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The purpose of this essay is to review one of Frazad Qaemi’s papers: “Why Does Ferīdōn mean the "Third"? Decoding the Mystery of Ferīdōn’s Name According to Function Analysis of Myth: A Study in Historical Linguistics (Diachronic Etymology)”. The paper shows the writer was not specialist in the subject matter he discussed. Due to his unfamiliarity with the concepts, initial knowledge and the resources of this area, made his analysis and conclusions were flawed. Nevertheless, the way he refers to other works is too unaccustomed, they mostly show that the writer, Qaemi, trying to refer his incorrect thoughts and analysis to reliable sources, and with this technique, he was trying to prove the audience that his incorrect analysis and ideas are correct. Aside from that, Qaemi, used the analysis and accomplishment of other writers, but unfortunately, he did not refer to them in his paper, implying that they were his own, which is clearly plagiarism. The paper contains many errors, making it a good example for methodology courses as it shows students what they should avoid in a journal paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plagiarism as a clear example of academic corruption violates research ethics and slows down the production of science. Despite the criminalization of plagiarism in the Law on the Protection of the Rights of Authors, Writers and Artists, the quantitative nature of research in Iran has led to the growth of this behavior. Due to the importance of the discussion, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the control source and research ethics in the prevention of plagiarism. The statistical population of the study is all members of the group and the Telegram channel of the School of Criminal Sciences as experts in Iranian criminal law, of which 212 people were selected as the final volume using the Cochran's formula. The data collection tool is the Ratter Control Source Questionnaire in which internal and external controls are checked. Also regarding research ethics and plagiarism, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed and their face and content validity using the opinions of three experts confirmed and their reliability for research ethics and plagiarism questionnaires with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.82 and 0.87 was calculated .According to the findings, there is no relationship between internal and external control and prevention of plagiarism. Given that external control is used to justify unsuccessful behaviors and that not committing a crime is a successful behavior, the lack of a link between external control and plagiarism prevention is justified, but the lack of a link between internal control and plagiarism prevention suggests that self-control and morality have no role in preventing plagiarism. Thus, it can be said that the criminalization of plagiarism and the development of intelligent plagiarism detection software such as the software of Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology by increasing the costs of crime has led to deterrence. The findings also show that the variables of research ethics, age, academic status and employment status have a significant positive relationship with the prevention of plagiarism. This means that crime prevention is better guaranteed by increasing the age, improve academic standing and promote research ethics. However, studies show that gender has a significant negative relationship with the prevention of plagiarism. This means that women are more talented and willing to commit crimes. Findings from stepwise regression analysis also proved that among the five main variables, three factors of research ethics, academic status and gender are able to estimate crime prevention.

Objective: This study aims to explore the reasons of the retraction of Iranian researchers’ articles in scientific journals. Methods: To do this, we set a systematic review. The research population includes all articles that, in some way, have addressed the reasons for the retraction of Iranian researchers’ articles in international journals and publications. The most important global and Iranian scientific databases were searched for this purpose. Results: Ultimately, out of 559 initially identified articles, through title and abstract review, removal of duplicates, and precise text reading, 19 relevant articles were selected. Additionally, the reasons provided by the Retraction Watch database (https://retractionwatch.com) regarding the retraction of Iranians articles, were processed, recorded, and compared with the results of the systematic review. The research findings indicated that the most significant reasons for retraction of international articles of Iranian researchers (in no particular order) are: 1. plagiarism, 2. duplicate publication, 3. peer-review issues, 4. authorship disputes, and 5. data issues and errors. Conclusions: Given the sensitivity of research matters and the topic of research misconduct, policymakers in the research domain as well as officials from ministries, organizations, and universities can utilize the findings of this study to strengthen research ethics and prevent various forms of research misconduct. Considering the aforementioned reasons, it seems that education, attention to the topic of research integrity, precise oversight, and the use of technologies such as similarity detection and research management softwares are the most vital strategies in this regard. Moreover, it would be recommended that research experts held the sessions related to research misbehavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plagiarism as a clear example of academic corruption violates research ethics and slows down the production of science. Despite the criminalization of plagiarism in the Law on the Protection of the Rights of Authors, Writers and Artists, the quantitative nature of research in Iran has led to the growth of this behavior. Due to the importance of the discussion, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the control source and research ethics in the prevention of plagiarism. The statistical population of the study is all members of the group and the Telegram channel of the School of Criminal Sciences as experts in Iranian criminal law, of which 212 people were selected as the final volume using the Cochran's formula. The data collection tool is the Ratter Control Source Questionnaire in which internal and external controls are checked. Also regarding research ethics and plagiarism, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed and their face and content validity using the opinions of three experts confirmed and their reliability for research ethics and plagiarism questionnaires with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.82 and 0.87 was calculated .According to the findings, there is no relationship between internal and external control and prevention of plagiarism. Given that external control is used to justify unsuccessful behaviors and that not committing a crime is a successful behavior, the lack of a link between external control and plagiarism prevention is justified, but the lack of a link between internal control and plagiarism prevention suggests that self-control and morality have no role in preventing plagiarism. Thus, it can be said that the criminalization of plagiarism and the development of intelligent plagiarism detection software such as the software of Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology by increasing the costs of crime has led to deterrence. The findings also show that the variables of research ethics, age, academic status and employment status have a significant positive relationship with the prevention of plagiarism. This means that crime prevention is better guaranteed by increasing the age, improve academic standing and promote research ethics. However, studies show that gender has a significant negative relationship with the prevention of plagiarism. This means that women are more talented and willing to commit crimes. Findings from stepwise regression analysis also proved that among the five main variables, three factors of research ethics, academic status and gender are able to estimate crime prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION Since plagiarism as an act of intellectual fraud has recently received a global inquiry in different fields of science, especially in second/foreign language (L2) academic writing, developing a valid and domesticized instrument to meticulously assess the awareness and professional integrity of the Iranian academic community to avoid plagiarism seemed indisputable. As plagiarism has been defined differently in various sociocultural and academic contexts, its legal and ethical issues in such scientific fields as L2 academic writing are worth noting (Oghabi, Pourdana & Ghaemi, 2020). Accordingly, two major causes, mostly condemned as contributing factors to committing plagiarism, are the torment the L2 learners usually experience in writing academic texts, and the divisive cultural differences.Not surprisingly, the majority of studies on the causes and consequences of plagiarism were conducted in English-speaking countries (such as Australia) to represent the Western cultural values or social concerns and ethical code of conduct. In Asian or Middle Eastern countries, such as Iran wherein the copyright infringement or unlawful reproduction of original works are rarely subject to serious legal consequences, the absence of vigorous studies on this grave matter is underscored. This is while, majority of scarce studies on this topic generally investigated the contributing factors to plagiarism in the Iranian academic context (cf. Riasati & Rahimi, 2013) and overlooked the potentials of determining factors such as attitude or socio-cultural beliefs of L2 writers. At the same time, in the absence of a domesticized plagiarism questionnaire in the academic context of Iran, Iranian researchers generally make use of accessible questionnaires which often represented the Western culture and ethical values (e.g. Curtis & Popal, 2011; Harris, 2001; Idiegbeyan-Ose et al., 2016; Maxwell et al., 2006). MATERIALS AND METHODSAfter a comprehensive review of research literature and conducting semi-structured interviews with graduate students of English language studies (n = 24), the researchers adapted a general conceptual framework for developing a prototype plagiarism questionnaire. The non-randomly selected participants partaking in the semi-structured interviews, the pilot and final research participants were all MA graduates and graduate students of English language teaching, English literature, English translation, and linguistics in three State and Islamic Azad University branches in Iran (n = 288). Initially, 39 out of 47 items in the questionnaire were rated on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from (a) strongly disagree, (b) disagree, (c) I don’t [1]know, (d) agree (e) strongly agree, which represented the components of participants’ awareness and attitude towards plagiarism. Eight more triple-choice items were constructed in terms of short authentic paragraphs and their corresponding paraphrased texts, each followed by three choices of (a) plagiarism found, (b) no plagiarism, and (c) I don’t know, to represent the component of perception. After carrying out the pilot administration of the questionnaire (with 224 participants), item revision and deletion (11 items excluded), exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM) with SPSS 21 and AMOS statistical software, the researchers developed the final draft of the sociocultural plagiarism questionnaire with 36 items. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONTo explore the first objective in this study, the statistical results in this study supported four components of awareness, attitude, sociocultural beliefs, and perception as responsible factors for determining sensitivity to plagiarism in Iranian academia. Data analysis also indicated the participants’ adequate awareness of the plagiarism policies and their accurate perception, but relatively neutral and irresponsible attitude towards plagiarism downsides, and non-scientific sociocultural beliefs which ultimately provoked them to commit plagiarism. It was concluded that concepts, such as ‘intellectual property’ and ‘ownership of words’ which are deeply rooted in Western culture have not been adequately incorporated into the Iranian academic culture yet. Moreover, Iranian scholars prioritized personal relations or vocational gains over following rules of copyright are proved as widespread in the Iranian academic context.The second objective of this study was examined through frequency analysis of the instances of plagiarism in the Literature Review sections (Chapter II) of the 18 selected MA theses written in English. Relied upon the reports of plagiarism incidence conducted by iThenticate plagiarism detection service at www.Lingaline.com, a widespread and growing number of committed plagiarism by Iranian MA graduates of English language studies during 2013 - 2017 were echoed. In the reports, the rate of plagiarism was higher in men (67.16%) than in women (63.91%); higher in Islamic Azad University branches (78%) than in state universities (56%); and committed more by the MA graduates of English literature (71.66%) than English translation (62.66%) and English language teaching (61.66%). The researchers’ justifications on the obtained results were the absence of clear-cut instructions to rules of plagiarism, strict anti-plagiarism policies as well as adequate institutional attention to this unethical and unprofessional behavior in the Iranian academic community which eventually degraded the gravity of plagiarism to such a large extent. CONCLUSIONThe results of this study invoked the fact that not only the Iranian academic community requires upheaving awareness and acute perception by every member towards plagiarism unfortunate consequences, but also the non-scientific and desensitizing nature of Iranian sociocultural beliefs towards plagiarism need reconsideration and national policy making. Moreover, in line with Ayoubi (2017), the findings in this study encourage the educators and university professors to implement further tutorial courses to accentuate the severity of plagiarism misconduct and to rip off every chance of committing plagiarism by the university students in their academic writing. Despite promoting this newly-designed sociocultural plagiarism questionnaire as a more reliable assessment instrument for evaluating the Iranian academic community, the current researchers are reasonably skeptical of yielding similar results with Iranian university students at lower educational levels where the curricular demands of writing courses are more into the accuracy of the content over form and mechanics of writing; neither with Iranian university students of non-English majors due to their intended audience who are mostly Persian-speaking readers with similar insensitivity towards plagiarism infringement acts. Last but not least, the current researchers deployed a non-random convenience sampling procedure to have access to a large number of participants which inevitably lowers the generalizability of the findings to different demographic contexts.

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the retracted publications of Middle Eastern countries through citation analysis, lag-time between publication and retraction, and exploring the reasons for retraction. Methodology: Data was gathered by the document method and analyzing data was done by bibliometric analysis. Data were collected from the core collection of the Web of Science. Findings: The research findings suggest an increasing trend in the number of retracted papers from Middle Eastern countries. Also, the results of Kendall's τ coefficient showed that the total number of publications is significantly related to the number of retracted papers. The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed a significant difference between the total number of citations and the four quartiles (i.e. Q1-Q4), and according to the average ranks, the journals of the first (Q1) and second (Q2) quartiles had received the highest number of total citations. Furthermore, the results of this test between quartiles and citations before and after retraction showed that there was a significant difference between different quartiles in citations after retraction, and the journals of the first (Q1) and second (Q2) quartiles received the most citations. In addition, there was a significant difference in the number of citations before retraction between different quartiles, and the highest average rank was related to the journals of the second quartile (Q2) and the first quartile (Q1), respectively. The highest number of retracted papers has been published in Bahrain. Based on the proportion of citations to each document, the highest proportion belonged to Israel. Also, the countries of Cyprus, Kuwait, Israel, and Iraq have the highest average time between publication and retraction, and Iran ranks ninth. In addition, it should be noted that the two countries of Oman and Jordan, which are ranked 14th and 15th respectively, each had only one retracted paper. In addition, the highest number of retracted papers and research misconduct was related to the field of biological sciences and biomedicine. The countries of Cyprus, Kuwait, and Israel had the longest time interval between publication and retraction. In all Middle Eastern countries, most papers were retracted due to research misconduct such as plagiarism and Redundant publication. Conclusion: The results show that in the present era, it should be noted that citation is not a sufficient reason for the quality of the work while using previous studies, because many citations received by the works are not valid enough. Journal editors and database administrators should take measures to prevent authoritative citations to these works. Also, examining the status of retracted papers based on citations, the time interval between publication and retraction in different subject areas showed that the highest numbers of retracted papers were related to the field of biological sciences and biomedicine. Furthermore, the longest distance between publication and retraction, the largest number of citations, and the most citations received after retraction belonged to this field. It can be seen that there are three very effective factors in spreading the negative impact of retraction papers in the field of biological sciences and biomedicine. This result means that the required time for retraction in this area is longer than in other areas, and this can have damaging consequences. The longer the lifespan of flawed research, the higher the price the scientific community must pay. It is very important to carry out detailed judgments and demand raw data and files related to data analysis in a mandatory manner, especially on issues related to public health. Using retracted papers and citing them has many adverse effects. These effects are doubled when the citations are made after retraction and the citation is made in one of the medical fields. In this regard, arrangements should be made to properly inform others about the retraction status of paper in sensitive scientific fields such as the medical field. Correspondingly, all original versions of the paper that may have been published on the journal's website, the author's resume, or social networks will be completely removed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plagiarism happens in a structure, and “other individuals” are very important in its occurance, so it can’t be a mere psychological phenomenon and must be concieved as social one, because structures have undebatable effect on act’s shape. Thus, plagiarism should be analyzed with societal variables. But we can design several models for explanation of its occurrence and order of involved variables. In this research the aim is to demonstrate and explain how the involved societal variables of plagiarism are organized to play their role in this phenomenon. For this reason, the Structural Equation Modeling method was used. Three valid models (structural, paradigmatic, systemic) and seven documented variables were adopted for examination. Needed data were gathered by means of a validated questionnaire from 540 master and PhD students in 36 largest universities in Iran selected randomly by multi-stage clustering method and then systematic choosing in each cluster. The gathered data was analyzed by Partial Least Square algorithm in PLS soft (version 3.3.3.). Three hypotheses were examined: 1. Structural model can better explain the order of occurance of variables in this phenomenon than other ones. 2. Economically observed variables are more effective than other ones. 3. Research formalism is more important mediator than other ones. Findings showed that systemic model has better fit indices than others and first hypothesis was rejected. Considering this model, the order of occurance of involved variables could be such that governmental capitalism (rental economics, erosion of specialization, commodification of knowledge) and cultural depositories (traditional discourses and ideological science) as inputs lead to process such as research formalism (mechanical research and dominance of rhethoric in research), scholastic habitus (scientific oligarchy and isolated researchers) and uncritical education (educational view to research). This process eventually lead to outputs such as indifference (immoral trade-off) and bureaucratic university (static evaluation and weakness of control). Second hypothesis was approved, and findings showed that economic observed variables are more effective than others in plagiarism phenomenon. Third hypothesis also was rejected, and findings showed that “scholastic habitus” (scientific oligarchy and isolated researchers) are more important mediators than research formalism and uncritical education.

This paper is an investigation on the perception of Kurdish EFL and non-EFL students on plagiarism, as well as the causes that make students resort to it. A group of students participated in the research paper who were enrolled in different departments at one of the universities in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. The data was collected through a questionnaire followed by interviews to get a better understanding of the phenomenon in question. The findings of the current study show that there is a misconception about the idea of plagiarism and students mostly consider copying and pasting material as plagiarism. This led to the understanding that paraphrasing does not really constitute plagiarism, and that shows that the issue is limited to the stealing of words not ideas in most cases. The results also show that there are a number of other factors that lead students to resort to plagiarism, including lack of time, lack of understanding of the concept, language skills, high school education background, workload and lack of critical thinking skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Plagiarism is copying words, texts, images, and the like, and using the thoughts of others as one's own. The purpose of this study is to determine the extent of various factors on the tendency to plagiarism among Ph.D. students of Bu-Ali University. Method: The method of the present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of this study consists of all Ph.D. students of Bu-Ali University. The total number of students at Bu-Ali University is equal to 832 students, which according to Cochran's formula, the sample size was equal to 263 people. Five questionnaires were used to collect data. The reliability of these questionnaires through Cronbach's alpha was equal to 0.948, 0.955, 0.968, 986, and 0.975 respectively. In order to test research hypotheses, structural equation modeling in Warp PLS7 software was used. Findings: The results of data analysis showed that the variables of perception of plagiarism, attitude to plagiarism and personal harassment have a negative and significant effect on the rate of plagiarism of students. Also, the variable of academic jurisprudence has a positive and significant effect on the rate of plagiarism of students.Conclusion: It seems that students' knowledge, understanding and awareness of plagiarism and its examples, policies and legal punishment in this field are at a low level. That the officials and administrators of the universities take the necessary measures in order to make the students more aware and familiar with the consequences of this work.

In this article, by categorizing the methods of referring Mullā Ṣadrā, evidence of the similarity of his statements with the works of others has been shown, which has led to the accusation of piracy (plagiarism). An attempt has been made in this research to explain the causes of this event in his works. For this purpose, with the analytical-historical method, seventeen different explanations about the reason for adapting Mullā Ṣadrā from the expressions of others have been proposed and evaluated and it has been shown that some of these explanations are not acceptable. Acceptable explanations were then divided into two categories of specific and general explanations. Specific explanations include: trying to write a comprehensive book, transmitting Sunni theories to Shiite books, and using other people’s contents to consecrate, guarantee, and adapt popular phrases. General explanations are also: the prevalence of unsourced quotations in philosophical texts, the instrumental view of theoretical wisdom, the need to maintain the didactic aspect in the expression of topics, the confirmation of one’s own opinions by quoting others, and the avoidance of phrase reprocessing. Accordingly, not all expressions in Mullā Ṣadrā’s works are necessarily his own, and researchers must be more careful in their attribution.

Acquiring scientific degrees as well as accessing higher social positions can sometimes lead to a kind of unethical and abnormal behavior that is commonly referred to as "scientific theft"; in most societies denounced But this confrontation has been accompanied by weaknesses. In the present study, using a descriptive-analytic method, we will examine how the impact of societal culture on and against the theft of scientific theft? And what are some of the ways in which the laws of the country of Iran and the EU member states deal with the ominous phenomenon of "scientific theft"? The results show that the culture of each society has a significant impact on the level of scientific theft of its members, and in the EU member states, in addition to the laws, there is a strong emphasis on the implementation of educational policies to instill a proper and efficient research culture in society. However, several laws have been enacted in Iranian law, including the Comprehensive Law on the Protection of Authors, Authors and Artists, Adopted in 1348, as well as the relatively specialized Law on Preventing and Combating Fraud in the Making of Academic Works, Adopted in 1986. They need to be run more efficiently. Another major problem in this regard is the violation of cultural principles, the disregard of the intellectual property rights of the copyright holders on the one hand, and the attainment of scientific degrees without direct and genuine research by some individuals resulting from the granting

the purpose of present research was to determine the relationship between multiple variables (social desirability, mental norms, academic self- efficacy, plagiarism knowledge, purpose, pressure, time management, risk) with the possibility of plagiarism among post- graduate students of Ilam University. Methodology: the present research is applied in terms of purpose and is survey in terms of research implementation. It is a correlation research in terms of the manner of collecting the required data and the relationship between the variables. The statistical population of the present research includes all post- graduate students of Ilam university.The questionnaire was distributed among them by random sampling and self- developed questionnaires of risk, time management, pressure, objective and policy of APA Johnson (2018), mental norms questionnaire of Montana & Kespzick (2008), Academic self- efficacy questionnaire of Downport & Lan (2006), the possibility of plagiarism questionnaire of Shred et al (2002), plagiarism questionnaire of Yeh (2007). In data analysis, simple correlation coefficient and Structural equation modeling was used in WARP PLS software. Findings: The results of research showed that excessive pressure on students to do homework beyond their ability, lack of knowledge about plagiarism and plagiarism knowledge, as well as poor time management to do homework on time cause students to turn to this immoral phenomenon. Therefore, university administrators and professors can reduce the prevalence of this phenomenon by holding educational classes on plagiarism and its consequences, increasing students’ self- efficacy, creating a proper culture and also teaching proper time management, and prevent it from being committed.

This study aims to investigate if people and mainly students are aware of ethical rules of conducting academic work. If students copy materials from other papers and books without proper citation, is it mainly because they do not know the regulations governing referencing academic works? To answer this question and questions regarding other ethical rules of academic work, an online questionnaire was used, through which people were asked specific questions about specific ethical issues. The results showed that even highly educated people did not have sufficient knowledge of the ethical rules and regulations of academic work. The results also indicated that a majority of the respondents preferred to answer an even technical and difficult question with a wrong answer rather than choosing “I don’t know”.

Plagiarism detection is the process of locating instances of plagiarism within a work or document. The main component of a plagiarism detection system is its text alignment algorithm aiming at detecting paraphrased passages of texts in a suspicious document, using a small set of candidate source documents. As text alignment algorithms are highly language-dependent, thus the numerous existing algorithms for other languages rather than Pesian cannot be employed for Persian plagiarism detection puposes. There are different text alignment algorithms for Persian text, while most of them are only able to detect exactly identical passages shared between texts. However, in many cases of plagiarism detection we are coping with the problem of finding similar pasaages that are already paraphrased. In this paper, we propose two new text alignment algorithms which are able to detect paraphrased texts in Persian language. The first one is a semantic algorithm that employs a dictionary to detect paraphrased sentences and the second one is a probabilistic algorithm that uses the statistical information obtained from a large corpus of Persian texts to detect similar texts. Compared to the other existing semantic text alignment algorithms, the proposed algorithms use different measures to check the similarity between the text sentences. Furthermore, the probabilistic algorithm is the first probabilistic text alignment algorithm proposed for the Persian language. Moreover, while all the existing text alignment algorithms check the similarity between any two sentences of the text separately, the proposed algorithms consider the similarity neighboring sentences in the text as well. The implementation results indicate that while the quality of both algorithms in detecting paraphrased texts is high enough and almost the same as each other, the proposed probabilistic method is more efficient than the proposed semantic algorithm, in terms of computation time.

Background and Objectives: Plagiarism is the most prevalent type of scientific misconduct, and various rules and strategies have been proposed to combat it in different countries. A review of other countrieschr('39') experiences in this area contributes to good policymaking. The present study was conducted to introduce preventive interventions of plagiarism in the leading countries. Methods: The present study was a qualitative review study of applied practices. In this study, preventive interventions of scientific plagiarism in the 27 European ::::::::union:::::::: countries were studied due to the appropriate coherence and structural similarity at national, organizational, and individual levels. The national-level interventions were analyzed using the content analysis method in mentioned countries. Results: The results of analyzing the national-level interventions were categorized into eight main themes, including reaching a national agreement on examples of scientific plagiarism and misconduct; policy development; monitoring and supervision; financial support development; development of databanks and software; compiling educational programs for faculty members and students; dissemination and use of successful experiences; and eventually establishment of laws related to scientific misconduct, plagiarism, and punishments activities. Conclusion: Using preventive interventions at a national level proves the commitment and determination of policymakers to control and prevent plagiarism. Proper use of preventive interventions at a national level strengthens the controlling and preventive infrastructures of this issue at the organizational level, and enhances moral commitment and professional skills among the countrychr('39')s researchers.

Mystical texts are formed based on religious and Qur’anic pretexts and extensive inter-textual connection with other mystical and literary texts; hence, mystical interpretations have been influenced in various aspects by the language of the Qur’an and religious influences. Such texts have been affected by the allegory and linguistic structure of the Qur’an. In addition, in many cases, their teachings have been expressed through interpreting and paraphrasing Qur’anic verses. The allegoric Verse 17 of Surah Anfal has influenced the mystical works linguistically and semantically. Therefore, it is important to study the intertextual relations of mystics' allusions and interpretations about this verse from different aspects. In this article, intertextual relations of Sharh al-Ta’arrof in Sufism and Mersad-al-‘ibad in the interpretation and citation of this verse have been studied. In this study, the main focus was the rhetorical and stylistic differences and similarities of these two works in an explicit and implicit reference to the discussed verse. The function and structure of imaginary forms and linguistic structures of texts naturally differ in different stylistic periods; nevertheless, the thematic unity and the use of common discourse and pretexts may provide patterns in which the commonalities of the two texts, while different from the stylistic periods, outweigh the differences. As in the present article, studies have addressed the commonalities and differences between stylistic differences and intertextual similarities in those texts. For the intertextual analysis of these texts, a context was required that would make this study methodical and there would be a model for this study, as well as showing the different rhetorical and stylistic aspects of the relationship between the two works. For this reason, the theoretical framework of Genette was chosen. His theoretical classification was similar in many ways to the text influencing patterns in Muslim rhetoricians' view. There is also the possibility of proposing rhetorical and stylistic discussions in intertextual comparison while in the discussed subject of this article, the direct and indirect presence of the Quranic text was important. So was it for Genette, and he in his intertextual discussions pays attention to the direct and indirect influences between texts. Genette’s intertextuality includes three types: explicit-intentional, hidden-intentional, and implicit. The present study has been done on the same basis. In explicit intertextuality, which in traditional rhetoric is called quotation, the author embeds all or part of an earlier text in his work. In hidden-intentional intertextuality, the author deliberately hides his pretext such as different types of plagiarism, but in mystical texts, the motive for using Quranic themes and not mentioning the source is not plagiarism; rather, it is due to being influenced by Sufi language and thought of the Quran and Quranic prefaces. In implicit intertextuality, the author uses signs that indicate their source. So, those who are familiar with the author's pretexts, with the pieces of evidence that he has placed in the text, can find the reference. In this research, based on the mentioned framework and descriptive-analytical method, the texts have been reviewed. The results show that the intertextual relationship between Sharh al-Ta'arrof and Mersad al-'ibad in quoting and interpreting verse 17 of Surah Anfal includes all three types; explicit, non-explicit, and implicit. Also, the intertextual connection of the Qur’an with the two texts of Sharh al-Ta’arrof and Mersad al-'ibad in the verse in question is not limited to content issues or quoting the verse and translating it; Rather, both texts have benefited from Qur’an’s linguistic structure in terms of the choice of words and their repetition as well as deprivative and nesseciative constructions. Literally, the most important form of verse usage is implicit intertextuality because, in this connection, there are different forms of allusion, allegory, and illustration. Linguistically, although these two works are of two different style periods, both have a simple language to express the meanings of verse 17 of Surah Anfal. This feature has made their linguistic construction closer to that of the verse. Nevertheless, Mersad al-'ibad has more musical and literary prominence. In fact, the conscious use of the words in Mersad al-Ibad is more obvious than its poetic and literary aspects as there are more cases of repetition and pun. He has also used allegory and metaphor besides other literary arts that have made the text more conceptual and artistic than Sharh al-Ta’arrof, which has allegorical construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to study factors influencing the rate of plagiarism among accounting postgraduate students. Data is collected from students of Sistan and Baluchestan university of Iran through 73 applicable questionnaires during 2013. The results indicate that plagiarism is quite prevalent among the accounting postgraduate students; however they are not completely familiar with different types of plagiarism. In addition, no significant relation is detected between prevalence of plagiarism and demographic variables such as age and gender, as well as individual variables such as their academic performance. However, the results of correlation test show that plagiarism committing rate of the students has (a) a positive significant relation with some parameters namely educational pressure, tendency of educational system and accounting students to low level approaches of accounting education, and students' access to information technology (e. g. Internet) ; and (b) a negative significant relation with some other factors such as moral competence, awareness of plagiarism, organizational support, as well as students’ interest in accounting

It is commonly thought that when a work goes through retranslation process, the latest ones are expected to contribute to a better understanding of the text. However, it is not always the case, at least in Iran. The book market of Iran is replete with retranslated versions of classic works most of which are not genuine translation but plagiarized version of previous translations. One famous example is George Orwell’s Animal Farm which has been translated into Persian more than 70 times by different translators since 1348. Regarding this issue, the present study attempts to investigate four Persian translations of Animal Farm based on forensic linguistics framework. The main goal of the present research is to demonstrate the patterns of plagiarism detection between different versions of translations of the same original piece of work based on textual similarities and differences. The project primarily centers on this question: what linguistic criteria are determinant in detecting plagiarism in translated texts? For our analysis, the data of the present research has been elicited from four Persian translations of this novel chosen by a time-lapse of 20 years between translations. Data were analyzed based on plagiarism detection patterns introduced by Turell (2004). The results of the study revealed a case of plagiarism among investigated translations. Disputed text overlaps 73.5% and 42.6% with plagiarized text in terms of vocabulary and phrasal similarity, respectively. In terms of unique vocabulary, they show the proportion of 17.6% to 15.16%. The disputed and plagiarized texts also have 35 shared-once only words and 22 shared-once only phrases. The article concludes that the proposed quantitative criteria of Turell’s model perform well in plagiarism detection which replicates the results of previous studies. We believe that science society of Iran must pay more attention to plagiarism in order to find a solution to suppress publication and proliferation of the plagiarized texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plagiarism detection is the process of locating instances of plagiarism within a work or a document. The main component of a plagiarism detection system is its text alignment algorithm aiming at detecting paraphrased passages of texts in a suspicious document, using a small set of candidate source documents. As text alignment algorithms are highly language-dependent, thus the numerous existing algorithms for other languages other than Pesian cannot be employed for Persian plagiarism detection puposes. There are different text alignment algorithms for Persian texts, while most of them are only able to detect exactly identical passages shared between texts. However, in many cases of plagiarism detection we are coping with the problem of finding similar passages that are already paraphrased. In this paper, we propose two new text alignment algorithms which are able to detect paraphrased texts in Persian language. The first one is a semantic algorithm that employs a dictionary to detect paraphrased sentences and the second one is a probabilistic algorithm that uses the statistical information obtained from a large corpus of Persian texts to detect similar texts. Compared to other existing semantic text alignment algorithms, the proposed algorithms use different measures to check the similarity between the text sentences. Furthermore, the probabilistic algorithm is the first probabilistic text alignment algorithm proposed for the Persian language. Moreover, while all existing text alignment algorithms check the similarity between any two sentences of the text separately, the proposed algorithms consider the similarity neighboring sentences in the text as well. The implementation results indicate that while the quality of both algorithms in detecting paraphrased texts is high enough and almost the same as each other, the proposed probabilistic method is more efficient than the proposed semantic algorithm in terms of computation time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Retraction of articles occurs as a result of scientific misconducts or honest errors. The present study aimed to examine retracted articles on PubMed database written by Iranian authors in biomedicine. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, all retracted articles on PubMed database written by Iranian authors were retrieved using the following keywords; Iran [AD] AND "Retracted Publication"[PT]. The following data were extracted based on a specific form: first and last names of the first author, publication year, journal name, country of publication, number of citations, and retraction notices. Then, retraction notices were examined and the reasons for retraction were categorized. Results: In total, there were 145 retracted articles, showing a rise in recent years. However, the ratio of retracted articles to all articles was not increased. Plagiarism (46.90%), compromised peer review (40%), and duplicate publication (19.31%) were the most important reasons for retraction. Over 80% of articles (118 articles) were retracted due to scientific misconduct. More than 32% of all articles (47 articles) were published in three journals. The largest number of articles pertained to biochemistry and molecular biology (25 articles), pharmacology and pharmacy (24 articles), and oncology (21 articles). Conclusions: It is essential that the reasons for scientific misconduct be identified and proper education be offered to students and researchers. These behaviors can be avoided by empowering researchers by attending in writing and research ethics training while penalizing those who misconduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract “Plagiarism” has been one of the important subjects in the field of literary criticism and argued in the press and meetings from past till now. Today, there isn't any day and month that will go by without seeing a case in this field being presented or claimed in books, journals or newspapers. However, thanks to the expanse of operation and wide scope of the Judiciary, mentioned claims are studied in Judicial courts as well (you can just search “Plagiarism” in Google search engine, and then you will encounter with hundred different pages on this subject). In countries that they have copyright rule, this subject is taken into account seriously and if someone adapts a subject or extracts some text from another one's, without mentioning its reference, he will be punished firmly in accordance with rules and regulations. Despite the importance of this subject in literary criticism, unfortunately it is not considered as it deserves in our country. Regardless of definition and categorization of Plagiarism by rhetoricians, there is disagreement for making decision whether a Plagiarism is happened or it is some other cases such as Tavarod (occurrence of one thought in two persons' minds) or Intertextuality. Considering the fact that contents and concepts are common between people in every inches of our planet, it is so hard to determine and prove that someone is innovator and creator of concept or content and if someone else uses the same content, he is copying the original creator. We know that sometimes the same word or phrase comes to the minds of two persons accidentally, so accusing somebody of plagiary should be done with care and comprehensive study and it should be provable. In other words, definition of Plagiarism boundaries based on rate of uniformity and similarity of terms and concepts of two works is very hard and the border between plagiarism and Tavarod is very narrow and skeptical.

Introduction: With the emergence of technology in health information services, plagiarism has appeared as an issue which could harm scientific communities. In this regard, liberarians have important roles and could protect the prestige of scientific communities by detecting and managing plagiarism. This study aimed to survey the role of librarians working in central libraries of medical universities type 1 in relation to plagiarism and taking appropriate measures. Methods: This study is an analytical and applied survey in which the standard questionnaire of d American Library Association was used by sending it via. The population consisted of librarians employed in Medical Universities type 1 (N=110). The sampling was based on census. Validity, content validity and reliability were performed using test-retest correlation. Coefficient of 78.0 was confirmed by the data collection practices. Data were analyzed by SPSS using descriptive and inferential statistics (chi-square). Results: It was found that 40.4% percent of respondents had an active role in helping the students and instructors to use citations correctly. The results of Chi-square test showed that there was a relationship between librarians giving advices to students in using citation and referring to sources and their level of education (P = 0.02). It was also found that 30% of these librarians were active in preparing brochures and assignments for teachers. Conclusion: According to the findings of the study, liberians did not show to have a very active role in detecting and dealing with plagiarism due to lack of familiarity with this issue and information literacy. Workshops for educating liberians and making them aware of their roles in this regard is highly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Today with development of university, that have the responsibility for scientific and ethical training of educated generation, plagiarism is not limited to special people and its ignorance especially in academic area will bring terrible consequence. Thus, it is necessary to discover reasons of plagiarism for preventing its growing development. This study aimed to explore experiences of faculty members in Isfahan University of medical science about the reasons of plagiarism. Methods: This is qualitative study using in-deep interview. Participants were faculty members experienced at Isfahan University of Medical Science in 2011-2012. Purposive sampling was used. Sampling was continued until achieving data saturation. Results: based on emerged finding reasons of plagiarism in academic community were categorized in the five groups: cultural, economic, upbringing, social and educational reasons. Conclusion: Final findings were classified in internal and external categories. Internal factors are related to personal talents, self-perceptions and understanding that is achieving through family and social channels. External factors are environment force, which are effective on person's action. Person is influenced by environment consciously or unconsciously

Introduction: One of the most important ethical challenges in research and academic writing is the scientific misconduct which is defined as violation of scientific regulations. The aim of this study was to review scientific misconduct as an unethical phenomenon. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted by using narrative review strategy in which a total of 56 papers was selected via search in databases such as PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, Elsevier, and Iranian National Medical Digital Library (INMDL) according to the objective of the study. Results: First, we overlooked on scientific misconduct, meaning of plagiarism, the causes of plagiarism, its category, and penalties for plagiarism. The results showed that there is main three type of scientific misconduct including falsification, fabrication, and plagiarism which the latter is the most comment. We found fourteen type of plagiarism according to the literature review. Then, some online and offline software for detection of plagiarism cases were proposed. Finally, some practical strategies presented for prevention of plagiarism. Conclusion: We conclude that using another's idea without appropriate acknowledging is considered as plagiarism which could have negative consequences and punishment for the perpetrator. Familiarization of researchers with cases of plagiarism and their commitment on ethical regulations and correctly acknowledgment of references and using software could be helpful in preventing this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]