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Introduction: Meeting the needs of shareholders and investors, generating profit and income, and covering current expenses are the primary objectives of any economic entity. Banks and financial institutions are no exception, and calculating and understanding costs is one of their most critical activities. In today's competitive environment, organizations must adopt strategies that enhance the quality of services and products while reducing their costs. To achieve this, having tools for analyzing related costs and formulating cost policies for services and products is essential. Companies that previously used traditional costing systems have had to transition to newer, more dynamic, and flexible costing systems that account for various costs, including products, activities, distribution channels, and customers, reflecting the complexity of modern business and production processes. This article presents a model for calculating the cost of banking services using activity-based costing. Methods: The research described in this article is developmental-applied. Given the various factors affecting costs and their nonlinear and cyclical effects, which render banks as complex systems, the methodology of system dynamics was used for modeling. This research is descriptive in terms of data collection methods, which included library studies reviewing sources and references on activity-based costing and systems dynamics principles, simulations concerning the cost of banking services using systems dynamics, and other sources such as books, magazines, articles, and theses from reputable libraries, information search centers, and credible websites. Results and discussion: In this study, detailed models for two products, mudarabah and deposits, were developed. Cause-and-effect diagrams and their rates and statuses were drawn, and after testing the models, proposed scenarios were designed and compared. Four scenarios were suggested to improve system behavior: improving productivity, adjusting human resources, re-engineering business processes, and automating processes. To select the best policy—one that achieves the most significant cost reduction over a similar period—all policies were compared. The study's findings indicate that the policy of mechanization and process re-engineering is the most effective. Therefore, the bank's general policy for reducing product costs can be a combination of re-engineering and mechanizing processes. Conclusions: Considering the dynamic business environment and banks as complex systems where many variables influence each other, the systems dynamics approach was employed to model the cost of banking services. The simulation results show that a combination of process re-engineering and automation can serve as an effective policy for reducing the cost of banking services.

Background and Aim: Students can better understand what they have learned and prepare to build a better future. The present research was conducted to provide a model of educational policy for skill learning of first-year high school students. Methods: In terms of the applied goal, this research was exploratory mixed (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of data, and in terms of nature, in the qualitative dimension, it was a systemic (paradigm) foundation data, and in the quantitative dimension, it was a cross-sectional survey. The statistical population of the qualitative part included university professors and experts who had papers in the field of skill training, and in the quantitative part, it included all the teachers of the first year of secondary education in the central province who had a master's degree and above in the field of educational sciences, numbering 500 people. The sampling method in the qualitative part is purposeful and theoretical, and with the number of 15 experts, the theoretical saturation was reached. In the quantitative part of the sample size, 217 people were selected based on Morgan's volume determination formula. In the current research, after the open and axial coding of the measurement tool, it was sent in the form of a set form and sent to experts for selective coding and validation. Based on this, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed and distributed among the randomly selected statistical sample. Then the collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: As a result, 5 dimensions, 20 components and 118 indicators were finalized for the educational policy model of students' skill learning. Conclusion: After the final approval and prioritization of the experts, the dimensions, components and indicators of the model were drawn, and the experts again validated the said model.

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the ecological status of the educational environment (online) from the perspective of students in the school of PublicHealth at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 287 undergraduate, graduate, and Ph.D. students from the School of Health, enterd via stratified random sampling. Two questionnaires about the online learning environments that were developed by Kaufmann and Chou were used in the study. The Kaufmann questionnaire included four domains: “instructor behaviors, student connectedness, course structure, and Course Clarity” and Chou’s questionnaire included three domains: "Learning climate, and learning satisfaction". Data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software. Results: Our findings indicate that students viewed the ecological status of the online learning environment as moderate level. The domain ability and learning environment received a score of 3.2 ± 0.62, satisfaction with learning was rated 3.07 ± 0.73, and general learning atmosphere received a score of 3.05 ± 0.73. The teacher's behavior received 3.8 ± 0.83, the structure of the training course 2.92 ± 1.12, the ease of implementation 3.14±0.98, and the interaction of learners 3.66 ± 0.85. Conclusion: Online teaching and learning is a complex process that involves various factors such as the instructor's skills, inclusiveness, course structure, and educational design. The ease of implementation and interaction of learners are also important in the learning ecology. Therefore, it is essential to have the necessary infrastructure that facilitates the teaching-learning process when planning for the creation and development of online education. Corresponding Author:Fatemeh Keshmiri View Orcid in Profile You can search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar Profile

Introduction: The present study aimed to develop the framework of inter-professional values and professionalism competencies in occupational health services. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, in 2018-2018. In the first step, the framework of professionalism and inter-professional competencies in different disciplines was reviewed. In the second step, the competencies and expectations of inter-professional professionalism were assessed through the viewpoints of participants through a focus group method. After that, the explored data was refined based on the principles of competency development. The initial version of the inter-professional professionalism framework was reviewed from the perspective of different stakeholders. Results: In the first step, 39 competencies were explored. In the second phase, 12 competencies were proposed and added to the framework. The inter-professional values and professionalism competency framework was explained with 51 competencies in six areas of altruism, justice, accountability, excellence, respect, and integrity. Conclusion: Providing occupational health services is complex activities that were influenced by multiple stakeholders. Explaining the components of inter-professional professionalism in six core domains as a road map would assist occupational health service providers.

Background & Aim: Various factors play a significant role in shaping the professional identity of nursing students, and among these factors, the impact of the hidden curriculum holds utmost importance. However, this process remains still unknown. The aim of the study is to explore the role of hidden curriculum in the formation of professional identity among undergraduate nursing students. Methods & Materials: This is a qualitative research using the grounded theory approach. The participants in this study included 35 undergraduate nursing students from Tehran University of Medical Sciences during the 2020-2021 academic year who participated in semi-structured interviews. The interviews lasting between 30 and 60 minutes were conducted with each participant. Subsequently, the interviews were transcribed and analyzed following the framework proposed by Strauss and Corbin in 2008. Results: After analyzing the data, three main categories and 12 subcategories have emerged. The theory developed in this research was formed through the core category of “identity instability within the nursing profession”. The main categories that emerged were “ambiguity and lack of motivation in professionalization”. The study identified "the governance of a discriminatory culture" as the underlying process, while “the promotion of demotivation resulting from inefficient patterns” served as the basis of this study. Conclusion: Based on the study's findings, the process of developing a professional identity can be metaphorically likened to a river. In this analogy, discrimination serves as the clouds hovering over this river, casting a shadow on the identity development process. While inefficient patterns can be likened to lightning bolts that further complicate the process. Furthermore, the rocky bed of the river, symbolizing the lack of motivation among learners towards professionalism, makes it even more challenging to build a strong professional identity.

Background: It is expected that graduates of healthcare management have the necessary skills to perform various managerial and administrative positions. This study was carried out with the aim of designing and compiling an evaluation framework for students based on educational standards in the internship period. Materials &Methods: The current study was conducted in four phases: In the first phase, in order to identify the problem and assess the needs, the existing curriculum and topics were examined, as well as the studies conducted in this field. In the second phase, the perspective of the stakeholders was used to complete and modify the initial framework. In the third phase, worksheets for registering internship learning activities were prepared for students and a checklist of educational and learning objectives, personal and management skills, and skills for developing professional qualifications was compiled. Finally, a specialized panel was used to determine the type of formative and final exams. Results: The problems and challenges of internships can be investigated in 4 areas: inappropriate planning of the course, faculty, group - professors and hospital. In designing the evaluation tool, 9 criteria were taken into consideration. Also, tests designed in a compilation framework were used as formative tests and reasoning tests were used as final tests. Conclusion: The compiled framework can be used as a valid and comprehensive tool to evaluate the practical competence and capabilities of healthcare management students during the internship period.

Objective(s): Man needs a space that protects him from the effects of the environment. This space includes physical, social and psychological aspects, and the proper design of the physical environment inpatients should be inspiring and spirit-giving to greatly affect the reduction of patients' depression. The purpose of this research was to provide a model for designing inpatient spaces based on reducing patients' depression. Methods: This was a mixed methods study (quantitative-qualitative) which was completed in June 2021. The extraction of factors in reducing depression derived from the following sources. 1. The literature review, 2. Experts’ opinion, and 3. A user survey and distribution of a questionnaire among 205 hospitalized patients. Then a path analysis was performed to suggest a model using AMOS software, and the relationships between factors, fit indices and were determined. Results: Seven main factors on reducing depression in the design of inpatient spaces were found and included: visual perception, naturalism, functionalism, physical safety, logical process, psychological safety, and diversity from the highest to the lowest. As such visual perception showed the highest direct and indirect effects. Conclusion: The findings suggest that considering the factors indicated by this study might lead to the reduction of patients’ depression in inpatient spaces.

Introduction: Clerkship in field is one of the important educational programs in the field of laboratory sciences and providing opportunities for students to learn in clerkship, improved the quality of health services. The aim of this study was to design a structured microbiology clerkship program from the perspective of case based discussion method among laboratory science students. Methods: This was a single-group intervention study. The participants were from the field of laboratory sciences who participated in clerkship courses (99 participats). Educational intervention based on case-based discussion was designed as a formative evaluation method. Learners' performance was evaluated using a checklist in the stationary test and the students’ satisfaction was evaluated using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential tests. Results: The students' learning scores after the intervention were in desirable level. The highest learning score related to blood culture evaluation was 8.04±1.54 and the lowest score related to wound culture evaluation was 6.26±1.78. There was no significant difference between the satisfaction scores of the course and the performance evaluation scores of students according to academic year. But the performance of senior year students was significantly better and the students’ satisfaction scores were significantly high and at a good level. Conclusion: Using the discussion-based teaching method in the clerkship course increased the students' learning and this method can be effective in increasing the skills and learning of the trainees in the field. It is suggested the case based discussion was used in the instructional design of clerkship courses.

The production of Shahnamah manuscripts during the Ilkhani period was a political endeavor. The kings understood that one way to ensure the survival of the monarchy was to emulate the example of the Pīshdādīan and Kayāniān dynasties in the Persian national epic. Therefore, Persian artists, aligned their work with the political agenda when illustrating the Shahnamah manuscripts. In all manuscripts produced before the Shahnamah of Shah Tahmasp was written, the story of Kaykāvus was illustrated in the same way. In this Shahnamah, however, Kaykāvus's face was depicted in black for the first time. According to historical sources, the Shahnamah of Shah Tahmasp was presented as a gift to the Ottoman court. These points raise the following questions: What inference from the Persian national epic led to the depiction of Kaykāvus with a blackened face? What was the relationship between this interpretation and the behavior of the Ottoman regime? What messages did the Safavid court convey by presenting this Shahnamah to the Ottoman court? This article demonstrates that Persian-Turkish symbols evolved into Turkish-Turkish symbols during the Timurid period. During the Safavid period, Shah Ismail I (Safavid king, 1487-1524) and Sultan Selim I (Ottoman king, 1470-1520) attempted to appropriate the symbols of the Persian national epic as non-Persian/Persian symbols. Therefore, Iranian painters, familiar with the possibilities of deviation from the text, expressed the Safavids' objection to the warlike spirit of the Ottomans by portraying Kaykāvus with a black face.

Introduction: Patient safety training and principles of professional commitment are considered as the most important skills in medical science education systems. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between adherence to interprofessional professionalism and understanding of patient safety and professional commitment among surgical team members in one of the teaching hospitals affiliated to Qom University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This study is a descriptive-analytical study. The participants were 108 personnel working in the operating room and students of the operating room and intelligence in the field, who were included in the study as a census. In this study, two questionnaires were used: "Assessment of Interprofessional Professionalism" and "Questionnaire of Understanding of Patient Safety". The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics methods. Result: The results of the regression test showed that all areas of interprofessional behavior have a significant effect on the participants' understanding of patient safety (p

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to assess the psychometric properties of the tool for evaluating attitudes toward educational scholarship from the perspective of faculty members in empowerment programs. Method: The present study is a cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study, conducted at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. The Delphi technique was used to evaluate the content and face validity of the Persian version of the questionnaire of Jackson et al 2005. Exploratory factor analysis of the questionnaire was performed for the first time. Internal Consistency test and reproducibility was calculated using Cronbach's alpha, ICC test, respectively. Results: The results of content validity showed that all items of the questionnaire based on the Lawshe table had values greater than 49.0. Quantitative and qualitative validity of the questionnaire was confirmed. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the items were categorized into two categories: self-efficacy and motivation. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by the internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha = 0.93 and ICC = 0.89 of the questionnaire. Conclusion: The results confirmed the validity of tool. Therefore this tool could be useful for the evaluation of supportive-educational programs to empower faculty members. In the present study, two factors of self-efficacy and motivation were identified that point to the importance of motivating faculty members that encourages them to start and continue educational research projects. The self-efficacy factor also increases people's belief in the ability to carry out educational research projects. Educational scholarship, mentoring, psychometrics, faculty member development

Education managers can facilitate the improvement of university management by involving faculty members. They have an important role to play in directing the process of change in educational systems. Managers can drive educational innovation and improvement of developmental programs of universities by creating a motivational atmosphere. Education managers are the most important driving factor in managing the mainstream of education and are effective in motivating faculty members to improve their performance and the educational system. This includes the monitoring of sensitivity of educational activities and the complex protocols of universities, made necessary to meet the expectations, monitor the managers in managerial systems, and evaluate the performance of managers and provide feedback to them. Therefore, it can be said that evaluation in universities is a strategic action and managers of the educational system in the educational leadership process need to recognize their strengths and weaknesses and plan based on the results of evaluation. It is necessary to consider development of management skills, Planning to monitor, provide feedback to improve their performance in educational systems. In Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, the evaluation of educational managers was designed and implemented based on a multi-source feedback approach. At Shahid Sadoughi University Evaluation of managers is designed from the view of different stakeholders, including senior managers at the faculty level, as well as the educational teachers and leaders, including faculty members. Evaluation was done in two areas of professional behavior and managerial behavior. Feedback on the results will be sent to the educational managers as performance evaluation report.

Background and purpose: The use of the flipped classroom method as an interactive method in the blended learning process is expanding in medical sciences universities. The present study aimed to assess the effect of education using the flipped classroom on students' perception, learning, and satisfaction in interpreting the report of measuring physical harmful factors in the workplace. Materials and methods: The present study is a quasi-experimental design (pre-test-post-test). The research population consisted of 25 professional health students of Shahid Sadougi University of Medical Sciences, who studied in this school during 2021-2022. All the students were included in the study by the census. The educational intervention was conducted using the flipped classroom method in order to develop student's skills in interpreting the report of measuring physical harmful factors in the workplace. Measuring students' views, learning, and satisfaction was conducted by the survey. Data were analyzed using descriptive tests and analysis. Findings: The results showed that the average (standard deviation) of students' learning knowledge scores before the intervention was 51.66(9.06) (average level). After the intervention 73.54(12.53) (good level), which was reported significantly has improved (P=0.0001). Students' satisfaction was reported with an average of 4.00 (0.73), which is at a favorable level. Their preparation has a positive and significant relationship with practicality and importance. Also, practicality has a positive and significant relationship with importance, perspective, and satisfaction, and students' understanding has a positive and significant relationship with satisfaction. Conclusion: Using the flipped classroom method for interpreting and analyzing the results of tests and measurements had a positive effect on students' learning and satisfaction. Also, students' understanding scores regarding the preparation and applicability of education were evaluated at the desired level. It is recommended to use active and cooperative methods such as the flipped classroom method, which emphasizes the application of students' learning.

Introduction: Educating students in a safe environment such as simulated centers can be effective in providing educational services and preparation for clinical work. Accordingly, the present study was conducted with the aim of designing, implementing and evaluating clinical pharmacology simulation training method for nursing students. Methods: This study was performed in 2019-2021 in three main phases of design, implementation and evaluation of Pharmaceutical Skills Center in Clinical Skills Center of Tehran School of Nursing and Midwifery. First, the design phase was accomplished by preparing the space and the desired drugs. Due to the prevalence of Covid-19 disease, part of the implementation and evaluation phase was carried out in the virtual context. Before and after the internship, students' knowledge, skills, satisfaction and clinical reasoning were measured using relevant questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics. Result: The mean scores of the three variables in terms of pharmacology knowledge, drug calculation skills and clinical reasoning of pharmacology of nursing students before and after the internship were examined. The results demonstrated that all three means were significantly improved compared to that of before the intervention (P

In December 2019, a new type of coronavirus called COVID-19 was identified as an unknown cause of pneumonia in Wuhan, China. The pandemic virus was transmitted to humans from a type of seafood that could spread significantly among humans in a short time. Clinical signs of coronaviruses include fever, severe sweating, cough, pneumonia, and a weakened immune system, with acute cases leading to death. One of the most important coronavirus receptors in the host cell is the angiotensin 2 converting enzyme. It is noteworthy that the patient’s recovery process increases during the inhibition of angiotensin 2 converter enzyme. Therefore, the administration of drugs that inhibit this enzyme can be effective in recovering a patient with coronavirus. Flavonoids are one the inhibitors of the angiotensin-converting enzyme, which is abundant in fruits and vegetables. Fistula, a type of flavonoid known in nature as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent in the treatment of many, can be effective in the treatment of coronavirus by inhibiting the enzyme converter angiotensin 2.

Exosomes are lipid bilayer-enclosed nano-sized vesicles, which carry various biomolecules including proteins, lipids, and microRNAs. SARS-CoV-2-loaded exosomes can be entered into the susceptible host cells, and transported viral components which are associated with viral particles intercellular transmission and spread of infection. Over-stimulation of the immune system followed by excessive proinflammatory cytokine production is a hallmark of COVID-19. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes are a potential therapeutic option in COVID-19 due to their ability to decrease cytokine storm, improve tissue regeneration, and prevent multi-organs failure. Unraveling the exact role of exosomes underlying COVID-19 infection will be beneficial in understanding novel aspects of COVID-19 pathogenesis and therapy. This study aimed to investigate the importance of exosomes in COVID-19

Background & Aim: Considering the importance of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance to end the corona disease pandemic, the study was conducted to determine the factors affecting the vaccine acceptance based on the behavioral change wheel mode and its components (capability, opportunity, and motivation). Methods & Materials: In this cross-sectional study, 1102 adults aged 18 years and older living in Bushehr province were selected by multi-stage sampling method from February 16 to 28, 2021. To collect the data, a questionnaire including demographic characteristics, questions on the constructs related to the behavioral change wheel model components and questions on the COVID-19 vaccine acceptance was completed on WhatsApp platform. Data was analyzed using the SPSS software version 22. Results: The results of the study showed that most participants tended to receive the Iranian vaccine (726 people or 65.9%). Among the demographic factors, only gender was associated with vaccination, and men were more likely to accept to be vaccinated (P=0.022). Among the model constructs, the most predictive construct was related to social support in the opportunity component (P

Background and Objective: Therefore, having the knowledge of using medical equipment for nursing is necessary, which requires learning by using the appropriate teaching method during the student period. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of flipped classroom in comparison with the traditional method on the knowledge of using medical equipment in nursing students. Methods: This study is a quasi-experimental study. The sample consisted of 60 nursing students. The data collection tool was a questionnaire to assess students' knowledge in the field of medical equipment. Equipment-related educational content for one group was delivered in the form of lectures and the other group was performed upside down according to the flipped classroom. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16. Findings: : Findings showed that the mean score of knowledge of using selected medical equipment in the lecture classroom (18/33±10/39) and the flipped classroom (18/45±7/76) before the class was not significantly different. (p>0.0) The mean score of knowledge of using selected medical equipment was in the lecture classroom (33/75 ±9/51) and the flipped classroom (42/79 ± 6/91) after the class, which was a significant difference. (P

Introduction: Despite the fact that virtual education has been launched for a short time in medical sciences universities, especially Shahid Sadoughi University of Yazd, it is on initial steps. There is still no information available on the possible effects of this course so that we cannot identify the potential obstacles or problems or use its benefits in efficient way. In the present study, the researchers sought to explain the experiences and perspectives of teachers and students by using qualitative approach. Methods: This study was conducted using a qualitative approach and semi-structured interview. The target population for the interview was teachers and students who had experienced such courses at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences in 2019. Result: In examining weaknesses in virtual education, four main categories include facilities, equipment, classroom control, inadequate teacher preparation, and student and emotional and cultural issues and eleven subcategories were extracted. Conclusion: With respect to some obstacles in current education and due to the ever-increasing advances in technology, the use of virtual education methods is needed. If the weaknesses in the implementation of this approach, including upgrading of training and skills levels, technical infrastructure and equipment and cultural context, are fulfilled, it would be more successful.

Background and Objectives: Satisfaction with the environment is one of the human aspirations, in the other words, satisfaction is an ideal concept that provides an appropriate context for empowering individuals and socializing them in order to participate and interfere in their affairs and ultimately in the field of social development. In this regard, one of the roles of designers and architects has been to create a suitable relationship between humans and their environment. Therefore, considering the importance of life satisfaction, educational spaces should provide this feeling of satisfaction for their users. One of the main goals of educational spaces is to achieve success and academic achievement, which in order to improve their goals, should create a suitable and quality space in all dimensions to improve the comprehensive skills for students. In order to stimulate students to learn, learning environment must be effective, safe, capable, positive, personalized, and responsive to the needs of students. Therefore, it has been very important to attention to the environment and environmental factors in providing students' satisfaction and ultimately their academic success. For this reason, one of the subsets of behavioral sciences, has been called environmental psychology that addressed on various human behaviors. In this study, the relationship between satisfactions of effective environmental factors with academic success has been considered among students. The purpose of this study was to identify the effective environmental factors of the university on students' academic achievement and then to evaluate the effectiveness of these factors. Methods: The base method in this research is qualitative but for considering to investigate the results the quantitative and qualitative research method has been used. Therefore, library studies and Observational research have been used to discover the relationship between variables. In the quantitative section, two standard questionnaires were prepared among PhD students of architecture in Azad University of Shiraz, both of which had acceptable validity and reliability. A questionnaire was used to measure the students' satisfaction with the environmental factors of the university, and another questionnaire was used to measure the academic achievement of the same students. The statistical population of the study was calculated using Cochran's formula, which included 54 PhD students, and the results of the questionnaires were extracted by performing statistical calculations in SPSS software. Findings:According to the research findings, with increasing level of satisfaction with environmental factors of university, academic achievement also increased and this correlation was about 0.308‌ By calculating the Pearson coefficient, which indicates a significant relationship and indicates individual adjustment with university. Students with a high level of satisfaction with the environmental factors of the university had very good grades and academic performance and students who were dissatisfied with their studies were not very successful. Conclusion: According to the research findings, environmental factors such as light, thermal comfort, spatial proportions, furniture, green space, entrance, accessibility, noise, materials and colors have been studied. Among these factors, the highest level of satisfaction in environmental factors is furniture, spatial proportions and light, and other environmental factors have had a positive effect on the quality and educational efficiency of the university environment. ===================================================================================== COPYRIGHTS ©2020 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, as long as the original authors and source are cited. No permission is required from the authors or the publishers. =====================================================================================

Background: Nowadays, with the rapid development of industries and technology, the risk of work- related accidents, occupational diseases and environmental pollution is increasing. Considering the importance of preventing these hazards, some universities in Iran have recently trained students in new interdisciplinary specialties such as health, safety and the environment (HSE). Some organizations are issuing specialized certificates for individuals by holding short-term workshops. Meanwhile, the acquisition of specialized HSE knowledge is almost impossible within a few hours or days. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explain the importance of HSE academic education at postgraduate level, the need to integrate the three categories of health, safety and environment and to explain the skills required by HSE specialists. Materials and Methods: The present library review study was conducted in 2018 using tools included reviewing library texts and searching reliable online sources. For this purpose, the keywords of HSE, Health, Safety, Environment, etc. were searched in reputable databases such as Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar, and also related sites such as OSHA, ACGIH, and ILO. Results: The results show that today, the HSE curriculum is taught in many developed and developing countries as an interdisciplinary and post-graduate course. HSE graduates must have specific skills such as human relationships, safety management knowledge and accident prevention, verbal communication skills, and writing HSE guidelines in the workplace. Conclusion: The integration of health, safety and environmental management systems by HSE specialists has a vital role in the prevention of occupational diseases, industrial accidents and environmental degradation, especially in complex industries such as oil, gas, petrochemicals, nuclear, ports and shipping industries.

Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the evaluation process in educational groups based on a competency-based approach. method: In this study, the evaluation of the program is based on a competency-based approach. For this purpose, the first stage of the evaluation was formulated as a (work sheet). Then, Blurinett developed a comprehensive assessment with an emphasis on a competency-based approach. In the third step, you will find a list of evaluations and related tools and will be placed in the final panel. Assessing the evaluation of the assisstance groups by observing the site (site visit) was done using checklist and interviews with the educational authorities of the community. findings: According to the evaluation, it was found that 80% of the training groups have a 100% developmental test in the functional domain and in the cognitive domain (at low levels). But in the field of reasoning and attitude, only 6.6% of the educational groups use developmental tests. On average, 83% of the competencies are measured in clinical education groups. Considering the importance of evaluating all competencies during the years of study, this should attract the attention of the instructors of the educational systems and emphasize the assessment competencies through appropriate tools. The results of the assessment of the overall assessment status indicate that the highest frequency with respect to the MCQ test method is in the 100% of the group. The test station has been used 92.9% in the second level, although the observation of objective, structured test methods such as OSCE has not been reported in any of the training groups. The third level is Logbook, which has been used electronically in all assisstance groups. Conclusion: Considering the importance of empowerment assessment in clinical education groups, it is necessary to plan and implement important measures in the resident groups. It is also recommended to plan for empowering faculty members and create the necessary infrastructure to monitor the usefulness of the tests, monitor the quality of comprehensive assessment programs and develop a competency-based approach to the process in the assistant education groups.

Background: Organ transplant is considered the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage organ disorders. This process improves recipient’s longevity and quality of life. However, organ shortage for transplantation has remained an unresolved global issue. One of the primary sources of organ donation is brain-dead bodies. The most important factor that impedes the success of donation is lack of family's consent. Exploring effective factors on decision making of the families of brain-dead patients for organ donation helps policy makers plan how to facilitate organ donation. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 223 employees and 222 clients of Shohadaye-Khalij-e-Fars Hospital in Bushehr province in 2016. Samples were selected through a proportionate stratified random sampling from each hospital. Knowledge and Attitude towards Organ Donation and Brain Death Questionnaire, developed by Iranian Society of Organ Donation, was used for data collection. Data were analyzed in SPSS 16. Results: Mean scores of employees' knowledge and attitude towards donation were higher than those of hospital clients. However, clients' mean score of religious belief was higher than employees'. There was a significant positive relationship between employees' attitude and religious belief. A significant relationship was also observed between employees' knowledge and probable causes of disagreement with organ donation. Furthermore, the relationship of hospital clients' attitude towards donation with their religious belief, knowledge and probable causes of disagreement with organ donation was significant. The relationship of their knowledge with their religious belief and probable causes of disagreement with organ donation was also significant. Conclusion: Considering that organ donation can save people's lives, the need to train and improve the factors observed in this research is felt to encourage people to donate organs.

Abstract Introduction: Educational rounds play an important role in clinical education. This study aims to assess students’ viewpoints on night time educational rounds in internal medicine and emergencywards. Methods: The present study was interventional one-group posttest-only design. The participants consisted of residents and interns at internal medicine and emergency wards at Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. The participants in each group included a faculty member, residents (n=4) and interns (n=2). Each educational round took 1.5 hours. The status of educational rounds was assessed through a validated questionnaire. The participants filled out the questionnaire when contributed in the round at night after 3 times. Data was analyzed using SPSS V.19. Result: The result of the present study revealed that 73% participants were satisfied. "Necessity of night time round "," opportunity for asking questioning and contributing to the discussion" and “improvement of knowledge and learning"were identified by the participants as the reason for their satisfaction Conclusion: It is recommended that the night time educational round will be incorporated in medical education at hospitals. Keywords: Education, Clinical education, Round

Reflection is an essential component in the learning process in clinical education. The purpose of reflection in the learning process is to create meaningful and profound learning and improve the performance. This was a quasi-experimental single-group study with a nursing undergraduate student survey in the dialysis department of hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,2017-2018. In the process of clinical education, learners can redefine their personal experiences by reflection their own clinical knowledge and skills, and shape their ability to confront similar clinical situations in the future. The satisfaction of this approach was good at 88.26 ± 12.24 and the importance of this approach in student clinical education

I‌n-s‌i‌t‌u t‌e‌s‌t‌s a‌r‌e r‌e‌l‌i‌a‌b‌l‌e f‌o‌r d‌e‌t‌e‌r‌m‌i‌n‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f s‌o‌i‌l p‌r‌o‌p‌e‌r‌t‌i‌e‌s s‌i‌n‌c‌e l‌a‌r‌g‌e‌r a‌m‌o‌u‌n‌t o‌f s‌o‌i‌l i‌s t‌e‌s‌t‌e‌d i‌n r‌e‌a‌l s‌t‌r‌e‌s‌s l‌e‌v‌e‌l‌s. P‌r‌e‌s‌s‌u‌r‌e‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r i‌s o‌n‌e o‌f t‌h‌e m‌o‌s‌t i‌m‌p‌o‌r‌t‌a‌n‌t i‌n-s‌i‌t‌u t‌e‌s‌t‌s i‌n g‌e‌o‌t‌e‌c‌h‌n‌i‌c‌a‌l e‌n‌g‌i‌n‌e‌e‌r‌i‌n‌g. T‌h‌e m‌a‌i‌n a‌d‌v‌a‌n‌t‌a‌g‌e o‌f t‌h‌i‌s i‌n‌s‌t‌r‌u‌m‌e‌n‌t i‌s t‌h‌e c‌o‌n‌t‌i‌n‌u‌o‌u‌s m‌e‌a‌s‌u‌r‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t o‌f s‌o‌i‌l s‌t‌r‌e‌s‌s-s‌t‌r‌a‌i‌n c‌u‌r‌v‌e w‌h‌i‌c‌h i‌s a‌p‌p‌l‌i‌c‌a‌b‌l‌e t‌o d‌e‌t‌e‌r‌m‌i‌n‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f s‌o‌i‌l p‌a‌r‌a‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r‌s u‌s‌i‌n‌g c‌a‌v‌i‌t‌y e‌x‌p‌a‌n‌s‌i‌o‌n t‌h‌e‌o‌r‌i‌e‌s. I‌n t‌h‌i‌s s‌t‌u‌d‌y, s‌e‌l‌f-b‌o‌r‌i‌n‌g p‌r‌e‌s‌s‌u‌r‌e‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r t‌e‌s‌t h‌a‌s b‌e‌e‌n m‌o‌d‌e‌l‌l‌e‌d u‌s‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌e c‌o‌m‌m‌e‌r‌c‌i‌a‌l F‌L‌A‌C s‌o‌f‌t‌w‌a‌r‌e. T‌h‌e s‌o‌i‌l i‌s a‌s‌s‌u‌m‌e‌d t‌o b‌e‌h‌a‌v‌e e‌l‌a‌s‌t‌i‌c-p‌e‌r‌f‌e‌c‌t‌l‌y p‌l‌a‌s‌t‌i‌c, a‌n‌d t‌h‌e M‌o‌h‌r-C‌o‌u‌l‌o‌m‌b c‌o‌n‌s‌t‌i‌t‌u‌t‌i‌v‌e m‌o‌d‌e‌l i‌s c‌h‌o‌s‌e‌n. T‌h‌e r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s o‌f t‌h‌e n‌u‌m‌e‌r‌i‌c‌a‌l a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌e‌s a‌r‌e v‌a‌l‌i‌d‌a‌t‌e‌d b‌y t‌h‌e m‌e‌a‌s‌u‌r‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t‌s o‌f i‌n-s‌i‌t‌u p‌r‌e‌s‌s‌u‌r‌e‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r t‌e‌s‌t r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s w‌h‌i‌c‌h c‌a‌n b‌e f‌o‌u‌n‌d i‌n t‌h‌e l‌i‌t‌e‌r‌a‌t‌u‌r‌e. E‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t o‌f c‌a‌v‌i‌t‌y d‌i‌a‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r o‌n t‌h‌e c‌a‌v‌i‌t‌y e‌x‌p‌a‌n‌s‌i‌o‌n c‌u‌r‌v‌e i‌s o‌b‌s‌e‌r‌v‌e‌d b‌e‌c‌a‌u‌s‌e p‌r‌e‌s‌s‌u‌r‌e‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r‌s h‌a‌v‌e v‌a‌r‌i‌o‌u‌s d‌i‌a‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r‌s. I‌t c‌a‌n b‌e c‌o‌n‌c‌l‌u‌d‌e‌d t‌h‌a‌t c‌a‌v‌i‌t‌y d‌i‌a‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r h‌a‌s n‌o e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t o‌n c‌a‌v‌i‌t‌y s‌t‌r‌e‌s‌s-s‌t‌r‌a‌i‌n c‌u‌r‌v‌e o‌b‌t‌a‌i‌n‌e‌d f‌r‌o‌m n‌u‌m‌e‌r‌i‌c‌a‌l a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s. A‌l‌s‌o, t‌h‌e d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌c‌e b‌e‌t‌w‌e‌e‌n s‌m‌a‌l‌l d‌e‌f‌o‌r‌m‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌n‌d l‌a‌r‌g‌e d‌e‌f‌o‌r‌m‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s o‌f c‌a‌v‌i‌t‌y e‌x‌p‌a‌n‌s‌i‌o‌n c‌u‌r‌v‌e h‌a‌s b‌e‌e‌n a‌s‌s‌e‌s‌s‌e‌d. R‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s s‌h‌o‌w t‌h‌a‌t i‌n t‌h‌e s‌t‌r‌a‌i‌n‌s s‌m‌a‌l‌l‌e‌r t‌h‌a‌n 10 p‌e‌r‌c‌e‌n‌t, t‌h‌e d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌c‌e i‌s m‌a‌r‌g‌i‌n‌a‌l. S‌i‌n‌c‌e c‌a‌v‌i‌t‌y i‌s g‌e‌n‌e‌r‌a‌l‌l‌y e‌x‌p‌a‌n‌d‌e‌d u‌p t‌o 10 p‌e‌r‌c‌e‌n‌t s‌t‌r‌a‌i‌n i‌n t‌h‌e p‌r‌e‌s‌s‌u‌r‌e‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r t‌e‌s‌t, s‌m‌a‌l‌l d‌e‌f‌o‌r‌m‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s c‌a‌n b‌e a‌p‌p‌l‌i‌e‌d t‌o t‌h‌e i‌n‌t‌e‌r‌p‌r‌e‌t‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f t‌h‌i‌s i‌n‌s‌t‌r‌u‌m‌e‌n‌t. A‌f‌t‌e‌r t‌h‌a‌t, d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t t‌h‌e‌o‌r‌e‌t‌i‌c‌a‌l m‌e‌t‌h‌o‌d‌s o‌f c‌a‌v‌i‌t‌y e‌x‌p‌a‌n‌s‌i‌o‌n h‌a‌v‌e b‌e‌e‌n c‌o‌m‌p‌a‌r‌e‌d t‌o t‌h‌e r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s o‌f n‌u‌m‌e‌r‌i‌c‌a‌l a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s. T‌h‌e‌o‌r‌e‌t‌i‌c‌a‌l m‌e‌t‌h‌o‌d‌s a‌r‌e b‌a‌s‌e‌d o‌n a‌s‌s‌u‌m‌p‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s w‌h‌i‌c‌h a‌r‌e n‌o‌t a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌p‌r‌i‌a‌t‌e f‌o‌r a‌l‌l c‌o‌n‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s a‌n‌d c‌o‌n‌s‌i‌d‌e‌r‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f a‌l‌l a‌s‌p‌e‌c‌t‌s o‌f s‌o‌i‌l b‌e‌h‌a‌v‌i‌o‌r i‌s n‌o‌t f‌e‌a‌s‌i‌b‌l‌e d‌u‌e t‌o c‌o‌m‌p‌l‌e‌x‌i‌t‌y. A‌l‌s‌o, t‌h‌e‌o‌r‌e‌t‌i‌c‌a‌l a‌n‌d e‌m‌p‌i‌r‌i‌c‌a‌l m‌e‌t‌h‌o‌d‌s o‌f i‌n‌t‌e‌r‌p‌r‌e‌t‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f p‌r‌e‌s‌s‌u‌r‌e‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r t‌e‌s‌t f‌o‌r e‌s‌t‌i‌m‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f i‌n‌t‌e‌r‌n‌a‌l f‌r‌i‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌n‌g‌l‌e a‌r‌e e‌v‌a‌l‌u‌a‌t‌e‌d. S‌o‌m‌e t‌h‌e‌o‌r‌e‌t‌i‌c‌a‌l m‌e‌t‌h‌o‌d‌s a‌r‌e b‌a‌s‌e‌d o‌n u‌n‌l‌o‌a‌d‌i‌n‌g p‌o‌r‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f p‌r‌e‌s‌s‌u‌r‌e‌m‌e‌t‌e‌r s‌t‌r‌e‌s‌s-s‌t‌r‌a‌i‌n c‌u‌r‌v‌e d‌u‌e t‌o f‌e‌w‌e‌r d‌i‌s‌t‌u‌r‌b‌a‌n‌c‌e‌s. I‌t i‌s r‌e‌a‌l‌i‌z‌e‌d t‌h‌a‌t e‌m‌p‌i‌r‌i‌c‌a‌l m‌e‌t‌h‌o‌d‌s h‌a‌v‌e g‌r‌e‌a‌t‌e‌r e‌r‌r‌o‌r‌s i‌n p‌r‌e‌d‌i‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f f‌r‌i‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌n‌g‌l‌e i‌n c‌o‌m‌p‌a‌r‌i‌s‌o‌n t‌o t‌h‌e‌o‌r‌e‌t‌i‌c‌a‌l a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌a‌c‌h‌e‌s. A‌n o‌p‌t‌i‌m‌i‌z‌e‌d m‌e‌t‌h‌o‌d i‌s p‌r‌o‌p‌o‌s‌e‌d f‌o‌r e‌s‌t‌i‌m‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f f‌r‌i‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌n‌g‌l‌e.

Today, home as one of the most basic biological needs and as the representative of human interpretation and interpretation of the Islamic world, is of particular importance in the economic, social and cultural development programs of the communities. Providing and providing a home for all people in the community, and in particular the right home, in terms of providing comfort and well-being to humans, plays a very important role in the lives of people in society and can even be considered as one of the criteria for measuring social welfare in a Community. Following the increasing growth of urban population due to population growth and rural migration, in recent decades in Iran, the face of Iranian-Islamic housing and architecture has changed. In the constraints of land resources and the impossibility of seizing the horizontal level and growth of cities, housing was built at the altitude instead of the expansion at the altitude, which is called "high-rise". Developing this phenomenon without proper planning and lack of attention to issues such as cultural-Islamic texture in the interactive interiors of habitation sometimes leads to habitual behaviors that offend and destroy residential culture. The main objective of this research is to investigate the effect of high-rise components on residential culture in residential complexes of Shiraz as one of the cities with Islamic architecture. The type of research-documentary-analytical research is a survey in this regard after extracting the above components in the Delphi method and measuring in residential complexes in Shiraz, in order to improve the high-level components with an emphasis on the art of Iranian architecture and increase their impact on residential culture. Solutions Strategic and executive.

In present study, dynamic modeling and control of a tethered space robot system in trajectory tracking of its end effector is investigated. Considering variation of the tether length in the model, dynamics of the system is modeled using Lagrange’s method. Librational motion of the tether is controlled by adjusting the tether length similar to conventional manipulators,control of the robot is performed by its motors. It is clear that, in the trajectory tracking of the end effector, the tether length should be kept more or less constant, keeping them in a stable position. Limiting the tether length variation while using it as a tool for controlling the tether librational motion, is the main challenging part of the control system. To deal with this problem, a hybrid control system is proposed to control the system. A nonlinear model predictive control approach (NMPC) is utilized to control the tether librational motion and a modified computed torque method (CTM) is used to control the manipulator motion. Initially the NMPC controller is developed for a simple tethered satellite system. Then it is combined with the CTM controller. The proposed controller is employed to control motion of a space robot’s end effector on a predefined trajectory. Performance of the controller is then evaluated by numerical simulations.

Background: Cancer is the most common cause of death in the world, and it incidence has been increasing for many years in economically developed countries. Early detection of cancers greatly increases the chances for successful treatment. So finding cancers before they start to cause symptoms is a most effective treatment. Recent studies have proposed that blood plasma contains a rich source of disease biomarkers for detecting, diagnosing and monitoring diseases. While some researchers have dismissed the low molecular weight serum peptidome as biological trash, recent work using differential scanning calorimetry has indicated that the peptidome may reflect biological event and contain diagnostic biomarkers. Methods: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), a highly sensitive tool for analysis of blood plasma and other biofluids has recently been reported. Louisville Bioscience, Inc. (LBIdx™), The Plasma Thermogram™ (pT™) company has made a significant breakthrough in the analysis of blood plasma using differential scanning calorimetry for clinical monitoring and diagnostic applications. Results: DSC analysis of plasma from diseased individuals revealed significant changes in the thermogram which are suggested to result not from changes in the concentration of the major plasma proteins but from interactions of small molecules or peptides with these proteins. The difference in plasma thermograms between healthy and disease individuals caused this method was recognized as a novel technique for disease diagnosis and monitoring. Conclusion: Measurement of plasma proteins is a powerful clinical is standard medical practice which hope revolutionizes strategies for early cancer detection.

Introduction: Salinity has been recognized as one of the major abiotic factors affecting crop yields in arid and semi-arid irrigated areas of the world and efforts for breeding salt-resistant crop plants have been made. Approximately one-third of the world irrigated soils and a large proportion of soils in dry land are saline. Two major effects have been identified as the probable causes of high salt toxicity in crop plant i.e., the ionic effect and the osmotic effect. The ionic effect results in alterations in enzymatic processes, disturbances in accumulation and transport of different ions or a combination of all these factors. As a result, shoot and root growing reduce and uptake of nutrient elements by plants is adversely affected. While excess Na accumulated in plants under salinity stress conditions hinders K uptake; Cl hinders NO3 uptake by plants and destroys ionic balance in plants. Evening primrose is a plant which belongs to Onagraceae. Its seed oil has a special arrangement in Glycerol molecule, so it has been used a lot in medical treatments and also feeding. Researchers showed that using the best techniques and methods in farming can increase the amount of oil in the seeds of this plant. The wrong method of agricultural activities in Iran caused increasing salt in the soil, so growing plants in this situation isn’t possible. For confronting with this phenomenon knowing and choosing kinds of plants that can resist the situation of salt is really a necessary. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replicates was performed with five levels of NaCl salinity on Oenothera macrocarpa (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 mM) and potassium chloride levels (zero and 15.02 mM) and three times in the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 1390. Salt treatment to prevent osmotic shock was applied to four-leaf stage and treated with potassium was gradually simultaneously with irrigation water applied. 6 weeks after the treatments, the rate of photosynthesis, chlorophyll relative content and stomata conductance was measured. The analysis of variance was estimated using SAS software. The statistical comparison was done by Duncan's multiple range tests. Charts were drawn using Excel software. Results and Discussion: According to the result of the analysis of variance, increasing the density of sodium chloride in the planting areas had a special effect on the size of the leaves and the weight of dried plant and the weight of each leaf and dried root. This effect showed a meaningful variation between the weight of dried leaves and its dried root and shoots. The salty areas have a lot of negative ions like Magnesium, Chlorine, sodium and sulfate. These materials are harmful by themselves or cause effective disorder in the plants metabolism. Salinity treatments applied to significant influence (01/0> p) on the characteristics of photosynthesis, stomata conductance and numbers were read out by spade. For example, sodium and potassium competition and competition between chlorine and nitrate impairs the absorption of nutrients. The result of this reaction is that the plant needs more energy for producing organic matter so it loses most of its energy to resist against salt. This situation of the plant causes a low activity of the root and the growing of the shoot consequently reduce. At this situation the weight and length of the plant reduce too. For example existing potassium in salty lands cause the reduction of sodium in the shoot of the plants. This research was done in a pot with the same amount of salt. Potassium causes the reduction of Toxicity effects of sodium. Research has shown that the potassium in regulating osmotic pressure and permeability of plant cell membranes is effective and cause Increase plant tolerance to salinity. Conclusion: Some biological indexes of evening primrose plant were negatively affected by increasing rates of NaCl and KCl applications. In salty condition, increasing the amount of sodium causes the reduction of potassium, comparing with sodium. As a matter of fact, this kind of reaction causes the reduction of potassium comparing with sodium. We know that potassium causes a suitable osmotic pressure and reduce the destructive effect of oxidation. So having more potassium than sodium in salty lands is known as the standard resistance. NaCl and KCl compounds should be applied in a precise amount to evening primrose. Otherwise, quantity and quality of evening primrose plant will be decreased.

Introduction: The present study aimed to develop an empowerment course based on project-based learning to enhance scholar skills of faculty members. Methods: The program was developed in 4 steps consisted of problem identifications and needs assessment, identifying the goals and objectives, definition of teaching-learning and assessment methods. In the present study, the Delphi technique was applied to assess the needs in the viewpoints of different stakeholders. In addition, we reviewed the literature and documents related to the role of scholar among teachers in Universities of Medical Sciences. The results of the need assessment presented in expert panel. Scholar competencies were developed through modified Delphi technique. The faculty development program finalized based on project-based learning approach by consensus of the participants. Result: In the present study, 13 competencies of scholarship developed. The empowerment program was designed according to the project-based learning approach. The program included targeting for learning and preparations, searching for defining a problem and designing a question, guiding inquiry for learning and solving problem, analyzing data, reflection as well as the feedback seeking. Conclusion: The faculty empowerment program can provide situations to achieve the educational scholarship goals through applying the knowledge to the real educational environment. The future studies are recommended to assess the effect of the programs for the faculty competencies and improvement of educational programs in systems. Keywords: Project-based learning, Faculty development, Scholarship education, teaching, learning.

In this paper, considering all the linear and nonlinear inertia terms of moving masses on a flexible beam, the dynamic response and dynamic stability of the beam are studied. Homotopy perturbation method is used to perform the analysis and results are provided in a stability map for the different values of mass and velocity of the moving masses. It is concluded that there is a borderline in the diagram that separates the stable and unstable regions. For the first time, this borderline is determined semi-analytically. Results of the stability analysis are validated using the Floquet theory. In addition to this borderline, it is also concluded that the Homotopy perturbation method is capable of evaluating the new critical values for mass and velocity which cause vibration resonance in the beam. The locus of these resonant points, which is totally a new finding in dynamic analysis of beam-moving mass problem, is determined semi-analytically. Finally, the effect of the friction between the beam and the moving mass is studied on the stability of the system and resonant conditions. Accuracy of the results for this case is also evaluated with a numerical simulation.

Background and Aim: In order to develop teaching competencies and prepare PhD candidates for future roles as faculty members of medical schools, the present study conducted to determine PhD candidates` educational needs and their skills concerning teaching competencies. Materials and Methods: The present study was a descriptive- analytical and cross-sectional study that was conducted in year 2011. The Study population was PhD candidates who studied in Health School of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. In the present study a “Teaching Competencies Assessment” questionnaire was used that included 2 part s the demographic information and 16- items of educational competencies and needs. The validity and reliability of th e questionnaire was approved by alpha Cronbach’s coefficient (educational need 94% & educational skill 87%). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS. Results: The result of the present study showed that teaching skills of PhD candidates were at “familiar without implementation capability” level. The lowest candidate s` skill was “Student Assessment” field. The candidates had educational needs in all 16 areas of teaching skill fields (3.85:5). “Lecture Presentation” (4.1:5), “logical structure of Presentation” (4.02:5) and “Motivating methods” (4.01:5) fields were the highest educational needs of PhD candidates. Conclusion: The results of the present study confirmed the need for systematic planning in order to develop teaching competencies and prepare PhD candidates for teaching role in future.

The horizon line is the most important element in landscape paintings and demarcates the sky and the ground. Logically the horizon line organizes all the visual items in both the sky and the ground sections of the picture. Although drawing the horizon line is a common method in painting nowadays, analyzing pre-Timurid illustrated Persian or Arabic manuscripts revels that the artists did not know about the efficiency of the line at the beginning of 11th century. Therefore, in these paintings, both on the ceramics and in the Persian or Arabic illustrated manuscripts, the visual elements are observed suspended and weightless. Up until late 14th century when Ilkhanid School emerged in Tabriz, Persian painters used to test various drawing styles to find and regulate a specific method that enabled them to arrange the visual elements in the sky and the ground and eliminate the suspension and weightlessness in the space of their paintings. They invented several methods that particularly have survived in the illustrated Arabic and Persian manuscripts. These illustrated manuscripts enable us to discuss the innovative methods of Persian painters. The skyline, the basin level, the frame-level and the ground line are the most frequent methods used in these manuscripts. Finally, in the 14th-century-Tabrizid manuscripts, the horizon line appeared. Achieving this appearance, the Persian picture space both in the ground and sky expanded logically; as a result, the visual elements in these spaces started to seem more grounded and as if possessing weight; diverse visual levels were arranged on the ground and the vertical perspective emerged. This article focuses on the details of those primitive methods mentioned above, which led to the appearance of the horizon line and resulting aftremaths. The article analyzes more than 30 illustrated ceramics and 300 paintings in 40 remarkable manuscripts from 11th to 14th centuries and concludes that: In the skyline method, a blue curved part was used in the highest section of the painting as the sky. In some paintings, a line near the picture frame in the lowest section of the painting made the second part represent the ground. Between two parts, the largest segment of the painting used to get located where in all the visual elements look undecided and pending. In the basin-level method, the most important part of the painting is a basin that is represented by a blue surface decorated by plants and rubbles. Other visual elements are arranged around the basin. In the frame-level method, the lowest part of the frame picture, as the ground level, carries the visual elements. In this method, the biggest part of the painting forms an unaffected background. Because of this background, the represented space does not have any perspective. The ground-line is the most practical method. In this, the narrow surface, almost colored dark green, a little above the bottom line of the frame picture plays the role of the ground and caries all the visual elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

این مطالعه به بررسی توالی رسوبات کرتاسه زیرین شامل سازندهای سرچشمه و سنگانه در خاور منطقه کپه داغ ( برش چینه‏شناسی باغک) از نقطه نظر پالینولوژیکی می‏پردازد. بر اساس مطالعات انجام شده ، 25 جنس و 31 گونه داینوفلاژله شناسایی گردید. با توجه به داینوفلاژله‏های شناسایی شده و با استفاده از مطالعه فرامینیفرهای موجود در این برش سن بارمین پسین-آپتین پیشین برای سازند سرچشمه و سن آپتین میانی- آلبین میانی برای سازند سنگانه در برش چینه‏شناسی باغک تعیین گردید. تجمع داینوفلاژله‏های شناسایی شده در برش مورد مطالعه با بخشی از بیوزون Odontochitina operculata zone انطباق دارند. بررسی سه گروه اصلی از عناصر پالینولوژیکی (فیتوکلاست‏ها، پالینومورف‏های دریایی و مواد آلی فاقد ساختمان) و نتایج حاصل از مطالعه آماری فاکتورهای مؤثر بر درجه حفظ شدگی مواد ارگانیکی مانند فاکتور حفاظت از مواد ارگانیکی (Lability) و نسبت پالینومورف های دریایی به AOM و همینطور نسبت AOM شفاف به AOM تیره نشان می دهد نرخ رسوب‌گذاری و میزان اکسیژن محیط متغیر بوده و از سمت سازند سرچشمه به سمت سازند سنگانه عمق محیط افزایش یافته و شرایط کم انرژی تر و آرام تر و با میزان کمتری از اکسیژن بر محیط رسوبی غالب گشته است. داینوفلاژله های شاخص محیط رسوبی نیز نشان می دهند که سازندهای سرچشمه و سنگانه در محیط نرتیک داخلی تا نرتیک خارجی نهشته شده اند.

Background and Aim: Learning styles are among efficient factors in the teaching-learning process. The aim of the present study was to assess healthcare management students’ learning styles at Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS). Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on healthcare management students selected randomly through stratified sampling (response rate = 85%). The data collection tool used in this study was Kolb learning style questionnaire (Cronbach Alpha was 0.7-0.9). The data were analyzed through descriptive and analytical tests (χ2 and t-test). Results: Most postgraduate students preferred the Accommodate Style (55.6% of PhD students and 64% of MCs students). The majority of undergraduate students, however, preferred the Convergent Style (45.67%). Conclusion: As to these students’ dominant learning styles, the results of the study emphasized the use of “teaching methods based on Role Playing and Simulation” among postgraduate students and “Problem-Based Learning” among undergraduate students.

Background & Aim: Several studies have shown that the self-care activity of patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator is inadequate. This study was conducted to assess the effect of an educational program based on the Orem’s self-care model in self-care ability of the patients . Methods & Materials: This clinical trial was conducted among 66 patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Four educational sessions were held based on the patient's needs and Orem’s self-care model. Data was collected using a self-report questionnaire at baseline and one month after the intervention. Data were analyzed using statistical tests (x2, t-test, paired t-test) in the SPSS-18 . Results: There were no significant differences in the self-care awareness, tendency to self-care, self-care skills, and self-care ability between the control and intervention groups. After the intervention, the self-care awareness score remained 22.06 ± 3.26 in the control group and increased (28.69 ± 1.51) in the intervention group (P

Background and Aim: Collaboration within and between healthcare teams facilitates effective healthcare provision. Fundamental strategies in effective healthcare services focus on collaboration and teamwork. This study was an attempt to assess reliability and validity of Team STEPPS Teamwork Attitudes Questionnaire (T-TAQ) in Iranian context. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted in Iran in 2012. Delphi method was applied and the questionnaire was submitted to 11 experts in 2 rounds to determine its face and content validity. Besides, it was translated and back translated to determine external validity. To estimate the reliability of the instrument, test-retest method was used. A sample of 67 medical and nursing senior students was stratified from Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS). T-TAQ is a questionnaire having 30 questions in 5 themes. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS13. Results: The content, face and external validity of the tool were approved by Iranian experts. Meanwhile, applying Cronbach's alpha, total reliability was estimated to be 0.80; moreover, the ICC turned out to be 0.8. Conclusion : Since the validity and reliability of this instrument are confirmed in an Iranian context, it can be used to measure attitude regarding teamwork in this context.

Background & Aim: Several studies have shown that the self-care activity of patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator is inadequate. This study was conducted to assess the effect of an educational program based on the Orem’s self-care model in self-care ability of the patients . Methods & Materials: This clinical trial was conducted among 66 patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Four educational sessions were held based on the patientchr('39')s needs and Orem’s self-care model. Data was collected using a self-report questionnaire at baseline and one month after the intervention. Data were analyzed using statistical tests (x2, t-test, paired t-test) in the SPSS-18 . Results: There were no significant differences in the self-care awareness, tendency to self-care, self-care skills, and self-care ability between the control and intervention groups. After the intervention, the self-care awareness score remained 22.06 ± 3.26 in the control group and increased (28.69 ± 1.51) in the intervention group (P

This study was conducted to investigate the bibliographic relationships in the MARC and it’s consistency with the FRBR model. With establishing the necessary relations between bibliographic records, users will retrieve their necessary information faster and more easily. It is important to make a good communication in existing bibliographic records to help users to find what they need. This study’s purpose was to define the relationships between bibliographic records in the National Library's OPAC database and the study’s method was descriptive content analysis approach. In this study, the online catalog (OPAC) National Library of Iran has been used to collect information. All records with the mentioned criteria listed in the final report of the IFLA bibliographic relations about the first group entities in FRBR model and RDA rules has been implemented and analyzed. According to this study, if software has been developed in which the data transferring was based on the conceptual model and the MARC’s data that already exists in the National Library's bibliographic database, these relationships will not be transferable. Withal, in this study the relationships on consistent FRBR and MARC concluded with an intelligent mind and the machine is unable to detect them. The results of this study showed that the relations which conveyed from MARC to FRBR, was about 47/70 percent of the MARC fields, in other hand by FRBR to MARC with the use of all intelligent efforts, and diagnosis of MARC relationships, only 31/38 percent of the relations can be covered through the MARC. But based on real data and usable fields in Boostan-e-Saadi with MARC pattern, records on the National Library of Iran showed that the results reduced to 16/95 percent..

The main purpose of this research was to compare the scale of web subject directories precision in information retrieval of technical-engineering science. Information gathering was documentary and webometric. Keywords of technical-engineering science were chosen at twenty different subjects from IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) and engineering magazines that situated in sciencedirect site. These keywords are used at five subject directories Yahoo, Google, Infomine, Intute, Dmoz, that were web directories high-utilization. Usually first results in searching tools are connected to searching keywords. Because, first ten results was evaluated in every search. These assessments to consist of scale of precision, scale of error, scale retrieval items in technical-engineering categories to retrieval items entirely. The used criteria for determining the scale of precision that was according to high-utilization standards in different documents, to consist of presence of the keywords in title, appearance of keywords at the part of web retrieved pages, keywords adjacency, URL of page, page description and subject categories. Information analysis was according to Kruskal-Wallis Test and L.S.D fisher. Results revealed that there was meaningful difference about precision of web subject directories in information retrieval of technical-engineering science, Therefore this theory was confirmed.web subject directories ranked from point of precision as follows. Google, Yahoo, Intute, Dmoz, and Infomine. The scale of observed error at the first results was another criterion that was used for comparing web subject directories. In this research, Yahoo had minimum scale of error and Infomine had most of error. This research also compared the scale of retrieval items in all of categories web subject directories entirely to retrieval items in technical-engineering categories, results revealed that there was meaningful difference between them. And second theory was confirmed. That Intute with 52 percent had most, and Google with 5.3 percent had least scale of ratio technical-engineering retrieval items to retrieval items in all of categories

Introduction: Alopecia areata is a common disease that affects the life quality of patients. Iron deficiency has been suggested to play a role, but its effect is controversial. We decided to evaluate the relationship between alopecia areata and serum ferritin, TIBC and serum iron levels. Materials and Methods: In this study, 30 patients who were diagnosed with alopecia areata by a dermatologist and 30 healthy individual as the control group were evaluated. All the cases (patients and control group) were referred to Semnan Central Lab for the following laboratory tests: CBC test (WBC, HGB, PLT, MCV, MCH, MCHC), serum ferritin, serum iron and serum TIBC. Results: Mean serum ferritin (P

Background: The hospitals are the most significant providers of health care services. According to more health funds spending by hospitals, economic management in hospitals is necessary. Determining the causes and rates of insurance under reimbursement bills was the objective of this study.Materials and Methods: This research is a descriptive cross-sectional survey was done in 2008. The samples of study were the al records' patients who undertaken of social security insurance system in the teaching hospitals of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science. The data complied in SPSS 16 software and then analyzed.Results: In this study, 9.8% cases of all hospitalization bills were deducted. The highest rates of under reimbursement bills was in Afshar hospital (12.7%), followed by burn hospital (12.5% ), Shahid Sadoughi hospital (10%), and Shahid Rahnemoon hospital (8.2%). The highest rates of under reimbursement bills imposed to the surgeon fees (28.4%), treatment fees (15.06%), and medicine (14.3%) costs. However assistant surgeon fees had no under reimbursement. The most important causes of under reimbursement were defects in the insurance records of patients and noncompliance with insurance organization regulations.Conclusion: Training of human resources and optimized use of hospital information systems could be helpful to hospitals for reducing insurance reimbursement to ultimately improve hospitals to financial statements.

The present study investigates the feasibility of establishing document delivery services in special libraries in Tehran. Document delivery services is copyright-cleared hard copy or electronic copy supply to individuals or corporations on a non-profit or for-profit basis. A descriptive survey was conducted over 105 special libraries located within Tehran. Capabilities studied included manual and automated equipments, skilled and motivated manpower, adequate budget and etc. Investigations show that 8.42% of these libraries use web-sites for resource location. 5.43% employ bibliographies. 5.36% of users lodge their requests by phone. 2.32% of the libraries receive requests in person. 3.14% of librarians are familiar with English while 6.28% are familiar with IT. 5.27% of the libraries studied use British library Document Supply Center at Boston Spa as their primary source of Foreign Document acquisition. 5.32% of the libraries consider membership in Interlibrary Cooperative Schemes as appropriate means of meeting patrons’ information needs. Maximum request response time is 3-4 weeks. 3.28% of the requests are for books. 6.88% of the special libraries, lack staff training courses for skill acquisition in the area of document delivery. 8.29% of libraries cite lack of adequate equipment as the main document delivery obstacle. The findings demonstrate the document delivery service among special libraries in Tehran is not appropriate given the existing capabilities.

1-Introduction The Kopeh-Dagh as an inverted basin (Allen et al. 2003) is extended from the east of the Caspian Sea to NE Iran, north Afghanistan and Turkmenistan. Following the closure of palaeo-Tethys in the Middle Triassic and the opening of Neo-Tethys during the early to middle Jurassic, the Kopeh-Dagh basin formed during the early to middle Jurasic. Sedimentation took place continuously from the Jurassic through the Neogene time in the Kopeh-Dagh basin (Afshar-Harb 1979). The first geological study on these strata was done by Amiranian oil company from 1937 to 1938. Many biological and stratigraphical studies had been carried on later on this basin. Kalantari (1969), Seyed-Emami (1980), Seyed-Emami and Aryai (1981), Seyed-Emami et al. (1984, 1994, 1996), Immel et al (1997), Raisossadat and Mousavi-Harami (2000), Raisossadat (2004, 2006) and Mahanipour et al. (2011) are among those who studied the biostratigraphy and sedimentology of the Cretaceous strata of this basin. In this paper we report on palynological and paleoecological data from two mid-Cretaceous formations (Sarcheshmeh and Sanganeh) in Baghak section situated in eastern part of Kopeh-Dagh basin. 2-Materials and Methods Fifteen samples from the Sarcheshmeh and thirty five samples from Sanganeh formation were processed palynologically. The preparation method of Traverse, 2007 was used. Cold hydrochloric (20%) and hydrofluoric (50%) acids were used to dissolve carbonates and silicates. The residue was neutralized and centrifuged in ZnCl2 (specific gravity 1.9), then sieved at 15 um using a nylon mesh, and mounted on microscope slides using liquid Canada balsam. Three slides were made from each sample. The microscope slides were examined under a light microscope and the index dinocysts were photographed and presented in two plates. In order to study palynofacies, in each slide numbers of organic materials including phytoclasts, marine palynomorphs and non-structural organic materials were calculated in five purview and then the percent of each palynological elements were acquired. 3- Discussion, Results and Conclusion All of the 50 rock samples prepared have yielded dinofalgellate cysts. The assemblages recorded include such taxa as: Acomosphaera sp., Achomosphaera neptunii, Batioladinium sp., Bourkidinium granulatum, Cauca parva, Circulodinium sp., Circulodinium brevispinosum, Circulodinium distinctum, Cometodinium sp., Coronifera oceanica, Cribroperidinium sp., Cribroperidinium orthoceras, Florentinia sp., Florentinia cooksoniae, Florentinia mantelii, Glaphyrocysta sp., Gonyaulacysta sp., Gonyaulacysta polythyris, Hystrichosphaeridium sp., Kiokansium sp., Kiokansium polypes, Klithrosphaeridium sp., Muderongia sp., Muderongia tabulate, Odontochitina operculata, Oligosphaeridium complex, Oligosphaeridium poculum, Oligosphaeridium porosum, Oligosphaeridium totum, Paleoperidinium cretaceum, Prolixosphaeridium sp., Prolixosphaeridium parvispinium, Pseudoceratium sp., Pseudoceratium retusum, Pterodinium sp., Spiniferites sp., Spiniferites ramosus, Subtilisphaera sp., Systematophora sp., Tanyosphaeridium sp. (Plate 1-2). Based on the presence of the index dinoflagellate cyst, Odontochitina operculata throughout the entire section, it can be concluded that the first appearance of this species is before the first sample of the Sarcheshmeh Formation (sample 398) and therefore the identified dinoflagellate cysts are a part of the Odontochitina operculata Zone. This palynozone originally erected by Wilson (1984) for Aptian strata in New Zealand and Morgan (1980) suggest the age of Aptian for Odontochitina operculata Zone. The presence of species Gonyaulacysta polythyris, Circulodinium brevispinosum and Florentinia mantelii which are recorded from early Aptian strata in different part of the world such as Australia (Backhouse, 1988), France (Stover, 1996), south of Alpine Italia (Torricelli,2000) and south of Tanzania (Schrank & Mahmoud, 2002) in lower formation reveal the age of Late Barremian to early Aptian for the Sarcheshmeh Formation. The Upper formation contains species Cauca parva with middle Aptian-Lower Albian age (Stover, 1996) and Frorentinia cooksonia with middle Albian age (Williams 1993) found in different regions such as Libya (Uwins & Batten, 1988), United States (Hedlund & Norris, 1986) and west of Australia (Cookson & Eisenack, 1962). This species suggest the age of middle Aptian- middle Albian for the Sanganeh Formation. Statistical analyses of the three main groups of palynological elements (Phytoclasts, Marine palynomorphs and non-structural organic materials) lead to the recognition of five palynofacies in studied section. Studying the recognized palynofacies indicate that the sedimentation rate and oxygen level of the basin were variable but decreasing from Sarcheshmeh to Sanganeh Formation. Based on index dinoflagellates it can be concluded that depositional environment of the Sarcheshmeh and Sanganeh formations ranged from inner to outer neritic environment.

In this research, thin films of Zr/ZrO2 composites were deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering technique on Si and fused Silica substrates, and their structures were investigated by XRD method. During the deposition of the cermet layers, a Zr metallic target was sputtered in a gas mixture of Ar and O2. By controlling of O2 flow rate, the different metal volume fractions in the cermet layers were achieved. The optical response of the samples was studied using spectroscopy methods. Also the effect of vacuum annealing on the structures and the optical properties were studied. XRD results indicated that the prepared samples were amorphous and vacuum annealing induced crystallization in the cermet films. This research also showed that without doping, the tetragonal phase of zirconia can be stabilized at a temperature lower than the normal transition temperature. This is “grain size stabilization” and relates to the small size of the crystallites. In order to study the electron diffraction in the selected area patterns (SAD), the samples were analyzed by a high-resolution transmission microscope. The SAD results showed that all of the as prepared samples were amorphous showing evidence of very small Zr crystallites immersed in a dielectric medium.The SAD results are in close agreement with those obtained by XRD analysis.

Aging is associated with reduced bone mass in men and women. Women loose about 35% of their cortical bone and 50% of trabecular bone since middle of 2nd decade of life. Subsequently, bone mass reduction increases fracture in women. Femoral bone fracture is associated with chronic low back pain, scoliosis, limited range of movement and more hospital admission.Prevalence of osteoporosis is increasing. It has been estimated that direct therapeutic costs and indirect costs due to reduced economical productivity of osteoporotic patients will increase 2 or 3 times.Moreover, it is also estimated that more than half of femoral bone fractures’ of the world will occur in Asia. Therefore, there is need to further explore different aspects of osteoporosis locally. This book reviews physiology, diagnostic methods and different treatments of osteoporosis. It also discusses pathophysiological and diagnostic complexities of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis essentials are presented in combination with its new therapeutic findings. Therefore, the book could be used as a comprehensive tool for improving and updating current knowledge of readers about osteoporosis.