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Background and Objective: Multinodular goiter (MNG) is the most common systemic endocrine disease, with a gender ratio (women to men) of 3:1. Incidental thyroid malignancy, preoperatively diagnosed as benign tumor, is a common problem after thyroid surgery. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the role of total thyroidectomy in the diagnosis of types of thyroid cancer after surgery, preoperatively diagnosed as multinodular goiter, and to determine the risk factors of thyroid malignancy in multinodular goiter. Methods: This prospective study was conducted on 120 patients who were divided into malignant and benign groups based on thyroid tumor diagnosis. All patients underwent total thyroidectomy under general anesthesia. Patients were selected based on complete history, clinical examination, laboratory and radiological findings, as well as ultrasound-guided FNA and ultrasound machine used to confirm the diagnosis of thyroid cancer and lymph node metastasis. Findings: Among the 120 selected patients, 20 patients were excluded and the remaining 100 patients were divided into two groups: 13% malignant and 87% non-malignant group, which were involved in nodular hyperplasia, inflammatory and benign tumors. The median age for the malignant group (40 years) was higher than the non-malignant group (30 years). Thyroid carcinoma was diagnosed in 46.2% of men and 53.8% of women (p=0.045). In addition, male gender compared to female gender has 2.7 times the analysis as a risk factor for thyroid cancer (relative risk=2.714). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, total thyroidectomy in patients with multinodular goiter lowers the risk of reoperation because of the presence of hidden malignancy in this benign disease (MNG). Male gender is an important risk factor for thyroid cancer and age factor has no significant association with thyroid cancer post-operatively. Ultrasonography-guided FNA, ultrasound machine, and clinical examinations are not enough for final diagnosis of thyroid cancer preoperatively.

Background and Objective: Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) can be affected by underlying diseases. There is controversy about whether PTC and Hashimoto's thyroiditis are connected. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Hashimoto's thyroiditis on papillary thyroid carcinoma. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 100 cases of total thyroidectomy (TT) referred to pathology centers of public and private hospitals of Kurdistan Region, Iraq, from 2019 to 2021. Data about histopathological findings such as pathology diagnosis, Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), toxic goiter, multinodular goiter (MNG), diagnosis based on the physician’s report and FNAC (fine needle aspiration cytology) results were collected and compared. Findings: Out of 100 TT cases examined, 41 cases were diagnosed as HT, 22 cases of PTC were identified, 11 of which were associated with HT background. Out of 100 TT, non-toxic goiter was found in 54 cases and toxic goiter in 5 cases. The most common indication for TT was multinodular goiter, which was found among 10 cases of PTC. There was a significant association between HT and PTC (p=0.036) with Odds ratio of 1.87 (95% CI: 1.19-2.82). FNAC was malignant or suspicious for PTC in 7 cases and histological diagnosis was malignant in 5 cases. Fourteen surgeries were performed depending on the radiological findings of suspicious nodules with the diagnosis of thyroid cancer in 6 cases‎. Conclusion: The results of the study showed a potential relationship between Hashimoto's thyroiditis and papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Background and Objectives: Accurate assessment of patients' death depression requires a specific tool that is appropriate to the culture of each community. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Death Depression Scale in women with breast cancer. Methods: In this methodological study, 246 breast cancer patients presenting to Qazvin Provincial Hospital completed the 17-item Templar Death Depression Scale. Psychometric properties of this scale were evaluated by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability was also assessed using Cronbach's alpha, omega and composite reliability. Results: Exploratory factor analysis showed that six items in the Persian version did not acquire the required loading factor, and were omitted. The remaining eleven items as a single factor accounted for 66.91% of the variance of this concept. In confirmatory factor analysis, 11 items had appropriate fit indices (χ2 = 97.664, p

Background & aim: Cancer is a mismatch between cell growth and death that results in excessive accumulation of cells. Bone cancer is a very serious type of cancer and occurs when osteoporotic cells have problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of simvastatin on bone cancer MG63 cell line. Methods: In the present experimental study conducted in May 2017 in the Medical Sciences Branch of Islamic Azad University, MG63 cells were cultured and subsequently incubated with different concentration of simvastatin for 24 hours. Afterwards, the IC50 dose was measured using MTT assay. The effects of simvastatin on cell death mechanisms such as apoptosis and necrosis were evaluated by flow cytometry. PCR test was used to evaluate the gene expression of caspase 3, 8 and 9 enzymes. Finally, the cells were treated with IC50 dose of simvastatin and then examined by Hoochst flow cytometry staining technique. The collected data were analyzed using t-test. Results: The results of MTT test indicated that simvastatin at a dose of 155 μg / ml killed 50% of cancer cells (IC50). On the other hand, flow cytometric evaluation revealed that MV63 cells treated with simvastatin (300 μg / ml) had more than 90% apoptotic cell death compared to the control group. Evaluation of caspase 3, 8 and 9 enzymes using real-time PCR technique displayed a significant difference in the expression of caspase 3 and 9 genes (p

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Multiple Sclerosis is the chronic inflammation of central nervous system with demyelinated lesions in the brain and spinal cord. The genetic polymorphisms associated with glutathione S-transferase enzymes involved in antioxidant defense in Iranian patients have not been investigated. Therefore, in the present study, the prevalence of the genetic polymorphism of glutathione S-transferase M1, P1 and T1 and its relationship with clinical criteria of MS patients with has been examined. METHODS: In this case-control study, 69 patients who referred to Sina Hospital in Tehran and had no panic attack within the last three months and 74 healthy subjects were interviewed. After examination by neurologist and blood sampling, DNA extraction was performed using Roche kit. Then, the genotypic variations of the samples were evaluated using RFLP-PCR and its prevalence was analyzed in relation with age, birth weight, malignancy (EDSS) and gender using GraphPad Prism software. FINDINGS: Most malignancies were observed in men (3.1±5.9) and the highest incidence rate was observed in those born in May (30%). Although the results of genotyping between the studied groups and their gender did not show any significant difference (OR: 2-4, p>0.05), patients with GSTM1 deficiency developed the disease at a lower age (32.8±2.6 years) compared with other patients (29.5±8.9 years) (CI-95%: 20.3–26.4, p=0.009). In addition, people with a rare GSTM1 allele who smoked cigarette had higher EDSS (CI-95%: 2.1–3.7, p=0.03). CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, the effect of GSTM1 on malignancy is indicative of its role in detoxification of tobacco products and can be used as an agent for early diagnosis of disease in people who are susceptible to this disease.

Abstract Background & aim: In recent years, the Internet has become one of the most important academic and recreational tools for students. Internet addiction is a newly emergent disorder. It has been found to be associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders. Information about such coexisting psychiatric disorders is essential to understand the mechanism of Internet addiction. The present study aimed to investigate psychopathologic correlates of internet addiction among high school students in Yasuj. Methods: The sample consisted of 220 high school students (118 female and 102 male, aged 15-19) from the Yasuj highschools. The Internet Addiction Test, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were employed in the collection of data. The data was analyzed using SPSS-21. Pearson correlation, regression analysis, and the t-test were used for data analysis. Results: Results revealed a significant positive correlations between depression, anxiety, and stress with Internet addiction (P< 0.01). Furthermore, depression, stress, and anxiety were found to be significant predictors of Internet addiction (P< 0/000). Anxiety which accounted for 12% of the variance, was the best predictor, followed by depression (2%) and stress (2%). Prevalence of internet addiction was significantly higher among male subjects. Finally, our results suggested that Self-Esteem is largely irrelevant for internet addiction (P> 0.05). Conclusion: The present research proposed that depressive, anxious and stressful individuals were particularly susceptible to problematic internet use. Furthermore, depression, stress and anxiety may be one of the strongest influences, if not the major determinant of internet addiction. These findings were compatible with the social compensation hypothesis that states the internet primarily benefiths individuals who feel uncomfortable communicating face to face. This findings also is compatible with the explanation that depressed, tense, and anxious individuals may find it easier to interact online where anonymity can be maintained rather than engage in face to face interaction where being observed by others might induce a fear of negative evaluation.

Background and Objectives: The effect of heart diseases on the quality of life is the issue needs attention of health care providers. Improving quality of life is considered as the goals of rehabilitative therapies. This study conducted to evaluate the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire in patients with heart diseases. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 500 patients with heart diseases were recruited from BooAli Sina Hospital and Velayat Hospital affiliated with Qazvin University of Medical Sciences from May to August 2016. The participants completed the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire. The construct validity (including convergent and discriminant validity) and Reliability using the Cronbach’s alpha, theta, and McDonaldchr('39')s Omega of the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire were evaluated. The structure of the Questionnaire was assessed using factor analysis. Results: Three factors, including overall view of the quality of life, physical aspect, and psychological dimension, were extracted. Model fit indexes confirmed a good fit of he McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire (Comparative of Fit Index: CFI=.918, incremental fit index: IFI=.919, Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index: AGFI=.844, RMSEA=.079, Minimum Discrepancy Function by Degrees of Freedom divided: CMIN/DF=2.97, Parsimonious Normed Fit Index: PNFI=.681, Parsimonious Comparative Fit Index: PCFI=.709). Convergent and divergent validity, internal consistency, and construct reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed. Conclusion: The findings revealed that the three-factor model of the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire has satisfactory validity and reliability. Thus, this questionnaire can be used in future studies to assess the quality of life of patients with heart diseases.

Background and Objective: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common hepatic disorder in industrial societies with a prevalence ranging within 15-35% in the European and Middle Eastern populations. This disease is one of the most important causes of mortality due to hepatic diseases. Regarding this, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of a six-week combined aerobic and resistance training on some liver function parameters in the middle-aged men with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 16 middle-aged men with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (mean age: 36.62±6.5 years, weight: 85.48±5.43 kg, body mass index [BMI]: 28.75±1.30 kg/m2). The study population was randomly assigned into two groups of exercise training and control. The exercise training group was subjected to six weeks of combined aerobic and resistance training performed three sessions a week. Body weight, BMI, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level, liver ultrasound parameters, peak oxygen uptake (VO2 max), waist-hip ratio, and body fat percentage were assessed before the intervention and six weeks post-intervention. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of covariance. Results: In the exercise group, despite observing no significant changes in the ALT and liver ultrasound parameters, there were significant improvements in the body weight, BMI, AST, VO2 max, waist-hip ratio, and body fat percentage after six weeks of exercise training (P

Introduction: Melasma is a recurrent, symmetric, and chronic acquired hyperpimentation that presents gray-brown macules and patches with determined margins in areas exposed to light. There are many treatment options with different efficacies and side effects. In this study the therapeutic effect of 20% azelaic acid and 4% hydroquinone in treatment of melasma was assessed. Methods: In this clinical trial, the study population consisted of all patients with clinical diagnosis of melasma, who referred to the outpatient clinic of dermatology of Hamadan, Farshchian Hospital from December 2013 to July 2014. A total of 44 patients were recruited. Patients were randomly divided to two groups and each group was treated with either azelaic acid or hydroquinone for four months. The MASI score was used to evaluate the improvement. P values of ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Of 44 patients, 21 received 4% hydroquinone and 23 received 20% azelaic acid, with random allocation. Both groups were similar with respect to gender and age, and there were no significant differences between the two groups. The MASI score in both groups had a decreasing trend over time, and at the end of the fourth month, a significant difference was found between the two groups (P = 0.006). The overall mean MASI score in both groups had a significant difference at different times and during the entire trial period, mean MASI score of 20% azelaic acid was lower than 4% hydroquinone (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Based on this study, we could conclude that 20% azelaic acid in comparison with 4% hydroquinone had better effects on treatment of melasma. Therefore, 20% azelaic acid is a good alternative for 4% hydroquinone in treatment of melasma.

Background and Objectives: Infertility is one of the most important crises in the lives of couples, which create psychological consequences beside the economic, social and individual problems,. Decreased sexual satisfaction is one of the consequences of infertility. Given the importance of this concept in the life of infertile couples, a tool to measure the sexual satisfaction of this group of people is necessary. Thus, the study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the LSSQ in Iranian infertile couples in 2013. Methods: In this methodological study, 150 Iranian infertile couples completed the 25-item Larsonchr('39')s sexual satisfaction questionnaire in Qazvin. Its reliability was determined by the calculation of Cronbachchr('39')s alpha coefficient. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were done by SPSS-AMOS22. Results: The internal consistency of the sexual satisfaction questions estimated with Cronbachchr('39')s alpha was more than 0.7. Exploratory factor analysis was used to evaluate the construct validity of the questionnaire which showed 4 factors (desire to have sexual relations, sexual attitude, quality of sex life, and sexual compatibility) with Eigen values greater than one. Four latent factors explained 53.21% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the final model of the construct of the questionnaire. Conclusion: The results of study showed that the Persian version of LSSQ has a suitable validity and reliability in the Iranian infertile couples. Factor analysis confirmed that the LSSQ had a multi-dimensional structure.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Premenstrual syndrome is one of the most common disorders in women of childbearing age, which is accompanied by periodic changes in physical, mental and behavioral condition. Exercise is one of the proposed therapies to reduce the symptoms of this syndrome. Based on principles of Traditional Persian medicine (PM), type and intensity of symptoms and effectiveness of exercise depend on patient's "temperament" (called “Mizaj” in Persian medicine). This study was carried out to determine the effect of aerobic exercise program on premenstrual syndrome in women of hot and cold temperaments. METHODS: This randomized controlled trial (RCT) was carried out on 65 students living in dormitory of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Students were divided into two subgroups of hot and cold temperaments using random allocation method. Participants of intervention group (of hot and cold temperaments) did 20-minute aerobic exercise 3 times per week for 8 weeks; no intervention was attempted in control group. The required information was gathered and analyzed using standard questionnaires on determination of temperament, temporary determination of premenstrual syndrome, Beck depression, daily record of premenstrual syndrome symptoms and Borg scale (IRCT: 2015021721116N1). FINDINGS: The two groups were homogenous in terms of physical and mental symptoms, age, diet, grade and menstrual cycle characteristics. The results have demonstrated that after 8 weeks of aerobic exercise, physical symptoms of premenstrual syndrome among participants of hot temperament decreased from 21.8±2.5 to 10.4±3.1 (p=0.001) and decreased from 20.8±3.8 to 9.5±1.7 (p=0.001) among participants of cold temperament. Similarly, mental symptoms among participants of hot temperament decreased from 12.4±1.2 to 5.8±1.5 (p=0.001) and decreased from 11.9±1.9 to 5.3±1.2 (p=0.001) among participants of cold temperament and these changes were considered significant. CONCLUSION: Results of the study revealed that doing aerobic exercise reduces the physical and mental symptoms of premenstrual syndrome among people of cold and hot temperament and highest level of symptom reduction was observed in participants of cold temperament

Introduction: Chronic drug use has been associated with a wide range of neuropsychological deficits. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the performance of the neuropsychological functions among three groups of opioids abusers, treated with methadone and non-user individuals. Methods: The causal-comparative research method was used in this study. The participants were selected through purposeful sampling method. 90 participants were divided into three groups; opioids abusers (n=30), treated with methadone (n=30) and non-user participants groups (n=30). All subjects were completed the Wisconsin card sorting test and self-reported mental effort scale, and their performance on these tasks was measured and evaluated by both processing efficiency and performance effectiveness. The results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey post hoc test and SPSS software (Ver 23). Results: The results showed that in treated with methadon and opioids abusers groups, in two dimensions of performance effectiveness and efficiency of processing were meaker than the non-user group (p< 0/01). In addition, the performance effectiveness in the group of treated with methadone were better than opioids abusers (fewer preservation error) (p < 0.01). Conclusion: This result that the treated with methadone participants had better performance effectiveness rather than opioids abusers group could have important implications in pathology and treatment of substance abuse. From this perspective, recognizing the underlying mechanisms that have helped to methadone users for having more effective functions, can be effective in developing of cognitive rehabilitation programs in these patients.

Abstract Background & aim: Multidimensional and complex nature of social phobia disorder requires assessment, efficacy and comparison of treatment. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of interpersonal and metacognitive group therapy. in reducing symptoms of social phobia Method: This study is an experimental research and the design of study is pre-test- post-test in which 45 patients suffering from social phobia disorder were selected and randomly assigned to three groups of interpersonal , metacognitive and control . Therapy sessions in groups of 15 people in 8 meeting held .The tools used in this study included the Social Phobia Inventory(SPIN) Social Interaction Anxiety Scale(SIAS) and the Brief Fear Negative Evaluation Scale Revised Version(BFNE-II) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV(SCID)is that in the pre-test and post-test were completed by patients.Data was statically analyzed Multivariate Covariance analysis (MANCOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc test to compare difference scale scores pre test-post test variables were used in the experimental and control groups. Results:The results showed that there is significant differences between experimental (interpersonal and metacognitive Therapy) and control group( waiting list) (P

Abstract Background & Aim: Childbearing is one of the purposes of marriage and having no child could have a negative impact on various aspects of women's lives. The aim of this study was to compare the self-esteem of fertile and infertile women. Material & Methods: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study that was carried out among 200 fertile and infertile women (100 fertile and 100 infertile) referred to the Research Centre for Reproductive and gynecological clinic of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 2013. Sampling in the fertile and infertile women was done by purposive and cluster random method respectively. Self-esteem was assessed by Cooper Semite’s inventory. Data analysis was performed by descriptive and inferential statistics (Independent t -test, Chi-square, ANOVA and Pearson correlation test) using SPSS-PC (v/21). Results: Mean score of self-esteem in fertile and infertile group was 81/09 ± 24/6 and 69/83 ± 21 respectively (p = 0/001). There was a significant relationship between self-esteem and age, duration of infertility, education, income, and housing in infertile group (p=0/001). Conclusion: The findings revealed that i nfertile women had lower self-esteem than fertile women. It seems that healthcare providers, in addition to handling the physical dimensions of health, should pay attention to the psychological aspects of this group of women.

Introduction: Future is unpredictable and we need futuristic strategies for planning in higher education. If universities managed in a traditional manner, they would not react to the needs of future accordingly. The objective of this study is to investigate dimensions of futuristic universities and components of such a model.Methods: This qualitative research thematic analysis was used. We gathered data from 18 experts through exploratory interviews. The reliability coefficient was calculated by intra-subject agreement using phi coefficient.Results: According to the exploratory interviews, and existing literature, 38 factors with a Fi coefficient over 80 percent were identified. They were classified in eight dimensions with 100 percent agreement.Conclusion: The findings indicate that a futuristic organization and specifically, a futuristic university should be future-oriented, observant of environment, agile, multi-facet, and attentive to future values of all stakeholders. Such universities should have futuristic culture, be equipped with positive people and science oriented.

Abstract Background & Aims: Quality of life of patients with cancer is not determined only with the disease and its treatment but it depends on other medical, psychological and social conditions. Death anxiety and psychological disorders can affect the quality of life for this group of patients. The aim of this study was to determine death anxiety and its relationship with quality of life in women with cancer admitted to Kosar Hospital of Qazvin city in 2013. Material & Methods: It was a cross-sectional study that was carried out among 276 women with cancer. Data was collected by questionnaire. It included three parts: demographic characteristics, Templer Death Anxiety Scale and the McGill Quality of Life Scale. Data analysis was performed by descriptive and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov - Smirnov, Spearman correlation test, linear regression) using SPSS-PC (v.20). Results: The median of death anxiety score and the mean score of quality of life were 48 (IQR: 8) and 103.07 ± 25.11 respectively. There was a significant relationship between death anxiety and quality of life (rs=-0.35). Also there was significant correlation between death anxiety and psychological quality of life (rs=-0.38), age (rs=-0.13) and frequency of praying (rs=-0.14). Multivariate linear regression showed that death anxiety, social support and education level are predictive factors of the quality of life in women with cancer. Conclusion: Developing a comprehensive care program for patients with cancer regarding the factors affecting their quality of life would be possible. Reducing death anxiety, increased social support and improved level of education can improve the quality of life of women with cancer. Received: 15 March 2013 Accepted: 12 Jun 2013

چکیده انسان علاقهمند به کشف ناشناختههاست، میخواهد بداند در پی حوادث و پدیدههای جهان چه نیرویی و چه عواملی قرار دارد، میخواهد بداند ماهیت اشیاء و پدیدهها و ویژگیهای ها آن چیسـت و روابـط ها آن با یکدیگر چگونه است؛ همچنین تفکر خلاق به طور بالقوه و به نحو فطری در انسـان بـه ودیعـه نهاده شده و از طرفی یکـی از اهـداف پژوهشسـراهای دانـش آمـوزی تقویـت حـلّ خـلاق مسـئله در دانشآموزان است و مقالۀ حاضر مقایسۀ فرایند حل خلاق مسئله را در بین دانشآموزان دورة متوسـطۀ عضو و غیرعضو پژوهشسراها مورد بررسی قرار داده است. این پژوهش از نوع تحقیقات نیمـه تجربـی (شبه تجربی) و روش آن آزمایشی است. (طرح آزمون مقدماتی و نهایی با گروه شاهد و بدون اسـتفاده از گزینش تصادفی) و ابزار جمعآوری دادهها پرسشنامه فراینـد حـل خـلاق مسـئله اسـت و سـرانجام براساس محاسبات از طریق تحلیل کواریانس میانگین نمرات حل خلاق مسـئله در بـین دانـش آمـوزان گروه آزمایش و شاهد تفاوت معنیدار است که حکایـت از تـأثیر برنامـه هـا و فعالیـت هـای پژوهشـی پژوهشسراها بر فرایند حل خلاق مسئله در بین دانشآمـوزان عضـو پژوهشسـراها دارد؛ زیـرا مقایسـۀ میانگینها نشان میدهد که نمرات گروه آزمایش بالاتر از گروه شاهد است ؛ در نتیجه ، لازم است نسبت به تقویت پژوهشسراهای دانشآموزی برای نیل به اهداف خود تلاش بیشتری صورت گیرد

In the present paper, we calculate the effect of disorder on the density of states and localization of eigenstates of zigzag and armchair nano-ribbons. Both Anderson disorder model and quantom percolation are considered. The eigenstates of the disordered hamiltonian is calculated in a tight–binding approximation and the localization of eigenstates are characterized using the inverse participation ratio (IPR). Based on IPR data, the transport properties in the presence of disorder is discussed.

The ultracold atoms fermion gas such as 6Li undergo superfluidity state. The transport quantities of these fluids have a direct dependence on the transition probabilities. Here, by obtaining possible processes in p-wave superfluid, we have shown that only binary processes are dominate at low temperatures.

In this paper, the director distribution is calculated for a nematic liquid crystal, in the cell with different surface anchoring conditions and external fields. The effects of finite and infinite surface anchoring on molecular orientations for one dimensional geometry are discussed. In these situations, the planar alignment is considered. Then, in a two dimensional geometry the planar and homotropic anchoring conditions are assumed for wall- interfaces of confined nematic, and the reorientation of liquid crystal molecules is determined for two dimensional deformations. Dependence of the threshold field on deformation, geometry of the cell, and magnetic field strengths is investigated.

Celestial positioning has been used for navigation purposes for many years. Stars as the extra-terrestrial benchmarks provide unique opportunity in absolute point positioning. However, astronomical field data acquisition and data processing of the collected data is very time-consuming. The advent of the Global Positioning System (GPS) nearly made the celestial positioning system obsolete. The new satellite-based positioning system has been very popular since it is very efficient and convenient for many daily life applications. Nevertheless, the celestial positioning method is never replaced by satellite-based positioning in absolute point positioning sense. The invention of electro-optical devices at the beginning of the 21st century was really a rebirth in geodetic astronomy. Today, the digital cameras with relatively high geometric and radiometric accuracy has opened a new insight in satellite attitude determination and the study of the Earth's surface geometry and physics of its interior, i.e., computation of astronomical coordinates and the vertical deflection components. This method or the so-called astrogeodetic vision-based method help us to determine astronomical coordinates with an accuracy better than 0.1 arc second. The theoretical background, an innovative transformation approach and the preliminary numerical results are addressed in this paper.

Introduction: Free radicals are molecules or atoms with single electron that results in reactions thus causing severe damages to the body’s macromolecules. By preventing the formation of free radicals, repairing damages caused by radical’s activities, increasing the excretion of the damaged molecules and minimizing the cellular mutation, the antioxidant defense system contrasts the damages caused by free radicals. Different lifestyles and nutrition, environmental and genetic factors can lead to the unusual increase in free radicals formation or weakening the antioxidant defense system and can cause the imbalance between the production and excretion of free radicals. They have not only a significant role in aging but also in causing and aggravating many diseases. Accordingly, some factors related to total antioxidant capacity of saliva were studied. Methods: This study was descriptive and the sampling was performed in multi stages. The subjects consisted of 720 students (male: 325, female: 395) in Arak. Individuals filled a questionnaire approved by experts and included the demographic factors and dietary habits. Then the total antioxidant capacity in saliva of these students were measured by FRAP method. The results were analyzed with descriptive analysis (such as Mean, Deviation standard) and also analytical analysis (such as T-test and Spirman Correlation Coefficient). Results: The mean and standard deviation (mean  SD) of total antioxidant capacity of saliva in males was higher than the females and so there was a positive and meaningful correlation between total capacity antioxidant of saliva and milk consumption, father’s education and mother’s education. P and R in this manner were (0.02, 0.04, 0.045-0087, 0.11, 0.076) while there was no significant correlation between social and economic status, consumption of fats, red and white meat and the antioxidant capacity. Conclusion: Parents level of education and dietary habits have a significant and positive correlation with the antioxidant capacity. It seems that giving necessary information and nutrition instruction can help decrease oxidative stress and prevent different diseases.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Different ideas have proposed for translation and rotation values of lumbar vertebrae in sagittal plane that is a challenge for physicians. Calculating method can be one of the difference sources. Of the proposed methods, two common methods are Dupuis and Panjabi methods that have very similarity. Therefore the objective of this study was to compare these two methods. METHODS: There were 66 males aged between 20-45 years participated in this study. Radiographic variables contain vertebral translation and rotation in sagittal plane which were calculated with Dupuis and Panjabi methods. The Putto method was used for flexion – extension radiography. Three radiographies were taken in neutral, full flexion and full extension positions. The variables were calculated using CARA software after scanning. FINDINGS: Results demonstrated that the mean differences between two methods for translation of L1 (p=0.19), L2 (p=0.15), L3 (p=0.12), L4 (p=0.89) segments were not significant. The mean differences between two methods for rotation of L1 (p=0.13), L2 (p=0.32), L3 (p=0.08), L4 (p=0.11) segments were not significant. In addition, the correlation of variables between two methods in lumbar segments was high. CONCLUSION: There was not a significant difference between Dupuis and Panjabi methods in calculation of lumbar vertebral translation and rotation. However, calculating translation and rotation of L5 vertebra is not possible using Dupuis method, utilization of Panjabi method would have a better result in clinical point of view.

Introduction & Objective: Brucella is a facultative intracellular pathogen and one of the etiologic agents of brucellosis that can infect humans and domestic animals. Attenuated strains such as B. melitensis Rve1 and B. abortus S19 and Rb51 are being used to control brucellosis in domestic animals. However, no safe and effective vaccine is available for human use. This study was designed to evaluate the immunogenicity and the protective efficacy of a divalent fusion DNA vaccine encoding both the B. melitensis Omp31 protein and P39 protein, designated pCDNA3 recombinant vector. Materials & Methods: This experimental study was performed in Biotechnology Research Center of Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord branch in summer, 1386. Construction of pCDNA3 recombinant vector containing Omp31 and P39 genes of B. melitensis was completed. Then, 12 Balb/c mice were immunized intramuscularly with 100 mg per 50 micro liters of this DNA vaccine. Control mice, 12 Balb/c mice, were simultaneously injected with PBS. During the 1st, 7th, 15th and 30th days the mice received the injections. Afterwards, the ELISA cytokine assay was performed and data were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: Intramuscular injection of the divalent DNA vaccine elicited cellular immune responses in Balb/c mice. The ELISA cytokine assay with serum of vaccinated mice showed high level of IFN-γ and low changes of IL-4 in compare with control mice. Conclusion: Use of divalent genetic vaccine based on the Omp31 and P39 genes can elicit a strong cellular immune response against Brucellosis.

Introduction & Objective: Oral route is a common route of administration for anti-inflammatory drugs including diclofenac. Due to some disadvantages of this route, the alternative routes of administrations are considered. The skin has been increasingly important in this regard, and many drugs have been formulated intradermal delivery systems. The purpose of this study was to prepare a topical diclofenac formulation emulgel with appropriate skin penetration and compare it with standard formulation. Materials & Methods: To prepare the formulation, we used the emulsion form. Several formulations containing different kinds and amounts of diclofenac salts, different emulsifying agents, and different HPMC concentrations were prepared. The skin penetration was evaluated by using Franz cell apparatus and the concentrations of diclofenac were determined in the receptor phase of Franz cell using spectrophotometer. The in vivo absorption of diclofenac was evaluated by determination of drug in urine. The concentration of drug was determined by HPLC. Results: In selected formulation, 85% of drug was released after 4 hours from formulation which was similar to drug released from standard formulation. The values of coefficient variation for HPLC method were utmost 15%. The range of variation in measurement was between 10 and 1000 ng/ml. Conclusion: The selected formulation had appropriate physicochemical properties. We were unable to measure drug concentrations in urine by the constructed HPLC, therefore it can be suggested that one should determine drug concentration in synovial fluid as the drug is concentrated in it.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Tinea versicolor is one of the most common skin infections in tropical area, which causes ugly appearance especially in young people. This study was performed to determine the frequency of this disease in male high school students in Babol. METHODS: This cross sectional and descriptive study was performed on 2064 students with randomly cluster method. Data was gathered by questionnaires and frequency of this disease was recorded. FINDINGS: From 2064 students, 91% lived in urban area and 9% in rural area. 8.2% had tinea versicolor infection, which 94% of populations were urban and 6% were rural. Clinical examination of students was performed in spring. Family history in 11.7% was positive and in 88.3% was negative. 29.5% patients took a bath one time per week and 70.5% two or more times. The prevalence of skin lesions was 40% in head and neck, 43.5% in chest and back and 16.5% in other parts of body. CONCLUSION: With regard to high frequency of this disease among male high school students (about 10%) in this area we recommend further epidemiologic studies in different areas and age groups and also educating others about disease prevention methods.