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Introduction e-learning is a broad term that refers to learning provided through electronic and virtual means in higher education as well as elementary to high school. In all levels, educational leaders play a special role in its implementation. This research was conducted with the aim of developing an e-learning development model based on educational leadership in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Material and Method The theoretical research method was conducted based on the Delphi method. The statistical population included experts in the field of higher education and e-learning, and 15 of them were selected by snowball sampling. The data collection tool in the qualitative section included a researcher-made questionnaire that was implemented using the Delphi method, and the validity of these questionnaires was confirmed by several experts. Finally, in the qualitative part, the data collected in each of the Delphi steps were determined by the percentage and average of the consensus items and the dimensions and components of the e-learning development model based on educational leadership. Results Based on the results of the Delphi method, six dimensions with 22 indicators in the field of educational leadership and five dimensions with 12 indicators in the field of e-learning were agreed upon. The two dimensions of this model include educational leadership and e-learning, and the educational leadership dimension, in order of importance, includes 6 components of strategic thinking, leadership knowledge, relationship management, personality traits, cognitive traits, and value system. In fact, educational leadership has very broad dimensions, among which educational leaders who have these six components can have the greatest impact on educational environments based on electronic learning. On the other hand, the e-learning dimension has 5 components and in the order of importance, it includes education evaluation, education design, education production, education support and education development, which shows the axes of e-learning that can receive the most impact from educational leaders. Conclusion Electronic learning (e- learning) development needs making correct and logical decisions on e- learning general directions including designing of education, production of educational material, assessment of educational program, logistic of educational program, and educational development which is firstly achievable by strategic thinkers and strong professional knowledgeable educational leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The universal nature of science and increasing complexity of technological issues and developments in different sciences led to the growth of interdisciplinary cooperation. Some health issues such as addiction, population aging, emerging and re-emerging diseases, and environmental pollution are beyond the scope and capacity of a single-discipline expertise and require constructive dialogue and cooperation between different specialized fields. Currently in Iran, the development of interdisciplinary cooperation is not of much interest at medical sciences universities. The present policy brief aimed at addressing this issue by reviewing the upstream documents proposed by the Parliament Education/Research Commission, the development roadmap in the 9th and 10th governments, and interviewing elites in interdisciplinary fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language includes various tools that are very important in communication and the transfer of experiences. Abbreviations, similes, metaphors, ironies, puns, repetitions, and synonyms play an essential role in this regard. An eponym is another linguistic tool that is effective in communication. Eponymes or aliases also appear in the field of science, especially medicine. These eponyms are derived from the names of physicians, scientists, nurses who first reported the disease or provided treatment or patients who first reported the disease or the area where the disease broke out. The use of eponyms in medical science has its supporters and opponents. Nevertheless, they are known to enrich medical science. This article descriptively studies the manifestation of myths and literary and artistic figures in the eponym of diseases. Of the twenty eponyms mentioned in this article, nine (Ulysses, Hercules, Pan, Proteus, Syringomili, Cyclopia, Gigantesm, Satyr, Phobia) refer to Greek and Roman mythological heroes and gods, and literary figures and other works of art. In addition, five cases (Alice in Wonderland, Pickwicken, Humpty Dumpty, Aguchik and Robin Hood) are related to English literature, three cases (Ondine's curse - which of course is the origin of this story -, Baron Munchhausen, Straw Peter) to German literature, one case (Lazarus syndrome) to the Bible, and two cases to Da Vinci's masterpiece from Italy (Mona Lisa) and the works of Pieter Bruegel from Holland. Eponyms are sometimes associated with myths and characters in literary and artistic works since pain and suffering have accompanied humans throughout history and humans have tried to show this issue using eponyms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Internet plays an important role in Medical Students' lives and has a great role in their learning and research. Covid-19 significantly changed students' lifestyles, leading to internet overuse or even addiction. Following the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, virtual and online activities have increased considerably. In this study, we evaluated the average internet usage and internet addiction in medical students in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences medical during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 221 Medical Students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences were selected using convenience sampling. They were asked to fill out Young Internet Addiction Questionnaire (Young-IAT). Demographic data and patterns of internet usage were also obtained. ANOVA, Chi-square, and Fisher-Exact Test were used to analyze data in IBM SPSS Statistics software v.16. Results: Among 210 medical students surveyed, 59.2% were female, and 47.1% were male. 38.8% of Medical Students had more than 6 hours per day of internet use. 58.6% of the medical students were mildly addicted to the internet, whereas 1.9% were severely addicted. No association was found between internet addiction and average age, gender, and marital status. There was a statistically significant relationship between internet addiction and internet use for scientific / academic purposes. In addition, internet addiction was significantly higher in medical students, who had more daily internet use. Conclusion: Considering the increasing internet use and addiction among medical students, it is required to follow appropriate cultural actions to control and eliminate its mental and psychological side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Responsive education is an essential aspect of clinical education that ensures students are equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills to meet the demands of the healthcare system. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the state of responsive education in the clinical education departments of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences. Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 1401 on all the clinical training groups of Peymaniyeh, Motahari and Seyed al-Shohada medical centers of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences. The sampling was done by census of all the professors of the clinical groups Responsive training questionnaire was used to evaluate the realization of different criteria of responsive training. Data analysis was done using spss software version 21 and using descriptive (mean, percentage and standard deviation) and inferential (t-test, chi-square and Mann-Whitney) statistical tests at a significance level of P<0.05. Results: 24 men and 16 women participated in the present study with an average age of 44.92±9.91 years. The average length of work experience was 11.42±8.37 years. The average scores of each evaluation were relatively low and ranged from 30 to 26.39 out of 100 possible points. The cumulative average score of all indicators was 35.43%. Achievement-based education had the highest average score with 39.26% and 24.45 standard deviation. Grades for training and providing efficient human resources based on the capabilities and roles required by society and the health system, anticipating society's needs, responsive and effective management (governance of the institution), the mechanism required for accreditation, global principles and local requirements, cooperation and interaction With the health system, quality improvement, standards and the role of society were in the next ranks. The comparison of the scores on the community needs prediction scale between male and female individuals showed that the average difference between the groups was 11.97% and the standard error difference was 5.78, which showed a significant difference (P=0.045). In this way, women gave higher evaluation scores than men. Conclusion: The educational scores of respondents in Jahrom University of Medical Sciences were not at the appropriate level, especially in the field of the role of society in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: According to numerous research related to learning styles and also the difference of these styles in students, this study was designed in order to determine the status of learning styles in medical students in Iran. Methods: This study was conducted as a systematic review and meta-analysis. Searching for articles in this study was done from September 24 to October 15, 2022 in databases: Proquest, PubMed, Iran medex, Scopus, Sid, Magiran, Google Scholar, Eric and medical education journals. The research environment of Iran has been Mashhad. Using the PICOTS model, the keywords: learning styles, clubs, medical students were used to search the mentioned databases. OR, AND operators and possible combinations of keywords were used when searching for articles in databases. The extracted articles were first evaluated in terms of the research title, then the abstract of the article, and finally the text of the article using the "PRISMA Checklist". In each stage, repetitive articles and articles that did not mention the percentage of learning styles were excluded from the study, and the articles that met the inclusion criteria were stored in the (EndNote software, version 20, Clarivate, USA), and at the end, 53 articles were analyzed. Results: The results of the study showed that the most used learning styles among students of medical sciences in Iran was convergent learning style (32% with 95% confidence interval). In the investigation of the adaptive learning style in the fields of basic sciences during the years 2006 to 2021, the percentage of using this style increased and this trend was statistically significant (P=0.0078). Conclusion: According to the findings of the study, the most used learning style in medical sciences in Iran is convergent learning style, and considering the characteristics of convergent people, it is necessary to provide effective and efficient training in medical sciences to Students' learning styles should be given special attention so that training can be guided based on their learning styles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acquisition of practical clinical skills, necessary knowledge in health and medicine, and the ability to employ these skills are essential. In the field of health and medicine, education is crucial for facilitating the acquisition of clinical skills, and possessing clinical skills leads to optimal recognition, acquisition of cognitive skills, and provision of effective healthcare services. Therefore, the present study analyzes the spectrum of clinical and cognitive skills education among medical students. This study is a simple review resulting from searches in databases such as SID, Magiran, IranMedex, Irandoc, as well as international databases including Google Scholar, Medline, PubMed, Elsevier, ProQuest, and Springer, using Mesh keywords such as education, medical education, clinical skills, cognitive skills, learners, medical sciences education, teaching-learning, and two-stage screening. A total of 21 articles were reviewed and analyzed. The findings indicate that clinical and cognitive skills education is a fundamental part of medical sciences education. Thus, the use of effective educational approaches to strengthen cognitive and clinical skills during the empowerment of graduates is essential for providing healthcare services. Without possessing clinical and cognitive skills, it is impossible to provide healthcare services with the standards obtained from learners' education in the field of health and medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning is one of the educational concepts that is the basis of the clinical practices of medical sciences. The emergence of the new era of medical science education and the emergence of the disease epidemic era has led to the rapid use of web-based education, which is one of the learning methods and leads to the creation of learning experiences. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the interactivity of webbased learning with the quality of learning experiences in different conditions, which requires a comprehensive investigation and its impact on learning experiences. The present study is a descriptive review study that during the years 2018-2022 in the database; ISI, Medline, Clinical, Google Scholar, Pubmed using keywords; Activism, effectiveness and effectiveness of education, web-based education, web-based learning and learning quality, learning experiences, medical sciences have been done. The search result included 214 articles, in the primary screening, 130 articles were extracted in line with web-based learning, in the secondary screening, 56 articles were found with the content of learning experience and web-based, and finally... the article was extracted. The findings showed that web-based learning, with all its strengths and weaknesses, is a current teaching-learning method in medical sciences, which has shown the necessity of using virtual and web-based methods with the outbreak of the Corona epidemic. Providing a platform for using web-based learning along with other types of learning is an absolute necessity of educational and research planning in the forward direction of medical science education goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The rapid development of organizations is highly dependent on the development of knowledge, technology and information and one of the basic and important components for the development of any organization is the knowledge and science in the organization. In knowledge-based and leading organizations, human resources are the most important asset of the organization and the realization of assigned goals and missions and gaining superiority is closely related to the competence and capability of human resources. On the other hand, today behavioral issues play an important role in various human fields. Behaviors can have desirable functions in organizational areas and lead to improved organizational status in various fields, including knowledge. Structural factors are one of the factors that can analyze organizational phenomena and management and psychology in people based on them. Structural factors are paths, channels and vessels in which organizational processes and operations are ongoing and have been formed and almost fixed during organizational changes and include components such as organizational structure, methods improvement, mechanized information system, payment system, Selection and employment, job appointment and promotion and performance appraisal. In this regard, one of the important issues in today's environment is the development of knowledge-based human resources. Due to its relationship with community health, the University of Medical Sciences needs to share as much knowledge and use efficient methods in providing quality services, reduce health costs, and meet the needs of clients in a timely manner. New information management and establishment of human resource system is knowledge-based and ultimately knowledge management. Lack of establishment of knowledge-based human resources in the University of Medical Sciences, on the one hand can reduce the motivation and job satisfaction of employees and consequently reduce the efficiency and effectiveness of the health system. On the other hand, the lack of a knowledge-based human resources system can prevent the formation of smart networks and knowledge sharing professions, the departure of experienced and specialized personnel from the university, weak creativity and organizational innovation, and weaken participation and team spirit. Lack of attention to behavioral and structural issues for the development of human resources, especially in the University of Medical Sciences, has caused a great deal of readiness to develop knowledge-based human resources in this university. These ambiguities have led to the lack of operational solutions for the development of knowledge-based human resources in the University of Medical Sciences. Therefore, the aim of this study was to the role of behavioral and structural factors in the development of knowledge-based human resources in the University of Medical Sciences of one country. Methods: The research method is descriptive correlation which was applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study included all managers and experts of the University of Medical Sciences in one country (150 people) who were selected as sample. The method of data collection in the present study was field. The instruments of the present study included 3 questionnaires of knowledge-based human resource development, behavioral factors questionnaire and structural factors questionnaire. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 10 professors and the construct validity was examined based on confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the questionnaire based on Cronbach's coefficient of score is 0.82, respectively; 0.86 and 0.85 were obtained. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (structural equations with partial least squares approach) with PLS and SPSS software have been used. Results: The results showed that the model of the effect of behavioral and structural factors on the development of knowledge-based human resources has the necessary and desirable fit. Also, according to the research findings, behavioral factors have an effect on the development of knowledge-based human resources by 0.601 and structural factors have an effect on the development of knowledge-based human resources by 0.304. Conclusion: The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research. Knowledge-based human resources can have the necessary efficiency in forming a competitive advantage in any environment and organization. Organizations are witnessing the arrival of new forces that have different demands and expectations from previous generations of workers. These people try to reach a logical solution to organizational problems and issues with their comprehensive knowledge of the issues around them. There was a fact in the past that knowledge-based people do not fit well with the context of Iranian organizations, and it was observed that the confrontation between the forces of students and other forces that are in the majority, in major organizations cause intellectual conflict and sometimes unpleasant psychological dimensions to knowledge. In most organizations, the effort to stabilize and maintain the status quo prevailed over the effort for dynamism and change, and leadership did not have a high position alongside coaching, which is a basic need of knowledge-based forces. Other issues in organizations were worn-out structures and bureaucracies in them, which combined with the low quality and quantity of information access tools posed many problems for knowledge-based forces. Today, attention to knowledge-based human resources is one of the important pillars of organizations. The results of the present study showed that behavioral factors have significant effect on the development of knowledge-based human resources in the University of Medical Sciences of one country. Improving behavioral factors can provide the basis for the development of knowledge-based human resources in the University of Medical Sciences in one country. The results of the present study also showed that structural factors have a significant impact on the development of knowledge-based human resources in the University of Medical Sciences of a country. So that the improvement of structural factors can provide the basis for the development of knowledge-based human resources in the University of Medical Sciences. In today's turbulent world and complex competitive environment, the existence of knowledge and knowledge-based human resources as a valuable, strategic and assuring resource is a superior strength for organizations. The knowledge of employees about their country's market in terms of language, legal system, international market information and business operations is obvious. Today, organizations are trying to become knowledge-based. They are using their brains more than their hands and the need to use knowledge is increasing. The increasing importance of knowledge in modern organizations has necessitated the need to focus on knowledge management as an organizational asset. In the meantime, knowledge-based employees are of far greater importance; Because they are the bearers of tacit knowledge of organizations. The University of Medical Sciences, as one of the important centers of the country, must always have an experienced human resource in order to succeed. Knowledge-based human resources in this university can meet the needs of this university in the field of expert manpower as well as sufficient knowledge. It seems to Behavioral factors play a greater role than structural factors in the development of knowledge-based human resources in medical universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To succeed in patients’ treatment and care and improving the health of them, a direct relationship with the level of confidence and satisfaction of patients between clients and health workers based on ethical principles is necessary. Therefore, these principles should be carefully followed among medical and paramedical students, especially clinical-students and the related courses of professional ethics and attention in the curriculums should be compiled. This study aims to investigation the courses related to professional Ethics in Medical Sciences Curriculum in Iran. Materials and Methods: This was a Quantitative Content Analysis study by documentary (library) method in order to investigate the number of units related to the topic of professional ethics in variouse fields of medical and paramedical sciences. Which currently active in the Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education were reviewed and reported to identify the degree of adaptation of existing units and courses to the topic of professional ethics. Results: Among the total of 11821 taken units from 205 disciplines, 675.5 (5.7%) units were identified to be relatively associated and 216.9 (1.8%) units were complete associated with the topic of professional ethics. Conclusion: The allocation of few units related to the topic of professional ethics in the curriculums of medical and paramedical sciences in Iran, it requires a general revision and promote in education programs of students in these disciplines in order to strengthen moral and professional foundations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Medical resources are directly related to health of society and the book as one of the main sources has great importance. This study has been conducted to investigate pathology of medical sciences books publishing status and also identification of content, cultural and technical production challenges of these books in Iran from the viewpoint of publishers. Materials and Methods: The present study in terms of purpose, approach, and method is applicable, qualitative and phenomenology. The research tool has been semi - structured interview and community were publishers of medical sciences books in two sections academic (Five) and private (eight) publishers. The interviews continued until the data saturation stage (13 interviews). First, open and axial coding was performed, which finally extracted 402 codes and then was categorized into 74 categories, which were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: The field of content production faced the most important challenges (53%), in which policy making absence (24 repetitions, 16%), no domestic high percentage of medical publication (23 repetitions, 16%), and the lack of expertise in medical publishers (11 repetitions, 7%), were declared by publishers. The problems of cultural production were in the second place with 39% and respectively include specialized and costly editing of the book, the lack of professional referees and the lack of structured review rules with 22 repetitions equivalent to 46%, 8 repetitions equivalent to 17% and 6 repetitions equivalent to 13%. The challenges of the technical production sector are reflected with a number equal to 8% of the total problems, which include the problems of raw materials printing and publishing (11 repetitions, 48%), lack of printing and publishing technology (5 repetitions, 23%) and the lack of technical expertise staff (3 repetitions, 13 percent). Conclusion: According to the findings of this study and the revealed funds of damages in the medical publishing industry, it can be concluded that many publishing challenges in Iran are rooted in general policies, rules and culture. Therefore, more serious attention to the professional field of medical publishing from the government and unbiased policy making in order to divert the concerns of publishers can solve many obstacles and difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Improving the level of health in society requires advancement in the level of education in universities of medical sciences. This improvement will only be achieved by removing the obstacles. One of the obstacles with which most of the students are encountered, and which has an unpleasant impact on learning and educational success, is called academic procrastination. Academic procrastination is considered as a common phenomenon due to the fact that it involves 70% of students. Academic procrastination means a delay in doing the assignments and completing the projects and preparing for exams. There are two types of procrastination in doing the assignments among students. The first type is purposeful procrastination. For instance, when students have to finish different assignments at the same time, they, therefore, prioritize the assignments. The second type is unreasonable procrastination, and we consider this type of procrastination as academic procrastination. Procrastination has negative, irreparable impacts on medical students, for example, decrease in knowledge, and not learning the skills to take care of patients. At last, after entering the workplace, these people suffer from occupational anxiety and depression, medication errors, occupational burnout, lack of essential motivation to take care of patients and decrease in quality of providing services more than their other colleagues. According to the studies that were conducted, students of medical sciences are prone to mental disorders due to having certain study conditions, such as entering a large and stressful workplace, heavy study load, intense competition, educational period, uncertainty about future career. The students of today, will be the medical staff of future in health and medical field. Thus, in order to have a knowledgeable medical staff, we should take into account the consideration of students' health at present. Despite the fact that there has been a large number of studies on the topic of influential factors on procrastination, there has not yet been shaped a clear insight on this topic. Given that academic procrastination is a common phenomenon among students, and has unpleasant effects, the researcher, thus, decided to conduct a reviewing study of the literature about procrastination incidence and the associated mental-social factors among students of medical sciences, so that a step is taken to be able to identify the dimensions of this issue and to develop approaches to decrease procrastination through the results obtained from this study. Methods: This article is a review study which was conducted in 2020. It was done through a search in databases of SID, Iran Medex, Google Scholar, Magiran, Medline, Science Direct, Scopus, ProQuest, by using the key words "procrastination", "student", "medical sciences", in Farsi and also with their English equivalents. Inclusion criteria included descriptive and analytic studies, or narrative or systematic review studies, which at least contained an abstract in Farsi or English, with a time limit from 2010 to 2020. And exclusion criteria also included studies whose full text was not available in Farsi or English, and they were omitted from the study. 3110 articles in total were extracted in the initial searching. After omitting the repeated articles, 57 articles were obtained, and they were screened in two stages. In the first stage of screening, the titles and a general summary of the articles which were obtained, were investigated. Those articles which had the inclusion criteria and could answer the research questions of the present study, were selected. 30 studies were excluded in this stage. In the second stage of screening, the full text of the articles which were included after the previous stage, were investigated and those articles which were not related to the purpose of the present study (n = 7) were excluded from the list of the study. In the end, 20 articles were used to write this review article. Results: This review study demonstrated that the prevalence of academic procrastination among students of medical sciences in Master's degree and in Dentistry, and students who reside in dormitory, is higher. And each of the variables which were mentioned were categorized in two categories of mental factors and social factors. Out of the 20 articles that were studied in this research, 16 articles were in Farsi and 4 articles were in English. In addition, most of the studies were conduced in the years 2018 2019. Out of all the articles which were investigated, categorization of the studies was carried out based on the content; it was in such a way that eventually the results of the study were categorized in two categories of: A) the level of procrastination in students, and B) psycho-social factors. psycho-social factors included the following sets: 1) psychological factors were divided to three sub-categories of mental illnesses (such as anxiety and mood disorders), mental abilities (such as self-efficacy, self-esteem, mindfulness, emotional intelligence, and optimism), and personal characteristics (self-discipline, self-regulation, inefficient schema, attributional style and perfectionism), 2) social factors were divided into two subcategories of social media and educational associated factors. The diversity of these studies is an indication of the wide coverage of this study in the researches which were conducted before. In order to observe the ethical considerations in the research, the studies which were used are mentioned and correctly written in the reference section. Conclusion: Review of different studies from all around the world indicates the high prevalence of academic procrastination among students of medical sciences. With regard to the above-mentioned impact and consequences of academic procrastination on students of medical sciences, and as a result, the incidence of these consequences in working environment of health and medical staff (the quality of caretaking and finally safety of the patient) which will have irreparable effects; it is, therefore, suggested to the managers of medical sciences that they plan strategy-training programs, such as holding workshops on improving motivation and academic achievement and positive psychology in order to reduce academic procrastination, specially in students who reside in dormitories, so that students can enjoy a better academic achievement. In addition to that, it is better to design and conduct an intervention study for determining the effectiveness of the techniques which were recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health care systems need reforms in the process of education to performance. Reforms with a targeted educational and medical perspective that will permeate all effective health care systems and evidence-based medicine is considered a practical method in the development of health care and treatment in the world. This approach will be effective during its lifetime in the education of medical sciences, on the quality of education, on the quality of education, from the beginning of the education of health and medical sciences until the lifetime of the educators. The present study is a systematic review by searching in Iranian databases such as: SID, Iranmedex, Magiran, foreign databases such as: Uptodate, Pubmed, Scopous during the years 2019 to 2022 with keywords; Evidence-based medicine, evidence-based education, evidence-based practice, evidence-based learning, evidence-based care, educational quality, medical science education are searched. Evidence-based medicine in line with its longevity in medical sciences still needs a fundamental review in healthcare and treatment, many studies have stated the lack of use of evidence-based medicine and obstacles to its implementation in their results. However, the growing trend of using evidence-based medicine is not significant and requires inductive impulses to implement, apply and use and evaluate its effects. Evidence-based medical education and its effects have been clearly studied, but micro and macro policies in its implementation and application require a fundamental review so that the process of education, learning, performance and care is the most favorable process of growth and development in the body. Go through the educational and research system of medical sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education of health and medical sciences in this era needs treatment because therapeutic education alone cannot have an effect on high health goals. The body of education should also be repaired. Therefore, the present study aims to analyze the strategy of medical science education with a therapeutic approach along the treatment of education. The present study is a review study by searching the databases of ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Medline, Scopus and Google Scholar with the keywords of medical science education, therapist education, treatment, prevention, preventive education during the years 1995 until now. Based on the few studies that have been carried out in the field of education and treatment strategies or their interactions, and the targeted search and analysis of the results have shown that the goals of health and medical science education cannot be pushed to the training of successful therapists. Rather, it should be revised and rewritten in order for graduate therapists to modify the body of treatment with an educational approach and apply treatment with the aim of preventive education. Maybe this strategy is time-consuming and expensive, but in the long run, therapists will achieve prevention from the approach of treating patients. In addition, changing health behaviors in the short and long term is a major health investment and will greatly affect health policies. In the pandemic crisis of the world and during the emergence and reappearance of new diseases, it is important to review the community-oriented medical science education program, and this will be realized when the treatment is based on the basic principles of health and treatment and is on the right path to health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covid-19 disease is a disease that has surprised medical science in the face of unexpected manifestations, with the exception of the respiratory system, almost all organs of the body are affected by Covid disease. This conflict will be more severe despite the underlying diseases, the history of kidney diseases, and so on. Therefore, the present study was performed to evaluate renal manifestations in patients with Covid-19. The present study is a review by searching the Pubmed, New England Journal of Medicine and Uptodate databases, which found 109 articles during the three stages of screening in the search process and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, kidney involvement is not very common during the initial infection, but degrees of this involvement occur in the course of the disease, the most important of which is acute kidney damage. However, we have no evidence that, chronic kidney patients and those receiving immunosuppressive therapy for any reason, have a higher risk of developing Covid disease and its severe forms and higher mortality. Vaccination in these patients should be done according to the plan and even in some of these patients an additional dose of vaccine is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted by searching for the keywords e-learning, elearning, virtual education, medical education, student, professor, university, pandemic, Covid-19 epidemic, in databases in the period from 2019 to 2021. The number of primary articles obtained from the search included 28 articles, upon which after a step by step reviewing and three-phase screening and applying the exclusion criteria, we reached 23 articles. The results showed that strengthening and necessitating to increase the skills of professors and students in the field of e-learning should be considered. Factors such as lack of proper infrastructure, inconsistency and disruption of websites, insufficient computer knowledge of students, professors, deprivation of supervision and proper evaluation of professors, etc. are the most important challenges in the development of e-learning.Therefore, it is necessary to create a national determination and a realistic view in the field of e-learning technology with hope for the future and moving forward in the implementation of the strategic statement of the second step of the revolution in the field of medical science technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: With the outbreak of new coronavirus disease, various aspects of human life have been affected. Medical students who are to serve as health care professionals in the not-so-far future are in dire need of adequate-quality education. Social distancing has transformed the teaching method of a large part of these students' courses to a virtual way. To ensure the appropriate quality of education in the pandemic course, it is important to accurately determine the challenges and needs of medical students, which was studied qualitatively in this study. Methods and Materials: This is a qualitative-analytical study that was conducted on students of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences with the aim of examining students' perceptions and requests of different dimensions of virtual education. After collecting information of students of different fields by open-ended question and answer in Navid system and social networks (WhatsApp), the results were qualitatively analyzed. Results: In the present study, 550 students of different fields of medical sciences participated in groups and stages. From the analysis of the obtained data, 5 different sections were identified. In the dimension study of the benefits expressed by the students, 11 cases were identified with the general theme of satisfaction with the easy access to the content. In the study of the disadvantages expressed by students, 19 cases were mentioned, which were often related to problems due to lack of technology infrastructure and volume of content or lack of students' time. Students' demand for quality improvement of educational content had 20 different requests that identified the needs and challenges of students. Students' learning styles during the quarantine period also had 8 cases in which the diversity seen in its items shows the need to customize education based on the student's learning style. Examination of the psychological dimensions experienced in education in the corona course led to the identification of 8 negative dimensions and 6 positive dimensions. Conclusion: The present study helped students at Jahrom University of Medical Sciences by identifying the strengths and challenges of e-learning during the corona virus pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leadership of large organizations such as medical universities require general, specialized knowledge for optimal organizational management. Knowledge-based organizational leadership is a necessity for organizational leadership and the importance of knowledge-based leadership in organizational development and Brexit scientific authority is not hidden. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of knowledge-based leadership and scientific authority in medical universities. The present study is a review that has been done by searching the databases of Google Scholar, ProQuest, Elsevier, Pubmed, Iran Medex, Scopus in the range of 2003 to 2020. Searching for articles based on review keywords, Leadership, knowledge-based, authority. The results show that knowledge-based leadership is a leadership style in the organization that is the connecting point of the organization. Knowledge-based leadership (with general and specialized capabilities and optimal organizational management) is a valuable organizational asset that can implement the goals of leadership in a desirable way and the highest efficiency in the organization. Therefore, with proper leadership, organizational resources can be used with a scientific authority approach. The results of this study suggest to the officials of medical universities to use knowledge-based and effective leaders in the organization in order to promote scientific authority and organizational orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Research is one of the significant foundations of community development, which requires understanding the capabilities, weaknesses and strengths of programs. This study aimed at investigating the motivations and barriers to research in clinical faculty members. Materials and methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted in clinical faculty members (surgeon and non-surgeon) in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences using census sampling. Data were collected via Research Barriers Questionnaire (Sotodeh Asl et al.) and Research Motivation Scale (Salehi). Data analysis was done applying Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: One hundred thirty-nine individuals aged 40-50 years participated in this study and the participation rate was high (81%). The motivation for research activities was higher in females (59.92 ± 6.38) than males (57.24 ±5.47) (P< 0.05). Major obstacles to preparation and compiling a research project, in both surgeon and non-surgeon groups, were lack of clear research needs (3.68 ± 0.67) and priorities (3.11 ± 0.89) in the university. In project implementation, lack of appropriate space (3.50 ±1.04) was reported as the main problem by both groups. In administrative and management context, little attention to creativity (3.80 ± 0.86) and financial and budget problems (3.27 ± 1.21) were the main barriers according to both surgeon and non-surgeon faculty members, respectively (P> 0.05). Conclusion: Despite sufficient motivation, organizational and individual barriers affect research activities. These obstacles could be removed by clarifying research priorities, creating a suitable physical space, and solving financial problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the explosion of educational information and easy access to educational resources has led to the application of a qualitative approach to learning.Because providing any education without a qualitative view is a learning mistake because the effectiveness, effectiveness and durability of learning experiences is an undeniable principle of survival of education.In some disciplines, such as health and medicine, educational survival is directly related to human survival.Therefore, the present study aims to review the quality of students' effective learning experiences in medical sciences.The present study is a systematic review in which the keywords were determined based on MESH and then searched in databases: SID, Iran Medex, Pubmed, Google scholar, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, Uptodate Magiran.The search results led to the discovery of 98 articles that were studied with the authors and the basic thematic analysis. At the end of the search, 14 articles were obtained and finally 11 articles that were close to the thematic and content criteria and the purpose of the study were included in the study.Findings showed that learning indicators are influenced by past learning experiences. Direct and indirect factors such as; The content of teaching, the way of educational interaction, the efficiency of educators, the readiness of learners, the teaching method in the process of teaching and learning affect learning.The result of the present study showed that effective and sustainable learning criteria in the health system is an important principle that requires review and revision of educational curricula with a qualitative approach to learning experiences.Because the smallest educational mistake in the present teaching and learning of health system learners can lead to the occurrence of the largest operational mistakes in the future of health system graduates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite exist several centers of excellence in the various medical field in the country, most of them lack a single procedure and organizational structures in their functioning, organizing, targeting, etc. So the study aimed to design an organizational model that meets the goals and mission of them in the field of medical sciences. Methods: This qualitative and applied research was conducted in two comparative and analytical stages from May 2016 to February 2017 in Iran. The location of the study includes a university, research institute, health center, or research center known as a center of excellence. In the analytical stage, 10 experts and managers of the top centers were selected through a targeted sampling method as a study sample. In the comparative section, all 50 centers of excellence and similar specimens in the world were selected. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview in the analytical section and the ministry of health's documents. In comparative section data, bases and official sites of the centers were analyzed. Results: The term "center of excellence" for units that play a role in one or two of the three dimensions of education, research, and treatment, and the term "comprehensive center of excellence" for a unit that plays a role in all three dimensions, in addition to knowledge management have been agreed upon. Seven missions (national and international) for the comprehensive center of excellence and five different missions for center of excellence were formulated. The role of the ministry of health in the guidance of these centers was agreed in the seven items. Ultimately, the macro model of organizing "comprehensive centers of excellence" and "centers of excellence" at the university level and ministry of health level was designed and presented. Conclusion: Correcting the governance structure of these centers in ministry, unit command at the highest level of management by reorganizing of duties, the authority of High Council for the Center of Excellences and the establishment of a systematic relationship between ministry and vices are the part of the requirements for fulfilling the roles and mission of center of excellence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Washed blood is a product obtained from whole blood by centrifugation and removal of plasma and washing of red blood cells in an isotonic solution. This study aimed to determine the causes of consumption of washed blood in Urmia teaching and medical hospitals in 2017. Methods: This study was a retrospective and includes 75 requests for washed blood of patients that were requested from the blood bank during 2017 in a total of 135 units in Imam Khomeini, Taleghani, Seyed Al-Shohada, and Motahhari hospitals under the auspices of Urmia University of Medical Sciences. Results: In this study, the results showed that female gender with 41 (54.7%) cases and also the age group between (31-45) years with 18 (24%) cases with a total of 29 units were among the most requested, also dialysis ward with 27 (36%) cases with 48 units and kidney and heart failure with 18 (24%) cases and 32 units were among the most requested, Chronic anemia was also the main reason for requesting a blood transfusion. Most of the requests were in the morning shift and most of the deliveries and injections were in the evening shift, and most of the patients had only 1 unit of blood washed and had one request, delivery, and injection. Conclusion: The amount of washed blood use in Urmia teaching and medical hospitals is relatively appropriate, but it needs training and informing to officials of medical centers for proper and appropriate use of this product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Universities have undergone various stages in their evolutionary development. At the heart of these developments is the debate on academic entrepreneurship under the auspices of a third generation university. The theoretical and practical importance of the subject on the one hand and the lack of infrastructure studies in third generation universities in the country have led to a fundamental study in the design of a third generation native university model. Methods: In this study, a mixed method based approach was used. In the first step, the content analysis method was used to analyze specialized interviews, and in the second step, a final model was presented using structural-interpretive method. Data analysis was performed in qualitative phase with MAXQDA software and in quantitative phase with MICMAC software. The statistical population of this study includes experts of Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences who were selected by purposeful sampling. The data collection tool was interview and questionnaire. To achieve the research objectives, a set of applied indicators were identified by analyzing interviews with experts. Result: The main themes of this research are fundraising, innovation, technological entrepreneurship management and professors' entrepreneurial approach. Then, these factors were analyzed using interpretivestructural modeling techniques, and eventually the relationship and sequence of indices were obtained. Due to the leveling of the final model of the third generation university was designed in Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences. Conclusion: Based on this pattern, entrepreneurial organizational culture is at the heart of the model. To achieve the ultimate goals of the model, emphasis must be placed on the general level of Students entrepreneurial skills and activities, Students theoretical skills, entrepreneurial knowledge of professors, the culture of accepting new ideas and projects, the realization of knowledge-based development and commercialization of science, and the establishment of knowledge-based companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Clinical professors as practical models have a significant role in teaching professional behavior to medical students. This study aimed to determine the level of awareness and observance of professional ethics in physicians of hospitals affiliated to Ardabil University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: In a descriptive cross-sectional study, 50 clinical professors working in hospitals affiliated to the Ardabil University of Medical Sciences were selected through self-assessment sampling. David Music's questionnaire was presented to professors after confirmation of validity and reliability. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics using statistical software. Findings: The average level of knowledge and ability of physicians in different departments about professional ethics indicators was excellent in 91.7%, acceptable in 8% and 0.3% in the unacceptable level and the rate of application of professional ethics indicators by physicians in the Clinical environments were considered in 90.84%, excellent, in 8.7% were acceptable and in 0.46% unacceptable. Ethical Considerations: After obtaining permission from the University's Ethics Committee, by expressing the research objectives for the participants, oral informed consent was obtained and information collected without mentioning the name. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that in assessing by selfassessment method, the knowledge and application of professional ethics indexes among the professors of the different departments were optimal. However, effective educational and cultural interventions are required in some areas such as leadership skills, organizational and managerial skills, and the ability to initiate and innovate in delivering treatment to different patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Nurses have a very important and prominent role in the health care system, and turnover of nurses in health care system, disrupts the functioning of the organization. There are many factors that can be associated with the turnover of nursing services. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between moral distress and Nurses' Turnover Intention in intensive care unit nurses. Materials and Methods: This study is a descriptive-correlational study, which was performed using census sampling on 117 nurses working in the intensive care units of Qom hospitals in 2016. Data were collected using the Hinshaw Anticipated Turnover Scale, and the Jamton 30- Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS software 16 and descriptive statistics and statistical tests of multivariate logistic regression. Findings: The results showed that there was a significant relationship between moral distress and the Nurses' Turnover Intention in intensive care units nurses (p=0.03, OR: 2.44). The mean score of moral distress in the participants in the study was 137.53 with a standard deviation of 23.14. Also, the mean score of Nurses' Turnover Intention was 3.44 with a standard deviation of 0.948. Ethical Considerations: This article is the result of an approved research project at Qum University of Medical Science. During the research process, the university's ethical policies were complied with in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration, including obtaining informed consent from participant. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it is necessary for nurses to pay more attention to moral distress and Nurses' Turnover Intention. Therefore, measures should be taken to reduce ethical challenges, moral distress, and subsequently Nurses' Turnover Intention in the clinical setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of virtual social networks and their attitude towards the students' academic buoyancy of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This was a descriptive-correlational study. The population consisted of students of the Faculty of Paramedical Sciences of the Birjand University of Medical Sciences in the academic year of 2011-2012. According to stratified random sampling, 201 students (71 males and 130 females) were selected. Questionnaires were used to collect data using Khodayari et al.'s (2014) virtual social networks, Hosseinchari and Dehqanizadeh's (2012) academic buoyancy. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, one way ANOVA and SPSS software version 22. Result: There was no significant relationship between the duration of membership in social networks and the time allocated to virtual social networks with students' academic buoyancy (P >0/01). The use of virtual social networks was significantly different between male and female students (T= -2/11, p< 0/03). There was no significant difference between the male and female students' buoyancy (T= 0/48, p> 0/05). There was a positive and significant relationship between the components of communication and easy communication with academic buoyancy (P <0/176). Conclusion: It is suggested that through the holding workshops and training courses at universities, efforts were made to raise awareness about the scientific use of virtual networks and familiarity of students (especially new students) with a variety of virtual networks to improve and enhance the students' learning and buoyancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim Altmetrics indicators, to measure different aspects of an effect, was created in social media environments The purpose of the present study was to investigate the altmetrics indicators of Birjand University of Medical Sciences articles registered in Scopus database. Materials and Methods: This research was a descriptive-analytical one which was done by using a scientometric method and using altmetrics indicators. Data collection was performed on 16 July 2019 by searching the titles of articles in Birjand University of Medical Sciences individually in the Scopus database based on plumX indicators (use, acquisition, discussion, social media and citation) and extracted indicators for 2 weeks. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to analyze the data. Results: of 911 retrieved articles, overal 89 percent were shared on social media at least once. The maximum frequency of the index belonged to the Reader parameter, which is a subset of the acquisition index. Birjand University of Medical Sciences articles received the most amount of attention in the Mendeley network. There was a significant relationship between the amount of citations of articles and the degree of acquisition (r = 0.286, sig = 0.000). There was no significant relationship between the amount of citations received in the Scopus database and the discussion index (r = -0.048, sig = 0.820). Conclusion: Altmetrics indicators or alternative metrics can be a suitable complement to citation analysis. Consideration of these indicators in the publication of articles by researchers can be effective in obtaining citation articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary branch of biology and engineering. As synthetic biology develops into a promising science and engineering field, we need to clarify the purpose and nature of this science in terms of security, ethics and the recognition of the benefits of potential risks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the researchers’ attitudes toward synthetic biology in Bushehr University of Medical Science. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted on 80 faculty members of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences who have the research experience. To collect information a researcher-made questionnaire consisted of 19 questions in fields of benefits and risks of synthetic biology, compliance with religious beliefs, uncertainty about the boundaries between man and God, the necessity of policy making in this science and the speed of progress of this science were used. Demographics characteristics of subjects were also assessed through the questionnaire. Results: In this study, 22 women and 58 men with the average age of 43.87±7.35 years of 20.79±14.56 (range 31 to 60 years) with mean history of research of 12.43±6.2 years were enrolled. The results showed that 85.65% of study subjects had a positive approach to the benefits of this science, 72.46% expressed concern about the serious risks of synthetic biology and 72.33% had positive attitude towards policy making in this field. There was an intersectional and boundary relationship between conflicts with religious beliefs and trust the policymakers and scientists (P=0.052). Also, there was no significant relationship between age, sex, and research history with any of the questionnaire items (P-value>0.05). Conclusion: The academic society was aware from the benefits and risks of synthetic biology. They did not express a conflict between this branch of science and their religious beliefs and trusts. They also considered an interdisciplinary approach and training of a skillful human resource among the fundamental strategic policies in the field of synthetic biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of sleep disorders in the general population is between 26.4% and 39.4% in Asia, which has increased in Iran in recent decades. Low sleep quality and reduced sleep hours result in work impairment and physical and mental illnesses. This study aimed to improve sleep quality and determine the factors affecting the quality of sleep. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in 2018 among 243 employees presenting to the Center for Occupational Medicine at Gonabad University of Medical Sciences. Demographic data such as age, shift work and education level were asked of the staff. Weight, blood pressure, height and waist circumference were measured. The sleep quality score was extracted by completing the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol were also measured. Logistic regression analysis was performed. Significance level was set at 0.05. Results: Among 243 men studied, 99 men (40.7%) had low sleep quality and 126 men (51.9%) reported sleeping less than seven hours a day. age (p=0.021) and waist circumference (p=0.036) and shift work had a direct effect while education had a reverse effect on the quality of sleep. Fasting blood suger, cholesterol, triglesride, body mass index did not have a significant effect on sleep quality. Conclusion: Low sleep quality and inadequate sleep hours causes physical and psychological complications, which mandates planning and training to reduce factors affecting low sleep quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Positive attitude towards research can increase the students’ interest in research. Research self-efficacy is an effective factor on attitude towards research. It seems that higher research self-efficacy can influence students’ interest in research. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between attitude to research and research self-efficacy in MSc students of medical sciences. Methods: In this descriptive study, 176 graduate students in medical sciences were selected through stratified random sampling. The data collection tool was the questionnaires of attitude toward research and research self-efficacy. Data analysis was conducted using parametric statistical tests by SPSS version 15. Results: Most samples were female (80.1%) and studied nursing (10.8%), while a minority of them was studying parasitology and physiology (1.1%). A significant statistical correlation was observed between the mean scores of attitude towards research and research self-efficacy of students. Moreover, a significant correlation was found between the mean scores of attitude towards research and the students' age and gender. Conclusions: Based on the results, existence of a positive relationship between attitude and research self-efficacy suggests that creation of a positive attitude towards research creates higher research self-efficacy beliefs in students and provides a basis for more student research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid growth of health and medical sciences, the use of methods to achieve goals is an indispensable necessity. Educational quality management is an efficient approach to the productivity of medical universities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the approach to improving educational quality management. In this review study, the Persian and English articles in the databases of Google Scholar, ProQuest Elsevier, Pubmed, ISI, Iran Medex, Scopus, 1990–2018 were used. Articles were searched using the keywords of Persian and English articles based on the keywords; Organizational Excellence, Innovative, Medical Education Organizational Excellence. The search resulted in 156 articles, out of 121 articles after title and abstract screening, 45 articles after study abstract and 47 articles after full text review were excluded and finally, 29 articles met the inclusion criteria. The results showed that various factors such as environmental, human, social, economic and other factors affect on the quality of education. To control the factors, proper management should be used and managers' ability to achieve academic goals and optimal management is a necessity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Physical activity during pregnancy is one important facet of women's health behavior and Lifestyle, it cause to improvement body image, reduction physical discomfort, anxiety and insomnia, and also has beneficial effects on women's delivery and breast feeding. Despite the great benefits of physical activity, it is often weak in pregnant women. The aim of this study was to develop a protocol to remove barriers of physical activity in healthy pregnant women admitted to Shahid Beheshti Health Center and Hospital in Isfahan. Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive study with Delphy method and information has been gathered in a triangulation way, which was conducted at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Shahid Beheshti Hospital in Isfahan. The second phase is a study that in the first phase of the cross-sectional and it was done on 380 pregnant women in 2015. At first, pregnant women completed demographic / reproductive, pregnancy physical activity questionnaire. Then the solutions to remove barriers of physical activity were provided by using the results of the first phase of study, library resources and internet and by performance the Delphi method by faculty members of Department of Midwifery, pregnant women and results of resources, was obtained .Statistical analysis by using descriptive statistical and SPSS statistical software (version 16) was done. The level of significance was set at (p≤ 0.05) for all the statistical tests. Results: Among 74 presented solutions, 61 approaches in the first and second stage in each fourth aspects; physical, psychological, environmental and social were 75th percentile score higher than 8. Conclusion: In order to promote and increase the amount of physical activity during pregnancy, attention and recommendation to implement this protocol in routine prenatal care is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: With showing an error in the intra-oral radiographic images, dentist diagnosis may be affected by the occurrence, and the patients treatment plan can be problematic in these cases. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence rate of Bitewing and Periapical radiography errors prepared in the radiology ward of the faculty of dentistry Birjand university of medical sciences. Materials and Methods: In a descriptive cross-sectional study, 3761 Bitewing and Periapical radiography prepared by 8th and 9thsemester dental students in 2017-2018 were selected and evaluated. by viewing radiography, common radiographic technical errors, as well as repeat or non-repeat radiographs in them, were determined and reported. Finally, the frequency and percentage of radiographic errors were analyzed using the SPSS software (version 23) and Chi-Square test. Significance level (P=0.05) was considered. Results: Common radiographic errors were incorrect filmed placement 20.71%, cone-cut 20.10% Elongation 10.70 % and the repetition rate of the radiographs was %30, respectively. There was a significant relationship between the type of error and the students' semester (P=0.001). The frequency of error in periapical radiography was more than of the bitewing radiography. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study population, the most radiographic errors was included film insertion errors and cone cut and these two errors were the most frequent cause of repeatation of radiographs that emphasize required the provision of specific training for the prevention of these errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dentistry is considered a high-risk profession for developing musculoskeletal disorders, which can be prevented by resorting to ergonomics training. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of ergonomics training on working status in dental students. Materials and Methods: The present quasi-interventional study was conducted in 2017 on 57 students of a clinic affiliated to the Department of Dentistry of Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran. Before and after holding a one-day training program entitled, “Introduction to different musculoskeletal disorders and ergonomic principles in dentistry", two executive directors of the research project as direct observers used the method of rapid entire body assessment (REBA) to evaluate working status in the students. Descriptive statistics, i.e. frequency and relative frequency, were used to describe the data, and the Wilcoxon test to analyze the data in SPSS-25 (α = 0.05). Results: Working status was found to be at least at a moderate level of risk in 86% of the students before the training and in 70% afterwards. The worst working status was observed in the Department of Pediatrics before the training, and in the Department of Prosthetics after. Significant differences were also observed in REBA scores after compared to before the training (P<0.05). Conclusion: The working status of a large proportion of the dental students was at least at a moderate level of risk. Given their significant effect, training programs are recommended to be consistently held for the students working in clinics from the very beginning of their career. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study was conducted to investigate medication compliance and its determinants in glaucoma patients presenting to Shahid Motahari Clinic affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. The correlation between quality of life and the level of medication compliance was also evaluated in these patients. Materials and Methods: The present descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted on 94 patients with glaucoma presenting to Motahari glaucoma clinic in Shiraz for routine follow-ups. A data collection form was used to record the patients’ demographic and clinical data, including age, gender, level of education, living status (alone/with the family), presence of chronic diseases, type of glaucoma, duration of the disease, type of medication, number of medicines used, visual acuity and degree of glaucoma measured through examining the optic nerve. The Morisky medication adherence scale was used to evaluate the patients’ adherence to glaucoma medication, and the glaucoma quality of life-15 questionnaire to assess their quality of life. The data collected were analyzed in SPSS-19. P<0.05 was set as the level of statistical significance in all the analyses conducted. Results: Complete medication compliance was observed in 54 (57%) of the glaucoma patients, and the lack of medication compliance in 40 (43%). The relationships of medication compliance with age, gender, level of education, living status, comorbid chronic diseases, duration of glaucoma, number of medicines used, type of medication, mediation group, visual acuity and quality of life were found not to be statistically significant. Conclusion: The level of medication compliance was found to be suboptimal in glaucoma patients presenting to teaching health centers in Shiraz. Effective programs are recommended to be held to help correctly use medicines and identify the factors associated with the patients and the environment and the medicinal diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Immunology is the science of prevention of entry and encounter with internal and external antigenes, with the aim of preserving the body's natural homeostasis. Due to the importance of immunology in prevention and treatment of diseases and concerning the multiplicity of published journals in this field, this study was performed to introduce the most prestigious specialized immunology journals for the first time for Persian language readers. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in 2018 at Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. The list of immunology journals was extracted from the SCImago Journal & Country Rank (SJR) and Journal Citation Reports (JCR) WebSites. For this purpose, in the "Subject Area" of the SJR website "Immunology and Microbiology" words and in the "Subject Category" "Immunology" word and in the "Select Categories" of JCR website "Immunology" word were searched. Results: The Journals' list extracted from SJR and JCR contained 209 and 155 Immunology journals, respectively. Considering the high number of specialized journals in immunology, the journals containing the term of "immunology" in title were studied. The investigated information of the journals included journal's name, country of presentation, publisher, subject of coverage, the most important indexes of the journal, date of publication of the journal, hirsch index, duration of publishing, and impact factor in 2018. Conclusion: According to the entry of clinical basic field in immunology, a lot of journals published in this science and consequently, immunology journals are categorized in two clinical and basic groups. Despite the high number of immunology journals, most journals tend to publish research and specialized articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantitative and qualitative improvement of medical education requires managers aware of and qualified with the necessary skill and knowledge to lead a large number of faculty members, students, managers and staff at medical universities. Undoubtedly, university leaders have a high priority to improve the quality of education. The aim of the present study is to determine the role of visionary leadership as an effective strategy for improving the quality of the Iranian higher health education system. Therefore, developing leadership training programs and focusing on the development of visionary leadership skills in medical education and health systems are necessary. Data collection was done using articles published in the Google Scholar, Scopus, Sciences Direct, Magiran, SID databases. In this overview, the most important effective factors and the components of visionary leadership and the quality of health higher education in the books and related articles between 2000 and 2019 were applied using the key word in the title of visionary leadership, Educational Quality, University of Medical Sciences, and Higher Education. 55 out of 345 searched papers that had credible and reliable information were reviewed. The findings have shown that the increase of complexity in health service systems highly requires effective medical leaders to make decisions in the organization, but few doctors have been trained to work as effective leaders. Considering the emphasis of the faculty members and students on the effectiveness of a medical leader, as well as the need for faculty members and medical students to be familiar with the concepts of leadership and training them as effective leaders, it seems the effective presentation of leadership and management courses for the purpose of improving the educational quality during a medical education course or continuous educational courses is indispensable and leads to empowerment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Nowadays, the ability to communicate with employees has become an essential skill in providing and supporting organizational performance and survival of the organization. But managers have a weak performance while confronting early activities of relationship management. This has led to the reduction of the productivity of the organization and the inability to compete in national and international arenas. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the correlation between interactional management and organizational performances of the staff of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: The present study was a descriptive one. 150 office workers of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, with a job history for at least five years, participated in this study in 2016. For data collection, two questionnaires of measurement of the relationship between managers and employees and employees' organizational performance were used. The obtained data were analyzed using t-test and one way ANOVA. Results: The results of the Pearson's correlation test indicated that there was a significant positive relationship between managerial relationship and organizational performance (r=0.759, p<0.001). Also, there was a significant positive relationship between managers' equality based relationship (r=0.788, p<0.001), structural relationship (r=0.742, p<0.001), dynamic relationship (r=0.736, p<0.001), and delegating relationship (r=0.756, p<0.001) and organizational performance of staff. Moreover, there was a significant negative relationship between the use of controlling relationship (r=-0.603, p<0.001) and avoidance relationship (r=-0.909, p<0.001) of managers with the employees organizational performance. Conclusion: According to the results, it can be concluded that improving staff-management relationship brings an increase in the organizational performance of the staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Information and communication technology has led to the emergence of new ways of teaching and learning. E-learning is also one of the new ways of learning in the present era. Therefore, for the e-learning system to be effective, the e-learning system should identify and eliminate the Damages that exist. The Aim of the present study is Pathology of University of Medical Sciences e-Learning System based on Khan Model. Methods: This research is a qualitative research with a content analysis approach of categorization type. The population of the study was the e-learning experts and professors of Tehran Universities of Medical Sciences that of procedure of purposive sampling was used to select it, and the number "8" as the study samples were selected. The instrument used was a semi-structured interview. To analyze the result of the interviews and evidence and documents, content analysis by means of codification was used. Results: The findings of this study showed that the most damage to the electronic learning system of medical sciences universities in Tehran is related to the educational factor and the least damage to the evaluation factor. Conclusion: According to the findings, the electronic learning system of medical science universities has been damaged as a new system in the field of education and learning and medical sciences universities should try to identify the damages of each section of electronic learning system in order to eliminate the damage and provide the advancement of this type of education in medical sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Today, information storage and retrieval are the main concerns in libraries and information centers, therefore, a number of library software packages are designed and used. This cross-sectional study aimed at identifying the viewpoints of librarians in Ahvaz, Babol, and Shahid Beheshti Universities of Medical Sciences towards Pars Azarakhsh Digital Library Software. Materials and methods: This survey was conducted using a researcher-made questionnaire in a five-point Likert scale and approved reliability (Cronbach's alpha=0.822). Data was statistically analyzed using SPSS V22. Results: According to all participants, the scores for a) search capability in different fields, b) other search capabilities, and c) search formulas were less than average level. The scores for a) display features of search results and b) ancillary facilities were found to be more than average level. In current study, all librarians in three universities had similar viewpoints (P=0.338). Conclusion: Pars Azarakhsh Digital Library Software was found efficient enough in data entry and storage, data integration, connection space, and search display facilities for librarians and users, but the search and retrieval capabilities need to be reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Evaluation of the educational system and awareness of strengths, weaknesses and shortcomings in the educational process is important for deputies for research. Martyrs' and Veterans' family members are entitled to continue ther education in Iranian universities using their own quota. This study aims to evaluate educational status of martyr and veteran students (MVS) enrold in Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences from 2005-2010. Methods: This study undertook on 959 students who enrolled using the veteran and martyr quota. 770 non- martyr students who enroled in Yazd Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences were compared to them. A Cross-sectional study compared the two groups. They were matched for gender and field of study. Demographics and information of students, were extracted from the registerar database (SAMA) and student records from martyr and veteran students database.. Result: Over the period of five years, the students progressed significantly, of their GPA raised from 14.7/20 in 2005 to 15.4/20 in year 2010. The average GPA of non- martyr students 15.9 ±2/7. significantly more than MVS 0.2±1/86. p<0.05). However compariing the point-to-point GPA in the two groups revealed that In the fifth semester, there was only 0.5/20 marks difference between their mean average (p<0.05). The same difference was observed in both sexes. Conclusion: On average, GPA of MVS are 0.5/20 grade less than other students. With further support and coaching this difference may disappear soon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Medical journals are those journals which their articles present new research findings and science and technology development in the diverse fields of medical sciences. Due to the need of recognition of the scienctific journals in the health domain, the aim of the present article was to introduce and review the epidemiological journals. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in 2016. In order to extract the list of epidemiological journals, we referred to SCImago Journal & Country Rank (SJR) and selected 33 journals which the “epidemiology” term has been used in their titles. Important information including name of the journal, country of publication, publisher, editor in chief, subject coverage, types of published articles, indexing, abstracting, duration of publication, Hirsch index, volume number, impact factor, number of published articles in last issue, and the journal website were determined. Results: The results of the present study highlighted that the most prestigious epidemiological journals can be categorized into general epidemiological journals such as: American Journal of Epidemiology, Annals of Epidemiology, European Journal of Epidemiology,and International Journal of Epidemiology; plus specific epidemiologicl journals such as: Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, Epidemiology and Infection,and Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. Conclusion: The most prestigious journals in epidemiology are those general and specific journals which have high Hirsch index and impact factor plus long duration of publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Spiritual health has an important role in different dimensions of health. It affects student's educational progress and enhances their life expectancy. Holy Quran has emphasized on the role of spiritual health on human's worldly and otherworldly happiness. This study aimed to survey the level of spiritual health in students in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. Materials and methods: In a descriptive-analytical study 452 students in Mazandaran University of Medical Science were selected by stratified random sampling in 2013-2014. Data was collected by a researcher-made questionnaire consisting of 36 questions concerning Quran teachings. Cronbach's coefficient alpha for the reliability of questionnaire was 0.88. Results: The results showed a significant association between cognitive dimension (4.07+0.45), emotional (3.89+0.64), and behavioral dimensions (3.935+0.60). Significant relationships were found between spiritual health and field of study, level, gender, and marital status. But there was no significant relationship between the scores achieved for spiritual health and age. Conclusion: The students in this study were found with a relatively high level of spiritual health in cognitive and emotional dimensions, and a poor level in understanding the purpose of life (in cognitive dimension) and behavioral dimension. The authorities responsible for enhancing spiritual health in universities should pay serious attention to the factors associated with that. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: In recent decades, several studies have been performed to assess the impact of answer switching on multiple choice questions final score. But still there is a general belief that changing the initial response could decrease the test scores. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of answer changing on final scores in paramedical students. Material and methods: The study population included 145 operating room students studying in undergraduate courses. They answered 40 multiple choice questions, all of which were the four-option type. The impact of changes in selecting correct answer on final scores was analyzed. Results: Answer switching in 57.9% was from a wrong answer to a correct one. While, change of answer in 22% was from correct to wrong. In 20.1% the changes were from incorrect option to another incorrect option. Conclusion: In this study changing the initial response lead to selecting a correct answer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Ethical leadership provides commitment and loyalty in personnel. Since personnel confidences to their leadership, they won't find occupation stress. So, they will have no serious decision to leave their organizations. The present study was aimed to diagnose the effects of ethical leadership on nurses' occupation turnover intention. Job stress was examined as a moderating variable between ethical leadership and turnover intention. Methods: This research is a descriptive- correlational study in which 180 nurses were enrolled from the nurses employed in the hospitals affiliated to Shahrekord University of Medial Sciences. The instrument of gathering data was a standard questionnaire of ethical leadership, job stress, and turnover intention. Data was analyzed using statistical tests and SPSS software. Results: The results of this study indicated that there was a negative correlation and significant relationship between ethical leadership and turnover intention, and also a positive correlation, and significant relationship between job stress and turnover intention. (P<0.05) (β= 0.58) (β=0.66), respectably. Furthermore, there was a negative correlation, and a significant relationship between ethical leadership and job stress, (P<0.05) (β/0-=29). Conclusion: Ethical leadership could help nurses' job stress decrease and hence, turnover intention declines. Therefore, managers can promote ethical values and decreases job stress factors to increase nurses' trust, loyalty, and organizational commitment to prevent nurses, job turnover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: In some studies, the model of stages of change has been used to determine the changes of diet. This study was performed to investigate the application of this model to dairy consumption among students of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. Methods: In this cross sectional study 423 students of medical sciences branch were evaluated in 2011. Two-stage random cluster sampling method was used. Three part questionnaire which included demographic data, food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and the standard questionnaire of stages of change was used for data collection. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 16 and statistical tests as: Chi-square, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and regression. Results: The mean age of students was 22.1±3.3 years (18-35 years). From this sample, 67.4% of them were female and 21% were married. The highest and lowest consumption of dairy products, related to the cheese and whey, respectively. Most of the students (78.1%) were not consuming enough daily servings of dairy. Based on the results, in single students the daily consumption of dairy products were more than in married ones (P<0.05). Study of dairy consumption based on the pattern of stages of change revealed that most of the students (24.1%) were in contemplation's stage and their lowest were in the pre-contemplation's stage (10.4%). Overall, 54.6% of students were in the preoperative stages (pre-contemplation, contemplation and preparation) and 45.4% of them were in the postoperative stages (action and maintenance). Conclusion: Considering the stages of change model, most under study students were in the contemplation stage, especially preoperative stages. Also most of the students did not use enough dairy in daily diet. So this theory could be a good suggestion to encourage using of dairy in this group of population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Institutional values are Infrastructures for fulfillment the ideals and goals of the organization. According to the difference between the universities of medical sciences employees and their prophecy in manufacturing science and their treatment in diseases, by using the Allport's value system model in recognizing the values of employees in Shahrekord university of medical sciences, this study was to solve some problems. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences with a population of 6891 people and the samples of 385, in autumn of 2012. After determining the sample size by Cochran's test, the two-stag e random sampling method was used to determine the sample size in each unit. A questionnaire cons isted of 36 questions that was prepared based on resource contents of reserch index was used for collection the data. Finaly the data were analyzed using Friedman test and t-test. Results: Data analysis showed that, "social value" was the most accepted value among employees, (23.86%) and the least important one is concerned for "economic value"(8.76%). Also in classification of the population into four groups, "social value" was determined as the top value in administrative staff group (22.27% of employees) and "aesthetic value" considered as the least important one (10.08% of employees). Counclosion: Based on the result social value is the most important one .considering this point, universities manager should take accounts this in decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: The 28-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) consists of 4 subscales. Validation of this questionnaire has been carried out by several studies conducted in Iran. Despite the multiplicity of researches which investigated the sensitivity, specificity and reliability of this questionnaire in Iran, few studies have investigated its factor structure. However, it is important to consider if Persian translations of GHQ-28 will indicate the same 4 factors as demonstrated in foreign investigations. the aim of the current research was to assess the reliability, validity and the factor structure of the Persian version of GHQ-28. Materials & Methods: The current study was designed based on a survey method. A sample of 415 employees in Kerman hospitals participated in this study and completed the questionnaires. Results: The results showed that GHQ has an appropriate internal consistency for assessing the general health in this sample. Factor analysis using principal component method identified 4 factors in participants' responses, and these 4 factors accounted for 60% of the total variance. The correlation between GHQ total scores and the Pitsburg sleep quality index was significant at a level smaller than 0.001. Conclusion: According to the evidence of this research it is concluded that explorative factor analysis identifies four factors in the participants' responses and the fact that this questionnaire has an appropriate internal consistency and an adequate validity for the assessment of general health in this sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The anatomy of the palmar vascular arches and their variations, being one of the most challenging anatomical regions for reconstructive surgeon. Case Presentation: During a routine dissection of a male adult cadaver in dissection hall of zahedan university of medical sciences, a complex, unilateral and rare variation in the pattern of blood supply to the palm of the right hand was observed. The history of the individual and cause of the death is not known. In this cadaver there was an incomplete superficial palmar arterial arch had no contribution from the radial artery. The superficial palmar arch giving only one common palmar digital artery, that supply second interdigital space and then it terminated by giving rise to a common trunk for princeps pollicis and radialis indicis arteries. Absence of the second and third common palmar digital artery with the contiguous sides of the third and forth interdigital spaces supply by the second and third palmar metacarpal arteries from the deep palmar arch respectively. The third palmar metacarpal artery giving rise to a branch which supplies the medial side of the little finger. Conclusion: Having knowledge of the variations of vascular patterns resulting from a number of developmental errors could provide an important source of information for Anatomists, Radiologist, reconstructive and vascular surgeons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the progress of science, organ transplantation emerged as one of the modern innovations of the medical science. Like other innovations, organ transplantation brings individuals in the society some disadvantages alongside numerous advantages. Legislators have therefore adopted rules and regulations for the mutual support of society members and their rights. In this article the researchers will examine the current regulations on organ transplantation in Iran. Legal sources in Iran, especially the constitution, Islamic criminal law, health and sanitary regulations, moral codes and so on will be referred to in this respect. In the constitution (as epigraph of all laws and regulations within the country), articles 14, 29, 43, 167 will be examined, and in Islamic criminal law articles 159, 372, 495, 497 and 724 will be discussed as the most significant existing articles on organ transplantation. In relation to the moral codes and medical and sanitary regulations we studied the following: Organ transplantation act of April 5, 2000 about the deceased or patients whose brain death has been confirmed; the protocol on confirmation of brain death, established 2000; executive regulations for transplant from the deceased or patients whose brain death has been confirmed, adopted May 15, 2002; act of renal transplantation and donation from living donors passed on October 20, 2008; executive regulation 13101 approved on April 29, 2006 about living donors (with the exception of transplantation from a living donor to a foreign citizen); and the charter of patient's rights ratified in 2009. Lastly, it should be mentioned that transplantation laws and regulations that presently exist in Iran appear to be inadequate for the purpose of resolving the current challenges and problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]