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Background and Purpose: Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) and myostatin (growth differentiation factor 8) are related to most diseases and chronic disorders in elderly population. Even though these two factors have similar structural and signaling pathways, they can have different functions, and the available information about their effects on the regeneration of degenerated muscles during old age is contradictory. GDF11 plays a role in skeletal muscle regeneration, combating aging-induced muscle loss, and regulating metabolic homeostasis and energy balance. On the other hand, myostatin, mainly secreted by skeletal muscles, plays a role in inhibiting muscle hypertrophic response (negative regulation of muscle mass) and modulating metabolic processes. Also, its increased expression is related to obesity and insulin resistance. Considering the beneficial effect of resistance training on these variables, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of elastic band resistance training on the serum levels of growth differentiation factor 11, myostatin, and insulin resistance in overweight elderly women.Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight overweight elderly women with an average age of 74.04 ± 4.69 years and a body mass index of 28.21 ± 3.35 kg/m2 were selected based on the inclusion criteria and then randomly divided into exercise (n = 14) and control (n = 14) groups. Subjects in training group performed 12 weeks of Elastic band resistance training, 3 days per week. Blood samples were taken 24 hours before the first training session and 48 hours after the last training session; and were analyzed for serum levels of GDF11, myostatin, insulin, and glucose. All data were analyzed by two-way repeated-measures of ANOVA and using SPSS version 25 software at a significance level of P0.05), though, the serum levels of myostatin (P=0.027), insulin resistance index (P=0.045) and body fat percentage (P=0.023) decreased significantly.Conclusion: It seems that the decrease in the level of myostatin following elastic band training, which was associated with a reduction in insulin resistance and body fat percentage, can have a positive effect on the muscle mass and energy homeostasis of overweight elderly women. Also, in future studies related to GDF11, it is necessary to select the type, duration, and intensity of exercise as well as measurement methods with more scrutiny and accuracy.

Abstract:Background: Shahinshahr, located 19 kilometers north of Isfahan, has recently transformed into one of the immigration-accepting cities in the province. Assessing natural potential is vital for achieving sustainable development, particularly in urban centers.Objective: This research aims to investigate the ecological potential of Shahinshahr for urban development based on land use principles, utilizing geographic information systems.Research Methods: The research uses a descriptive-analytical approach and falls under the category of applied research. To achieve the research goal, spatial data and relevant analyses were conducted in GIS, along with the multi-criteria decision-making models ANP and SAW. The process involved conducting fundamental studies and preparing digitized thematic maps of the region. By overlaying elevation, slope, direction, soil types, vegetation, geology, and climate maps and using ANP and SAW methods, an ecological power map for urban development was created in Arc GIS 10.8 environment.Research Innovation: This study represents a novel approach in Shahinshahr, where spatial data and decision-making techniques are simultaneously utilized to pursue the primary research objective.Research Results: The results indicate that the northern part of the city is favorable for development. In addition, depending on the climatic conditions and topography of the area, floods may occur in case of rain. In order to deal with this issue, the necessary measures have already been taken. There is a connector in this range that can solve this problem. On the other hand, the southern and eastern parts are non-scientific due to their connection to the cities of Isfahan, Gaz, and Gorgab, and the western part due to their proximity to large industries such as Isfahan Refinery and petrochemicals. Also, the development of the southern part is unprincipled and inappropriate due to the existence of sewage facilities and agricultural lands.Keywords: Ecological Capacity, Urban Development, Sustainable Development, GIS, Shahin Shahr City. IntroductionIn recent decades, most suitable immediate lands, including adjacent agricultural and forestry lands, have been occupied and changed in terms of land use. The assessment of ecological capacity is done by measuring the inventory and capacity of the land with specific and pre-planned criteria. These tools are employed as a basis for land-use decision-making and planning in all parts of the world for selecting and exploiting the ecological capacity of the lands optimally via planning studies and environmental management to achieve sustainable development principles. Shahin Shahr is only 19 km away from Isfahan. It experienced rapid growth due to its cheap lands, various services, and location on the transportation route (Isfahan-Tehran road). Also, due to the existence of several other small towns, including Gaz, Gorgab, Khorzuq, and Dolatabad, there are concerns that new constructive activities and settlements would fill the gap between these cities and Shahin Shahr and consequently, a complete physical connection would be made, which will lead to acute environmental problems. Therefore, evaluating the ecological capacity of the new city of Shahin Shahr and applying environmental criteria to its urban development is necessary to achieve sustainable urban development and a suitable model for the future development of the city and its neighboring towns. The present study aims to determine the best location with the least adverse effects now and in the future for Shahin Shahr’s future development. Materials and MethodsThis research is descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method and applied in terms of purpose. In order to achieve the goal of the research, it has been done by using the spatial data and performing relevant analyses in the geographic information system and the multi-criteria decision-making model of ANP and SAW. Based on this, basic studies were done and thematic maps of the region were prepared and then digitized. Then, by overlapping and combining maps of height, slope, direction, types of soil, vegetation, geology, and climate and using ANP and SAW methods, an ecological power map of urban development was prepared in Arc GIS 10.8 environment.In this study, the Delphi method was used to identify the effective criteria and sub-criteria in zoning the region. For this purpose, a questionnaire including all effective and usable criteria in zoning was prepared and distributed among a Delphi-based group, including several specialists, experts, and professors in capacity assessment. Also, according to field surveys, interviews with local officials, and finally, the study of the primary data related to the region, several sub-criteria were added to the factors identified by the Delphi method. The indicators investigated in the study include slope steepness, slope directions, altitude classes, geology, vegetation, soil type, digital elevation model (DEM), climate, water resources, and accesses. Then, a questionnaire was developed in which the experts scored different criteria and sub-criteria concerning this study. Research FindingsThe results show that the highest weight is assigned to the slope criteria with a value of 0.147. Combining data and preparing the final map of the environmental unit was done by stacking information layers in the GIS. In producing this map, a fuzzy method was used to show the ecological capacity of the area. This map is divided into four spectra: appropriate, moderate, relatively inappropriate, and inappropriate. According to the map, the southward and eastward physical development of Shahin Shahr is impossible and unprincipled because of the development of Isfahan, Gaz, and Gorgab, the possibility of creating a connection between these cities, the existence of sewage facilities in the south of Shahin Shahr, and the destruction of agricultural lands. The westward development is also unscientific because of large and polluting industries such as Isfahan (Shahid Mohammad Montazeri) Power Station, Isfahan Refinery, petrochemical industries, etc. Therefore, development should move northward. Discussion of Results and ConclusionsWhen a city needs to expand to accommodate its additional population, its inner expansion and use of barren lands are considered the most appropriate pattern of expansion, especially for cities that do not have a high relative density. This type of expansion is always accompanied by an increase in density and will have minimal encroachment on surrounding agricultural lands and natural landscapes. It also imposes the lowest financial costs on the city for not having to build new infrastructure and services. However, to accommodate the growing population of settlements, especially in cities such as Shahin Shahr, which have high population growth and land areas in the city do not meet the growing population, it is necessary to determine the correct physical development directions concerning all ecological capacity so that its physical development in these directions can be planned and its problems can be minimized in the future.In this study, by applying the evaluation criteria, the final development area was determined by sieving and superimposing layers related to the appropriate ecological potential from an urban planning perspective. The results obtained from the analysis of spatial data indicate that there are severe bottlenecks in the urban development of Shahin Shahr, so only a tiny percentage of the total study area is suitable for physical development. According to the studies done, the whole development area (about 1754 hectares) is located in the northern and northwestern part of Shahin Shahr, which has been proposed for future development planning of Shahin Shahr.

One of the characteristics of the Safavid era was the beginnings of the Shi'i movement, which manifested itself in the form of the concept of Mahdism. The authors of the present study have tried to pave the way for the pathology of Mahdism in the mentioned era , assuming that Mahdism in the Safavid period was faced with functional aspects as well as dysfunctional and non-functionally aspects, and in this way, they have tried to keep their critical distance from the generally ideological readings of this matter. The research question can be formulated as follows: Did Mahdism, in addition to its existing functions, also face dysfunctions and non – functions? What are these? The results of this research show that the functions of Mahdism in safavid are A: Territorial integration; B: Formulation of "national" solidarity; And in the aspect of dysfunctions regarding are A: the emergence of false claimants; B: creating an ideological cover to justify the lord-servant structure; C: Inability to re – assimilate social forces; And in terms of non-functionally, it also includes the gradual deterioration of the Safavid style of governance. The aforementioned findings are based on the historical-analytical study method and relying on an interdisciplinary approach (historical-sociological) and based on Merton's theory of functionalism, it is concluded that - perhaps, considering the multitude of dysfunctions and non-finctions regarding Safavid Mahdism, the Net Balance in Merten's theory is more dysfunctional and non functional than functional

AbstractBackground: One of the important challenges in urban planning is the inappropriate distribution of urban service uses. The border city of Bandar Dair is no exception to this rule.Objective: The purpose of this research is to measure social justice in the spatial structure of the border city of Bandar Dair with an emphasis on the spatial distribution of service uses.Research Method: In this regard, in the first step, the point position of nine groups of service users was layered based on the existing maps of the municipality. Then, each of the nine service uses was weighted using the Delphi method and experts' questionnaire. Finally, using the capabilities of the GIS (Euclidean Distance and Weighted Overlay), the spatial distribution of each service use was analyzed.Research Innovation: Conducting these studies has not been reported or published in the area, and for the first time, this type of study is being conducted in the city of Dair. It is innovative and new.Findings: The results of the study show that the spatial distribution of administrative police use is suitable and the uses of urban, cultural, and therapeutic green spaces are poorly distributed. The general findings of the research show that in 58.9% of the area of the city of Bandar Dair, the distribution of services is at a good and very good level. On the other hand, 41.09% of the total area of the city has a medium to low distribution of public services. By examining the maps of the research, we realize that in the new areas of the city, a weak and very weak distribution has happened. In other words, as we move from the central area of the city to the outskirts of the city, the distribution of services tends to be weak and very weak.Keywords: Spatial Distribution, Service Uses, Social Justice, Bandar Dair. IntroductionIn sustainable urban development or a sustainable city, justice in access to urban services for all citizens must prevail. There should be no obvious spatial separation in income and social groups, all people and groups have access to basic services and facilities, and residents have equal positions. This will be achieved if urban lands and the allocation of resources and facilities between spatial units and socialization should take place in an equal way and at least with relative equality. The city of Bandar Dair in Bushehr province, as a border city, has grown rapidly both in terms of population and body in the last few decades. But in the meantime, the required urban services have not been developed and distributed in accordance with the growth and expansion of the population and the body. This unbalanced situation has caused social inequalities in different areas of the city. As the surveys show, the marginal and new part of the city has low access to service uses. In other words, the pattern of distribution of service uses has not been in line with the growth and development of the city. As a result, it has caused dissatisfaction in the less privileged areas, promotion of intra-city travel, and spatial displacement of the city's population. Therefore, in this research, we investigate social justice in the spatial structure of the border city of Bandar Dair, emphasizing the spatial distribution of service uses. Therefore, the main goal of the current research is to measure social justice in the spatial structure of the border city of Bandar Dair with an emphasis on the spatial distribution of service uses. Materials and MethodsThe current research is an applied study in terms of its purpose and a descriptive-analytical study in terms of its nature and methodology. This research seeks to measure social justice in the spatial structure of the border city of Bandar Dair with an emphasis on the spatial distribution of service uses. In order to answer the research question, this research has been done in three general stages: the first stage is dedicated to collecting and creating service user layers in Arc-GIS-10.8 and Google Earth Pro software. Therefore, the location of each of the service users was identified using the maps of the current situation of Bandar Dair Municipality as well as Google Earth Pro software and entered into the software as point layers. In the next step, service users were weighted based on the experts' questionnaire information and using the Delphi technique. In this way, after collecting the questionnaire, the relative score of each service use was summed up and each service use was scored, not the service use group (educational, sports, therapeutic, cultural, park and green space, religious). Urban equipment, transportation, warehousing, and police administration were classified into five classes (very good, good, medium, poor, and very poor distribution). In the third step, the Euclidean Distance technique was used to analyze the service level of urban services. Then, all the layers were blurred using the Raster Calculator command in the ArcGIS10.8 software environment. In addition, using the same command, the weight of different users on the maps was applied and finally, layers were overlapped using the Weighted Overlay command. The statistical population of this research includes experts and specialists in the field of urban planning in the city of Bandar Dair. The sample size is selected based on the Delphi method. According to previous studies, usually, 5-30 people are selected. In this research, 30 questionnaires were provided to the experts, and 23 questionnaires were collected without defects. The sampling method is also targeted sampling. For the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, the questionnaire was completed by experts, and the results were provided to the experts and approved. Research FindingsBased on the investigations, the distribution of service uses in an area equal to 6.72% of the total area of Bandar Dair city is at a very poor level. In addition, the distribution of main services in 12.82% of the area of this city is at a poor level. Distribution of services has been done in 21.55% of the level of Dair Dam, in 35.65% of the area of the city at a good level, and finally, in an area equal to 23.28% of the distribution of services at a very good level. Discussion of Results and ConclusionsExamining the current land use situation in Bandar Dair shows that the share of residential use was higher than the ideal balance or standard ratio. Regarding the investigated service uses, therapeutic, cultural and urban parks and green spaces are severely lacking, and in terms of spatial distribution, the distribution is also not in good condition. The presence of a lot of barren lands in the city limits can be used as a capacity to improve land uses that are lacking. In addition, the use of urban equipment and transportation and warehousing are deficient in terms of per capita, but in terms of spatial distribution, they are at a good level. Police administrative use with a per capita equivalent of 14.52 square meters is in good condition, and in terms of spatial distribution, it is also at a good level. Educational, sports, and religious uses are in good condition per capita. Some urban uses, such as sports and educational uses, have a high share of the urban area due to the large size of the mentioned parts, which does not necessarily mean a balanced distribution of these uses in different spatial scales. Finally, the examination of the system of partial uses in the mentioned area shows that the contribution of some service elements in its overall distribution is unusual, and therefore the need to adjust and provide some uses is felt. Examining the maps obtained from the research shows that weak and very weak distributions have occurred in the newly developed areas of the city. In other words, as we move from the inner city areas to the outer city areas, the service distribution tends to be poor and very poor. Finally, it can be said that in order to provide residents access to urban services, it is necessary to locate all kinds of public services in the outer and newly developed areas of Bandar Dair, so that spatial justice and appropriate distribution of service uses can be done.

AbstractThe surface of the earth or the top of the earth at the level of cities and urban areas becomes significantly higher than the surrounding environment, which is known as the thermal component. If this phenomenon is higher than a certain limit, it will cause problems for the city residents. But one of the most important factors that can play a very important role in controlling this phenomenon is the presence of vegetation, which is mainly a significant part of this coverage in urban areas. In this study, the effect of vegetation cover on the amount of urban heat island in Isfahan City was investigated. For this purpose, the surface temperature of the city and its relationship with the surface cover were investigated using the land surface temperature (LST) products of the MODIS sensor in places with heat islands by applying the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of Landsat satellite data during the period of 2001-2020. Examining the annual changes in temperature in Isfahan shows that during this period, the temperature is generally increasing, so 2011 with an average annual temperature of 37.21 degrees Celsius is the hottest year and 2012 is the coldest year with an average annual temperature of 33.7 degrees Celsius. The most apparent thermal islands were observed in areas with industrial use, high-traffic places with severe air pollution and population density, and places with weak vegetation, areas with dense and worn-out textures.Keywords: LST, Landsat Satellite, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). IntroductionIn today's growing world, there is unprecedented urbanization and urban development, which have become factors affecting the air temperature around urban areas. This temperature causes the creation of a heat island in these areas compared to the surroundings, and as a result, it can play a fundamental role in air quality and consequently public health. In one study conducted by Taghizadeh and Mazidi (2019), the variability of heat island risk based on changes in land use and land cover was investigated in Isfahan. The results of this research showed that the expansion of the city cannot be the main cause of the increase in the surface temperature and the expansion of the heat island, but the change in the use of other lands has also been effective in increasing or decreasing the temperature. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of vegetation in adjusting the surface temperature of the ground in Isfahan City. Depriving the cities of vegetation will cause the temperature to rise, especially in the summer season in big cities like Isfahan. Isfahan region is also facing the mentioned problems due to the large size of urban areas and rapid growth in recent decades. In this regard, Landsat and MOADIS satellite data are used. Materials and MethodsTo achieve the purpose of this study, satellite data were used. To investigate the effects of the independent variable (i.e. vegetation covers) at the city level, the MODIS sensor data of the Terra satellite were used in the period from 2001 to 2020. Landsat satellite data, which have a pixel size of 30 meters in the period from 2001 to 2020, were used to investigate the amount of vegetation (NDVI index) in the city of Isfahan. In order to collect the data, first, satellite images were received by referring to the United States Earth and Science website https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov. The NDVI index was used in the period from January 2001 to December 2020 to investigate the patterns of vegetation changes and fluctuations in time and place. For this purpose, raw images were obtained from the NASA website, which included 240 monthly time series images of vegetation covers. Research FindingsThe results of the analysis showed that the average annual temperature of the surface of the earth in this city is 35.6 degrees Celsius. According to the annual surface temperature map for the city of Isfahan, the minimum temperatures are completely consistent with the peripheral heights of the city, which can be seen in the form of spots in the northern parts (northern elevations of the foothills) and southwest areas (southern elevations of Shahreza). These parts show a temperature between 19 and 25 degrees Celsius. The temperature of 25 to 30 degrees is scattered around the mentioned parts as well as around the city of Isfahan and the Gav Khouni swamp. The largest temperature zone in the annual map includes the temperature of 35 to 40 degrees, which covers most of the city. The maximum temperature that shows the hottest spots is located in the central part of the city. In order to investigate the effects of the presence of vegetation and the amount of vegetation density in reducing the surface temperature in the urban area of ​​Isfahan, Landsat satellite data were used, and the NDVI vegetation index was applied to these data. Then, a map and the amount of vegetation density were obtained. Since the map of vegetation cover and surface temperature was prepared exactly on a specific and simultaneous date, it is easy to visually observe the moderating role of vegetation covers in different parts of Isfahan. With the investigations carried out, it was precisely determined that wherever there is vegetation in Isfahan, the minimum temperature corresponds exactly to these parts. In parts of the city that are devoid of vegetation, which mainly corresponds to urban constructions or barren lands, a significant increase in the temperature of the surface of the earth can be seen. Therefore, the moderating effect of vegetation on the temperature of the city and the simultaneous reduction of the heat island in the studied area cannot be ignored. The major part of the concentration and density of vegetation in this city exactly corresponds to the passage of Zayandeh Rood. Discussion of Results and ConclusionThe development of urbanization causes the reduction of barren lands with high temperatures and the formation of a layer of relatively lower temperatures than barren lands in residential areas. Vegetation has a reducing effect on urban built surfaces such as busy streets and changes in land use such as agricultural land to residential use. Being adjacent to barren lands in the city has intensifying effects on high temperatures and hot spots. In fact, the results of this study show that, according to the investigations carried out on the Landsat satellite data in Isfahan, there is a strong correlation between the presence of vegetation and the decrease in the temperature of the city. In this regard, in the parts of the city where the density of vegetation increases, the surface temperature is greatly reduced, and the moderating role of vegetation can be seen well, but the temperature increases completely as you move away from the vegetation. Persian References- Aghili Nasab, Z., Mohammadzadeh, M., Mahini, A. S., & Zarei, H. (2012). Analysis of urban heat island calculation method using remote sensing. The Second Environmental Planning and Management Conference. (n.p).- Aghili Nasab, Z., Mohammadzadeh, M., Mahini, A. S., & Zarei, H. (2013). Analysis of urban heat islands using remote sensing and its relationship with the environmentally friendly development. 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AbstractThe aim of the current research was to identify the effective factors in the future state of housing planning in Ahvaz metropolis. The research method was applied based on the purpose and descriptive-analytical based on the nature. In this regard, by applying the mutual effects analysis method in Mikmak software, the key factors affecting the housing supply system of Ahvaz City were identified. Finally, the effective factors of the housing supply system in the mentioned city were selected by using the scenario writing method in the software and the scenario wizard was executed. The findings showed that the 7 factors of migration, marginalization, weakening of the value of national currency, low ability to pay loans, increase in land prices, insignificant credit facilities, and lack of an integrated and coordinated management system in the housing sector had the most impacts and key roles in the system. They provided housing in Ahvaz City.Keywords: future research, housing, housing supply, Ahvaz metropolis IntroductionIn recent decades, the cities of Iran have experienced an increasing concentration of population; yet, the weakness of economic management, lack of comprehensive housing planning, and inadequacy of the government's economic infrastructure have caused the problem of housing shortage and inadequate housing supply. The various policies and programs of the government have not led to good results either. The issue of the land market has caused a large part of lands in the capital to be attracted and ultimately, a large number of citizens to be deprived of shelter. Ahvaz metropolis in Khuzestan Province has undergone extensive demographic and spatial changes during the last decade for 3 main reasons: 1) having provincial centrality, 2) becoming a major industrial hub in line with adopting the policy of creating a growth hub, and 3) disrupting the order of the urban network as a result of the 8-year war and destruction of the major partner cities (Abadan and Khorramshahr) in favor of the all-round development of this city. As a result of these factors, the population of this city has had an increase of 120,098 to 1184,788 people during the years of 1956-2016). In the first general census of the country in 2015, Ahvaz had a population of 120,098 people. Therefore, this rapid population growth has caused problems, such as low quality of housing in the city, lack of ownership by a group of citizens, small areas of ​​residential units, etc. Based on this, this research sought to research the future of the housing supply system in Ahvaz metropolis to respond to the current and future needs and solve the existing problems in this city. In this regard, the main goal of the current research was to identify the most important factors influencing the future state of housing planning in Ahvaz metropolis. MethodologyThe main purpose of this research was to identify the most important factors influencing the future state of housing planning in Ahvaz metropolis. Therefore, a descriptive-analytical and survey method was chosen in this research. In the first step, a list of the primary factors that played a role in the housing supply system of Ahvaz City were identified as the research variables by using documentary sources and previous researches, as well as the Delphi questionnaire. The research variables were analyzed based on an expert questionnaire. In the research process, by using the mutual effects analysis method and Micmac software, the influences of the primary factors on each other were evaluated in the form of the expert questionnaire. Finally, by using another questionnaire, the key factors of housing supply in Ahvaz City were selected via the scenario writing method in the Scenario Wizard software. The statistical population of the research included the specialists and experts of the urban area. The size of the studied sample was determined through the theoretical saturation of 30 experts through the snowball sampling method. The validity of the research tool was evaluated by university professors and it was confirmed after fixing the problems and deficiencies. To measure the reliability of the first expert’s questionnaire (analysis of mutual effects) and the second expert’s questionnaire (scenario writing), the questionnaire was completed by 10% of the experts and then, the results obtained from the supervisor could be cited and confirmed. DiscussionThe results showed that 7 key factors played a role in the housing supply system of Ahvaz City. As shown in Figure 3, these factors include migration, marginalization, weakening of the value of national currency, low ability to pay loans, increase in land prices, insignificant credit facilities, and lack of an integrated and coordinated management system in the housing sector. Also, the results revealed that the 3rd scenario was the most optimistic and promising scenario for the housing supply system of Ahvaz City with 5 favorable conditions and a suitable percentage of 42.87%. The 1st and 2nd scenarios were intermediate. The 2nd and 4th scenarios were respectively the most critical scenarios with unfavorable situations for the housing supply system of Ahvaz City. ConclusionHousing is one of the most essential human needs after food and clothing and it is very important for the preservation and survival of the individuals and society. It is related to one of the most basic and sensitive sectors in economic and social development planning. The rapid growth of population in Ahvaz City has caused problems, such as low quality of housing in the city, lack of ownership by a group of citizens, small areas of ​​residential units, inappropriate interference of activities by residing adjacent to the functional zones of the city, especially heavy industries and administrative-service zones, placement of extensive military, industrial, and wasteland uses in the middle of the residential context (one of the main factors of disintegration of the urban structure of this city), existence of the residential formal or informal settlements, like villages outside the legal boundaries and adjacent to the city, which have their own service and infrastructure needs, illegal constructions in the river boundary and encroachment on its bed, etc. In addition, financial and economic inabilities of low-income groups on the one hand and lack of modern planning and appropriate support mechanisms on the other hand have prevented the vulnerable groups from having access to suitable housing. This lack of access has shown itself in various forms of marginalization and ugly urban landscapes and has caused all kinds of social and economic problems. All these clearly reveal the necessity of fundamental change in the planning process from the traditional method based on forecasting trends towards modern planning with a forward-looking approach. Cities need to be planned with a new approach to recognizing the future challenges so as not to be caught off guard in the face of the upcoming challenges and can take control and manage a favorable future condition. References:- Alavi, A., Benari, S., & Samadi, M. (2017). Analysis of quantitative and qualitative indicators of housing in the city of Ahvaz and forecasting the required housing until 2021. Geography and Human Relations, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 867-850.- Arvin, M (2014). Survey of urban sprawl with an emphasis on endogenous development (Case study of Ahvaz City). Master's thesis in the field of geography and urban planning, University of Tehran, supervisor: Dr. Ahmad Pourahmad.- Iran Statistics Center (2015-2016).- Sherizadeh, A., Roostayi, Sh., & Hakimi, H. (2018). Identifying the key factors affecting the future status of low-income housing planning in Tabriz metropolis with a future research approach. Urban Research and Planning Quarterly, 10th year, No. 38, pp. 39-49.- Yazdani, M. H., Hasanpour, S., & Hashemi Masoumabad, R. (2018). Spatial analysis of social and physical dimensions of housing in the areas of Ahvaz City: Physical Development Planning. Scientific Research Journal, Year 4, No. 2, Serial 14, pp. 51-66.- Adeoye, D. O. (2016). Challenges of Urban Housing Quality: Insights and Experiences of Akure, Nigeria. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 216, pp. 260-268.- Bharath, H. A. et al. (2018). Modeling urban dynamics in rapidly urbanizing Indian cities. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 21 (3), pp. 201-210. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2017.08.002- Cobbinah, P. B. and Niminga-Beka, R. (2017). Urbanization in Ghana: Residential land use under siege in Kumasi central cities. 60, Part A, pp. 388-401. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.10.011- Garbawaziri. A. and Roosli, R. (2013). Housing Policies and Programs in Nigeria: A Review of the Concept and Implementation. Business Management Dynamics.- Lamé, G., Jouini, O., & Cardinal, J. (2019). Methods and contexts: Challenges of planning with scenarios in a hospital’s division. Futures, Vol. 105, pp. 78-90.- Malpass, P. and Victory, C. (2010). The Modernization of Social Housing in England. International Journal of Housing Policy, 10 (1), pp. 3-18. DOI: 10.1080/14616710903565647- McClure, K. (2019). What should be the future of the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit program? Housing Policy Debate, 29 (1), pp. 65-81.‏- Miller, J. D. and Hutchins, M. (2017). The impacts of urbanization and climate change on urban flooding and urban water quality: A review of the evidence concerning the United Kingdom. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 12, pp. 345-362. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2017.06.006- Moulaert, F. (Editor) et al. (2014). The International Handbook on Social Innovation: Collective Action, Social Learning, and Transdisciplinary Research. Cheltenham: UK Edward Elgar.- OCED (2015). How’s Life? Measuring Well-Being. DOI: http: //dx.doi.org/10.1787/how_life-2015-en- Pawson, H., Milligan, V., & Yates, J. (2020). Financing and Governing Affordable Rental Housing. In Housing Policy in Australia, Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore, pp. 259-298.‏- Pons, A. and Rullan, O. (2014). The expansion of urbanization in the Balearic Islands (1956-2006). Journal of Marine and Island Cultures, 3 (2), pp. 78-88. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.imic.2014.11.004- Rowland, N. and Spaniol, M. (2017). Social foundation of scenario planning. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 124, pp. 6-15.- Schwarts, A. F. (2014). Housing Policy in the United States.- Short, J. R. (2014). Urban theory: A critical assessment. Palgrave Macmillan.- UNDESA/PD (2012). World urbanization prospects: The 2011 revision. New York: United Nations.- Zedlewski, S. R. and Waller, M. (2002). The Importance of Housing Benefits to Welfare Success. Center on Urban & Metropolitan Policy and the Urban Institute.- Zhang, M. and Rasiah, R. (2016). Localization of state policy: Shandong's experience in financing Cheap Rental Housing in urban China. Habitat International, 56, pp. 1-10. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.04.003 Figures and Tables- Table 1: Housing provision policies in Iran at different times- Table 1: Population of Ahvaz City during the years of 1956-2016- Fig. 1: Location of the study area (Vice President of Planning and Development of Human Capital of Ahvaz Municipality, 2022)- Table 3: Factors and components affecting the housing supply system of Ahvaz City- Table 4: Descriptive statistics of the respondents' status- Table 5: The direct and indirect effects of the factors on each other- Fig. 2: The distribution diagram of the variables in the impact-affectability axis based on the direct effects- Fig. 3: Factors affecting the housing supply system of Ahvaz City- Table 6: Key factors, situation, and possible assumptions facing the system- Table 7: Status of each of the key factors according to the compatible scenarios- Table 8: Coefficients, number, and percentage of each of the scenarios based on the 3 spectra

Background: Agaricus bisporus has the highest production in the world due to its unique flavor and valuable nutritional properties. Due to lack of cuticle, high respiration rate, high humidity, and intense enzymatic activity, they rapidly decay and their discoloration begins immediately after harvest. Methods: The present study was conducted in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments including control, chitosan 2%, chitosan + cinnamon essential oil (2%), chitosan + Persian hogweed essential oil (200 ppm), and chitosan + cinnamon essential oil + Persian hogweed essential oil with 3 replications, and qualitative and biochemical characteristics of Agaricus bisporus on days 0, 7, 14, and 21 were evaluated. Findings: The highest amount of flavonoids was obtained 7 days after storage under the treatment of chitosan + Persian hogweed essential oil. The highest antioxidant capacity was observed in the control treatment 21 days after storage. 7 days after storage, the moisture content under the treatment of chitosan + Persian hogweed essential oil and chitosan + cinnamon essential oil and also 14 days after storage in the treatment of chitosan + Persian hogweed essential oil showed a significant increase compared to the control treatment. The highest browning index was obtained 14 days after storage in chitosan and chitosan + Persian hogweed + cinnamon treatments. The highest tissue firmness was observed on day 0 after storage in the control treatment and the lowest amount of firmness was observed on day 21 after storage in control, chitosan, and chitosan + Persian hogweed + cinnamon treatments. Conclusion: The investigated treatments showed different results on biochemical properties and postharvest shelf life of Agaricus bisporus. In general, cinnamon and Persian hogweed essential oils combined with chitosan have been individually effective on qualitative properties of Agaricus bisporus over shelf life.

Nowadays, the use of nanoparticles has made many developments to enhance the effectiveness of radiotherapy. Many parameters such as size, concentration, type, and intracellular position of nanoparticles, as well as type and energy of the radiation source, affect the sensitivity. In this study, the effect of the presence of gadolinium in the cell has been investigated, and the role of these physical parameters has been evaluated in the dose-enhancement factor (DEF). Using Geant4 software, different distributions of gadolinium nanoparticles (GdNP) and gadolinium atoms were simulated inside a cell. The sources of low energy (25 keV- 80 keV) and high energy from linear electron accelerator (Eave =2 MeV) were irradiated to a single cell, and the dose was obtained in its membrane cytoplasm, and the nucleus was calculated. Then, the effect of its size and X-ray source energy on the DEF value was investigated by simulating a nanoparticle. At the cellular scale, a rapid increase in DEF occurred after the Gd K-edge. The lowest DEF is in the core. The maximum DEF belongs to the distribution of Gd atoms in the cytoplasm and the distribution of Gd nanoparticles in the membrane with the values of 1.20 and 1.17 at 52 keV, respectively. At 2 MeV, the DEF in all distributions is close to 1. At the nanoscale, it was also found that the highest DEF was related to nanoparticles with a radius of 50 nm. Also, the DEF value increases sharply after the Gd K-edge, but at 2 MeV, the DEF value approaches 1.

Since a long time, self-knowledge has been recommended by divine prophets, thinkers and thinkers of different schools; Because without self-knowledge, planning for growth, evolution and self-improvement is not possible. In order to find the Qur'anic components of self-knowledge and its application in formulating the path of growth and evolution, the upcoming research has explored and re-read the mystical interpretation of Banu Amin's Al-Irfan Repository with a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of this research indicate that, based on the attitude of Mrs. Amin, the seven components of Quranic self-knowledge are "perception and attention to: 1. The comprehensiveness of man in relation to all worlds; 2. Existential poverty compared to the origin; 3. The blowing of the divine spirit; 4. Learning all names; 5. Feeling of dignity; 6. The power of choice and the power of free will and 7. The talent of human perfections" opens the way to God's epistemology for man, and as a result, it is applied in seven teachings: 1. Dwelling in the position of remembrance and thanksgiving; 2. Looking at one's perfections; 3. Connection to Hazrat Haqq and the position of nearness; 4. Maintaining the position of caliphate; 5. Feeling of dignity and activation of wisdom; 6. Choosing the best and 7. Fully obeying and following the divine religion, self-improvement, growth and evolution of man becomes possible.

Zat al-Salasel is one of the important events that occurred during the time of the Prophet (PBUH). But the news and documents about it are scattered and inconsistent. Assessing the validity and status of the narrations of this series is a subject that has been paid less attention by Islamic sources and contemporary scholars. This article seeks to evaluate the news and documents related to the Essence Series and explain the point of view. The present research is based on the historical and descriptive study of documents and the sources of the Islamic (Shi'a and Sunni). In the first article, different opinions about the series are separated, then the analysis and some reasons for the conflicts are evaluated and finally re-read. The results of this study indicate that this series is important in the period of the Prophet's time), due both to the reasons for its occurrence and the following events, and also to the effect on the future events of the Islamic society, but the conflict between documents and The heterogeneity of the content of the news and selection of Islamic sources has prevented the narrative from the series and the methods of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), the selection of individuals, goals, and ultimately a series. In this way, some of the political and social developments, and people based on these are extracted.

Iran became affiliated with the International Federation of Red cross and founded its Lion and Sun Society in 1923. Afterwards this society gradually expanded and established its branches in Tehran and other cities of Iran. One of these branches was opened in Isfahan in 1930. Lion and Sun Society of Isfahan had significant effects on Isfahan society. Therefore, this study by employing the archival documents and historical sources with descriptive- analytical approach tries to answer this question: How did Red Lion and Sun Society of Isfahan effect on the lives of orphans and underprivileged children in Isfahan under the reign of Reza shah? The outcomes of the study indicate that the foundation and performance of Isfahan Lion and Sun Society during Pahlavi I period could be influential in the future of orphans and underprivileged children and even some middle-class children in Isfahan society by providing shelters and services for them.

Introduction: The novel coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) appeared almost two years ago in China and quickly created a pandemic and affected all aspects of human life. The virus, termed SARS-CoV-2, is generally asymptomatic but contagious and might have originated from bats. Nowadays, the mechanisms underlying the infection and the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 are distinguishable from previous coronaviruses. Early diagnosis and supportive treatment are necessary to cure the patients with COVID-19. Early evidence recommended that children are just likely as adults to become infected with this novel virus. It is now established that children are more often show gastrointestinal manifestations than adults do, and many children affected by SARS-CoV-2 are asymptomatic. Over 300 vaccine projects are recently developed by the scientific community to treat COVID-19 disease; however, these vaccines might lose efficacy by a number of unpredicted issues, including the emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 mutants. Conclusion: Due to the high prevalence and worldwide widespread of COVID-19, many studies are underway to find treatment modalities and develop new vaccines or antiviral substances to fight the virus. The COVID-19 pandemic is not only a challenge to global health but also has globally affected mental, social, and economic health. Moreover, the post-corona pandemic condition will undoubtedly have many Socioeconomic Challenges. This review study has been focused on epidemiology, virology, transmission methods, clinical features, laboratory findings, and prevalent mutations of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. We hope that information provided within this article will significantly benefit researchers currently investigating COVID-19 patients.

Background and Objective: The healthy people’s fecal flora in the community represents a large potential reservoir. Therefore, the current study aimed to detect antibiotic resistance patterns and virulence factors in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from healthy volunteers’ feces. Materials and Methods: Three hundred and fifty stool specimens were collected from sales rep healthy individuals referring to the Northwest Tehran Health Centers to get a health card. Bacterial isolation, identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were conducted according to the routine instructions. In addition, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the genetic factors responsible for producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs: SHV, TEM, and CTX-M) blaKPC and other virulence genes. Results: Among fecal samples analyzed, 60 (17.1%) K. pneumoniae were isolated. The results demonstrated that the highest resistance rate was related to piperacillin-tazobactam (n=25, 41.6%), followed by and meropenem (n=17, 28.8%) and co-trimoxazole (n=11, 18.3%), respectively. Also, all strains were susceptible to amikacin, gentamicin, and imipenem. The PCR results of the virulence gene showed that 95% (n=57) of isolates were positive for fimH gene, 93.33% (n=56) for BssS gene, 27 (45%) for rmpA gene. The PCR results for antibiotic resistance genes showed that 41.66% (n=25) had blaTEM gene, 38.33% (n=23) blaCTX-M gene, 35% (n=21) blaSHV gene and 3.33% (n=2) isolates had blaKPC gene, and none of these isolates carried magA gene. Conclusion: Antibiotic resistance was common among K. pneumoniae isolated from healthy volunteers’ feces who participated in this study. Transmission of resistant bacteria and plasmids through oral-fecal sources threats to the public, which could complicate treatment options for community-acquired infections caused by K. pneumoniae.

In this research, a kind of environmentally-friendly inorganic-organic hybrid nanocomposite coating based on silica containing titania/silica core/shell nanoparticles was synthesized and characterized for conservation of facade tiles in historical buildings. The matrix of the composite was prepared by sol-gel process via two methods of ultrasonic and reflux stirring. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and poly-dimethyl siloxane hydroxy-terminated (PDMS-OH) were used for the formation of silica network and creation of flexibility and hydrophobicity, respectively. Titania nanoparticles were used in the form of titania/silica core/shell as ultraviolet absorber. The synthesized nanocomposite was applied on the microscope slides and tiles by dip coating technique. The properties of nanoparticles and coatings were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and water contact angle measurement. The results revealed that formation of titania/silica core/shell structure was successful. The investigation of PDMS content effect on transparency, cohesion and hydrophobicity of the coating confirmed that the optimum content of this siloxane was around 20 wt.%. In general, the results showed that the silica-based hybrid nanocomposite reinforced with TiO2/SiO2 core/shell nanoparticles could produce a transparent and hydrophobic coating for tile and glass protection.

ntroduction: Chronic inflammation can be the main cause of many common diseases in old age. Elevated level of CRP and proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α is positively associated with fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). Therefore, considering the potentially beneficial effect of elastic band resistance training (EBRT) on these variables, this study was performed with aim to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of selected EBRT on serum levels of FGF23, TNF-α and hsCRP in overweight elderly women. Methods: This clinical trial study was performed in 2017 on 28 elderly women in Shahrekord. The subjects were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. EBRT was performed for 12 weeks. Fasting blood samples were taken 24 hours before the first training session and 48 hours after the last training session to measure serum levels of FGF23, TNF-α and hsCRP. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 25) and repeated measure two-way ANOVA test. P0.05); but serum levels of TNF-α (P=0.046), hsCRP (P=0.037), and also body fat percentage (P=0.023) significantly decreased after EBRT. Conclusion: Regardless to no significant changes in FGF23 levels, it seems that 12 weeks of EBRT can have a significant effect on reducing chronic inflammation in the elderly by reducing the levels of hsCRP and proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α.

In the rational choice model, the individual decides to use drugs after calculating their cost-benefit. However, since using drugs involves economic and health costs, public policies are being implemented by adolescents to prevent the experience and consumption of these drugs. As at present, these policies are primarily based on tax increases, consumption restrictions or warning advertisements about the dangers associated by using these substances. In other words, the purpose of these policies is to increase the costs imposed on the consumer, and the pleasure of consumption. However, today these policies are trying to reverse the rising trend in using drugs among adolescents. In this article, we emphasize the importance of pleasure from using drugs, and in particular the expected pleasure and real pleasure at first use. To this end, we use a theoretical framework for adolescent drug experience to define new ways to adopt public policies related to the primary prevention of using drugs. In particular, we identify, evaluate, and promote alternative activities for drug use: sports and creative activities, entertainment, and more.

In this paper, the generation of the new modes in the problem of the transfer of the electromagnetic waves from a semi-bounded cylindrical waveguide with a metallic wall to a plasma column are investigated. An electromagnetic wave with the symmetric mode TM0j is send from a semi-bounded cylindrical dielectric waveguide to a plasma column. The plasma column is placed on the axis of another semi-bounded dielectric waveguide. Two mentioned waveguides are connected to each other in z=0. The incident wave is reflected and transmitted on the interface surface of two waveguides. The reflected and transmitted waves are considered as a series of the new modes and by using appropriate boundary conditions, the reflection and transmission coefficients of each new mode are calculated. The calculations are shown that the reflection and transmission coefficients of the reflected and transmitted waves are a function of the collision frequency of the plasma. Also, the phase different of the reflected and transmitted waves respect to the incident are shown because the reflection and transmission coefficients are obtained as a complex number. The graphs of the transmission and reflection coefficients and the graphs of the phase difference of the reflected and transmitted waves in terms of the collision frequency of the plasma are investigated.

Received: 2020-05-31 | Accepted: 2020-09-27 The historical-analytical outlook of a survey of the emergence and evolution of Quran tafsirs indicate various hermeneutical approaches coupled with the interpreters' various qualifications and characters. It has been so effective that the coming of various interpreters and their modern tafsirs are followed by various and variable elements in appreciating the meanings of the Holy Quran. Now the noteworthy query is as follows: What is the source of the differences in understanding the Holy Quran? A wide range of answers have been given to this query. These answers are functions of the very text of the Holy Quran and/or the character of the Quran interpreters. However, the main hypothesis of this paper is that one of the causes of such discrepancies pertains to the differences of the interpreters over the differences that pertain to appreciation and tafsir of the Quran as emanating from the interpreters' approaches to the tafsir clues. As both Ayatollah Sadeqi Tehrani and the Sunni scholar Muhammad Ezzat Daruzah have adopted an ijtihad-based outlook to interpreting the Divine verses, the present paper draws upon Ayatollah Sadeqi Tehrani's book al-Furqan fi Tafsir al-Quran bi al-Quran wa al-Sunnah, and Daruzah's al-Tafsir al-Hadith. It indicates that various tafsirs emanate from the interpreters' approaches to the tafsir clues. © Khedmatkar Arani, K; Fahimi Tabar, H.R; Rastegar Jazi, P. (2021) A Study of the Impact of Clues in the Variation of Tafsir-Oriented Approaches: Evidence from the Quran Tafsirs of Ayatollah Sadeqi Tehrani and Ezzat Daruzah. Biannual Journal of Comparative Exegetical Researches, 6 (12) 259-282. Doi: 10.22091/PTT.2020.4780.1654

Objective: According to many experts, methodological weakness is one of theweaknesses of master and doctoral dissertations in Iran. A meta-methodological study isa kind of comprehensive study that examines and compares the methodological aspects ofprevious researches. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate thestatus of the methodological components of master and doctoral dissertations in the fieldof industrial management at Shiraz University from 1991 to 2019.Methods: This research is a descriptive and analytical type that used Meta-method toreview the dissertations in the field of industrial management. VOS viewer software isused to analyze data from Excel software and keyword co-event.Results: The results of the data analysis showed that 89% of the dissertations wereapplied research t and the most used tool of the researchers was questionnaire (31%). Inaddition, the results indicated the dominance of quantitative methods (79%), positivismparadigm (80%) and survey strategy (57%) and Statistical test methods (30%) in theanalysis of findings in industrial management researches. Finally, by extracting 713unique keywords, 56 words were repeated at least 5 times, including applied research,descriptive, quantitative, positivism, library and field research, survey, documentationand questionnaire.Conclusion: The results of this study can lead to understanding the past situation and bypresenting a picture of trends in the selection of methods used in dissertations, identifythe existing gaps and be used for future educational and research planning.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of subcutaneous injection of metoclopramide, pethidine, and ketamine on postoperative pain after inguinal hernia repair under general anesthesia compared to control group. Methods: In this clinical trial study, 104 patients were selected and randomly divided into four groups of 26 patients. The patients received subcutaneous injection of each drug at the incision site. In the first group, 0.5 mg/kg ketamine, in the second group, 0.75 mg/kg pethidine, in the third group, 0.1 mg/kg metoclopramide, and in the control group, normal saline were administered. We evaluated the pain intensity [by visual analog scale (VAS)], hemodynamic parameters, extubation and recovery time, drug complications, total rescue analgesic consumption, time to first analgesic request, and satisfaction score for the initial 24 hours after entrance to recovery. Findings: The mean of VAS at the most of measuring times (P < 0.050) and the mean of total rescue analgesic consumption (P = 0.007) were significantly lower in the ketamine and pethidine groups compared to metoclopramide and control groups. The satisfaction score for postoperative analgesia in pethidine group was significantly higher than the other groups (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Pethidine and ketamine have equal effects on postoperative pain; but the patients were more satisfied with pethidine. The effect of metoclopramide on the postoperative pain was lower than the other two drugs; moreover, its effect was equal to the placebo and was associated with more adverse reactions.

In recent years, graphene has been considered in various tissue engineering applications such as nerve guide conduits because of its unique properties such as high electrical and mechanical properties, porous structure for exchange of nutritious and waste materials, biocompatible, capability of drug and growth factor delivery. In the current study, nerve guide conduits based on a 3D graphene were synthesized by induction heating chemical vapor deposition (ICVD). Graphene was synthesized on Ni foam template at 1080 ͦC. Fabricated samples were characterized by Raman analysis and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Raman analysis showed that the synthesized graphene is in the form of a turbostratic multilayered graphene with little defects. Cyclododecane (CD) as a temporary protective layer was used to remove nickel. After removing nickel, the free-standing 3D-graphene structure was coated with a polymer (PCL) by drop and dip coating methods to obtain the composite conduit. A comparison of the electromechanical results of the 3D-graphene/PCL conduit and PCL conduit indicated that firstly, grapheme increased the electrical conductivity of the composite conduit which will help promote nerve regeneration and axon growth. Secondly, tensile strength and flexibility of the 3D-graphene/PCL conduit was improved compared to the PCL conduit.

Introduction In this study, to analyze the effect blocking system on the precipitation during 1379 Sample rain, the weather maps of mean sea level pressure, geopotential height at 500 hpa level, wind components, moisture flux convergence and were analyzed. The data of daily precipitation were analyzed for meteorological stations by using Environmental approachto circulation during 1951 to 2013.The results suggest that three patterns have been effective in a rain storm and the establishment of Scutoff low in the Wast North West Iran and its associated trough displacement and ground accompaniment, which have provided the conditions for the creation of heavy rainfall. Because heavy rainfall is a type of atmospheric anomaly, many researchers are looking at how it occurs in abnormal weather patterns, including blocking patterns and other unusual synoptic patterns. Systems that are cut from the main west turn are called blocking systems (Habibi, 2006: 70). Researchers who have studied blocking systems such as Silman (2008) using the atmospheric-ocean output model, Kumar et al. (2008) using the air forecasting model, Timevios et al. (2010) using the Self Orgnizing Map (SOM), Caspar and Muller (2010) used the clustering method of hierarchy and Hang et al. and Yarahmadi and Marijanji (2011) by studying the low pressure system on the earth's surface, the atmosphere of the mid-atmosphere and the rise of cold weather And Gavidel (2014) have studied blocking system with the occurrence of blocking at 500, 600 and 700 hectopascal levels. Methodology In this study, High-level atmospheric data for rainfall analysis of days that have been rainy for more than 1 day include altitude geopolitical data of 500 HPL (meter potential), Uwind and Vwind (meters per second) and special humidity (grams per kilogram). These data are from 00:00, 06:00, 12:00 and 18:00 Greenwich Mean Time in the range of 0 to 80 degrees north and 0 to 120 degrees east with a spatial resolution of 2.5 × 2.5 degrees. It has been extracted from a database (NCEP / NCAR) affiliated with the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. First in the form of an environmental approach to circulation, Rainfall of more than one day in the spring during 62 years of statistics, which is 1379 days, was extracted. From these 1379 rainy days, based on the base index of 99th percentile, precipitation of more than 25.88 mm was selected. Therefore, 58 days of precipitation became the basis for the study of heavy spring rains. Because the purpose of the work is to check the blocking, the period of precipitation should be more than one day to determine the cause of heavy precipitation based on blocking or other systems. Then, using cluster analysis, the clustering of these 58 rainy days was studied. The results showed that three pressure patterns are effective in creating rainfall in Tabriz. For each of the patterns, a representative day with a correlation threshold of 95% was calculated and analyzed. Results and discussion At the time of pressure pattern 1, the Siberian high-pressure range stretched from 45 to 55 degrees north latitude to the west to the northern latitudes of Iran, and with low pressure on Turkey, provided thermal gradient. At the pressure pattern 2, a strong high-pressure nucleus with about 1032 HPL was formed in northern Mongolia. The tabs on this core, along with the high-pressure tabs of Siberia, have created extremely stressful conditions at the site of the low-pressure collision on northwestern Iran and Turkey. At the time of the establishment of the pressure pattern 3, tabs of the high-pressure system of the Scandinavian islands were drawn from the Black Sea to northwestern Iran. On the other hand, the whole of Iran is covered by the low pressure spread by Saudi Arabia. These conditions have led to an increase in the temperature and the provision of fronts and instability in Tabriz. In this way, the heavy rainfall that can be seen in the depths of the heart of this instability can be justified. Conclusion The results of synoptic analysis of pressure patterns related to blocking effective on the occurrence of heavy rainfall in Tabriz area indicate the formation of blocking phenomenon of high pressure type on the region. This system stops the movement of air circulation patterns, during which the patterns governing the atmosphere remain in place for several days. In the face of this system, the waves of the western winds are divided into two branches, north and south. This allows the waves to travel further north or south.

Background & Objective: Anxiety is the most common issue in the candidates of surgical heart valve replacement. The length of hospital stay in these patients is economically and organizationally important as a predictor of their recovery from acute physical conditions. The present study aimed to assess the effects of a designed discharge plan on anxiety and length of hospital stay in patients undergoing heart valve replacement. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial was conducted on 65 candidates of heart valve replacement in Chamran Hospital in Isfahan, Iran, who were randomly divided into the intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, the designed discharge plan was implemented and continued one month after discharge via phone follow-up. Length of hospital stay and anxiety were analyzed before the intervention and one and three months after discharge in both groups in SPSS. Results: ANOVA indicated that the mean anxiety in the study groups was significantly different at different times (P0.05). Conclusion: The designed discharge plan reduced anxiety in the patients, while its effect on the length of hospital stay requires further investigation. Therefore, it is recommended that the discharge program be used as an effective approach to maintaining care in patients undergoing heart valve replacement.

Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic microorganism causing nosocomial infection all over the world .This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of biofilm formation in K. pneumoniae isolated from patients and its correlation with the virulence factors. Materials and Methods: Biochemical tests were used for the identification of K. pneumonia isolated from patients referred to Motahari and Milad hospitals in Tehran, Iran, from October 2015 to June 2016. Kirby-bauer test was performed and biofilm formation was assessed phenotypically. Finally, virulence genes were detected by the PCR method. Results: The highest resistance rate was against ceftazidime and cefotaxime (67%) and the least resistance rate was against imipenem and meropenem (39%). In addition, 81% of the isolates were biofilm producers according to the results of biofilm formation assay. Also, the results of PCR showed that all 57 biofilm producer isolates harbored fimA, mrkA, ecpA, and fimD virulence genes and 92% of these isolates harbored fimH virulence gene. Among non-biofilm producer isolates, 36% had fimA gene, 29% had ecpA gene, and none of these isolates carried mrkA and fimH genes. Conclusion: It seems that antibacterial resistance has a significant association with biofilm formation in K. pneumoniae isolates. Therefore, understanding resistance pattern and mechanisms leading to biofilm formation can facilitate efficient treatment of infections caused by this bacterium

Background: Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine cancer. There are several methods for determining the mutation of genes, one of them is random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR). This study aimed to compare DNA changes in the genome of thyroid hyperplasia, thyroid papillary carcinoma, and healthy tissues using RAPD-PCR. Methods: In this case-control study, 49 patients with papillary carcinoma and thyroid hyperplasia which had normal, hyperplasia, and papillary carcinoma tissues of the thyroid gland were randomly selected. Then, the primer pattern of the sequence 5'-AAGAGCCCGT-3' containing 10 pairs base was evaluated and compared between the tissues. Findings: The prevalence of 370-bp pair base band observed in normal, hyperplasia, and pylori thyroid carcinoma tissues was 6.1, 53.1, and 89.8 percent, respectively, and there was a significant difference between the three tissue types (P < 0.001). There was also a significant difference between normal tissue with hyperplasia and papillary carcinoma of the thyroid and between hyperplasia with thyroid carcinoma in this regard (P < 0.050). Conclusion: It seems that using RAPD-PCR is a suitable method for the detection and differentiation of normal, hyperplasia, and papillary thyroid carcinoma cells. Bat notice to the limitation of the study, more investigation in this field is recommended.

Background: In the world, cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of death, as 31% of global mortality is from them. Due to problems such as the lack of technologies such as echocardiography, and limited access to cardiologists in deprived areas, automatic methods for detecting heart abnormalities in phonocardiogram (PCG) are used. Methods: In this study, to distinguish between normal and abnormal cases, three categories of features in PCG were estimated and evaluated. First, the extraction of the heart rate and heart rate variability; second, some of the features used in speech analysis and pattern recognition; and third, the time center, the frequency center, and the frequency variance of the signal. Some methods were proposed for extracting desired features, and the data were analyzed using t-test. Findings: The results of evaluation of the 10 proposed features, with the p-value of less than 0.010, showed that 8 features had significant distinction to detect abnormal cases from the normal ones. Conclusion: Regarding the patterns of the extracted features, the distinction between normal and abnormal signals was observed, which can be used to classify PCGs. Moreover, in the future, new features can be extracted from these patterns using some other analysis such as correlation.

Background: Exercise training can be effective on cardiac physiological hypertrophy (that is favorable for cardiac function) by changing the concentration of growth factors and their receptors. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of eight weeks of resistance training on activin receptor type II-B (ActRIIβ), as well as plasma levels of growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) and growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF8) in cardiac physiological hypertrophy in male Wistar rats. Methods: After the familiarization period, fourteen 3-month-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control and training groups (n= 7). Resistance training included 8 weeks and 5 sessions per week climbing from a 1-meter ladder. GDF11 and GDF8 of plasma were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method, and ActRIIB of left ventricular myocardium was measured using immunohistochemistry (IHC) method. Data were analyzed using independent t test and Mann-Whitney U at the significance level of P < 0.050. Findings: There was a significant difference between the training and control groups in heart weight (P = 0.004), heart weight/body weight (P =0.045), GDF11 (P = 0.001), and GDF8/GDF11 (P = 0.015). There was not any significant differences between the training and control groups in ActRIIβ (P = 0.768) and GDF8 (P = 0.295) levels. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it seems that resistance training with favorable effects on growth factors is an important strategy in cardiac physiological hypertrophy.

Aim and Backgrounds: The aim of the current study was investigation the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on career development of students with obsessive compulsive disorder. Materials & Methods: This is a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest-follow up design with control group. Thirty students were selected using convenience sampling and randomly divided to two experiment and control groups. Data was gathered by Career Development Questionnaire (CDI) and was analyzed using Repeated Measure ANOVA. Students in one experimental group received ACT in eight weekly sessions and the control group were in wait list. Findings: The results showed that there was significant difference between two groups in path career development (p

Rainfall-runoff simulation models can be used in many water resources applications such as flood control, drought management. Although modeling is both continuous and single-event, continuous modeling has been less important in our country. In continuous models, more hydrological parameters are involved in comparison with single-event models, although this leads to more complicated modeling, but instead of a more realistic conditions of the hydrological system of the watershed will be illustrated and, in continuous systems, the surface water status can be monitored over a long period of time. Single-event models simulate only one incident, hence the moisture content between rainfall events is not considered, in contrast to continuous models of longer periods for estimating the response of the hydrologic information of the basin considered throughout the length of the rainfall events and between them (Lastoria, 2008). The American Hydrological Engineers Center (HEC), along with continuous hydrologic modeling, added the Soil Moisture Accounting (SMA) soil moisture content algorithm based on the PRMS model to the HMS software (Bennett, 1998). In this research, the aim is to provide an automatic calibration model based on the anion colony for the HMS-SMA soil moisture model. In this continuous model, the multiplicity of the considered parameters of the model, in addition to causing the difficulty of calibration by the method of trial and error, which also allows the automatic calibration of the software package to fail. For this purpose, in this research, by selecting a continuous HMS-SMA rainfall-runoff model, an external optimization program (Anion Cluster Algorithm (ACOR)) was used to overcome the weakness.

Background and Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance training intensity (low, moderate and high) on the expression of skeletal muscle ATGL protein and serum levels of insulin and glucose in male diabetic rats. Material and Method: 40 streptozotocin induced diabetic male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups of eight, including low (DL , moderate (DM) and high intensity (DH) endurance training diabetic groups, diabetic control group (D), and healthy control group (Con). Three sessions of endurance training with low intensity (DL( equivalent to 5-8 m / min, moderate intensity (DM) equivalent to 17-14 m / min and high intensity (DH) equivalent to 25-22 m / min were performed every week for eight weeks. The relative expression of ATGL protein was measured with western blot technique. Serum insulin and glucose levels were measured by ELISA method. To determine the difference between the groups we used one way ANOVA test. Result: The results showed a significant difference in the expression of ATGL between the control and training groups (with low, moderate and high intensity) (p=0.0002). This difference was significant between DH and D (p=0.0049), DH and DL (p = 0.0053) and also between DH and DM (P = 0.0136) groups. Serum glucose levels were also significantly different between the DH group with the groups D (p = 0.002) and DL (p = 0.039), also, the DM group with groups D (p = 0.0018) and DL (p = 0.0165). There was a significant difference in the amount of insulin in the DH group compared to the groups DL (p = 0.011), D (p = 0.0002), and the DM group with D (p = 0.014). Conclusion: Moderate and high intensity endurance training can to some extent compensate for diabetes-induced reduction in the expression of ATGL protein and cause reduction of serum insulin and glucose levels in diabetic rats. It seems higher intensity of endurance training can lead to greater increase in expression of ATGL in diabetic rats. Keywords: Diabetes, ATGL, Endurance training intensity, Insulin, Glucose. Received: Oct 17, 2017 Accepted: Jan 29, 2018

IntrodutionThe purpose of this study was investigating the effect of endurance training on protein expression of CGI-58, ATGL and serum levels of insulin and glucose in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: 24 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three groups of eight, including diabetic group with endurance exercise (D-E), diabetic (D) and healthy control groups (Con). After induction of diabetic rats by injection streptozotocin was administered intraperitoneal , endurance exercise was applied for eight weeks, three sessions pre week in diabetic rats. Exercise intensity was equal to a speed of 21-25 m / min. The relative expression of CGI-58 and ATGL protein was measured with western blot technique and serum insulin and glucose levels were measured with a specialized kit. One-way ANOVA test was performed using SPSS-20 software and at a significance level less than 5%. Results: Results showed that ATGL and CGI-58 values were significantly different between the three groups (p

This research seeks to understand the aspects and reasons for choosing the rulers of Kufa and dismissing them during the caliphate of Omar ibn Khattab. In so doing, one of the famous Kufa emirs Ammar ibn Yasser which was ordered by the caliphate of the time (Omar ibn Khattab) and was dismissed after one year was considered in this study. Since the reports on this issue have been distributed in a controversial and contradictory way in Islamic sources and recent studies have more descriptive approach or pay less attention to its different dimensions, more research is needed. The current library research is a historical, descriptive, and analytical study. The results of this research indicated that the social and cultural conditions governing Kufa and the Islamic society, in addition to the personality traits and administrative behavior of Ammar, and the necessity of maintaining and managing Iraq and strengthening the caliphate system, led to his appointment to Kufa. And, the following factors contributed to the removal of Ammar: Socio-political changes after the death of the Prophet Mohammad (PBUH), Arabic fanaticism and resistance to maintaining cultural-tribal traditions, the agreement between tribal leaders and aristocrats, the unity of Quraysh with the Arabic Caliphate, Ammar's relationship with Ahlulbayt (AS), his resistance to the disturbance of the tribal community, and finally the policy of the caliphate for the maintenance of the provinces. Consequently, in selecting and disposing Ammar, three factors contributed: social conditions, political systems, and different social classes.

Effect of colloidal nanosilica (SiO2) on the mechanical, thermal and rheological properties of poly(vinyl acetate) synthesized by in situ emulsion polymerization method was investigated. For this purpose, a poly(vinyl acetate) latex containing 1.5 wt% colloidal silica nanoparticles was produced and the results were compared with of a blank sample. The effect of nanoparticles on the shear strength of a blank and modified poly(vinyl acetate) was characterized by tensile test. The effect of nanoparticles on glass transition temperature (Tg), thermal stability and char yield of pristine poly(vinyl acetate) and its nanocomposite was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. The rheological behavior of the products was studied by rheometric mechanical spectrometry (RMS). Eventually, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) coupled with elemental mapping of X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was used to study the morphology and elemental analysis of the nanocomposite. The results showed that the shear strength was improved by 11% with increasing 1.5 wt% colloidal silica nanoparticles into poly(vinyl acetate). Besides, with the addition of silica nanoparticles, Tg increased approximately 1°C due to creating more free volume between the polymer chains. The TGA results showed that the nanocomposite char yield increased by 3.8% at 800°C in comparison with the blank polymer char yield, suggesting a thermal stability improvement in the presence of colloidal silica nanoparticles as a result of molecular interactions. The results of RMS revealed the shear thinning behavior of the latexes. The FE-SEM-EDX results showed a uniform dispersion of nanoparticles throughout the poly(vinyl acetate) matrix.

Abstract Background & aim: Exposure to electromagnetic waves can lead to oxidative stress. On the other hand, the antioxidant system function of the body increases with regular exercise and reduces oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks aerobic training on oxidative stress markers in rats exposed to electromagnetic microwave radiation emitted from the Wi-Fi routers. Methods: In this experimental study, 26 male Wistar rats (8 weeks old) with a weight range of 200±20 g were randomly divided into four groups including: control, radiation, exercise, and radiation + training. The main training program consisted of 8 weeks (one session a day and five days a week) running on a treadmill for animals at 40 to 60% max speed, and the protocol included one hour of exposure to a 45.2 GHz rays of Wi-Fi modem for 8 weeks. Before and 48 hours after the main interventions, blood samples were taken from all groups. Plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) levels were measured by ELISA and validated by MDA and MDA kits with TBA method. Data was analyzed using one way ANOVA, Tukey and T-test. Results: The results of one-way ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference among the different groups in the study. Eight weeks of exposure to Wi-Fi radiation caused a decrease in plasma levels of SOD and GPx and an increase in MDA. On the other hand, eight weeks of aerobic exercise increased plasma levels SOD and GPx, and reduced MDA. Tukey's test showed that there was a significant difference between SOD and GPx in all groups, except for those with radiation + (p = 0.099 and p = 0.073). In MDA, the difference was significant among all groups, except for the aerobic group + aerobic training group with aerobic training and control groups (p = 0.331 and p = 0.717). The results of t-test showed a significant difference between pre-test and post-test of all variables in the research. Conclusion: It seems that regular aerobic exercise exercises can have beneficial effects on the antioxidant system and modulate the oxidative stress indices induced by the Wi-Fi radiation.

Background: Vitiligo is an acquired multifactorial disorder. Different treatments are used for it and all of them have adverse side-effects. Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease associated with other autoimmune diseases such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, and so on. In these diseases, deficiency of vitamin D and B12 are proposed. So in this study, treatment response and remission in patients taking oral vitamin D and B12 was administered. Methods: 60 patients with active vitiligo were randomly divided into three groups. Group I received topical PUVA for 6 months; group II received topical PUVA and 1 cc oral drops of vitamin D3 daily for 2 months, and then topical PUVA alone for following 4 months; and group III received topical PUVA and 1 cc oral drops of vitamin D3 daily and sublingual tablets of vitamin B12 daily for 2 months, and then treated with topical PUVA for following 4months. Cure rate and side effects were evaluated using Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI) at the third and sixth months. Findings: In each of the three treated groups at different times, the average changes in the area and extent of the lesion were not significantly different. Pruritus and erythema occurred in some patients. Conclusion: In this study, the reduction in the extent and area of lesions in the group receiving vitamin D compared to the control group were higher that indicated the role of vitamin D in preventing progression of active vitiligo.

مقدمه: یبوست و یبوست عملکردی، از بیماری‌های شایع دستگاه گوارش است که اثرات منفی بر کیفیت زندگی مرتبط با سلامت بیماران دارد و بار اقتصادی بالایی به جامعه تحمیل می‌کند. این مطالعه، با هدف بررسی شیوع یبوست، یبوست عملکردی و عوامل مربوط به آن در جامعه انجام شد. روش‌ها: این مطالعه، بخشی از یک مطالعه‌ی بزرگ و جامع است که در آن 4763 نفر از کارکنان دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان شرکت کرده‌اند. شیوع یبوست و یبوست عملکردی بر اساس معیار Rome III بررسی و ارتباط آن با عوامل دموگرافیک سنجیده شد. یافته‌ها: شیوع یبوست 4/33 درصد و شیوع یبوست عملکردی 2/15 درصد بود و هر دو نوع یبوست، در زنان شایع‌تر از مردان بود. احساس دفع ناکامل، شایع‌ترین علامت و استفاده از مانور دستی جهت دفع مدفوع، نادرترین و شدیدترین علامت بود. در حالی که دفع مدفوع سفت، خفیف‌ترین علامت بود. نتیجه‌گیری: یبوست و یبوست عملکردی، اختلال شایعی در جوامع است که در زنان بیش از مردان بوده و این موضوع، نیازمند مداخلات جدید جهت پیش‌گیری و درمان است.

sun is of the clean and cheapest sources of energy. Charging slight energy to electricity is carried out by PV modules. Since most electric consumers need Ac input voltage, the PV modules output voltage should be changed into Ac form. But, the voltage level of PV modules is much lower than the voltage needed in input stage of inverters. Because of large voltage level. Difference it is not possible to use the basic boost and buck-boost converters. The basic boost and buck-boost converters definitely can not be used in this applications, for, they will face extreme drop in efficiency in duty cycles closer to unity. In this paper The proposed converter is presented in order to decrease the voltage stress of coupled inductors based high step-up converters. The voltage stress in the proposed converter is lower than the high step-up boost converter with coupled inductors in identical condition. Also, soft switching condition for switches and diodes is realized by active clamp circuit, and with this technique and proper selection of duty cycle, large gain and high efficiency could be achieved ultimately. . In this paper theoretical analysis is used for analyzing the performance of the proposed converters, and in order to verify the theoretical analysis, simulated results from pspice software is provides.

Introduction Grain legumes are considered as the second source of human nutrition after cereals and play an important role in community food supply, sustainable agriculture and economic profitability. Among grain legumes, common bean has the most consumption in the world compared with others. However there are always some constraints in common bean production and drought is most important factor in yield reduction of this crop. In addition high sensitivity of common bean to some micronutrients shortage such as manganese and zinc is another limiting factor that will be exacerbated in drought conditions. In such situation foliar application could be considered as a suitable strategy to facilitate the absorption of these micronutrients by plant. Materials and Methods In order to study the effect of foliar application of manganese and zinc on grain yield and yield components of Red Bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in drought conditions the experiment was carried out at research station of agriculture and natural resources research center of ShahreKord as a split plot factorial design in basis randomized complete block with three replications. Drought stress considered as main factor including S1, S2 and S3 (irrigation after 50, 70 and 90 mm of cumulative evaporation from Class A pan respectively) and subplots were the factorial combination of Manganese and zinc foliar application both with three levels including foliar application of distilled water, 150 ppm and 300 ppm from manganese sulfate and zinc sulfate resources respectively. Sowing date was May 27, 2010 and each experimental plot was included of 4 rows with 50 cm apart and 4 m long. Between main plots a m-2 wide strip was left bare to eliminate influences of lateral water movement. According to soil test 100 kg.ha-1 N was used in the form of urea (50 kg.ha-1 N before sowing and 50 kg.ha-1 N before flowering) by hand broadcasting method. Irrigation was done every 5 days and Drought stress treatments along with foliar application treatments were applied at V 4 (Third trifoliate leaf appearance) crop growth stage. During the growth season, weeds and pests were controlled. At the harvesting time (15th to 26th September) 1 square meter of each plot in different treatments was harvested and grain yield, number of pod per plant, number of seed per pod, 100 seed weight, biological yield and harvest index were investigated.Data analysis performed by SAS software and mean comparisons were done using the least significant difference test at 5% probability by MSTAT-C software. Results and Discussion The results showed that drought had a significant effect on all investigated traits and the highest values of pod number per plant (14.2), grain yield (3172.4 kg.ha-1) and biological yield (9124.1 kg.ha-1) were related to S1 treatment, whereas the highest values of seed number per pod (4.7), 100 seed weight (26 gr) and harvest index (36.4) were obtained in S2 treatment. The lowest values of all traits were observed in S3 treatment, so that pod number per plant (5), seed number per pod (3.6), 100 seed weight (21.4 gr), grain yield (774.5 kg.ha-1), biological yield (5451.7 kg.ha-1) and harvest index (13.6) decreased by 64.8, 20, 12.6, 75.6, 40.2 and 60.8 percent respectively compared with control. The simple effects of foliar application of Mn and Zn in all investigated traits except harvest index and weight of 100 seed were significant and these traits increased with increasing in application of micronutrients amount. So that grain yield in 300 ppm of Mn and Zn foliar application treatments increased 36.3% and 28.2% respectively compared with control. Investigation of interaction effects of treatments showed that in severe drought stress condition foliar application of Mn had a better effect than Zn on number of pod per plant and grain yield.The positive effects of Mn and Zn micronutrients might be attributed to the favorable influence of them on metabolism and their stimulating effect on photosynthetic pigments and enzyme activity which in turn encourage growth and yield. Conclusion Generally, however foliar application of Mn and Zn caused to grain yield increasing but in drought stress Mn had a better effect in drought impacts alleviation and could be considered as an applied method for yield improvement of common bean in water deficit conditions. Key words: Deficit irrigation, Grain legume, Harvest index, Micronutrients, Plant nutrient management

Introduction: The basic levels of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation is higher than normal in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, due to the positive effects of exercise training (especially combined exercise training) on oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in healthy people, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an 8 week combined exercise training (Aerobic and Resistance) on oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 27 postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes (age 55.30±4.1 years old, BMI 26.47±3.08 kg/m2) from Yazd city were purposefully selected and randomly divided into experimental (n=13) and control (n=14) groups. The experimental group participated in an eight week combined exercise training (three session per week), but during this period, the control group did not participate in any exercise training program. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), fasting blood sugar (FBS) and body fat percent were measured before and after the eight-week combined exercise training. Data were analyzed using paired and independent t-test. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: Serum SOD and CAT levels significantly increased (p = 0.000 and p = 0.001 respectively) and the MDA levels decreased (P = 0.036) in the experimental group after 8 weeks of combined exercise training. Also, FBS (P=0.000) and body fat percent (P=0.005) decreased in the experimental group compared with the control group. Conclusions: It seems that oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation status in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes in the experimental group improve after eight weeks of combined exercise training, compared with the control group.

Introduction: Nowadays, to obtain useful relationship between risk factors in diseases, data mining techniques are used. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between nutritional indices and obesity and components of metabolic syndrome using data mining approach. Methods: In this correlational survey, 1019 adolescents (aged 11-18 years) were included and nutritional data were collected using a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) and Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2010) were calculated. According to the values of metabolic syndrome components, a risk score was determined for each individual. Relationship between the variables was analyzed using linear regression. Results: There was no significant relationship between DDS and components of metabolic syndrome and obesity. However, there was a significant but weak positive relationship between HEI and high waist (B=0.093, P=0.01165), body mass index (BMI) (B=0.309, P=0.022) and waist-to-height ratio (B=0.0006, P=0.005). Conclusion: There was no relationship between DDS and risk of metabolic syndrome and obesity but there was a significant positive relationship between HEI and some components of metabolic syndrome and obesity. It seems that the relationship between nutritional indices in HEI and obesity indices should be assessed in HEI.

Introduction The Baqoroq Cu-Zn-As deposit is located northeast of the town ofAnarak in Isfahan province, in theeast central areaof Iran. Copper mineralization occursin upper cretaceous carbonate rocks.Studyof thegeologyof the Nakhlak area, the location ofa carbonate-hosted base metaldeposit, indicatesthe importance of stratigraphic, lithological and structural controls in the placement of this ore deposit. (Jazi et al., 2015).Some of the most world’s most important epigenetic, stratabound and discordant copperdeposits are the carbonate hosted Tsumeb and Kipushi type deposits,located in Africa. The Baqoroq deposit is believed to be of this type. Materials and methods In the current study, fifty rock samples were collected from old tunnels and surface mineralization. Twenty-two thin sections, ten polished sections and four thin-polished sections were prepared for microscopic study. Ten samples were selected for elemental analysis by ICP-OES (Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry) by the Zar Azma Company (Tehran) and AAS (Atomic absorption spectrometry) at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Seven doubly polished sections of barite mineralization were prepared for microthermometric analysis. Homogenization and last ice-melting temperatures were measured using a Linkam THMSG 600 combined heating and freezing stage at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Sulfur isotopes of five barite samples were determined by the Iso-Analytical Ltd. Company of the UK. The isotopic ratios are presented in per mil (‰)notation relative to the Canyon Diablo Troilite. Results The upper Cretaceoushost rocks of the Baqoroq deposit include limestone, sandstone, and conglomerate units. Mineralization is controlled by two main factors: lithostratigraphy and structure. Epigenetic Cu-Zn mineralizationoccurs in ore zones as stratabound barite and barite-calcite veins and minor disseminated mineralization. Open space filling occurred as breccia matrix, crustification banding,andbotryoidaltexture. The host rock has undergone dolomitization alteration Hypogene minerals include chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, enargite, barite, and calcite. Supergene minerals include malachite, azurite, covellite, chrysocolla, chalcocite, cerussite, smithsonite, native copper and iron oxide minerals. Sulfantimonides and sulfardenides are abundant in low- and moderate temperature stages of the deposit, while bismuth sulfides generally occur in higher temperature ores, according to Malakhov, 1968. Analysis of rich ore samples indicates copper is the most abundant heavy metal in the ore (average 20.28 wt%), followed by zinc (average ~ 1 wt%) and arsenic (average ~ 1 wt%), respectively. Thepresence of many trace elements in the ore, such as Sb, Pb, Ag and V, are very important. Element pairs such as Ag-Cu, Zn-Cd, Zn-Sb, Fe-V and Pb-Mo are correlated with each other. The Baqoroq ore minerals are rich in As, Sb and poor in Bi. Highamountsof antimony usually occur in a low temperature stage (Marshall and Joensuu, 1961). Malakhov (1968) suggested thata high Sb/Biratio in the ore indicates a low temperature of formation for the Baqoroq deposit. Sulfide mineralization fluids were found to have homogenization temperatures between 259 and 354°C and salinities between 8.37 and 13.18 wt% NaCl eq. Surface water apparently diluted theore-bearing fluids in the final stages and deposited sulfide-freecalcite veins at relatively low temperatures (78 to 112 °C) and low salinities (3.59 to 6.07 wt% NaCl eq.). The δ34S values of barite of the Baqoroq deposit range from +13.1 to +14.37‰from whichδ34S values of ore fluids were calculated to vary between -8.57‰ and -7.23‰. Sulfur within natural environments is derived ultimately from either igneous or seawater sources (Ohmoto and Rye, 1979). Barite δ34S values of Baqoroq deposit lie within the range of Cretaceous-age oceanic sulfate values. The reduction of sulfate to sulfide couldhave been caused either by bacterial sulfate reduction or by nonbacterial sulfate reduction through a reaction with organic materialin the sedimentary rocks (thermochemical sulfate reduction). However, the narrow range of δ34S and positive values indicates that they were not produced by bacterial sulfate reduction.Partial thermochemical reduction of sulfates has apparently produced light sulfurvalues (~ 21‰ lighter) and it has been effective inthe deposition of ore minerals. Organic matter occurs as graphite in the Baqoroq formation in proximity of Baqoroq deposit (Cherepovsky et al., 1982). Discussion Epigenetic, stratabound and discordant Cu-Zn-As mineralization in the Baqoroq deposit occurs as open space filling of upper Cretaceous rocks. Host rock is partially dolomitized by ascending warm, saline fluids. Seawater sulfates were the source of the sulfidesulfur and the sulfate in the barite. The reduced sulfur was generated by partial thermochemical reduction and it was effective inthe deposition ofthe ore minerals. Based onthe evidence of carbonate host rocks, the absence of igneous activity, the open space filling texture, mineralogy, dolomite alteration, ore geochemistry (As and Sb high content and absence of Bi), microthermometric data of ore bearing fluid and sulfur isotope values, the Baqoroq deposit is very similar to the carbonate hosted copper deposits in Africa and in particular the Tsumeb deposit in Namibia. The Baqoroqdepositmay have been produced bymetamorphicfluids during orogenyrelated to theclosureof the Neo-Tethys ocean. References Cherepovsky, N., Plyaskin, V., Zhitinev, N., Kokorin, Y., Susov, M., Melnikov, B. and Aistov, L., 1982. Report on detailed geological prospecting in Anarak area (Central Iran) Nakhlak locality. Geological Survey of Iran and Technoexport Company, Tehran. Report 14, 196 pp. Jazi, M.A., Karimpour, M.H., Malekzadeh, A. and Rahimi, B., 2015. Stratigraphic, lithological and structural controls in placement of Nakhlak deposit (northeast of Esfahan). Advanced Applied Geology, 15(1): 59-75. (in Persian with English abstract) Malakhov, A.A., 1968. Bismuth and antimony in galena as indicators of some conditions of ore formation. Geochemistry International, 7(11): 1055-1068. Marshall, R.R. and Joensuu, O., 1961. Crystal habit and trace element content of some galena. Economic Geology, 56(4): 758-771. Ohmoto, H. and Rye, R.O., 1979. Isotopes of sulphur and carbon. In: H.L. Barnes (Editor), Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits. Wiley-Interscience, New York, pp. 509-567.

Background: Nephrotoxicity is the main side effect of cisplatin (CP)-therapy which is induced by oxidative stress. Nephrotoxicity is gender related and limits the cisplatin treatment. Therefore, it is essential to prevent or to ameliorate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity via administration of supplementations. This study was designed to investigate the effect of L-arginine (L-Arg) prophylaxis and treatment on preventing cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in male and female rats. Methods: Sixteen male and twenty female Wistar rats were divided into eight groups. Groups 1 (male) and 5(female), as positive control groups, received cisplatin (2.5 mg/kg/day; Intraperitoneally) for a week. Groups 2 (male) and 6 (female) received L-arginine (150 mg/kg/day; Intraperitoneally) as prophylaxis for 3 days, and cisplatin was administered from the day 3 for a week. Groups 3 (male) and 7 (female) received L-arginine, as prophylaxis for 3 days; and cisplatin was administered from the day 3, for a week, without withdrawal of daily L-arginine administration. Groups 4 (male) and 8 (female) received cisplatin and L-arginine simultaneously for a week. On the day 10, blood samples were taken and kidneys were prepared for histopathological investigation. Findings: L-arginine administration did not changed the measured parameters from positive control group in females. Simultaneous administration of cisplatin and L-arginine decreased serum levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine as well as intensity of renal tissue damage in comparison with positive control group in males (P < 0.05). In addition, it ameliorated kidney weight in comparison with positive control group in male, insignificantly (P = 0.20). No significant difference was observed in tissue nitrite level among male groups and L-arginine treated male groups had body weight loss more than positive control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Simultaneous administration of L-arginine, as nitric oxide precursor, and cisplatin could ameliorate cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in male gender through improving endothelium function.

Ni–SiC composite coatings are successfully employed as a protective coating in the inner walls of engine cylinders. In this study, Ni-SiC, Ni-SiC-MoS2 and Ni-SiC-Gr composite coatings were prepared from a sulfamate bath. Both mechanical and ultrasonic stirring were used simultaneously during the process. Taking into account the working temperature of engine cylinders, the wear behavior of coatings was evaluated at 25 to 300 ºC and the high temperature tribological properties of the coatings were investigated. Based on the results obtained from the wear tests, all three coatings showed almost good friction coefficient values at 25 and 100 ºC, which were close to each other. By increasing the temperature to 200-300 °C, the friction coefficient and weight loss values strongly increased. However, addition of solid lubricants caused the values to decrease. The Ni-SiC-Gr coating at all temperatures showed a good and stable behavior.

Introduction: nowadays, complaints handling is considered as a necessary part of healthcare systems for enhancing patients' satisfaction. The present study is to determine the state of the complaints handling of the visitors of Isfahan educational hospitals in order to identify the challenges available in this process. Methods: the method of the study is descriptive and its design is retrospective cross-sectional. The research environment is Isfahan educational hospitals among which two hospitals were selected for the study; one of them was a subspecialty hospital and the other was a general one. The population of the study includes the complaint cases of the visitors of the hospitals' complaint unit in 2012. In one hospital, there were 1203 cases and in the other there were 125 ones. To collect the data, a checklist, whose face and content validities were confirmed, was used. The data were extracted from the cases and using a frequency table created by Excel software program was described. Results: based on the results obtained from the study, it can be claimed that in one of the hospitals, the most cases of complaint were about the quality of services (63.6%) and public as well as welfare affairs of the hospital (43.1%). The complaints about the medical staff (45.45%) and administrative staff (54.5%) had the most proportions. In the other hospital, the proportion of the complaining the medical staff had been increasing during the year, however the total number of the complaints had been decreasing. After the medical staff, nursing staff (39.5%) assigned the second rank of complaint proportion in the hospital to itself. Conclusion: the results obtained from the study can be as an experience for reforming the future performance of hospitals. In general, the results of the complained individuals in the hospital A indicate that the most proportion of the complaints was about the physicians and learners and the least proportion was about the technicians and experts of anesthesia and operating room. It seems that the reason for these results is first the physicians' and learners' unawareness of patients' bill of rights. This bill of rights should be considered as important in teaching learners as other scientific contents. In the hospital A, the reason for complaining the physicians had not been recorded, which by recording them, we can be aware of the weaknesses available in this regard and do appropriate deeds to improve them. But, in general, the quality of services and public as well as welfare issues are the topics considered as important in this research.

In this study, the chemical composition, thickness and tribocorrosion behavior of oxide films prepared on Ti-6Al-4V alloy by anodising treatment in H2SO4/H3PO4 electrolyte at the potentials higher than the dielectric breakdown voltage were evaluated. The thickness measurement of the oxide layers showed a linear increase of thickness by increasing the anodizing voltage. The EDS analysis of oxide films demonstrated precipitation of sulfur and phosphor elements from electrolyte into the oxide layer. Tribocorrosion results indicated that the tribocorrosion behavior of samples was significantly improved by anodising process. Furthermore, the tribocorrosin performance of thesamples anodised at higher voltages was enhanced. SEM and EDS of worn surfaces indicated that the oxide layer on the samples anodised at lower voltages was totally removed, but for the samples anodised at higher voltages, the oxide layer was only locally removed within the wear track. Moreover, measurement of wear volume of the treated samples exhibited lower values on the samples anodised at higher voltages.

Introduction: On one hand, risk management is capability of recognition available risk factors. And on the other hand it is risk analysis and the selection of appropriate strategies to control and eliminate it. The purpose of this study is to identify, assess and provide appropriate actions to control, reducing and eliminate risks in the ICU ward in Azahra hospital in 2012, with the FMEA technique. Method: The present study is a qualitative research conducted in 2012 through direct observation, interview with the officials and authorities in the ICU ward, and available document review. The participants include nurses who identify the process of ICU ward. 4 people were selected purposefully. To collect the data, the standard worksheet of the failure mode effect analysis (FMEA) technique was used. Results: The finding suggested that 58 failure modes were identified in the ICU ward in Alzahra hospital in Isfahan from among which 13 potential failure modes were related to general practices, 5 cases to neurological care, 8 cases to gastrointestinal care, 6 to the sampling, 5 to the medication, 4 to skin care, 17 to respiratory care. Of course some errors were discovered were common. Conclusion: According to the findings, several causes underlie errors in nursing cares. Overuse of nurses by setting the sequential shifts and rely on nurses who have been trained under and also stressful work environment shortage of qualified and expert nurses, endanger the patient's health due to the possibility of errors in nursing work. The best solution is to promote the improvement of hospital staff. The results of this study can be nurses and nurse managers are made aware of the dimensions underlying operating errors and a new approach to planning and greater attention to patient safety and Health Maintenance can be explained. Key words: Evaluation; Risk; Intensive Care Units; Hospitals.

Background and Aim: The hypothesis of supplier induced demand has attracted a lot of attention over the past three decades. Most studies in this field agree that healthcare providers have the ability to influence the demand for their products. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of institutions in the phenomenon of induced demand. This study has been done using experts' experiences in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: This is a qualitative study in which the semi-structured interview was used for data generation. The participants were those informed in this regard and considered as experts. For data saturation, purposive sampling was done. In this study, 17 people were interviewed, and criteria such as reliability and stability were considered. The anonymity of the interviewees was guaranteed. The data were transcribed and categorized, and then analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: In the present study, thematic analysis was conducted and 30 sub-themes and 2 main themes were extracted. The two main themes were healthcare insurance organizations and other health organizations. Each of the themes had its own sub-themes. Conclusion: The findings help health policy-makers have a better picture regarding the role of various institutions in the phenomenon of induced demand.

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Employing direct and alternative electric currents at the time of casting and solidification modified grains of Al and Si. The highest wear resistance was obtained in the direct current, and for alternative current the wear resistance corresponded to the electric current. The change of polarity in the pure Al did not influence the wear resistance, but for the Al-Si alloy the highest wear resistance was obtained when the mold was connected to the positive and the molten metal to the negative pole. Direct current used in the Al-Si alloy brought about three different microstructures including the stretched clusters of Si in the electrons' direction near the negative pole, fine clusters of Si in the intermediate zones that surrounded the oval shape of α-Al, and broken Si clusters near the positive pole.