants in traditional medicine that has been used in Iran for decades in reducing blood sugar and blood pressure adjustment. In the present study, the effect of auxin, gibberellin (GA3), casein hydrolysate (CA), putrescine (PU), and salicylic acid (SA) on in vitro establishment and growth of Whortleberry explants and the amount of anthocyanin, flavonoid and total phenolic compounds in in vitro condition were evaluated. The apical bud and nodal explants were collected from natural habitat, surface sterilized and cultured on the MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L BAP and different concentrations of NAA or IBA (0.01- 1 mg/l) and MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L BAP and 0.1 mg/L NAA or IBA and different concentrations of gibberellin (0- 0.5 mg/l), CA (0- 150 mg/l), PU and SA (0- 10 mg/l). The results indicated that the percentage of explant viability and leaf producing explants were significantly influenced by auxin type and concentration. So, the percentage of explant viability and explants leaf production on MS media supplemented with low concentration of NAA were significantly higher than those of the higher concentration of NAA and all levels of IBA. Addition of GA3 to the culture medium was significantly increased the number of leaves per explant. Furthermore, CA, PU and SA led to an increase in the percentage of explants leaf production and number of leaves per explant, but this increase was not statistically significant in some of these treatments. Moreover, the amount of secondary metabolites was significantly affected by medium compositions. So, the highest amount of anthocyanin was observed in the MS + 2mg/l BAP+0.1mg/l IBA and the highest amount of flavonoids and total phenolic compounds were observed in the same medium 15 mg/l SA. This result and protocol will be helpful for in vitro culture and propagation of this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum cv. White) is an ornamental plant which has suitable marketing due to a variety of flower colours. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of plant growth regulators on propagation and rooting of this plant. Axillary bud (node) was used as explants and MS medium supplemented with 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 2 mg/L of NAA and BA was applied. The results showed that the greatest shoot length (2.07 cm/plant) was obtained on a medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/L BA (without NAA). Maximum shoot number (5.80/plant) was produced in a medium containing 0.1 mg/L BA along with 0.2 mg/L NAA. Bud explants in culture media containing 0.2 mg/L NAA (without BA) and 0.1 mg/L NAA along with 2 mg/L BA produced the maximum node number (3.20/plant). The largest number of root (14.53/plant) and root length (3.87 cm/plant) were produced in media containing 0.2 mg/L NAA (without BA), also 0.2 mg/L BA plus 0.2 mg/L NAA and 0.2 mg/L BA without NAA, respectively. Explants produced flower on medium containing 0.1 mg/L BA along with 0.1 mg/L NAA at callus formation stage. Also, flower was produced from callus in medium containing 0.1 mg/L BA along with 2 mg/L NAA. Nearly 48% of the plantlets were able to survive on a medium containing a 1:1 ratio of peat and perlite.