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Spirulina platensis has a wide range of uses in the food industry, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and healthcare, largely due of its high nutritional value and wellness -promoting attributes. Consequently, it is still difficult to extract bioactive components from it. This study aimed to compare the extraction of phenolic compounds from the microalga Spirulina platensis using ultrasonic and maceration methods. For the extraction processes, separate food -grade solvents (water (0% ethanol), ethanol (96% ethanol), and their mixture (50% water + 50% ethanol) were utilized. Additionally, sonication was found to produce the maximum yield of carotenoids and flavonoids when 96% ethanol was utilized as the solvent. Higher antioxidant activity were produced as a result of using ultrasound - assisted food - grade solvent extraction to extract more of the high -value added components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives : Bioactive compounds such as polyphenols and fibers in plant products are recognized for their health benefits . The beneficial effects of phenolic compounds are related to their antioxidant properties . The date seed is a waste of the date processing factories. Depending on the variety, the average weight of date seeds is about 10 - 15 % of date weight and as a source of dietary fiber . The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of traditional extraction methods (maceration) and ultrasound on the amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds extracted from the three date seed varieties of Kababak, Zahedi and Astamaran in Bushehr Province and their antioxidant properties . Materials and methods : Date kernels were separated from the fruit and then washed with water to remove the flesh and finally dried and powdered. The maceration method was used to extract the powder . In order to investigate the effect of ultrasonic process on extraction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, (5, 15, 25 minutes) and sound intensity ( 50 and 100 % ) were used . Total phenols and flavonoids were measured by Folin - Ciocalteu and aluminum trichloride colorimetry . Antioxidant activity was also determined by two methods of free radical scavenging DPPH and ABTS . Results : Comparison between the two extraction methods showed that the efficiency of extraction of the effective compounds of the seeds of all three varieties in the ultrasound method was higher than that of the maceration method . The most effective extraction efficiency of the compounds is 10 minutes and the sound intensity is 100 % . The results of antioxidant assays showed that the hydroalcoholic extracts of the kernels of three date cultivars are concentration dependent in free radical scavenging activity and with increasing concentration, their activity increases. Recent research showed that with the presence of phenol (29.34 mg ‌/‌g of gallic acid ) and flavonoid (1282.66 µg/mg of quercetin), the most of Zahedi variety seed extract, Kababab variety has the highest antioxidant activity . Conclusion : It can be said that the seed powder of Zahedi, Kabakab and Astamaran is a good source of fiber, carotenoids and mineral elements. Therefore, based on this research, powder and seed extract of various date varieties can be used as natural antioxidant compounds in different foods . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Plants are among the most important sources of phenolic compounds, which also include natural antioxidants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two methods of extraction by ultrasonic bath and maceration on the extraction of phenolic compounds from jujube fruit using water and 80% ethanol solvents. Methods: In the ultrasonic bath method, water and 80% ethanol solvents were used in three time levels of 15, 30 and 60 minutes and two temperature levels of 50 and 70 °C. In the maceration method, water and 80% ethanol solvents and their combinations were used and the content of phenolic compounds using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the extraction efficiency of the extracts were determined. Results: Based on the results of ultrasonic bath extraction method, 80% ethanol solvent, 60 minutes and 50 °C extracted the highest content of phenolic compounds (86.33 mg GAE/100 g of dry sample) from the fruit and the extraction efficiency of its extract was 95.66%. In the maceration extraction method, 80% ethanol solvent extracted the highest content of phenolic compounds (61.40 mg GAE/100 g of dry sample) and the extraction efficiency of the extract was 77%. Conclusion: According to the results of both methods, the content of extraction of bioactive compounds based on the type of solvent, temperature and time were significantly different and 80% ethanol solvent was the best solvent for the extraction of compounds. Ultrasonic extraction had a significant effect on the extraction of phenolic compounds of jujube fruit.

Background and purpose: Allium (Liliaceae) genus has about 600 spp. This investigation was designed to study the impact of extraction methods on total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant, and antihypoxic properties of A. ampeloprasum in mice. Materials and methods: The aerial parts were extracted by three different methods, i.e. maceration, ultrasonic assisted (UAE) and Soxhlet assisted extraction (SAE). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined. Antioxidative capacity was assessed utilizing four different methods. Antihypoxic activities of maceration extract against hypoxia-induced lethality in haemic, asphytic and circulatory hypoxia models. Results: Soxhlet assisted extract showed the highest amount of total phenolic contents (89.1±3.3 GAE) and Ultrasonic assisted extract showed the highest amount of total flavonoid contents (36.9±1.7 QE). In DPPH radical scavenging activity, maceration extract had higher activity which was significantly different from that of other extracts (IC50 622.6±12.7). Extraction method did not show any effect on reducing power. All extracts showed the same activity (P>0.05). Extracts did not show any good nitric oxide radical scavenging and iron chelating activities. In haemic and asphytic models, the extract at 250 mg/kg showed statistically significant activities compared with that in the controls. In circulatory model the extract at 500 mg/kg, significantly prolonged the latency for death compared with that in control groups (P

Sardasht black grape (Vitis Viniferae cv. Rash) is one of the most important grape cultivars in west Azerbaijan province in Iran that mainly used for grape juice production. Black grape residues are a cheap source of bioactive compounds. In this research ultrasound-assisted (UAE) and maceration extraction (ME) were applied for bioactive compounds extraction of Sardasht black grape residues.A central composite design was used to obtain the optimal conditions of UAE and ME; the effects of operating conditions (temperature and time) on phenolic compounds, anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity were studied through response surface methodology (RSM). Optimized conditions were as follows: extraction time was 24 h, and temperature was 35°C for ME and 55°C and 15 min for UAE.Under these conditions the phenolic compounds, anthocyanins and antioxidant activity obtained by ME and UAE methods were 96.779 mg GAE/100 ml, 118.345 mg/L, 55.49% and 114.115 mg GAE/100 ml, 121.645 mg/L, 64.89%, respectively.This study provides evidence that UAE is an effective technique for the extraction of bioactive compounds from Sardasht black grape residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Medicinal plants have gained much interest in today’s world because they have fewer adverse effects compared to chemical drugs. Urtica dioica L could be used in treatment of some chronic diseases. This study aimed at investigating its treatment properties in vitro. Materials and methods: Different parts of the plant were collected and the extract was prepared using maceration and percolation. The antibacterial effects of the plant were identified using disk diffusion method. The MIC and MBC values were determined using dilution method against Listeria Monocytogenes (PTCC 1294), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Proteus vulgaris (ATCC 13315), Kellebsiella pneumoniae (PTCC 1053), and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). The major components in the extract were identified by Gas Chromatography (GC). The extract consisted of 20 different combinations, including Neophytadiene (21.25%), Phthaleic acid (15.8%), phthalate Dibutyl (37.7%), maleate Bis (2-ethyl hexyl 32.6%), and 1,2 - Benzenedicarboxylic acid (62.7%). The amount of these compounds were higher in leaves. Results: The aqueous extract obtained from different organs of Urtica dioica L was found to have more antibacterial effect (the leaf and root at dilution of 5 mg /ml) compared to those of the alcoholic extract. In different dilutions, it also exhibited more antifungal effect on Candida albicans. Conclusion: According to this study, Urtica dioica has antibacterial and antifungal properties, therefore, it could be used against a broad spectrum of microorganisms.

Essential of replacing natural compounds with synthetic ones has become more important. Participation of phenolic compounds in natural plant sources in antioxidant and antimicrobial activities caused to determine not only total phenolic and tocopherol compounds, but also antiradical capacity via three various methods such as free radical scavenging DPPH, ferric reducing power FRAP and beta carotene bleaching power of maceration (SO) and subcritical water extraction (SWE) methods of cinnamon extract further than antimicrobial properties of it on both gram negative and positive bacterium. Results proved various amounts with significant difference of total phenolic and tocopherol compounds of two various extraction methods. While SO-extract contained higher phenolic compounds, higher total tocopherol compounds were measured in SWE-extract. Results of all three antioxidant assays indicated that both extracts proved different antioxidant power comparing with TBHQ. The lowest concentration of SO-extract (500ppm) had a bactericide effect on all investigated bacterium in this work. Whereas, 500 ppm of SWE-extract was able to effect only Staphylococcusaureus as a gram positive bacteria, but not others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the content of phenolic compound and radical scavenging capacity (IC50) of chevil as a replacement for synthetic antioxidants. The extract of chevil leaves powder was obtained by maceration (12 h) and microwave (60 s) with ethanol or water (100: 0, 75: 25 , 50:50) and the amount of total phenolics and flavonoids was measured by spectrophotometry and antioxidant activity was measured by scavenging free radical 2,2-diphenyl -1- picryl hydrazine (DPPH). Data were analyzed by SPSS versiov 24 as well as variance analysis. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the extracts obtained by two used solvents ethanol and water (p<0.01). The extracts obtained by microwave showed the highest flavonoids content (0/75±0.008 mg Eq. Rutin/g dry sample) and the highest radical scavenging activity (1/04 ± 0/1) at ethanol to water ratio of 0:100 % as comared to maceration method. In contrast, the highest total phenol content (TPC) (3/665±0.09 mg Eq. gallic acid / g dry sample) was obtained by maceration at ethanol to water ratio of 0: 100%. For both methods, the rate of extraction was affected by solvents ratio and water was more effective than ethanol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Allium (Liliaceae) genus has about 600 spp. This investigation was designed to study the impact of extraction methods on total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant, and antihypoxic properties of A. ampeloprasum in mice. Materials and methods: The aerial parts were extracted by three different methods, i.e. maceration, ultrasonic assisted (UAE) and Soxhlet assisted extraction (SAE). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined. Antioxidative capacity was assessed utilizing four different methods. Antihypoxic activities of maceration extract against hypoxia-induced lethality in haemic, asphytic and circulatory hypoxia models. Results: Soxhlet assisted extract showed the highest amount of total phenolic contents (89.1±3.3 GAE) and Ultrasonic assisted extract showed the highest amount of total flavonoid contents (36.9±1.7 QE). In DPPH radical scavenging activity, maceration extract had higher activity which was significantly different from that of other extracts (IC50 622.6±12.7). Extraction method did not show any effect on reducing power. All extracts showed the same activity (P>0.05). Extracts did not show any good nitric oxide radical scavenging and iron chelating activities. In haemic and asphytic models, the extract at 250 mg/kg showed statistically significant activities compared with that in the controls. In circulatory model the extract at 500 mg/kg, significantly prolonged the latency for death compared with that in control groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to current study, extraction methods significantly affected antioxidant capacities and total phenolic and flavonoid contents. For A. ampeloprasum, maceration extraction was found to be more efficient. It showed high antihypoxic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Medicinal plants have gained much interest in today's world because they have fewer adverse effects compared to chemical drugs. Urtica dioica L could be used in treatment of some chronic diseases. This study aimed at investigating its treatment properties in vitro. Materials and methods: Different parts of the plant were collected and the extract was prepared using maceration and percolation. The antibacterial effects of the plant were identified using disk diffusion method. The MIC and MBC values were determined using dilution method against Listeria Monocytogenes (PTCC 1294), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Proteus vulgaris (ATCC 13315), Kellebsiella pneumoniae (PTCC 1053), and Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). The major components in the extract were identified by Gas Chromatography (GC). The extract consisted of 20 different combinations, including Neophytadiene (21.25%), Phthaleic acid (15.8%), phthalate Dibutyl (37.7%), maleate Bis (2-ethyl hexyl 32.6%), and 1,2 - Benzenedicarboxylic acid (62.7%). The amount of these compounds were higher in leaves. Results: The aqueous extract obtained from different organs of Urtica dioica L was found to have more antibacterial effect (the leaf and root at dilution of 5 mg /ml) compared to those of the alcoholic extract. In different dilutions, it also exhibited more antifungal effect on Candida albicans. Conclusion: According to this study, Urtica dioica has antibacterial and antifungal properties, therefore, it could be used against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a malignant clonal disorder of hematopoietic stem cells which results in increase of myeloid cells, erythroid cells and platelets in the peripheral blood and hyperplasia in bone marrow. The research evaluates the cytotoxic effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of M.polegium before flowering aerial organs on K562 cell line as a model of chronic myeloid leukemia. Materials and Methods: In this experimental trial, Leaves and stems of M. pulegium before flowering collected from Afoos city and extraction using maceration method. K562 cells were cultured and treated with concentrations of extract (12.5-100 µg/ml)and different times(24,48,72 hour). Cytotoxicity of M. pulegium before flowering extract against K562 leukemia cells was estimated by the MTT test method. The absorbance was measured using an ELISA plate reader at 540 nm. Survey on data accomplished with the use of SPSS15 software and one-way ANOVA test analysis and Tukey test; and p <0.001 was considered significant. Results: hydro-alcoholic extract of Mentha pulegium before flowering showed the highest cytotoxic effect (IC50=50 µg/ml) and 72 hour after treatment on K562 cell line .in other words, hydroalcoholic extract of Mentha pulegium before flowering extracts a dose and time dependent cytotoxic effect on K562 cell line Conclusion: Considering the cytotoxic effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of M.polegium before flowering aerial organs on K562 cells, the plant can be considered as a potential candidate for further studies on CML treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]