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Background: Air pollution in large cities is one of the main difficulties that have harmful effects on humans and cause various diseases including cancers. So, present study with aim of determination the relation between air pollution and Incidence rate of two most common cancer in Tehran were performed. Methods: at first, hourly data of pollutants including of CO, NO2, O3, SO2, PM10 were taken from the environmental protection agency Tehran and Air Quality Control Company and Archived documents of Disease data were acquired from Iran University of Medical Sciences .Then, descriptive studies were performed on criteria air pollutants and dependent variable . Finally, inferential tests such as Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression were used to determine the relationship between air pollution and the incidence rate of Lung and Hematologic Neoplasms. Results: Results showed there was significant relationship between PM10/O3 and among men and women. The correlation of coefficients between PM10 and O3 with Number of cases of disease in men and women were 0.904, 0.882, 0.924, 0.931, 0.856, 0.949, 0.976, 0.860 respectively. Conclusion: According to the results, there were positive relationship between PM10/O3 and incidence rate of Lung and Hematologic Neoplasms among men and women. Due to the high level of ozone and airborne particles and their health consequences, Continuous and further prevention and control measures should be developed to alleviate the situation of the two air pollutants.

Introduction: Occlusion stability following orthodontic treatments is a daunting challenge for orthodontists and this stability is maintained using retainer devices after the active phase of treatments. Although Hawley retainer has a wide application in retention objectives, the use of Essix retainers has been on a rise in recent years. The present study aimed to compare occlusal settling in orthodontic patients after using Essix and Hawley retainers using the T-Scan III technique for bite recordings in the retention period.Materials and Methods: In this observational-analytical trial, 46 orthodontic patients (24 for Hawley and 22 for Essix retainers) were selected at the end of the active phase of the treatment. The patients used Hawley and Essix retainers at both jaws for 1 year, and the occlusal settling (occlusal contacts) was recorded by the T-Scan III technique at the initial time (T0), as well as 6 months (T1) and 1 year (T2) after retention. The intragroup and intergroup changes (percent) that occurred in occlusal contacts in different time intervals were statistically analyzed by paired t-test and student t-test, respectively.Results: In the Hawley retainer group, the occlusal contacts significantly increased in the posterior teeth (7.708±13.5; P=0.008) and significantly decreased in the anterior teeth (7.416±11.791; P=0.005). On the other hand, in the Essix retainer group, occlusal contacts decreased in the posterior teeth (10.19±14.884; P=0.008) and significantly increased in the anterior teeth (10.381±18.591; P=0.005). Conclusion: AS evidenced by the obtained results, both Hawley and Essix retainers caused changes in the occlusal contacts and relative vertical movement of posterior teeth in the patients after 6 months and 1 year of retention, compared to the initial time. Nonetheless, Hawley retainer seemed to ring about more posterior changes (settling) than Essix retainer. Due to the increase in posterior tooth contact and the decrease in anterior tooth contact with the use of Holly retainer, this retainer can be a better choice in deep bite cases. Furthermore, due to the reduction of posterior contacts in the first 6 months in the Essix license plate, it is suggested that the full-time use of this retainer be shortened.

Background and Aim: Attention Control Training is a new cognitive intervention that improves emotion regulation by reducing attentional bias towards negative information. Given the significant association between death anxiety and emotion dysregulation and death-related attentional bias, this study aimed to assess attention control training as an intervention for reducing death anxiety. Methods & Materials: In this clinical trial, the Convenience Sampling Method sampled 50 university students in Tehran and was randomly assigned to 2 experimental and 1 control groups. Attention control training was delivered using death-related stimuli for the 1st experimental group and negative stimuli unrelated to death for the 2nd experimental group. The control group didn’t receive any interventions. In 3 measurements of pretest, posttest, and 3 months follow-up, death-related attentional bias, death anxiety, and sensitivity to mortality salience were assessed, respectively, using the Modified Stroop Test, Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale (MFODS), and Propensity to Moral Disengagement Scale (PMDS) after inducing Mortality Salience condition. Ethical Considerations: This study was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (Code: IRCT20190406043181N1) and was approved by the research ethics committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.SBMU.MSP.REC.1398.539). Results: The study showed that after completing attention control training, the 1st experimental group’s death-related attentional bias, death anxiety, and sensitivity to mortality salience were significantly reduced (P0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that attention control training is capable of significantly reducing death-related attentional bias, and this reduction in attentional bias leads to decreased death anxiety and sensitivity to mortality salience

Background: With the increase in recent droughts and shortage of drinking water resources led to planning to desalinate water and set up mobile stations. The purpose of this study is to determine the microbial and physicochemical quality of water discharged from desalination plants and tankers in Qom. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted for one year with monthly sampling of water from domestic water purifiers and mobile tankers. Samples were analyzed for microbial contamination and physicochemical quality (pH, TDS, turbidity and chlorination) according to standard methods. The data were analyzed using SPSS and Excel software and compared with the standards. Results: Positive values of fecal coliform contamination was 13.34% in tankers and 4.35% in domestic water purifiers. The pH, TDS, turbidity was in accordance with the national and WHO standards. T-TEST statistical analysis showed, microbial quality of water had a significant relation with variables of dewatering containers (P

Background and Objectives: Population growth and limited access to fresh water and need to use bottled water for drinking, chemical and biological quality of the water exacerbates the need for review. The aim of this study was to evaluate chemical and microbial quality in multi-brand bottled water was consumed in the country. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study carried out in stages, the first brand of bottled water available 6 recognized and sampling was conducted. The chemical and bacteriological quality of water parameters include cL-, nitrate,Mg+2, Ca+2, hardness, Na+,No2-, pH , TDS, EC, F-, total coliforms and fecal coliforms in the samples were tested. The average value of each property, with standard and were compared with the amounts listed on the label. Data analysis using the software SPSS, descriptive statistics and analysis of variance (p

Background: Suitable budget allocation of organizational activities can deliver the resources distribution, enabling operational monitoring and providing expected access to the cost results. The aim of this study was to calculate the cost of final units in one of the Armed Forces Hospitals. Materials and Methods: One of the Armed Forces Hospitals selected in 2013.Data gathered from all cost centers to costs calculation and evaluated based on theory of Activity-Based Costing analysis. General wards and intensive care units, operating rooms, dental, emergency and dialysis were considered as final units. Cost calculation performed using Excel software version 2007. Total cost of hospital was 244,416 million rails in 2013 which direct and indirect allocated costs were 52% and 48%, respectively. The CCU, surgery ward, ICU and operating rooms had the highest and clinics and dental had the lowest in case of costs. More than 50 percent of the direct costs of all the units have been spent on manpower except the operating room. After labor costs, medication costs accounted for the largest percentage of direct spending units. Conclusion: Paying attention to human resources in terms of number and distribution of all units especially in the final units, also considering medications use particularly in middle units and consumables in overhead ones especially can be result in reduction and adjusting hospital costs.

Background: Antibiotic in environment can be accumulated in soil and sediment and then adversely affect the ecosystem function as well as decrease the natural degradation rate of pollutants by producing a antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. The antibiotic-resistant genes can also transfer to drinking water resources and then, leading untreatable human disease. Methods: Natural LECA was supported from rural resources and washed with deionized water for several time and then used as natural adsorbent. The adsorbents were characterized with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and X ray diffract meter (XRD). All experiments were conducted in a batch reactor. Various parameters such as initial adsorbent mass (2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 g/L), initial antibiotic concentration (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/L), initial solution pH (3, 5, 7, 9, and 11) and contact time (1-210 min) were investigated. Results: The Results of present work showed the high removal efficiency of the adsorbent for adsorption of Tetracycline from aqueous solution. Higher removal efficiency was observed for Tetracycline at pH 3, 180 min contact time, 10 g/L of adsorbent dose and 200 mg/L of initial antibiotic concentration. In optimum condition, up to 49% of tetracycline was removed. Conclusion: Overall, the results of the present work well demonstrated that natural LECA as an inexpensive adsorbent could remove effectively the antibiotics namely Tetracycline from aqueous solution.

Removal of phosphorous for control of eutrophication in receiving water is necessary and of great concern for environmental protection. In this work, weak anion exchange resin with OH- was used for removal of phosphorous from model solution. All experiments were conducted in a batch system. Various parameters such as pH, initial phosphorous concentration, solution temperature, resin dosage and reaction time were studied. High removal was observed at pH 5. After 150 minute reaction time at pH 5 and 0.5 g/L of adsorbent, phosphorous concentration decreased form initial concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 mg/L to below 0.8 mg/L. Experimental data was best fitted onto pseudo-second order model. In addition it was found that film diffusion model is the main rate controlling step in this reaction. Thermodynamic studies demonstrated that removal of phosphorous is an exothermic reaction and randomness in solid-liquid surface during sorption process.

زمينه و هدف: ارتباط و مهارت هاى ارتباطى در زندگى انسان ها، به خصوص در زندگى زناشويى اهميت فراوان دارد و مانند بسترى است كه ساير ابعاد زندگى زناشويى را در بر مى گيرد. در مطالعات قبلى ثابت شده است كه آموزش مهارت هاى ارتباطى در زوجين ، موجب كاهش تعارضات زناشويى و افزايش صميميت در آنان مى گردد. هدف اصلي اجراي برنامه رابطين بهداشتي، ارتقاء آگاهي و دانش آنان با استفاده از يك نظام آموزش فعال و مطلوب و تقويت نمودن مهارت هاى آنان مي باشد. مطالعه حاضر با هدف تعيين اثر آموزش روي توانمندي رابطين مركز بهداشت شرق تهران در مورد مهارتهاي ارتباطي زوجين است. مواد و روش ها: پژوهش حاضر از نوع مطالعات نيمه تجربى است كه در آن 112 نفر از رابطان بهداشتى مركز بهداشت شرق تهران در دو گروه آزمون و كنترل، به صورت تصادفى انتخاب و مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. در ابتدا پرسشنامه ها بين هر دو گروه توزيع و تكميل گرديد ونتايج آن مورد تجزيه و تحليل قرار گرفت و براساس آن برنامه مداخله آموزشي با استفاده از روش هاى ايفاى نقش و بحث گروهى به صورت 4 هفته براى گروه آزمون برگزار گرديد. يك ماه بعد پرسشنامه ها براي هر دو گروه مجددا تكميل شد و نتايج با استفاده از روش های آمار توصیفی و آزمون های ناپارامتری ویلکاکسون و من ویتنی در سطح معنی داری مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. يافته ها: نتايج آناليز آمارى تفاوت معنادارى در ميانگين نمرات توانمندى قبل و بعد از آزمون نشان داد. هم چنين تفاوت معنادارى در ميانگين نمرات توانمندى قبل و بعد از آزمون در مورد مهارت هاى تحريف شناختى، گوش دادن، حل مسئله و مديريت خشم مشاهده شد. نتيجه گيري: برگزارى آموزش مهارت ارتباطى تاثير مطلوبى بر توانمندى رابطان بهداشت دارد، لذا ارائه برنامه هاى آموزشى در راستاى توانمندى رابطان پيشنهاد مى شود.

Hornbeam is the most frequent species in forests of northern Iran. This paper aims to study the relationship between gap size and some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of hornbeam seedlings. For this purpose Khanikan district in Korkrood forest was selected in northern Iran. Four sizes of gap were selected based on silvicultural definitions including: area with less than 200 m², 200 to 500 m², 500 to 1000 m², and larger than 1000 m² and in each gap, 4 subplots each 2 m² were laid out. The current study was made in 2 phases: 1) study on light intensity using fish-eye camera, and 2) quantitative (including collar diameter and height) and qualitative characteristics of hornbeam seedlings. The obtained result showed that the intensity of light changed between 2 and 70 percent in different gaps and different locations of the gaps. The number of hornbeam seedlings increased with a relative increase in the light intensity initially and then decreased. Collar diameter and height of seedlings didn’t show significant differences among different light intensities. The number of seedlings was reduced significantly in the gaps larger than 500 m2. The best qualitative condition and the maximum number of hornbeam seedlings were observed in the gaps smaller than 200 m2.

Background: Antibiotics are a type of medicine that are found in different concentrations from nanograms to micrograms in water sources, and their high resistance to decomposition makes it difficult to remove them from aquatic environments. The aim of this study is to investigate the removal of tetracycline antibiotic from water environments. Methods: In this study, modified y-type nano zeolite was synthesized for tetracycline adsorption. The properties of modified y type nano zeolite adsorbent were determined by FESEM, EDS, FTIR and XRD analysis. Then the absorption process of tetracycline was investigated. Results: The highest removal rate of tetracycline antibiotic was achieved at a concentration equal to 50 mg/L and a contact time of 30 min, at pH=7 and a modified nano zeolite concentration of 0.4 g/L, 97.4%. The adsorption process of tetracycline through modified nano-zeolite y was compatible with the Langmuir isotherm model (R = 0.991) and pseudo-second-order kinetics (K2 = 0.002). Conclusion: The results showed that the nano adsorbent is significantly able to remove tetracycline from aqueous solutions in a short period of time. Therefore, it can be used as an effective adsorbent to remove antibiotics.

Surface and groundwater are important vital resources around the world. This study examines the quality of surface and groundwater resources in the catchment area of Latian Dam during the years 1396 to 1398 using GIS tools and water quality indices. materials and ways :In order to evaluate the quality of water resources, samples were taken from 10 selected stations in two rainy and low rainfall seasons during three years and the physical, chemical and microbial parameters of the samples were evaluated. Then, using water quality indicators and hydrogeochemical characteristics, the quality of water resources was determined and the zoning map of the indicators was prepared using ArcGIS software. The resulting hydrogeochemical data were also interpreted using Piper, Schuler, Wilcox graphical diagrams and statistical analysis. Findings and Conclusions :The results show that on average, during the rainy seasons, the whole region had good quality (30.644). For surface water stations, 3 stations in high rainfall season were of excellent quality (44.243), 2 stations in low rainy season were of excellent quality (40.145) and other stations were of good quality (69.92). According to the piper diagram, the samples are in two states Ca-Mg-SO4-Cl and Ca-Mg-HCO3 and the results of the study of cation and anion combination are mainly Ca-Mg-HCO3. Correlation coefficient between the main variables, there was a significant relationship between IRWQIGC groundwater and its GWQI (r = 0.87) and between IRWQISC surface water and its WQI (r = 0.68) but there is no significant relationship between groundwater and surface water quality. The average groundwater quality during the study period was good (29.143).

Introduction: Legionella Pneumophila bacteria is known as one of the most important nosocomial infections and the most common cause of death in patients. This study was aimed to identify Legionella Pneumophila bacteria in hospital water supply systems. Material and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed to identify Legionella pneumophila in hot and cold-water systems of important and sensitive wards of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Divandareh city (neonatal, dialysis, obstetric, gynecological and menchr('39')s surgery). A total of 60 samples were collected from these sections. Results: According to the results of this study, a total of 17 (28%) of all samples were infected by Legionella pneumophila bacteria in water supply systems including hot showers and cold water in neonatal, dialysis, delivery, surgery. gynecology and menchr('39')s surgery wards were identified. Conclusion: Lack of proper water treatment system, low residual chlorine content, and presence of biofilm in water supply system and proper temperature range of growth with this bacterium could be the major causes of Legionella contamination in the studied hospital.

Background and aim: Water supply systems and various parts of dentistry unit have the ability to aggregate biofilms and thus the transmission of dangerous diseases to staff and patients. The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial contamination of surfaces and water lines of dental units of health center (Qods 2) in Divandareh city. Material and methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on dental units of the health center (Qods 2) in Divandareh city in 2019. 125 samples were collected from different parts of the units including unit lamp handle, lamp ON/OFF power button, open/close bolt of unit water, setting switch button (before and after disinfecting), and the inlet and outlet water of units. The samples were tested for Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Coliforms and Escherichia coli. Results: The results of this study showed that all samples collected from the studied parts of the units including unit lamp handle, lamp ON/OFF power button, open/close bolt of unit water, and setting switch button were positive as presence of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and coliforms before and after disinfection. Also, the unit lamp handle and setting switch button were positive as Escherichia coli. The inlet and outlet water were also positive for all the studied bacteria. The number of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in the handle of the unit lamp before disinfection (210±80.5 CFU/ml) and in the ON/OFF button of the lamp after disinfection (300±82.6 CFU/ml) were higher than the permissible amount (200 CFU/ml). Also, the number of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria detected in setting switch button, before disinfection, was higher (200±75.2) than the allowable value. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, the contamination level of water and surface of the studied dental units was high. Also, identifying of the considerable number of bacteria at the different surfaces of the units, indicating the improper use of the disinfectants and the possibility of biofilms presence in the unit waterlines.

Background and objectives: Construction is one of the most dangerous industries in the world and one of the authorities’ concerns of officials in this area is to improve their safety. This study was carried out so as to investigate the causes of unsafe behaviors in a combined cycle power plant. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a questionnaire for 300 workers of the combined cycle power plan were used. The obtained information was divided into criteria and sub-criteria affecting the causes of unsafe behaviors. Criteria and sub-criteria were distributed as a pairwise comparison questionnaire among 19 people who worked on the safety and they were supposed to answer based on their experiences as well as the distance scale. Criteria and sub-criteria were ordered by Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and using Expert Choice‌ software. Results: the results showed that the criterion of individual characteristics (34 %) is the most effective factor for unsafe behaviors and followed by employer (22%), teaching 915%), education (12%), specialization and experience (7.8%), age (7.6%), job characteristics (3%), and weather condition (2%) respectively. Conclusion: the most important sub-criterion of individual characteristics is a onechr('39')s susceptibility to accident. Hence, it is necessary to prevent unsafe behaviors by employing vulnerable people in less dangerous occupations.

Introduction: Aerobic granules as a novel type of bio-sorbent have an excellent settling ability and high-porosity structure. This study investigated the feasibility of aerobic granules for chromium (VI) removal from synthetic aqueous solution and compare it with conventional activated sludge. Method: In this research the effect of some important parameters including pH (5, 7, and 9), initial chromium (VI) concentration (25, 50, and 100 mg/l), and equilibration time (30, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 360 minutes) in removal of chromium (VI) from synthetic aqueous solution in batch system have been studied. The amount of chromium (VI) was determined using Spectrophotometer at 540 nm. Results: The results indicated that at pH=5, initial chromium concentration of 25 mg/L and equilibration time of 120 minutes, 97.65 % of chromium (VI) was found by aerobic granules. In the second stage, chromium (VI) removal was examined using conventional activated sludge which the efficiency of chromium (VI) were obtained 58% in the optimum conditions (pH=5, initial chromium (VI) concentration =25 mg/l, and retention time=120 minutes). Conclusion: Totally, it can be concluded that aerobic granules sludge as an effective and low-cost biodegradable adsorbent has a good performance for the removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions.

Backgrounds: Due to their antibacterial effects, herbal remedies have an important role in the treatment of infections; particularly in infected wounds. Increased bacterial resistance to antibiotics combined with increased side effects related to their administration has led many researchers to investigate alternative herbal treatments in recent years. In line with this trend, the objective of this study was to assess the antimicrobial effects of Dr Kamkar’s cream on different microbial strains in vitro. Methods: The susceptibility of isolates to the cream was evaluated using well diffusion, the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) methods. 11 microorganisms were analyzed which included 5 strains routinely used to assess antibacterial effects and 6 clinical isolates were obtained from patients’ wounds. Based on CLSI (2018) standards, the Kirby& Bauer method was utilized to investigate the sensitivity of the strains to commonly used antibiotics. Results: The herbal cream was effective against 10 strains, while only 1 strain demonstrated resistance. Bacillus subtilis was the most susceptible bacteria to the cream with a zone of Inhibition of 31mm, followed by Bacillus anthracis (25mm), Staphylococcus aureus (22mm), Acinetobacter baumannii (22mm), Staphylococcus epidermidis (20mm), Bacillus cereus (16mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (14mm), Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans (20mm) and resistant to Escherichia coli. MIC findings indicated that the herbal cream had maximal effect against Bacillus cereus, and minimal efficiency against Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans, while MBC results showed maximal effect against Bacillus cereus and minimal effect against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results of antibiograms revealed resistance to several antibiotics. Conclusion: According to the results, Dr Kamkar’s herbal cream has suitable antimicrobial activity against certain pathogenic microorganisms and can be used alone or in combination with Antibiotics in the treatment of infected wounds.

Background and Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial quality of drinking water in Karaj, Iran in terms of heterotrophic bacteria count index (HPC) and its variation trend using geographic information system (GIS) in 2016. Materials and methods: In this study, water sampling was carried out in Karaj distribution network in all 12 regions and based on this, 3 samples were taken from each region by grab sampling technique. Results: The findings indicated that the mean terms of free residual chlorine, turbidity, and pH in the 12 regions of Karaj were respectively measured 0.2-0.8 mg/l, 0.22-0.94 NTU, and 7.3-7.8. The highest levels of HPC in regions of 3, 6 and 9 of Karaj were detected at 70, 115 and 320 colonies, respectively. The highest turbidity rates were 2.48 and 1.62 NTU in regions 3 and 9, respectively, and the lowest rate was 0.22 NTU in region 5. Conclusion: According to results, in all samples, the obtained HPC levels were within the recommended national standards. Furthermore, the results of water quality zoning using ordinary point kriging represent high quality drinking water and its complete overlap in the studied cases.

Background & Objective: The presence of nitrate and phosphate in concentrations above the allowable level in surface and groundwater resources leads to disease and problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the adsorption efficiency of magnetic-metallic chitosan nanocomposite in the adsorption of nitrate and phosphate from aqueous solutions. Materials and methods: The adsorbent was synthesized by co-precipitation method. Different concentrations of nitrate (50-300 mg/L) and phosphate (100-400 mg/L) were prepared and their removal was evaluated by different concentrations of synthesized adsorbent (0.1-0.5 g/L). Various parameters such as temperature (20-40 ° C), pH (5-8), contact time (0-90 minutes) and the presence of interfering ions (chloride, phosphate, hardness 1.5 mM) were investigated. SEM, XRD, FTIR and XRF tests were used to determine the synthesized adsorbent characteristics. Results: Magnetic-metallic chitosan nanocomposite adsorbent is able to effectively remove nitrate and phosphate from aqueous solutions. Nitrate and phosphate removal efficiencies under conditions of pH=5, nitrate concentration (100 mg/L), phosphate concentration (200 mg/L), 60 min contact time and 0.3 g/L adsorbent concentration were 87.2% and 74.9%, respectively. The adsorption process of both pollutants followed the langmuir model and pseudo second kinetic order. Interfering ions reduced the removal efficiency of contaminants by 73.1% for nitrate and 65.9% for phosphate. Conclusion: Since the presence of nitrate and phosphate anions, as common contaminants and indicators of water resources, the use of magnetic-metallic chitosan nanocomposite adsorbent is very effective in the removal of these contaminants.

Background: Pressure ulcers are among the most serious skin and tissue disorders and put a heavy financial burden on healthcare systems. These ulcers break through the body’s first line of defense and can lead to severe consequences such as septicemia and death. Nowadays, most conventional treatments are very costly; therefore, the production of less expensive medications including herbal remedies is crucial. This study aimed to determine the healing effect of Dr Kamkar’s herbal cream in one to third stage Pressure Ulcer. Methods: This single-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on 65 patients aged 40-80 years with stage1- 3 Pressure ulcers at Imam Ali Hospital in Karaj. The control group was treated with zinc oxide cream, while the intervention group was treated with Dr Kamkar’s herbal cream. Ulcers were measured according to the Pressure Ulcer Scale (PUSH) at the beginning of hospitalization and weekly for 8 weeks and the PUSH scores in the two groups were compered. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 23. Results: The results showed that in the intervention group the slop of decline in the PUSH score was greater in comparison to the control group. Regarding the area of the lesions, exudation and tissue regeneration, the levels of improvement in the intervention and control groups were 85% and 18%, respectively. Conclusion: According to our data, a significant difference in the mean scores of the pressure ulcer was observed between the two groups (P ≤ 0.0001). It can be concluded that Dr Kamkar,s healing cream is effective in the treatment of stage one to third pressure ulcers.

Background &Objectives: Aniline is a substance used in chemical industries and in various processes such as pesticide production, chemical bleaching, textile dyes, etc. In spite of the negative effects of aniline on the environment due the difficult decomposition of this substance, various methods have been investigated to remove this substance from water resources. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficiency of magnetized carbon nanotubes in the removal of aniline from aqueous solutions. Methods: Fe3O4-CNT magnetic nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitation method. The morphology of the adsorbent surface, shape and size of CNT-Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transfer electron microscopy (TEM). BET analysis was also used to determine the physical properties of the adsorbent such as surface area, size and volume of the cavities and their distribution on the adsorbent. An X-ray diffraction device (XRD) was used to determine the pattern and the purity of the Fe3O4 particles. The synthetic adsorbent properties were analyzed by FTIR technique. In order to optimize the adsorption conditions and determine the optimal values of each of the factors affecting the adsorption process (pH, contact time, adsorbent value, initial aniline error and temperature), adsorption experiments were performed and aniline concentration was determined by spectrophotometric method. Results: SEM and TEM analyzes showed that the magnetic carbon nanotubes were almost uniform and had an average diameter of 5 nanometers and an average length of 100 nanometers. XRD analysis also showed the stabilization of Fe3O4 on carbon nanotubes. FTIR analysis for the absorption of aniline contaminants on the magnetic carbon nanotubes adsorbent indicated that the aniline contaminant bond has appeared on the adsorbent. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that magnetic MWCNT adsorbent was able to effectively remove aniline contaminants from aquatic environments. Statistical analysis showed that pH parameters, adsorption concentration, pollutant concentration, temperature and contact time were effective on pollutant removal efficiency.

Background: Magnesium oxide is one of the alkaline earth metal oxides which due to its catalytic properties has been widely used in the analysis of hazardous chemicals. The main purpose of this study was to remove tetracycline antibiotics using magnesium nano oxide. Methods: In this study, magnesium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized in the presence of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide. Synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (TGA), transmission microscopic analysis (TEM), particle size distribution analysis (DLS), infrared radiation analysis (FTIR) and electron diffraction (FES) electron microscopy (FES). In the next step, the efficiency of the synthesized nanoparticles in the batch system was investigated by changing one parameter and keeping the other parameters constant in removal of the tetracycline antibiotic. Results: Increasing the pH from 3 to 7 caused efficiency increase, but decreased again to pH = 11. As the contact time increases, the efficiency increases. This increase was steepest for 60 minutes and is almost constant after 60 minutes. According to other available concentrations,the contact time of 60 minutes was chosen as the optimum time. The efficiency without the presence of interfering ions in optimum condition was 81.68%. By adding the interfering ions the efficiency at the lowest concentration level of the interferers was 62.29% (nitrate), 40.11% (sulfate), 55.32% (Cu) and 43.56% (fluoride) decreased. The highest reduction was obtained with sulfate ion at 300 ppm which showed an efficiency of 15%. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that MgO adsorbent can efficiently remove tetracycline contaminants from water resources.

Background and Objective: Water interfering anions can cause major problems in the quality of drinking water as well as entering water to the industry. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of granulated metallic-magnetic chitosan nanocomposite for adsorption of interfering anions in aqueous solutions (sulfate, chloride, carbonate and bicarbonate. Materials& Methods: Synthesis of granulated metallic-magnetic chitosan nanocomposite was conducted based on co-precipitation method. The anions chloride (300-50 mg / L), carbonate (150-50 mg / L), bicarbonate (50- 150 mg / L) and sulfate (50-300 mg / L) were considered. The pH range of the study was between 5- 8 and the remaining time was 0-90 minutes. For the study of the adsorption process, the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were considered as pseudo-first and pseudo-second kinetics order at temperatures in the range of 20-45 Celsius. Results: The results showed that the best removal efficiency of anions was obtained at pH = 5. With an increase in chlorine concentration from 50 mg / L to 300 mg / L, the removal efficiency decreased from 80.06% to 38.22%. This trend has also been observed for other anions in the study, which decreased from 57.82% to 37.69% for sulfate at similar concentrations. In carbonate and bicarbonate, at 50-50 mg / L concentrations, the removal efficiency decreased from 61.15% to 41.17% and 79.66%, respectively, to 49.36%. The percentage of removal of chlorine ion with an amount of adsorbent between 1-5 g / L increased from 62% to 91%. However, increasing the amount of absorbent after 4 g / L did not have a significant difference in removal of chlorine. The same effect was observed for other anions in the study, so that the removal efficiency of carbonate, bicarbonate and sulfate anions in exchange for an increase in the absorbent dose increased from 1 g / L to g / L 5, which was 56% to 93%, 52% to 96% and 53% to 80%. The results of the study showed that the adsorption process follows Langmuir isotherm model and the adsorption of anions is superficial. The absorption model also follows the pseudo-second order kinetic model. In addition, as the temperature rises, the removal efficiency decreases. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that granulated metallic-magnetic chitosan nanocomposite adsorbent was able to remove the interfering anions from water resources.

Background: Aluminium phosphide (ALP) is a highly effective insecticide and rodenticide used frequently to protect stored grain. Acute poisoning with this compound is common in some countries including India and Iran, and is a serious health problem. The objective of this study was to survey ALP poisoning and the outcome in hospitals in Karaj, Iran. Materials and Methods: The study was a retrospective study from April 2006 to April 2011. Records of all patients admitted and hospitalized to hospital during the five-year period were collected. Information including gender, age, amount of ALP consumed, route of exposure and outcome were extracted from the patients notes. Results: During the five-year period, 67 patients, 53.7% men and 46.3% women were admitted with ALP poisoning. Most poisoned people were under the age of 21 years.The most common signs and symptoms at admission were nausea (79.4%), vomiting (76.5%), abdominal pain (31.4%) and metabolic acidosis (41.1%). Suicidal intention was the most common cause of poisoning leading to 44.8% deaths and most cases were male (P

Background& Objective: Swimming is great exercise and entertainment and enjoyment for people of all ages, especially in the hot season. Due to health issues and ways to ensure the health and welfare of people, swimming pools are very important. Therefore, in this study, relationship between the capacity and area of the pool with microbial contamination and heterotrophs were investigated. Materials and Methods: This study, based on applied research and analytical - descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional survey was conducted. In this project, we studied 35 swimming pools in the city of Karaj. For this purpose, samples were collected every month for 9 months, turbidity, pH, free residual chlorine was measured at the sampling time and testing for total coliform, E.coli coliform and counting of hetrotrophic organisms in the laboratory of water and wastewater was performed. Data was analyzed by using SPSS software and peyerson analytical. Results: Frome the 315 coliform samples about 90.2% was pure. Of the 315 tested HPCs, 99.7 percent was found in the clean range. The minimum HPC reported is zero, at most 250 with an average of 18/11 and a standard deviation of 266.68. Peyerson correlation test between heterotrophic bacteria with water turbidity and area to swimmer also has a significant relationship. In this study, there was no significant relationship between swimming pool pollution with pool area. Conclusion: According to the results, observance of the sanitary regulations of the pool and technical issues can be effective in reducing microbial and heterotrophs contamination

Background: Microorganisms in hospitals are potential sources of infection to patients and staff. Bioaerosol exposure is associated with a vast range of adverse health effects including infectious diseases, acute toxic effects, allergy and cancer. This study aimed to survey the type and density of bioaerosols in ambient air of different parts of educational hospitals Gorgan 2012. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, different wards of Gorgan educational hospitals including dialysis, patient room and ICU were investigated. Totally, 81 air samples were taken based on NIOSH standard method. Saborad Dextrose agar and Nutrient agarculture medium was used passive method media. Samples collected were shipped to lab and incubated for 48 hours. Finally Concentration was determined in cfu/m2/hr. Results: The diversity and density of Bioaerosoles the highest and lowest densities were in dialysis (30.65%) and operating rooms (19.55%) wards of panjom azar hospital and surgical women (23.35%) and operating rooms(15.35%) wards of Sayyad Shirazi hospital. The most common fungi and bacteria isolated from air hospitals were Staphylococcus epidermisand (41%) and penicillium (23.45%). Conclusion: According to the results of the chi-square test for detection of bacterial contamination of surfaces and equipment in the hospitals studied did not show a significant statistical difference (p-value

Background: Lack of enough supervision, wrong and partial planning in the part of hospital residuals management cause high volume of production from variety of residuals which controlling them impose high costs to every society. In order to improve hospital wastes management, implementing a system of environmental management like ISO14001 can improve the environmental performance of organization and introduce the ways of solving problems to managers. The main objective of this study was to identify and prioritize the effective factors in the implementation of ISO 14001 and the benefits of its implementation in hospitals of Tehran. Methods: In this study, after the identification of success factors and benefits of ISO 14001 implementation in hospitals of Tehran, the method of analytical hierarchy process is used in order to understand the importance and relative priority of these successful important factors and their benefits. Results: Results show that the most important successful factors, based on the importance, are management commitment, education and training, communications and community relations and documentation and control. Also, the most important benefits, of ISO 14001 implementation, are cost reduction in waste management, increasing the awareness and commitment of staff, risk management practices improvement and work process and procedures improvement. Conclusion: Findings of the study indicate that which success factors of ISO 14001 requires more attention by managers and are in priority while implementing them.

Introduction: The ability of effective communication is the most important indicator of effective teaching that enhances the self-confidence and learning motivation in students. On the other hand, evaluation of teachers in view point of students is the most common method of determining success in achieving the goals of education, so this study was performed to determine the relationship between Communication skills of Academic members and their evaluation outcome in Alborz university of Medical Sciences 2013. Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study done in 2013 in in Alborz university of Medical Sciences. 81 academic members were selected by convenient sampling method. The data collection instrument was a demographic questionnaire and Queen Dom validated questionnaire, which has 34 items and 5 subscales, with the maximum score of 170. Analysis of the data took place on two levels of descriptive statistics [average and standard deviation] and inferential statistics [T-test and Pearson correlation coefficient] by SPSS 16. Results: Total mean of communication skills was 123.93±7.82. Mean of communication sub-skills including emotion control, message perception, decisiveness, listening to and showing recognition to message were 29.04±2.88, 33.9±2.70, 18.44±1.71, 25.54±2.45 and 17±2.13, respectively. There was a significant association between emotion control and ​​evaluation score and regulating emotions (p=0.02). Test results showed that there weren’t any significant association between total score of communication skills with evaluation score and demographic variables. Conclusion: The results indicate there is no relationship between teacher evaluation score and their communication skills.

Introduction In nearly all big cities around the world, the phenomenon of street children is one of the contemporary social issues. During past several decades, there is an increase in the volume of street children phenomenon around the world. The rising number of street children has many pathological and consequential negative impacts for children, youth, families, and the society at the whole . According to 2000 UN report, the number of street children is estimated between 100 to140 million people. According to this report, it is estimated that around 40 million people living in Latin America, 35 million in Asia, 10 million in Africa and remaining live in other countries including advanced industrial societies. There are not reliable data about the number of street children in Iran. According to the available reports there are around 20 thousand street children in Iran. Some preliminary studies show a trend towards the growth of street children phenomenon in several big cities of Iran. The pathological impact of street children phenomenon need appropriate policy-making based on scientific approach. Thus various scientific researchers should work for deeper understanding of factors associated with the formation and characteristics of street children to better social policy. Materials and Methods The present paper aims to examine the overall situation of street children concerning their life style, activities, experiences, family background, educational achievement and other behavioral characteristics. For this purpose, data collected through a survey administered in the face-to-face interview among 122 street children aged 6-14 which working in the street of Isfahan city in the spring of 2010. The measurement validity of the study obtained through face validity and the questionnaire has been revised based on the experts’ comments and suggestions. Also a pretest study conducted to examine questionnaire and based on the results of the pretest, questionnaire has been finalized. Data analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Discussion of Results and Conclusions Other characteristics of sample indicated that around 12 percents of street children was illiterate and about 58 percent of them leave their school before the completion of guidance school. Monthly income for 8.2 percent of respondents was below 150 thousand Tomans, 76.2 percent between 150 to 300 thousand Tomans and 14.7 was between 301 t0 500 thousand Tomans. The highest income had for those children who were selling drugs. Around two third of respondents give their income to their adult family member. Also around two third of children worked as peddler and around one-fifth had a deviant job. Findings also indicate that five-seventh of respondents were physically abused by their parents. 22% of respondents arrested by police and 5 percent went to prison and 7 percent have one to two years in a juvenile institution. Examining parental characteristics of street children show that over 90 percent of mothers and fathers of the respondents have had below elementary schooling. About 70 percent of fathers’ respondent and 24 percent of mothers’ respondent has been employed. About 72 percent of children have at least one or both parents who addicted. 15 percent have had parents who divorced and 25 percent has experienced orphanhood. In sum our research findings confirm that majority of street children under the study are boy, migrant, with low family income, having addicted parents, and usually have been physically abused by their parents and they are working as peddler. The findings also indicate that street children had deviant behavior in some case, was arrested by police, some of them even have gone to prison. Finally, research has shown that there are a significant relationship between parental drug addiction and the abuse of children by parents with the type of works that children are doing. Data shows that the kind of jobs that children do has a significant relationship with such variables as parental addiction, children abuse by parents, and parental imprisonment. Results also indicate that deviant job observed in the most cases among those children who have an addicted parent, employed in deviant job and abused by their parents. In sum, it can be concluded that various factor played an important role in the formation and the emergence of street children phenomenon. 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