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Qajar period especially Naseri's time coincided with many changes in the cultural, social, and political themes in the society that effected all aspects of the Iranian's life. One of the impressions was in archaeology contracts that enlightened the past of Iran with the new findings and materials in historical sites. Of course before archaeological excavation; Iranian people had their own attitudes towards their cultural heritage. Archaeological excavations were not their first encounter with the ancient ruins. They interpreted ancient remains with the myths and legends that passed through centuries. They learnt them through oral tradition or from Shahnameh. Another attitude was respecting them because of holy believes. Unfortunately after appearance of antique dealings around the world, local habitants sometimes traded historical materials. People's attitude to historical artifacts influences their behavior to their culture. This study examined this issue that Iranians' attitude to their Cultural Heritage made effect on their national identity.

Serotonin (5-hydroxytriptamine), one of the most important neurotransmitters, is synthesized from amino acid L-tryptophan in some neurons located in the central nervous system and intestine enterochromaffin cells . The role of this neurotransmitter is important and involves control of sexual behaviors, morality, sleep, pain, appetite, aggression, cardiovascular function and regulation of gut function. Serotonin is stored in cells by serotonin transporter; and after release, it binds to its specific receptors so as to perform its function, which is neuronal stimulation. There is a relationship between serotonin concentration changes, serotonin transporter gene alleles, and serotonin receptors and some diseases; consequently, using some drugs which are effective on these factors could be useful in the treatment of these diseases.

Background and Objectives: Alphapinene as one of the most important Components of essential oils, which has antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase activities. Oxidative stress directly affects the function of the brain and causes memory impairment. In this research, the effect of alphapinene on passive avoidance memory and oxidative stress, was investigated in comparison with donepezil. Methods: In this study, 50 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: control, sham (received alphapinene solvent), groups received 2 and 4mg/kg alphapinene, and group that received donepezil. The drugs were administered intraperitoneally for two weeks. At the end of the treatment, passive avoidance memory in animals, was assessed using the shuttle box test, level of malondialdehyde, total thiol concentration in blood, and hippocampal tissue as oxidative stress indices. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests, were used to determine the difference between the groups. Results: Memory significantly increased in the group receiving donepezil (p

Background and Objectives: Parkinson disease is caused by destruction of dopamine-producing nerve cells. Given the antioxidant properties of Ferulago angulata, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the extract of this plant on motor and memory disorders in animal model of Parkinson's disease. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats (200-250g), were divided into 5 groups: 1-control; 2-Parkinson, and 3-Parkinson groups receiving chavill extract (doses, 100, 200, and 400mg/kg) by gavage for 14 days. To create animal model of Parkinson disease, the rats received 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxin into the left medial forebrain bundle (MFB) of the brain. One day after the last gavage, motor and memory tests were performed in the rats. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used to determine the difference between the groups. Results: Fourteen days after lesion formation in the MFB, following apomorphine injection in the right direction, the rats had a rate of more than 10 rounds per minute with rotation of 360 degrees. In the motor test of the Parkinson's group, maintaining balance on the rotarod (p

In patients with cerebral ischemia, both during hospitalization and in the community, the prevalence of major depression is evident. Since the depression has a negative impact on recovery, its timely diagnosis and treatment is essential. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the oral administration of Chevilan extract (Ferulago angulata hydroalcoholic extract; 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) on brain oxidative stress indices and depression after permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion or ischemia/hypoperfusion in male adult rats. A number of 35 rats were divided into a control group, an ischemic group and ischemic groups receiving doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of Chevilan extracts for 14 days by gavage. To make animal models of permanent cerebral hypo perfusion/ischemia, right common carotid artery was ligatured first and the left one ligatured with an interval of one week. To evaluate depression, immobility in the forced swimming time of each rat was measured and then the rat’s brain tissues were extracted to separate hippocampus and measure malondialdehyde. The results showed that ischemia/hypoperfusion increased brain oxidants such as lipid per oxidation (LPO) and immobility. Also, ischemic rats treated with all three doses of the Chevilan show significant reduction in the concentration of MDA hippocampus and in immobility time at a dose of 100 mg/kg and 200 / 400mg, respectively. Increased swimming time was observed in all three groups of extract recipients. It was found that Chevilan extract with antioxidant effect can reduce the side effects of ischemia such as depression.

Background: In recent years, the potential effects of nanoscale materials on the central nervous system have become even more noticeable. The cerebellum is one of the areas of the brain with high absorption of zinc. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) on oxidative stress indices in rat cerebellum in the presence and absence of vitamin C. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, male Wistar rats (250-200g) were divided into the following groups (n=7): a normal saline group (control), three groups that received different doses of zinc oxide NPs (1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg), three groups that received different doses of vitamin ¬C (30, 60 and 120 mg/kg) and three groups that received 1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg of zinc oxide NPs combined with 30 mg/kg of vitamin¬ C. Half an hour after receiving the medication, the rats were anesthetized and then their cerebellum was removed and the malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiol groups of the cerebellum region were measured. Results: The MDA level decreased significantly in the groups received 5mg/kg of zinc oxide NPs, in the groups received different doses of vitamin¬ C, and in the groups received different doses of zinc oxide NPs combined with 30 mg/kg vitamin¬ C compared with the saline group. Total thiol concentration did not change significantly in the different study groups compared to the control group. Conclusion: Zinc oxide NPs alone or in combination with vitamin C has a reduced effect on oxidative stress in the rat cerebellum.

Introduction & Objective: The use of modern microextraction techniques for determination and evaluation of pollutants is progressively increasing nowadays. Needle trap microextraction (NTME) technique has privileges compared to the other techniques for sampling occupa-tional and environmental pollutants from air. In this study the application of NTD technique packed with polydimethylsiloxane as sorbent for determination of two organohalogen com-pounds (carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene) was investigated. Material & Methods: In this experimental study NTDs were prepared with the same length of proposed sorbent and used after calibration of sampling pump. The parameters related to performance of NTD and proposed sorbent including temperature and relative humidity, sampling storage time and breakthrough volume were investigated. In analytical performances, the capability of NTD on time and temperature of desorption also carryover of analytes were assessed. Finally, the results for NTD microextraction e were compared to the NIOSH 1003 method. Results: Results have shown that, temperature and relative humidity had effects on the per-formance of NTD and it's sorbent, and NTD contained PDMS showed better performance in the lower temperature and relative humidity at the range of assessment. The performance of NTD and it's sorbent for storage of sampled analytes was more than 95% of analytes mass after 4 days of sampling. The proposed technique also showed a good performance for de-sorption parameters and desorption temperature and time was 290°C and 4 minutes, respectively. After desorption, the carryover was also investigated and measured as 4 min. Relative standard division (RSD) for repeatability of method for NTD from different concentration levels of 1-250 µgL-1 were 4.1-7.5%. Conclusions: The NTD technique as an active sampling method with high enrichment factor showed a good performance for sampling and analysis of volatile organohalogen compounds in air. The low cost and rapid determination of compounds makes NTD a proper technique for indoor and outdoor monitoring of air pollution.