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Background and Objective: The spathe of phoenix dactylifera contains protein, fatty, fiber, sugar, moisture, furfural, coumarin, organic compounds of camphor family, phytosterols, 1, 2-Di methoxil 1, 4-Di methyl benzene. This study was done to evaluate the effect of alcoholic extract of phoenix dactylifera spathe on seminiferous tubules and spermatogenesis in adult male rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 50 adult male rats were randomly allocated into five groups including: control, sham and expermintal groups 1, 2 and 3. Animals in control group did not receive any treatment. Animals in sham group were received 0.2 ml normal saline intraperitoneally. Animals in experimental group 1, 2 and 3 were received 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 g/kg/bw of alcoholic extract of phoenix dactylifera spathe intraperitoneally, respectively. After 14 days of study, the testis was removed and the sections of tissue were prepared. Testosterone hormone measured by Gamma counter method. Results: Serum levels of testosterone and the spermatozoa count were significantly reduced in the experimental groups in compared to control and sham groups (P

Background and Objective: Lead exposure induced toxic effects on reproductive system. This study was done to evaluate the effect of Grape seed oil (Vitis vinifera) on serum gonadotropins and testosterone level in toxicited adult male rats by lead acetate. Methods: In this experimental study, 56 adult male Wistar rats were randomly allocated equally into 7 groups. Animals in control group did not receive any matter. Animals in the sham, experimental 1 and experimental 2 groups were received orally distilled water, 8ml/kg Grape seed oil (GSO) and 0.1 mmol/lit lead acetate for 21 days, respectively. Animals in the experimental group 3, 4 and 5 were received 0.1 mmol/lit lead acetate for 21 days and then 2 ml/kg/bw, 4 ml/kg/bw and 8ml/kg/bw GSO from day 22 up to day 42, recpectively. Blood samples were taken from control, sham and experimental groups 1 and 2 at the end of day 21. At the end of day 42, blood samples were taken from experimental groups 3, 4 and 5. Serum level of LH, FSH and testosterone were measured by Radioimmunoassay. Results: Serum level of LH, FSH and testosterone were significantly reduced in the experimental group 2 in compared to control group. Serum level of LH, FSH and testosterone were significantly increased in experimental group 4 and 5 in comparision with the experimental group 2. Conclusion: Grape seed oil extract at doses of 4 and 8ml/kg/bw increased serum level of LH, FSH and testosterone in lead acetate exposed male rats.

Backgrounds and Objectives: Wet air oxidation (WAO) is one of the advanced oxidation process which is mostly used to reduce organic matter concentration from industrial wastewater, toxic and non biodegradable substance and solid waste leachate.The objective of this paper is comparisons of three advance oxidation in organic matter removal in different conditions from Esfahan composing factory leachateMaterial and Methods: The experiment was carried out by adding 1.5 Lit pretreated leachate sample to 3Lit autoclave reactor and adding 10 bar pressure at temperature of 100, 200 and 300 °C and pressure (10 bars) with retention time of 30, 60 and 90 min. leachate sample in 18 stages from composting factory in Isfahan in the volume of 20 lit was taken and the three methodsWAO, WPO, and a combination of WAO/GAC were used for pre-treatments. Pure oxygen and 30% hydrogen peroxide was used as oxidation agent.Results: The result shows significant improvement on the removal rate of COD (7.8-33.3%), BOD5 (14.7-50.6%)by WAO process.The removal efficiency of 4.6-34% COD, 24-50% BOD, was observed in the reactor.Adding theGACto the reactor improved removal efficiency of all parameters.Combination Process (WAO/GAC) removed 48% of COD, 31-43.6% of BOD.Combination process demonstrated higher efficiency than two other previous methods as BOD5/COD ratio of 90% achieved.Conclusion: The WAO process presented in this paper is efficient for pretreatment of leachate, And the modified WPO process remove organic materials and ammonia moreover WAO/GAC can be considered as an excellent alternative treatment for removing reluctant organic matter (COD, BOD5) and organic nitrogen compounds, which found in leachate.

Background: Depending on the lung volume in radiotherapy fields, breast cancer radiotherapy has documented side effects on pulmonary function, which can be determined by pulmonary function tests. Central lung distance (CLD), the distance from the chest wall to the edge of the field at the central axis, is an indicator of lung volume within the radiotherapy fields. In this study, we aim to detect the relationship between CLD and pulmonary function tests. Methods: In this study we included 50 patients with breast cancer receiving postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy at Imam Hossein Hospital, Tehran, Iran. The patients received radiotherapy with a total dose of 4800-5000 cGy. For all patients, the central lung distances were measured using simulation of tangential fields, in addition to determination of pulmonary function, including force vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) determined before radiotherapy, one month and three months after radiotherapy. Results: There is no significant statistical difference between the FEV1 and FVC values before radiotherapy and those measured one month after radiotherapy; however there was a significant statistical decrease in the FEV1 and FVC before radiotherapy and those measured three months after radiotherapy (P

Background and Objective: Cesarean section is performed so frequently that even modest differences in outcome that result from a better technique can have effects on cost and public health. The purpose of this study was to compare two methods (transverse and cephalad) of expansion of the low transverse uterine incision in cesarean section. Materials and Methods: In this randomized clinical controlled trial in 145 women who had low segment transverse cesarean section, the initial uterine incision was extended transversally and in 143 women in a cephalad- cauded direction. Outcomes of this study included unintended extension of uterine incision, uterine vessel injury, need for additional sutures after closure of uterine incision, blood transfusion, estimation of intraoperative blood loss, and decreased Hb value more than 10 percent after operation. Data were evaluated using t-test, chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test. Results: No significant difference was found between the two groups regarding patient characteristics, indication of surgery, and type of anesthesia and proportion of emergency procedures. The occurrence of uterine vessel injury (5.51% versus 2/09%, P=0.010), need for additional sutures for controlling uterine incision bleeding (17.93% versus 2.79%, P<0.001), and intraoperative estimated blood loss (689 versus 579 mL, P= 0.001) were significantly higher in the transverse group than in the cephalad- cauded group. Conclusion: probably the cephalad- cauded technique is preferred when low segment transverse cesarean section is performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: Diabetes Mellitus is an abnormality in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism that can lead to hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. This study aimed at assessing the effect of hydro-alcoholic leaf extract of Mespilus germanica on the blood levels of glucose and lipids in diabetic male rats. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study 48 adult male rats were randomly divided into six groups of eight. These groups are included: control group which left untreated; sham group which received distilled water; treated control group received only 4000mg/kg leaf extract; diabetic control group receiving only streptozocine; and two diabetic experimental groups of one and two which received 2000 and 4000 mg/kg extract respectively. The extract dosages were administered through gavageing method for sixteen days. Blood samples were taken from all groups and serum levels of glucose and lipids were measured by an auto analyzer. The data were analyzed by SPSS-20 software using ANOVA test. Results: In the experimental groups of 1 and 2, concentration of glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-C decreased significantly in respect to diabetic control group, whereas the serum level of HDL-C showed a significant elevation in these groups. As expected, the levels of glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-C increased significantly in diabetic control group, while, the serum level of HDL-C declined in respect to control group. Conclusion: The results show that the hydro-alcoholic leaf extract of Mespilus germanica may be effective in the treatment of diabetes. This effect can be due to the presence of flavonoieds and their antioxidant features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objectives: Lead as a naturally-occurring element has different effects on hematopoitic system, nervous system, kidney, reproductive system and bone. In this investigation, was determined the effect of garlic alcoholic-water extract in kidney poisoning treatment induced by lead in neonatal rat. Materials & Methods: Rats were divided into 7 groups of 8. The First group was the control group, which had received no materials. The second group had received 0/1 ml distilled water, the third group had received the lead with a dose of 0/6 gram per liter. The forth group had just received 0/4 g/kg garlic alcoholic -- water extract. The fifth, sixth, and seventh group had first received 0/6 g lead perliter and then received doses of 0/1, 0/2, 0/4 g/kg garlic. Then, injections was performed orally in 10 consecutive days. The data were analysed then using T. Results: Based on the obtained results, there is a significant increase in the body weight and the kidney of the third, fifth, sixth and seventh groups compared with the control group. However, the body weight and kidney of rats in the fourth group showed a meaningful decrease comparing with the lead group. Regarding the third group, there was a meaningful increase in Urea, uric acid, creatinine and potassium compared with the control group but a significant decrease in the sodium. Conclusion: Protective effects of garlic on kidney are related to antioxidant properties, since different types of oxidation reactions have negative effects on glomerular filtration rate. Garlic is eliminating the poisoning effect of lead on the kidney because of having properties such as antioxidant and protective effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]