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Introduction and purpose: Leachate of the urban waste landfill is one of the most contaminated wastewaters that can pollute surface and groundwater sources, especially the environment. The production trend of urban wastewater is also increasing with a sharp rise in population and the development of urbanization. To address this environmental issue, the present study aimed to consider the simultaneous treatment of mixed landfill leachate and urban wastewater using the electrochemical coagulation process. Methods: The present laboratory study was carried out on the effluent produced from the landfill and urban wastewater produced in Qaemshahr. In this study, effective parameters in the electrochemical coagulation process, including the type of electrodes (iron and aluminum), electrode arrangement (monopolar series-parallel and bipolar series), current intensity (0.5, 1, and 2 amperes), and the initial pH of the wastewater (3.2, 6.1, and 11.4) were investigated for the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater containing a mixture of landfill leachate and urban wastewater (in equal proportions). After the appropriate electrode selection under default conditions (current intensity of 1 ampere, wastewater pH, and a duration of 120 min), the impacts of the current intensity and the initial pH of the wastewater on the COD removal rate in various electrode arrangements were assessed. Furthermore, the results were reported after three repetitions for validation purposes. Results: Under optimal conditions, the iron electrode in a monopolar series arrangement with a current intensity of 2 amperes under the wastewater pH and a duration of 120 min resulted in a 57.8% COD removal. Conclusion: Regarding the acceptable performance of the electrochemical coagulation process, it is possible to utilize its potential to treat municipal wastewater and landfill leachate.

Background. Warts are a common skin disease affecting individuals of all ages worldwide. This clinical trial aims to compare the effectiveness of furosemide 0.125 Percent topical gel and KOH 10 Percent topical gel in treating patients with warts. Methods. Patients diagnosed with warts by dermatologists were included in the study and treated with either 0.125 Percent furosemide or 10 Percent KOH for two months. Patients were examined and imaged at the beginning of the study and in weeks 4 and 8 to assess the number, diameter, and height of warts and complications. Results. The study included 40 patients (48 lesions) with common warts, with 20 patients in each intervention group. In the furosemide group, the average diameter of warts decreased from 4.25 ± 1.43 mm in the first visit to 4.14 ± 1.47 mm in the final visit. In contrast, the average diameter of warts in the KOH group decreased from 3.89 ± 1.67 mm to 3.02 ± 1.49 mm. No complications were reported in the furosemide group, whereas seven complications related to redness and burning were observed in the KOH group. Conclusion. Furosemide 0.125 Percent is effective and safe for treating skin warts. However, it is less effective than KOH in reducing the diameter and height of warts. This study's findings suggest that furosemide can be a promising alternative to KOH in treating warts, especially for patients with sensitive skin or those who experience complications with KOH treatment. Further research is needed to determine the optimal treatment duration and dosage of furosemide for treating warts. Practical Implications. We can find new ways to reduce complications in treating warts.

Decentraland is a user-owned digital realm built on the Ethereum block chain that allows the global community to engage in, connect, and enjoy its immersive experience. As a decentralized virtual world, this platform gives users an opportunity to purchase and trade virtual real estate through in-app portals and peer-to-peer networks. Virtual properties can be owned by those who acquire land tokens. However, the ownership of these properties is subject to regulation based on terms of service agreed upon. This agreement serves as a contract between the platform owner and the user, outlining policies and standards that must be adhered to. Through the use of analytical methods and library resources, including decentraland contracts, this article explores the rights of virtual property owners in relation to platform owners. It is important to note that the terms of agreement of decentraland state that ownership of the code, on which, the platform is based and default game items are solely of the platform owners. However, property owners do have ownership rights concerning the respective titles and virtual land. As per the regulations set by the landowners, they hold the right to exercise their property rights and publish any permissible content. It should be noted that prohibited content is determined by the terms of service agreement which heavily favors the platform, granting them extensive authority to terminate or suspend the agreement without prior warning. It should also be noted that user ownership may become precarious if platform owners opt to dissolve the platform, considering the dependence on the ownership of the platform code and the collective valuation of digital assets.

Background: Radiomics is a noninvasive method that reveals information from medical images that are not recognizable by the naked eye. Radiomics has shown a high potential in the accurate diagnosis and prognosis of liver lesions in ultrasound images. Despite this high potential, changes in imaging parameters affect the reproducibility of ultrasound radiomics results. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the reproducibility of the radiomics features extracted from the images of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma under changes in ultrasound scan parameters. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from July 2020 to July 2021 in the radiology department of Tabriz Paramedical Faculty. The images of 20 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were obtained from the Cancer Imaging Archive database. These images were taken under different imaging conditions and parameters. The areas related to the lesion were manually extracted from the images with software tools. Then, in order to radiomics analysis, different radiomics features, including 24 gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and 16 gray level run length matrix (GLRLM), were extracted from the images. Then, using the coefficient of variation (CV%) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) statistical tests, the reproducibility of radiomics features under changes in scan parameters was investigated. The values of ICC≥0.90 and CV

Background: Atrophy of hippocampal subfields is one of the diagnostic biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease, which has also been observed in many patients with mild cognitive impairment. There is still no clear understanding of the atrophy pattern of hippocampal subfields in Alzheimer's disease and its differentiation from mild cognitive impairment. In this cross-sectional study, hippocampal subfield atrophy in Alzheimer's patients were compared with patients with early (EMCI) and late (LMCI) cognitive impairment and the control group. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from September 2021 to September 2022 in the radiology department of Tabriz Paramedical Faculty. MRI images of Alzheimer's patients, EMCI patients, LMCI patients, and normal controls (NCs) were obtained from the ADNI database. Different hippocampus subfields of hippocampal fissure, dentate gyrus head, dentate gyrus body, first cornu ammonis body, cornu ammonis head, subiculum body, and subiculum head were isolated using the hippocampus segmentation tool in FreeSurfer 7.0 software. The volume of all subfields was calculated bilaterally and normalized. The volume difference of each hippocampus subfield between the groups participating in the study and the pair volume difference between the groups was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis H Test and post-hoc Dunn's test. The P

Introduction: The pharmacological approach of abortion is a safe and effective alternative to surgical procedures that is associated with a high level of patient's satisfaction. The present study was performed with aim to evaluate the effect of misoprostol with and without letrozole in the treatment of successful medical abortion and its relationship with BHCG titration level and cervical length. Methods: This two-group randomized clinical trial study was performed in 2021 on 168 pregnant women under 18 weeks of gestation who were candidates for termination of pregnancy. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: A (misoprostol and letrozole) and B (misoprostol and placebo). Initial tests, βHCG titration, ultrasound and cervical length were performed for all patients on the first day of hospitalization. After receiving the drug, all patients underwent ultrasound on the fifth day to evaluate complete abortion and removal of pregnancy residues. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 22) and Chi-square, independent t and logistic regression tests. P0.05). Conclusion: Adding letrozole to misoprostol for inducing abortion leads to an increase in the percentage of successful abortion and a reduction in the use of curettage.

Background: The treatment of male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism leading to infertility in men and caused by gonadotropin is the subject of the current thesis. In this research, particularly, the fertility rate has been noticed. However, changes in the secondary traits of testes size, induction of spermatogenesis, and hormonal activity have also been considered. this project is to investigate the effectiveness of the mentioned treatment in creating fertility in the spouses of patients and comparing it with other researches conducted in other centers of the world. Methods: In this retrospective and descriptive-analytical study, men with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism based on the normality of other pituitary axes who had a tendency to be fertile were studied. From November 2017 to February 2020, these patients had been referred to the doctor at the endocrinology and urology clinics of Ahvaz for fertility purposes. The initial test was based on clinical examinations and testosterone measurement and sperm count for the patients was recorded after the treatment. The treated patients simultaneously received HMG 75 units every other day (three times a week) and HCG 5000 units every other day. Hormonal evaluation and clinical examinations were assessed again. Results: This research showed that the size of the testicles increased in 54.8% of these patients. Secondary characteristics (secondary hair growth) were developed in 88.9% of the patients. Spermatogenesis induction occurred in 36 patients, 29 of whom became fathers. Meanwhile, in 67.3% of patients, sexual desire and in 69.4% of them hormonal activity increased. In addition, it was observed that the response time to replacement therapy is more than 12 months in 47.5% of the patients. Moreover, 6.6% of the study samples had used assisted reproductive methods. Conclusion: The results of this research indicate the timely initiation of treatment to improve infertility and treat hypogonadism among men.According to the results, it seems that the use of HMG and HCG in the treatment of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism disease is effective in creating secondary sexual characteristics and increasing hormonal activity and fertility.

Background. Children's meningitis is associated with many complications and deaths. Therefore, it is critical to develop reliable and available methods to predict these complications, diagnose them in a timely manner, and prevent the progression of complications. This study aimed to investigate the findings of computed tomography (CT) scan in patients with meningitis and evaluate its association with prognosis. Methods. In this cross-sectional analytical study, we investigated the clinical files of 100 patients with meningitis (preferably bacterial meningitis) in Tabriz Children's Hospital, Iran between 2013-2017. The results of CT scan and disease complications were recorded and analyzed by statistical software. Results. Common symptoms identified in the patients included fever (88%), nausea and vomiting (36%), headache (27%), and convulsions (25%). Also, the results of CT scan included cerebral effusion (16%), hydrocephalus (7%), diffuse cerebral edema (7%), and cerebral atrophy (4%). Statistical analysis indicated a statistically significant association between the complications of meningitis (learning disorder, epilepsy, and hearing disorder) and the results of CT scan (cerebral effusion, diffuse cerebral edema, and hydrocephalus). Conclusion. CT scan can be used as an early diagnostic and prognostic method in children with meningitis. Practical Implications. Meningitis is associated with many complications and deaths, and the lack of diagnostic methods and accurate prognosis is one of the important challenges in this field. Therefore, identifying and introducing accurate and cheap methods for predicting these complications and taking early measures to prevent the development of complications and treatment can be beneficial. The results of the present study showed that CT scan can be used as an early diagnostic and prognostic method in children with meningitis.

Iqbal Lahori, a Muslim thinker, believed that poets, like prophets, are leaders and guides of human beings. Poetry, in his belief, is the means of expressing the truth and inviting people to fight for the truth. Iqbal has paid attention to the instructive and persuasive aspect of speech, as well as the eloquence and rhetoric of words and meanings of poetry. Imperative sentences show the most important aspect of the conative function of language. For these reasons, the function of secondary senses of imperative sentences in Iqbal poetry was studied and analyzed in this study. The research method was based on the identification and classification of secondary senses of imperative sentences in Iqbal's poetry besides analyzing the evidence based on the two-way relationship between the speaker and the audience. This was an important research because it could explain the function of language and message transmission methods according to the interaction between the poet and his audience. The results of this study showed that in Iqbal's poems, 770 sentences had been used with secondary meanings, while the imperative sentences had the meaning of guidance in 50% of them and he was thus in a superior position to the audience in terms of knowledge and awareness. In 35% of the evidence, he spoke to the audience with an equal verbal communication so as to persuade them. He showed a lower position in front of the audience only when he spoke to God and absent or imaginary audience.IntroductionIqbal Lahori (1877-1938) was a Muslim philosopher, politician, poet, thinker, and one of the leaders, who revived religious thoughts and strived for the unity and progress of Muslims in the world. He was an knowledgeable thinker. He studied in European universities. He was fluent in Persian, Arabic, Urdu, Sanskrit, and English languages. He also knew the views of philosophers, such as Hegel, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, etc. and criticized some of them. He believed that a poet's duties are finding out the secrets of existence and revealing them to humanity. Therefore, according to him, the purpose of a poem is changing people's thoughts and inviting everyone to make an effort for revolution. That's why "his poems are lively, powerful, and exciting in terms of theme and music of combined words." (Yusefi, 1990: 407)Iqbal knew Urdu, Persian, Arabic, Sanskrit, and English languages, but chose Persian language to express his passionate thoughts. He wrote poetry in all forms and styles of Persian poetry; yet, his poetry is not an imitation of the poems of other poets. and "Although he did not intend to be a poet, he was the greatest thinker and poet of his time due to the eloquence of his words, rhetoric of his meanings, and popular nature of his poetry." (Schimmel, 2004: 222) His poetry is worthy of attention because he paid attention to the instructive and persuasive aspects of speech while paying attention to the eloquence of the words and meanings of his poems. Imperative sentences show the persuasive role of language in the best way. Therefore, paying attention to the use of imperative sentences and their other meanings reveals a poet’s ways of using an artistic language to us. Material & MethodsThe aim of this study was to analyze the secondary meanings of imperative sentences in Iqbal Lahori's poems. For this purpose, all the imperative sentences of his poems were extracted from the general texts of his Persian poems and analyzed in terms of their secondary meanings. Discussion & ResultsThe importance of this research was not in revealing the thematic aspects of Iqbal's poems and explaining his thoughts, but in paying attention to the functions of language and methods of conveying the message in his poetry. By explaining the semantic aspect of the sentences based on the two-way communication between the speaker and poet and the listener and singer and finally analyzing the frequency of using them, as well as the position and role of the speaker in relation to the reader, we tried to answer the following question: What are the views of Iqbal as a Muslim thinker and leader about a poet’s role and duty and how are they reflected in his poems?Abdul Qader Al Jorjani is considered the founder of rhetoric. In his book entitled Dalael-al-E’jaz (The Reasons for Miracles), he considers rhetoric to be "the science of speech" and believes that the eloquence of words is related to the order of hidden features in speech unlike those who thought that rhetoric is related to words". (Shauqi Zeyf, 2004: 216-218) Syntactic purposes do not cause advantages absolutely and by themselves; rather, the advantage is related to purposes, according to which the speech is organized (Jorjani, 2004: 93). In explaining the purposes of words, Abdul Qader has examined the subjects of declarative and non-declarative sentences (interrogative, exclamatory, and imperative sentences) (Insha), but he has not fully explained the types of non-declarative sentences and their meanings (Shauqi Zeyf, 2004: 315). Zamakhshari, who found Jorjani's writings to be the best way of portraying the miraculous rhetoric of the Qur'an, has adapted Abdul Qader’s opinions with the verses of the Qur'an and combined this type of adaptation with many of his own views. In the explanation of interrogative and imperative sentences in the verses of the Qur'an, he has explained other meanings that can be understood from the implicit evidence. He completed Abdul Qader’s comments, but the later scholars of rhetoric did not add anything more to his words. Writers like Fakhr Razi, Sakkaki, Taftazani, Ibn Arab Shah, etc. have only explained and summarized the opinions of these two scholars. They have included a series of useless rules in their books and divided their books into sub-sections with smaller sub-headings (Alavi Moqadam, 1993: 319). Later scholars of rhetoric, such as Siyuti and Taftazani, have not added anything to Zamakhshari's words in the imperative sentences. The definitions of imperative sentences in Arabic and Persian rhetorical books are more or less the same. They have listed different types of secondary meanings with 5 to 20 purposes, in imperative sentences.In explaining the diagram of Jacobsen's communication process, Safavi (1994: 31-32) has mentioned phonetic and imperative constructions as the most obvious examples of the persuasive role of language, a role in which the message is directed towards the listener. Therefore, in any case, the purpose of using imperative construction is to persuade the audience; however, if the meaning of the imperative sentence "executing the command is impossible or inconvenient for the addressee" turns into an exclamatory sentence with an emotional meaning in the context of speech (shamisa, 2007: 49), it will be understood to have a virtual secondary meaning. In addition, the relationship between the speaker and the listener determines the different meanings of imperative sentences; that is, the relationship based on equality or superiority and inferiority on both sides of the verbal communication determines the purpose of the speaker to use an imperative sentence. Also, it should be noted that not only the levels of practical power are the basis of the equality or superiority of the speaker and listener, but also the difference in the levels of awareness and knowledge gives meaning to the process of communication between the speaker and the listener. Accordingly, in this study, all the imperative sentences of Iqbal's poems were identified and classified into 9 groups based on the secondary purposes of the sentences as follows:Guiding and encouragingThe difference between ordering and guiding and persuading is in the question of whether the audience is required to do an action or not. Although the functions of guidance and persuasion are the same, these two meanings are different in terms of the need for the audience to do the work, the relationship between the speaker and listener, and the speaker's level of confidence in the awareness and acceptance of the audience. When the purpose of the speaker is persuading the audience through his guidance, the poet puts himself in a more superior position than the audience in terms of having knowledge and awareness, while it is thought that the audience is empty-minded or his knowledge of the subject is very little and his acceptance of the issue is also doubtful. Persuasion does not have a persuasive aspect because the audience is equal to the speaker in terms of knowledge and information about the subject or at least he is not empty-minded. Among Iqbal's 770 verses, in which imperative sentences had a secondary meaning, 320 verses bore the meaning of guidance and 125 verses had the meaning of persuasion.Praying, wishing, and beggingIn Iqbal's 72 verses, there were imperative sentences with the meaning of prayer and in 111 verses had the meaning of wishing and begging. Praying and begging both mean a request from a subordinate person to his/her superior one. If the audience is able to fulfill the speaker's request, the imperative verb would mean a wish from God, the Prophet, and other great religious leaders, while it means praying, but if the listener is unable to fulfill the speaker's request, the imperative verb can mean a wish and begging. In addition, in the sense of desire, "the speaker does not hope that his desire will be fulfilled because either the request is impossible or his/her superior person is not able to do it." (Dibaji, 2015: 43)Requesting The use of imperative sentences in the sense of request shows the equality of the speaker and the listener; "that is, a friend or colleague asks his friend and colleague to do something." (Kazzazi, 1994: 219) Only in a relatively small number of Iqbal's poems (25 verses), the imperative verb meant a request.Asking for compassionIn this case, the use of an imperative verb means asking the listener, who has the same rank as the speaker. The purpose of this way of speaking is "to attract the audience’s kindness and affection". (Kazzazi, 1994: 53) In 10 verses of Iqbal's poems, the imperative sentences meant a request for compassion.Taunting and ridiculingTaunting and ridiculing is the use of an imperative verb in speech with the intention of humiliating the audience or blaming and slandering him. In this situation, it is necessary that the listener’s level of dignity be lower than that of the speaker or the speaker imagine to have a higher position than the audience. In Iqbal's 6 verses, the imperative sentences meant taunting and ridiculing and in 5 verses, the poet talked to the hypocrites.Threatening and warningUsing an imperative verb to convey the meaning of threatening or warning although not binding on the audience requires the speaker's real or alleged superiority over the audience. What is meant by excellence is not the superiority of dignity based on power, but the speaker's possession of more knowledge in particular subject areas or his imagination and belief in relation to his increased knowledge or lived experience. In Iqbal's 48 verses, the imperative verbs had such a meaning.Informing and warningIn terms of the relationship between the speaker and the listener and their positions, informing is similar to warning with the difference that the purpose of warning and threatening is to prevent the audience from doing something, but the purpose of informing and warning is to encourage. This meaning could be seen in Iqbal's 10 verses.Creating a surpriseIn Iqbal's 30 verses, the imperative sentences meant creating a surprise in the audience. In most of these verses, the poet surprised the audience and was proud of himself. In this case, along with the conative role of imperative sentences, the emotive role of language is prominent and "the speech is directed towards both the listener and speaker." (Safavi, 1994: 40) In this case, the audience is equal to the poet or is his friend, but he does not have the poet’s spiritual experience. Therefore, in terms of knowledge and experience, the poet is in a superior position compared to the audience and reports an event that the audience is unfamiliar with.Considering equity and giving authority to someoneGiving authority to someone means stimulating someone and leaving him/her free to choose between two opposite things (Homaei, 1994: 102-103). In the concept of considering two things as equal, it is assumed that one thing happens more than the other thing. In Iqbal's 12 verses, the imperative verbs were mentioned with these two meanings. In this case, whenever the poet talks to God, his speech means a prayer, but when the audience’s status is equal or lower than the speaker’s, the poet’s purpose is guidance and encouragement. ConclusionThe aim of this research was to investigate the secondary meanings of imperative sentences in Iqbal Lahori's poems. For this purpose, 770 verses, in which imperative sentences had been used with secondary meanings, were identified, analyzed, and categorized in terms of the relationship between the poet and the audience. The results of this research obtained from the total of these 770 verses were as follows:- 42% of the imperative sentences meant guidance .In his writings, Iqbal considered a poet to be equal to a prophet and emphasized that his role and duty was awakening people’s will and encouraging them to face hardships for achieving peace and well-being. His frequent use of imperative sentences in this sense showed that he had used his poetry to communicate his ideology.- After conveying the meaning of guidance, the imperative verbs, the most frequent meaning of the imperative sentences in Iqbal's poetry was warning and punishment (a total of 7%).- The use of the imperative sentences with the meaning of taunting and ridiculing in Iqbal's speech was so little that it could be ignored because it did not reflect the poet's style in speaking to an inferior audience.- In Iqbal's poetry, encouragement was the second most frequent secondary meaning of the imperative sentences (16%).- 4% of the imperative sentences in Iqbal's poetry meant creating a surprise in the audience.- 4% of the imperative sentences in Iqbal's poetry meant requesting and attracting the audience’s kindness and affection.- Only 2% of the imperative sentences in Iqbal's poetry had the meaning of equality and giving authority to someone.Praying and begging both mean a request from a subordinate person to his/her superior one. Iqbal did not praise anyone but God in his poetry and thus, the imperative sentences in 72 verses of his meant a prayer to God. In his 111 verses, the meaning of the imperative sentences was wishing and begging. In these sentences the listener or audience, was absent and virtual, such as a butler (Saqi), the sun, or the soul of the deceased poets.The analysis of the secondary meanings of the imperative sentences in Iqbal's poetry showed that the poet spoke to the audience only in front of God and a virtual and absent audience from a lower position. In other cases, he always spoke to a listener, who was of equal status or had a lower status than his. In Iqbal's poetry, speaking to the audience from a superior position had the highest repetition in the imperative sentences with secondary meanings (a total of 50%). Speaking to a listener, who had the same status and dignity as the speaker with a total of 35% showed the second most used form of meaning in the imperative sentences in Iqbal's poetry, while most of these sentences had the meaning of encouragement. Choosing the meaning of guidance and encouragement for the imperative sentences and avoiding humiliating and mocking the audience showed that Iqbal, above all else, cared about the missions and roles of poetry and poet in guiding people, especially Muslims. For this purpose, according to the context and conditions of the speech, he spoke of a superior or equal position to the audience’s, while the poet’s higher position and dignity was the result of his greater knowledge and awareness than those of his listeners audiences, whom he imagined; hence, it was his duty to guide them.

Background and Objective:Tinnitus is hearing a sound without an external source, which occurs anywhere in the head and one or both ears. It is one of the most common symptoms associated with hearing loss due to chronic otitis media. This study aimed to determine the effect of autologous primary ossicular reconstruction on the recovery of tinnitus due to chronic otitis media. Materials and Methods:This study was conducted based on a before-and-after design and included 25 patients aged 18-70 years with tinnitus and chronic otitis media. The participants had undergone initial reconstruction of the bone chain using an autologous graft in the Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat of the Hamadan Besat Hospital, Hamedan, Iran, in 2019. The Tinnitus Matching Test and the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory were used to assess patients' tinnitus. Results:A total of 25 patients participated in this study, including 13 (52%) men and 12 (48%) women. The mean scores of the age of the subjects, duration of tinnitus, frequency of tinnitus were obtained at 45.76±12.76 years, 53.25±37.25 months, and 5,000 Hz, respectively. The difference between the mean values of tinnitus loudness was significant before (8 dB) and after the surgery (4 dB) (P

IntroductionWhen eating local food in a destination, multiple consumption values tend to be important for tourists. Investigating the impact of these values ​​on the perception and behaviour of tourists helps the food tourism industry in Iran because, in this way, the behavioural responses of tourists in the future can be discovered. Accordingly, this study strived to investigate the effect of multiple consumption values ​​of tourists (functional, emotional, social and Epistemic value) on attitudes toward local food and food destination image as effective factors in the occurrence of behavioural responses by tourists in the future (Intention to recommend local food to others and intention to revisit a destination for food tourism) in the context of stimulus-organism-response (SOR). The research is applied in terms of the purpose and is descriptive and survey in terms of the data collection method. A questionnaire was used to collect the required data. The statistical population of this study encompasses all tourists who have eaten local food in one of the five cities of Iran, including Isfahan, Shiraz, Kerman, Tabriz and Rasht. Using G-Power software, 400 acceptable samples were collected. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modelling running Smart PLS 3.0 software. The results show that the​​ multiple consumption values of tourists (functional, emotional, social and epistemic value) have a positive and significant effect on attitudes toward local food and food destination image and the attitude towards local food. Furthermore, the food destination image positively and significantly impacts tourists' behavioural intentions.IntroductionIran has a lot of local food due to climatic diversity, climate, different ethnicities and cultures. Also, the Iranian culinary school is one of the three main schools of food and the Roman and Chinese culinary schools, and Iranian food is known as the third food school in the world. Food tourism has many benefits. For example, tourism can be considered as a tool for rural development that stimulates the economy, protects existing jobs and creates employment; all of this ultimately leads to many economic benefits. Therefore, by promoting local food in Iranian cities, the necessary ground will be provided to grow food tourism in Iran. To develop food tourism, identifying how the experience of local food shapes the value of tourists 'consumption is essential to understanding tourists' perceptions of their destination and their future behaviours. Therefore, it can be said that the effect of tourists' consumption values when eating local food in Iranian cities on their future behavioural responses through their attitude towards local food and the image of a food tourism destination that is formed in their minds; It can be a great help to the development of food tourism in Iran. Because the positive attitude and image formed from the local food of a destination in the minds of tourists, it can lead to behaviours such as the intention to revisit the destination for food tourism and recommend local food to others in the future. Therefore, this study aims to understand the responses of tourists in the future to the development of food tourism in Iran and to explore the relationships between a series of variables in this field using the SOR framework.Materials and MethodsThis research is applied in terms of nature and purpose and descriptive and survey in the data collection method. Research data were collected through a questionnaire. The questionnaire was prepared by studying previous research and their localization and has been reviewed and approved by three professors in tourism. Cronbach's alpha of all questions is higher than 0.7 and indicates the high reliability of the questionnaire. The study's statistical population includes all domestic tourists who have eaten local food in one of the five cities of Isfahan, Shiraz, Kerman, Tabriz and Rasht. The sample size was 400 people. The sample size includes 400 tourists who have eaten local Iranian food in restaurants, hotel restaurants or eco-tours of the above five cities. The structural equation approach and Smart PLS software have been used to test the research hypotheses.Discussion and ResultsBased on the research results, a positive relationship was found between functional, emotional, social and epistemic value with attitudes towards local food and the image of food tourism destination. Results show; that tourists experience eating quality local food, healthy, at a reasonable cost. Also, this experience should be accompanied by the pleasure and entertainment of socializing with friends, family or food suppliers in a natural environment. In addition, they perceive this experience as a new experience to expand their knowledge and realize their curiosity. A positive attitude towards local food is formed in them, and a positive food image of the destination is engraved in their minds. These results show that multiple consumption value dimensions shape attitudes toward local food and food tourism destinations' image. Also, a positive relationship between attitudes toward local food and the image of the food tourism destination with the behavioral responses of food tourists (intention to revisit a food tourism destination and recommend local food to others) has been found.ConclusionsFindings show that attitudes toward local food and image of food tourism destination resulting from functional, emotional, social and epistemic values can elicit positive behavioural responses from tourists to recommend destination-specific food to others and Revisit the destination for food tourism. In general, lasting memories and better experiences are created when food consumption experiences provide a high Epistemic, social, practical, and emotional value. For this reason, marketing strategies for the development of food tourism in Iran should be designed based on these values of tourist consumption compared to local food, so the expectations and needs of tourists are more met and encouraged them to Return to food destinations and recommend local food to others

In This paper, we consider two boundary value problems for non homogenuous Cauchy- Riemann equation with local and non-local boundary conditions separatly.In the first problem boundary condition is local and for proving uniqueness of solution, we show that homogenuous boundary value problem has only non-trivial solution. In the second problem, the boundary condition is non-local. At first, the given problem changed to a second kind system of Fredholm integral equation. Then the singularities in the Kernels of integral equations are removed. Finaly, for the uniqueness of solution, we show that the regularized kernels satify in contraction mapping theorem. ./files/site1/files/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1.pdf

Research data management involves all the processes and actions that ensure that research data is well organized, documented, stored, stored, backed up, available, available, and reusable. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the management, identification of research data problems and needs in the research process among Iranian information and knowledge researchers from five perspectives: production and collection, recording and processing, backup and maintenance, publishing and sharing. Data were collected through a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of 96 researchers, professors and postgraduate students in the field of information science and knowledge of Iranian universities. Excel software was used for statistical analysis of each question and the process of data aggregation and distribution were represented in frequency and percentage. The results show that in the process of producing and collecting data, the most common type of data produced is experimental data, most of the data is generated in the form of textual and processed data from software, the frequency of data generation during the research. It has been very high for researchers on a monthly basis and the volume of data generated for each respondent is on average GB level. In terms of data recording and processing, the most common way of recording data is in electronic documents. Different data processing software are used, Excel and SPSS and then Word are the most used. Most respondents use personal computers to back up data. It was found that most respondents did not use any appropriate research data management software. In order to disseminate and share data, most respondents do not have sufficient knowledge of the sources, especially their field magazines. They also have different views on journal data entry, but in fact they consider it a very good thing, while they are not well versed in the repositories and storage conditions and are most familiar with free access. In terms of the need for research data sharing and management services, they all point to problems such as lack of data sharing, data loss, storage, dissemination and data security. Libraries and research centers are also considered to be the most appropriate organization for data management and require services such as policymaking, standardization for data collection, storage, dissemination, and sharing and data security. Finally, referral and accountability services, workshops, social workshops, and seminars are found to enhance research data management and data sharing. Although the survey is conducted in the field of information science, it can be an inspiration for designing a suite of library services for other disciplines, particularly in promoting, advising and managing data management, and sharing research and research data storage.

The Golegohar mine area is located 53 km southwest of Sirjan city, Kerman province, Iran. The mine is one of the largest open-pit mines in the country. Due to exploitation, the pit floor level is below the water table. Current dewatering operation is going on by groundwater pumping in digging wells in or out of the pit to prevent flooding. Until now, discharged water and tailings have been disposed near pit without proper environmental safeguards. These waters are in contact with minerals containing heavy metals and it may dissolve or suspend them. Therefore, a tailings dam, constructed with environmental standards, has been proposed to address this problem. So the groundwater pollution plume is studied using FEFLOW software. The results of the sorption isotherm tests for Ni, Cu, and Co show good agreement with the Liner and Freundlich models. Moreover, the plot of Kd for every single solution concentration indicates that the Kd is increasing with Cu concentration while it is decreasing for other metals. Examining the isotherms indicate that Ni and Co behave similarly, while the Cu behavior is different despite equal initial molar concentrations. This implies that the sorption of Cu is higher than Co and Ni. Flow and mass transport simulation in the groundwater of area show due to the dewatering, a capture zone has been developed near the pit. So groundwater pollution plume moves toward the pit and contamination migration (advection) has been prevented to other area. In addition to results of mass transport simulation in the tailings dam show that due to low material permeability and hydraulic gradient in the aquifer, the retention time of the groundwater pollution plume will be long.

Background and Objective: Adenotonsillectomy is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in children. Although this surgery is technically easy, it can run a high risk of serious complications, such as laryngeal spasm, laryngitis, bleeding, pain, and nausea. The present study aimed to assess the effect of preemptive dexamethasone on pediatric post tonsillectomy pain. Materials and Methods: This triple-blinded clinical trial study involved a total number of 70 children within the age range of 3-15 years. They were candidates for adenotonsillectomy and were randomly assigned to two groups. One hour before the surgery, one group received intravenous dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg) and the other group received distilled water intravenously. Patientschr('39') pain at 1, 4, 10, and 24 hours after the surgery, initiation of soft-diet feeding and the prevalence of nausea and vomiting were evaluated in both groups. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 16). Results: The total number of patients was 70 (35 in each group). Both groups were homogenous in terms of age and gender. In the intervention group, the mean score of pain in the first and fourth hours and the mean initiation time of soft- diet feeding were significantly lower, as compared to those of the control group (P

This research investigates the contamination of trace elements, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium and corrosive potential in the groundwater of south and southwest of Sirjan city, Kerman province, Iran. Therefore, 115 groundwater samples were collected for Hydrochemical analysis from Sirjan city area, Kheirabad salt playa area, Chahderaz plain, Golegohar mining area, Ghatarbaneh-Eynolbaghar plains and Marg salt playa in July 2016. In descending order, the mean values of minor ions and trace elements are such as: NO3 > B > NH4 > As > Mn > Ba > Cr > NO2 > Cu > Pb > Cd. Generally, the concentration of elements and ions in the groundwater of Chahderaz plain and Marg salt playa is above the maximum admissible concentration (MAC) values for drinking water according to WHO. Also, Cd, B and As have concentration more than MAC in total groundwater samples. Chromium in all of the groundwater samples except in Sirjan city samples have concentrations more than maximum admissible concentration. Moreover, Pb in groundwater of Kheirabad salt playa and Chahderaz plain shows a groundwater contamination. While concentrations of Cu, Ba, NO2, and Sb in all of the area are less than MAC. The evaluation indices showed spots in a high-risk level observed in Golegohar mining area, Chahdereaz plain, KH1, and KH2 from Kheirabad playa and KM1 and KM7 from Marg playa area. Finally, according to Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), most of the groundwater samples are corrosive in this area. Therefore, in the processing plant, corrosive process control of groundwater should be accompanied.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of modesty education on the reduction of Internet addiction and high-risk behaviors among the high school adolescent girls; thus, a quasi-experimental design with test and control groups was applied. 20 girls having high-risk behaviors were selected from a girl high school in Tehran, Zone 5, by the purposive sampling. A modesty education-intervention protocol was performed during eight sessions. The participants responded to the Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Iranian Adolescents Risk-taking Scale (IARS), and demographic information, before and after the intervention. The data were analyzed by the analysis of co-variance. The results showed that the modesty education first, has a significant effect on the reduction of Internet addiction; second, does not have a significant effect on the reduction of high-risk behaviors; and third, helps users have more self-control in the face of virtual sex or pornography. It is necessary to say that due to the various causes of high-risk behaviors, one can not expect immediate and short-term change and the modesty education should be regarded as a predictive approach

Hypothesis: Despite the wide application of nanofiltration (NF) membranes in aqueous solutions, their potential usage in the treatment of organic solution has been considered. However, it is still a challenge to develop polymeric solvent resistant nanofiltration membranes (SRNF) that can be applied in a broad range of organic solvents. There are many polymers with high resistance to solvents such as polyimide (PI) and polybenzimidazole (PBI) which used for making ultrafiltration membrane for SRNF. Poly(2,5-benzimidazole) (ABPBI) is a sort of polymer with similar or even better chemical structure than PBI.Methods: At first, a high-purity poly(2,5-benzimidazole) (ABPBI) polymer was synthesized. In the next step, ABPBI and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes were synthesized. TFC polyamine membranes were prepared by the interfacial polymerization (IP) of polyethylenimine and cyanuric chloride. Finally, the physical and chemical structure as well as chemical stability and membrane performance of UF and TFC membranes obtained by ABPBI polymer were evaluated and compared with those of PVDF membrane.Findings: Chemical stability tests including solubility, gel content and swelling degree indicated much higher stability of ABPBI membrane. The swelling degree in ethanol, methanol and n-hexane for ABPBI and PVDF membranes were 0.0132, 0.175, 0.01 and 0.9, 0.808, 0.34, respectively. The water fluxes for ABPBI-PA and PVDF-PA membranes were 20 and 26 kg/m2.h and the rejection for 10 ppm aqueous solution of crystal violet (CV, 408 g/mol) was 85 and 81, respectively.

زمینه و اهداف: وجود انواع مختلف تجهیزات آزمایشگاهی و مواد شیمیایی و بیولوژیکی در آزمایشگاه‌های دانشگاه‌های علوم پزشکی موجب می‌شود تا برای جلوگیری از بروز حوادث احتمالی برنامه‌ریزی دقیق صورت گیرد. این مطالعه جهت ارزیابی وضعیت ايمني و زیست محیطی در آزمایشگاه‌های آموزشی پژوهشی و مطابقت آن با معیارهای استاندارد طراحی شد. مواد و روش‌ها: در این مطالعه توصیفی برای ارزیابی وضعیت 17 آزمايشگاه دانشگاه علوم پزشكي گلستان ازنظر شرایط ساختمان، خطرات فيزيکي، شيميايي و بيولوژیكي، ایمنی و ارگونومي از چک لیست استاندارد وزرات بهداشت استفاده شد. داده‌ها از طریق مصاحبه و مشاهده در طی فروردین تا شهریور 1398 گردآوری و برای توصیف آن‌ها از SPSS20 استفاده شد. ملاحظات اخلاقی در تمام مراحل اجرای مطالعه رعایت شد. یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد که بیش از 62 درصد مقررات ایمنی و الزامات زیست محیطی در آزمایشگاه‌های دانشگاه علوم پزشکی گلستان رعایت شد. میزان تطابق در بخش‌های ساختمان، خطرات فيزيکي، شيميايي، بيولوژیكي، ایمنی و ارگونومي به ترتیب 61، 70، 71، 59، 56 و 59 درصد بود. عدم جانمایی صحیح ساختمان آزمایشگاه و اختصاص فضای محدود از مشکلات اصلی این واحدها بود. نتیجه‌گیری: شرایط ایمنی و زیست محیطی در آزمایشگاه‌های مورد مطالعه در محدوده توصیه شده وزارت بهداشت قرار داشت. با این حال، وجود برخی نواقص مثل خطرات مرتبط با سيلندر گاز و یا مواد شیمیایی و بیولوژیکی می‌تواند سلامت کارکنان و محیط زیست را تهدید نماید. لذا برنامه‌ریزی مناسب و اجرای مدیریت ایمن در آزمایشگاه‌های آموزشی و پژوهشی برای پیشگیری از بروز حوادث لازم است.

Background and purpose: Taurine has many biological functions such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and acts as a neurotransmitter. But its effects on the tau phosphorylated protein levels require further studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective and therapeutic effects of taurine on the level of tau phosphorylated protein in the hippocampus of rats treated with scopolamine. Materials and methods: In this research, 72 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, protection, and treatment groups. Protective and therapeutic groups were treated with different doses of taurine (25, 50, 100 mg/kg/day) for 14 days before or after injection of scopolamine (3 mg/kg). After the end of treatment, the extract of homogenized hippocampus tissue was collected to measure the level of tau phosphorylated protein using ELISA technique. Results: Protective injection of different doses of taurine significantly reduced the level of tau phosphorylated protein in the hippocampus compared to that in the protective sham group (p

Introduction: Tonsillectomy is one of the most common procedures performed by otolaryngologists. Intraoperative bleeding is a significant problem, which requires hemostasis and causes prolonged operative time. Several different techniques are used to perform this operation. The Ligasure Vessel Sealing System (LVSST) has been widely used in head and neck surgery because of its effectiveness and safety. Methods: This project was conducted at the department of otolaryngology of Besat Hospital, Hamadan, Iran. In this double-blinded clinical trial, 82 subjects, who were candidates for tonsillectomy and qualified in eligible criteria, were randomly assigned to 2 group of 41 subjects. Surgery was performed using Lvsst for one group and cold knife dissection for the other group. Measured outcomes for efficacy and adverse effect were intraoperative blood loss, operation time, post-operative pain in visual analogue scale, and post-operative bleeding for28 days after surgery. The SPSS 16 software was used for data analysis. Results: Method of LVSST was significantly better than CKT in operation time and bleeding on the first day after surgery, yet, postoperative blood loss in the first week after surgery in LVSST group was significantly higher than the CKT group. Severity of sore throat after surgery with Ligasure was higher than CKT the group, however the difference was not significant. Intraoperative bleeding in the LVSST group was significantly lower than that of the CKT group (P = 0.000). Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the prevalence of respiratory symptoms LVSST was better than CKT in intraoperative (not post-operative) blood loss and operation time, yet there was no difference regarding postoperative pain. For workers with a history of allergies, this ratio is higher.

Introduction: One of the main theories in development of sinonasal polyposis involves the effect of Staphylococcus aureus super antigens and microbial biofilm. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of topical vancomycin on Staphylococcus aureus removal from sinus mucosa following surgery. Methods: In this randomized triple-blind clinical trial, 35 patients, who underwent sinus polyp surgery and whose sinus culture was positive for Staphylococcus aureus before surgery, were divided to two groups. For the case group, nasal irrigation with normal saline solution containing vancomycin and for the control group, nasal irrigation with normal saline solution was administered for eight weeks. During the second month of treatment, all patients underwent nasal endoscopy. Patients were assessed for Staphylococcus aureus culture during the second month. All data were analyzed using two independent samples t-test and Fisherchr('39')s exact tests. The level of statistical significance was considered as P < 0.05. Results: Culture of Staphylococcus aureus in the second month was significantly lower in the case group than the control one (P < 0.05). Conclusion: It seems that the use of topical vancomycin solution has an effect on eradication of Staphylococcus aureus in sinonasal polyposis after surgery

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Patient education is one of the most basic nursing roles. Patient education has a considerable impact on the prevention, treatment and reducing patients' health promotion budget.This research has been done in order to nominate attitude, knowledge and function of clinical nurses about patient education. METHODS: This research is a cross-sectional study. Research society was clinical nurses working in Ramsar ‘s Imam Sajjad and Tonekabon’s Shahid Rajaii hospitals. 199Nurses working in different wards of Imam Sajjad hospital in Ramsar and Shahid rajaee hospital in Tonekabon were taken as samples with random sampling in 2012. Number of samples (n=199) were determined according to number of the research community (411 nurses) and 0.5% error level using Morgan Table and Cochran formula. In order to collect the data a 4-part self-made questioner was used. First part was sample demographic survey, second part was 18 phrase in form of licret in order to nominate the attitude and the third part was designing 12 question in order to evaluate knowledge and12 question for function of clinical nurses in fourth part. The authority of the questionnaire was confirmed by asking science committee and using weighted average. After collecting data with application software with Chi-square test results were obtained. FINDINGS: 5.4% and 94.6% of participants were men and women, respectively. Most of participants (95%) had positive attitude to pattient education. 55% and 21% obtained exelent awareness and function to pattient education. it was found significant relation between knowledge to patient education and education level. CONCLUSION: People in our society trust doctors and entrust their lives in their hands. Education is also the most important tool in their hand which is used in order to increase patient ability in taking care of himself. So, it becomes clear that increasing and keeping positive view and the ability in executing patient education is one of the most important roles of nursing.

Bio-epoxy tannin resin was made from tannin reaction with epichlorohydrin in an alkaline environment, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of epoxy groups of glycidyl reaction of the tannins confirmed, and the epoxy number was 7.2 epoxy resin final. Straw boards with Bio-epoxy tannin resin, using two variable temperature (180 and 200 °C) and variable times (7.5 and 10 minutes) were made. Physical and mechanical resistances such as water absorption and thickness swelling (after 2 and 24 hours soaking appears in water), internal bond, modulus and flexural modulus measured and the boards were compared with the standard EN312-4. The results showed that straw boards made with 200 °C and 10 minutes of press time, had the highest level of physical and mechanical properties. All boards produced in this research work, mechanical properties for public use, in accordance with the standards of Europe to have. That has functional properties comparable to petroleum-based synthetic adhesives are made of particleboard.

In capital market, Investors, decision process is affected by acombination of financial and nonfinancial information, but theinformation that companies disclose to capital market, focusses onfinancial aspects and includes less information about intangible items.Thus, in addition to financial information, investors need moreinformation about the intangible factors that affect stock prices.Intellectual capital is one of those intangible factors. Therefore, thisstudy examines the impact of intellectual capital on decision makingprocess of investors of firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. Thestatistical population of the research is 140 comprised of listedcompanies in Tehran Stock Exchange and the research period is theyears during 2009 to 2013. In this research, for data analysis, paneldata has been used. Also, control variables are the size of the companyand the ratio of market value to book value of equity. The resultsshowed that there is positive significant relationship betweenintellectual capital and both EPS and β, and negative significantrelationship between the intellectual capital and P/E.

Three-dimensional molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) network was formed by radical polymerization reaction in the present of the Catechin (+), Acrylic acid (AA), Trimethylolpropanetrimethacrylate (TRIM) (in ratio 1:20:80) as a template, functional monomer, cross-linker, respectively in Acetonitrile porogen. In extraction procedure by eluent, the template was removed and therefore nanoporous imprinted polymeric network was prepared which enable to adsorb Catechin bioactive, selectively. In this research, the molecularly imprinted polymers were synthesized and the binding capacity 304.0 mg/g as adsorbent of Catechin is reported. This polymer had the binding capacity 4.0 mg/g for Quercetin (similar structure of Catechin) that indicates high selectivity for the synthesized polymers. Evaluating of the polymers by adsorbtion-desorption with N2 gas, show that the specific surface area of the MIPs was 488.4 m2/g while it was 461.8 m2/g for the Non-Imprinted polymers (NIPs). Polymer paticles have been evaluated by Atomic Force Microscopy, too.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The 21st century is the century of knowledge & revolution. So that for writing nursing report and hospital files is based on computer registration. The reality is possible due to ability of nursing students;#39 computer skills. So this research was conducted with the aim of determine the nursing students;#39 skills in using computers. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. The research society was nursing students from first to eight semesters. The samples were 136 students. Sampling performed by available method. The tool of collecting data was a checklist based on Settlement questionnaire. Its validity and reliability was tested first then data was analyzed by using SPSS version 18. FINDINGS: In this study Students of 6, 7 and 8 semester showed maximum capability in field of Internet using. Overall 74 boys and 62 girls participated with satisfaction in this study. About 51.35% of girls in Word and 54.05% of boys in Windows showed full skills. The significant relationship between skills in working with computers and technology and the semester was found. Also a significant relationship was found between gender and skills in Internet (P=0.003). CONCLUSION: IT skills and computer training is one of the most important changes in third millennium. And it seems that the increase of this ability and using it itself is a motivation in learning, especially self-centered learning.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Millions of people suffer from pain worldwide, and annually, great economic costs are imposed on societies for pain relief. Analgesics such as alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists, which have low risk of complications, can be effective in assuaging pain and reducing costs. According to former studies, potassium channels play an important role in the analgesic mechanism of these receptors. This study aimed to determine the role of BK potassium channels in analgesia induced by alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. METHODS: This study was performed on 56 male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g that were divided into seven groups of eight rats. We administered 0.7 mg/kg intraperitoneal (IP) injection of clonidine, 1 mg/kg IP injection of yohimbine, and 5 mg/kg intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of yohimbine. Iberiotoxin at a dose of 100 nm was also injected ICV. Normal saline and DMSO were applied as solvents. Pain severity was evaluated using formalin test at a concentration of 2%. FINDINGS: The chronic pain induced by formalin injection was relieved by IP injection of 0.7 mg/kg clonidine. Moreover, 5 μg/kg and 1 μg/kg ICV administration of yohimbine with mean chronic pain scores of 2.29±0.13 and 2.09±0.07, respectively, could significantly inhibit analgesic effect of clonidine with mean chronic pain score of 1.55±0.14 (p

Background and Objectives : Brucellosis is a zoonosis disease that is important in humans and animals. Since the disease is important in ranchers and veterinarians, we conducted this study to estimate the seroprevalence of the infection in these groups in Kerman. Methods: In this descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study, 187 industrial and semi-industrial dairy personnel and veterinary network staff of Kerman in 2012 were recruited. Rose Bengal, Wright and 2-Mercaptoethanol were done on serum samples. Demographic and occupational characteristics of the participants were recorded. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and Poisson regression via the Stata software. Results : The prevalence of brucellosis was 3.2$. In this study, the history of brucellosis in the family, working in the veterinary network, and working in semi-industrial versus industrial dairy farms were the risk factors of the disease. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of the infection was lower than other studies, it was still considerable in these groups; therefore, it is necessary to improve preventive measures in these groups.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Improving the health and health care is one of the responsibilities of medical universities. To know about the employment and research status of graduates is a step in this direction. The purpose of this study was to determine the employment, educational and research status of nursing graduates of Ramsar Fatemeh Zahra faculty of nursing. METHODS: This retrospective cross – sectional study was conducted in the graduates of 1993- 2009. Data gathering instrument was a questionnaire, consisted of personal, employment, education and research details. Data were collected by phone, post, electronic mail address and direct interview. Data analysis was performed by spss software and descriptive statistics. FINDINGS: Out of total 633 graduates, the study was performed on 564 individuals in 27 academic periods. All were female and their age ranged 25-58 years. Mean and standard deviation of work experience and the time duration between employment and end of human resources plan or certain contracts were respectively 7.48±7.24 and 3.1±2.56 years. 7.45% of graduates continued their academic education. 2.84% didn, t have any job. 78.36% worked in medical centers, most of them (86.39% ) worked in governmental parts. Most of data about the educational status in the faculty were reported in the state of good and their research activity was minimal. CONCLUSION: Results showed that nurses are easier than other jobs to be absorbed for employment, but according to the needs of the community, a significant percentage of them choose other jobs. It is suggested that the final selection for nursing degree should be done through interview and according to the interest in this field, and nurses problems also should be notified to solve.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Learning style is an important factor affecting learning. Knowledge about the nature and types of learning styles in learners can help teachers to adjust their teaching methods with students, learning styles to achieve the desired educational outcomes.This study was conducted to determine nursing students' learning styles based on VARK learning pattern in Ramsar School of Nursing; Midwifery. METHODS: This descriptive cross sectional study was performed with 132 nursing students in Ramsar School of Nursing and Midwifery in 2011-2012. Census was performed and data gathering was conducted by a self report method with a questionnaire. The VARK learning questionnaire (7th version) was used in this study. Finally data were analyzed by SPSS v16 software and descriptive - analytic statistical tests. FINDINGS: The mean age of subjects was 20.73±1.94 years. 93% of nursing students had multiple mode learning style and 7% had single mode learning style. The most common learning style among students with multiple mode learning style was tri-mode (51%). The preferred learning style of students was auditory style with the proportion of 38%. CONCLUSION: According to the prevalence of multiple mode learning style among nursing students and the nature of nursing courses, teachers must use active learning approaches that provide learning for students with multiple mode learning style, so determination of students, dominant learning styles and its conformity with teaching methods and to prepare lesson plans based on learning styles can help educational groups and supervisors to improve and promote learning objectives.

Polythiophene is a standout amongst the most valuable sorts of the conducting polymers that hold numerous odd physical and electrical lands for instance dissolvability, electrical conductivity and develop the ecologically and thermally stable materials. Distinctive assembling techniques have been advanced for conducting polymer nanostructures and near them, template method is a facile and encouraging method. Nanostructured polythiophene was prepared by soft-template method in the vicinity of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as an anionic surfactant, triethanolamine (TEA) as a co-surfactant and ammonium persulfate (APS) as an oxidant in aqueous medium. Moreover, the chemical structure of fabricated nanostructured polythiophene was investigated by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The morphology and particle size of the product was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). Furthermore, dispersion state of nanostructured polythiophene in organic solvents was studied after being dried. The results indicate that nano-product has a favorable fiber-like-structure with a diameter in the range of 85â100 nm.

Background and Aim: Submaximal training of lumbar stabilizing muscles decreases both pain and disability in patients with mechanical low back pain. However, these effects have rarely been studied where segmental stability has been compromised. The purpose of the present study was to compare lumbar muscle specific stabilization exercises with general exercises in the reduction of pain and disability in patients with spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled trial study was performed in Zahedan in 2009. Twenty-four patients with spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis were randomly assigned to either a stabilization (n=12) or a general exercise group (n=12). Before and after intervention, the extent of pain was assessed through Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), lumbar lordosis using a flexible ruler, range of lumbar flexion applying Modified Schober test, and disability severity by means of Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). A 24 thirty minute session exercise program lasting for 12 weeks, twice each week, were performed by both groups. The obtained data was fed into SPSS software (V:17) using statistical tests culmograph smear novo, Levin, independent T ,and paired T and analysed at the significant level P

In capital market, Investors decision process, affected by a combination of financial and nonfinancial information, but The information that companies disclose to capital market, focouses on Financial aspects and Includes less information about intangible items. Thus, in addition to financial information, investors need more information about the intangible factors that affect stock prices. Intellectual capital is one of those intangible factors. Therefore, this study examines the impact of intellectual capital on Decision making process of investors of firms listed in Tehran Stock Exchange. The statistical population of the research is 140 comprised of listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange and the research period is the years during 2009 to 2013. In this research, for data analysis, panel data has been used. also, control variables are the size of the company and the ratio of Market value to book value of equity. The results showed that there is positive significant relationship between intellectual capital and both EPS and β, and negative significant relationship between the intellectual capital and P/E.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Acute administration of Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is produced dose-dependent effects on anxiety-related behaviors. High doses of MDMA have anxiolytic effects and low doses of MDMA increases anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze test. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sub-chronic (7 days) effects of low doses of MDMA on anxiety in the male rat.METHODS: In the present experimental study, 28 male Wistar rats were used with approximate weight 20 ± 200 g. Animals were randomly divided into 4 groups, 7 rats were used in each group and experimental groups for a week received different doses of MDMA (1.25, 2.5, 5 mg/kg) and sham group (1 ml/kg), received saline peritoneally. Anxiety one day before injection and 30 minutes after the last injection was performed by the elevated plus maze.FINDINGS: Injection of MDMA significantly increased open arm time percentage that the highest observed in the experimental group received a dose of 5 mg/kg with mean 29.77±33.337. With increasing dose of MDMA increased open arm entry percentage that the difference between experimental group received a dose of 2.5 mg/kg and saline group was statistically significant (p

Dams are one of the most common structures to make a reservoir for water accumulation. Sediment deposition in reservoirs not only reduces the storage capacity of a reservoir but also decreases its useful life. Also, in many cases sedimentation creates problems for bottom outlets. In this study simulation of sediment deposition in Jiroft Reservoir is investigated with the aids of GSTARS3 model. At first the measured data of Jiroft Reservoir are used to calibrate the mathematical model. The Manning coefficient and the sediment transport equations are used for this proposed. After calibration, existing data are used for verification of the model. Finally, the time variation of reservoir volume is calculated. The results showed that the mean annual volume reduction of the reservoir is approximately equal to 1.27 percent of initial volume. Also, the trap efficiency of the reservoir is computed and it was equal to 87 percent.

AbstractIntroduction: Triamcinolone has been introduced as the treatment of choice in symptomatic treatment of oral aphthous ulcers in the medical literature. One of the major challenges in drug therapy all over the world is how to deliver the drug to target tissues, and how to best deliver minimal amounts of the drug to the injured organ. The aim of this pilot study was to determine minimum dose of the required drug effective on the oral minor aphthous ulcers and evaluate its effectiveness. Materials and methods: In this double-blind pilot clinical trial, a new form of muccoadhesive with the dual aim of dressing of and concentration of the drug on the aphthous ulcers was designed and manufactured by adding triamcinolone to muccoadhesive base. The drug was applied to 40 patients with no systemic conditions or previous drug therapy. Only 23 of the patients cooperated during the whole trial and could provide documented data. Fourteen patients received the drug and 9 received a placebo. Pain severity was evaluated by VAS scale and maximum diameters of ulcers were measured in millimeter. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and Mann-Whitney test (α=0.05).Results: In patients who received the drug the diameter (p value = 0.026) and pain severity (p value = 0.043) were significantly less during the second appointment in comparison with the patients receiving placebo. However, during the third appointment there were no significant differences between the two groups (p value < 0.05).Conclusion: According to the results of this pilot clinical trial, addition of triamcinolone to the base of muccoadhesive has a significant effect on diminishing pain severity and diameter of oral ulcers in the short term in comparison to placebo and this approach can effectively be used to decrease pain severity accelerate ulcer healing. Key words: Aphthous, double-blind method, placebo effect, stomatitis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The relation between cholinergic system and muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mR) associated with learning and memory has been recognized. Because of astrocytes contact to synapses, they are undergoing remarkable structural and morphological changes in learning. The aim of this study was to evaluate amnesia induced by scopolamine (Antagonist mR) on the number of astrocytes in rats dentate gyrus.METHODS: In this experimental study, 48 male Wistar rats, 200-250 gr were used in 6 groups and each group contains 8 rats. The animals were bilaterally implanted with chronic cannulae in the CA1 regions, trained in a step-through type inhibitory avoidance task, and immediately after training, animals received saline or different doses of scopolamine (0.5, 1 and 2 µg/rat, intra-CA1) and tested 24 h after training to measure step-through latency. Then all rats were sacrificed 48h after behavioural test and cross sections were taken from the dorsal hippocampal formation of the right cerebral hemispheres and stained with PTAH (the specific staining for astrocytes). The area densities of the astrocytes was measured in dentate gyrus and compared in the all groups.FINDINGS: Scopolamine injection can induce amnesia. There was a significant difference in astrocyte number between control and sham group which only had surgical stress (p

Background and Objective: Morphological alterations of hippocampus and dentate gyrus due to opium were reported in humans and animals. Also other evidences have shown that astrocytes actively participate in synaptic plasticity. This study was done to determine the conditioning place preference (CPP) on astrocytes number of Rat dentate gyrus by immunohistochemical technique. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 48 male Wistar Rat weighted average 220-250 g were used. For behavioural tests, Rats divided into eight experimental groups. The Rats were received morphine at different doses (2.5, 5, 7.5 mg/kg) for three days by subcutaneous injection and sham groups, received saline dose (1 mg/kg) and then CPP test in them were investigated. 48 hours after behavioural testing animals were decapitated under chloroform anesthesia and their brains fixed and after tissue processing, slices stained with immunohistochemistery techniques. For morphometric study PTAH staining of astrocytes was used. Results: The most dose responses of morphine was observed in 7.5mg/kg. The number of astrocytes in the controls (20.627±6.129) was similar to control-saline group (17.339±4.71). This difference was not significant, while the difference in the number of astrocytes in control group with morphine-treated experimental groups was significant (P

Introduction: Lichen planus is a chronic mucocutaneous disease with unknown etiology and pathogenesis. It is thought that immunological (humoral and cellular) disorders and genetic factors, such as HLA, are involved in its pathogenesis. This study evaluated and compared frequency distribution of HLA-DR1-7 antigens in various forms of oral lichen planus.Materials and methods: This retrospective case-control study was carried out on 66 lichen planus patients from May 2009 to August 2010. The subjects were evaluated in 6 groups of 11. After clinical and pathological confirmation of oral lichen planus, whole blood samples were obtained for evaluation of HLA-DR1-7 presence with PCR. Data was analyzed by chi-square, t-test, and Cochran and McNemar tests (α = 0.05).Results: There was a significant difference in HLA-DR2 antigen frequency, with the highest and lowest frequencies in the bullous and plaque-like forms, respectively. HLA-DR3 antigen frequency was the highest in the papular and the lowest in the reticular and bullous forms and it appeared to have a significantly higher frequency in the plaque-like form compared to the reticular and bullous forms. HLA-DR4 antigen had the highest and lowest frequencies in the erosive and papular forms, with significantly higher frequencies in the reticular and erythematous forms compared to the papular form. HLA-DR7 antigen had the highest and lowest frequencies in the plaque and bullous forms, with significantly lower frequencies in the reticular, erythematous, and popular forms compared to the plaque-like form.Conclusion: Under the limitations of the present study it was concluded that the frequency of some HLA-DR antigens were significantly different in various OLP forms. The possible effect of these antigens on the incidence of some forms of OLP necessitates further studies on the subject. Key words: HLA, Oral lichen planus, PCR.

In order to perform a qualitative and quantitative investigation on tannic acid content in Oak bark, the bark samples were collected from Educational Forest of Gorgan Agricatural Science and Natural Resources University. Solvents were used in laboratory to extract tannin and were considered as variables. Regarding diversity of bark components, Tappi Test Method (T264-om-88) was used to determin extractives contest. Twenty grams dry material was placed in a soxhelt. Extracted material with hot water, methanol and water- methanol (1:1) solvent were 25±2, 20±2 and 18±2 percents respectively. Tannic acid existance in extracts was determined using High Performance Liquid Choromatography (HPLC) and types of bonds were determined using FT-IR. Results showed that water-methanol solvent was the best solvent for extracting tannin.the amount of extracted tannic acid in maximum wavelength of 250 nm and using gradient system, in solvent water-methanol, methanol and hot water solvent were 70±2, 30±2 and 5±2 precents, respectively. Amount of tannin in the bark using solvent water-methanol was determined to be 14 perecents that was the highest amount.

Introdution: Pigmented intraosseous odontogenic lesions are rare, with only 47 reported cases inthe English literature. Among them, pigmented calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor, formerly knownas calcifying odontogenic cyst, is the most common lesion with 20 reported cases.Case Report: The patient was a 19-year-old man. He had a bony, tender expansion in anteriorright maxillary region extended to orbital rim with visual complaints and unilateral headache.Considering radiographic appearance, microscopic study, special and immunohistochemicalstaining, a diagnosis of pigmented calcifiying cystic odontogenic tumor associated with odontomawas rendered.Conclusion: Due to the same neural crest origin for melanocytes and dental lamina, the presenceof melanocytes and melanin in this lesion is accountable. However, till now, no biologic behavioraland prognostic role has been considered for it. This case will add to rare reported cases ofpigmented odontogenic lesions.Key words: Pigmented calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor, Odontoma, Melanocyte

One of the scientific methods of solving physics and engineering problem is to analyze natural phenomenon and then modeling them mathematically. In fact mathematical model for a physics or engineering problem is the statement of reality which governs the physics and engineering problem between unknown and data. Generally these modelings are in the form of initial value and boundary value differential equation with some initial or boundary conditions. In this paper we first set forth three questions in this context as follows: 1. Can we give a mathematical algorithm and mathematical model for each physics and engineering problem? 2. Can each mathematical modeling and problem of physics and engineering be solved? 3. Is each prediction and solution which is resulted from physics and engineering applicable? In the second part of the paper, the above questions will be answered with the help of scientific, philosophical and historical background based on the attitude and idea of ancient Greek scientists and philosophers. The contemporary mathematician and physicists will be given. Next, in order to have correct answer to the above questions by physicists and engineers, some well-posed problems will be discussed. Finally, with the aid of mathematician’s general methods, some ill-posed problems will be investigated to have a better understanding of well-posed boundary value differential equation. The extend boundary condition of the problems which appear in physics and engineering will be discussed. Eventually, to promote the skill of mathematical modeling of physics and engineering for physics and engineering students, some proposals will be given

Background and Objective: Dentate gyrus is a part of hippocampal formation that plays an important role in memory and learning. Astrocytes are one of the important glial cells in nervous tissue that play a more active role in neuronal activity, including regulating ion flux currents, energy production, neurotransmitter release, and synaptogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial memory effect on the number of astrocytes in Rat’s dentate gyrus. Materials and Methods: This experimental study, was done on 18 male Wistar Rats with using Morris water maze and Reference and Working memory methods. After spatial learning the Rat's brains was carried out and histological preparation was carried out, the slices were with PTAH method. The data analyzed, using T-test and One-way ANOVA. Results: The results showed significant difference in astrocytes number in dentate gyrus area between Reference memory (300.57±5.98) and control (73.73±22.61) groups (P

Introduction & Objective: Nowadays, epidemiological and experimental evidences in western countries consistently support an etiological role for human papillomavirus (HPV) in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The role of HPV in the etiology of head and neck SCC in developing countries such as Iran has not been investigated. The purpose of the present study was to investigate HPV DNA in the head and neck cancer by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in patients referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital Ahwaz. Materials & Methods: In this prospective cross sectional study 176 patients with SCC of head and neck who admitted in Ahwaz Imam Khomeini Hospital were evaluated with PCR for HPV DNA and compared to 176 control samples with benign pathology. Results: In this study 7 specimens (3.97%) of the case group were positive for HPV DNA that include HPV 16(3 cases) ,18(2 cases) ,57(1 case), 33 (1case) and only 1 specimen (0.57%) of the control group was positive that include HPV 6 ( P value

Background & Objective: In addition to pyramidal neurons and interneurons, the hippocampus contains Astrocytes that play important roles in regulating ion flux currents, energy production, neurotransmitter release and memory. Learning needs some instrument for information storage and information maintenances mechanisms resemble to memory. The aim of this study was determination of spatial memory effect on the number of astrocytes in rat’s hippocampus. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, with usage of Morris Water Maze and Reference memory technique, we used 10 male albino wistar rats. 5 rats were in control group and 5 rats in Reference memory group. After histological preparation, the slides were stained with PTAH staining for showing the Astrocytes. Results: The findings of this study showed significant difference in astrocytes number in CA1, CA2 and CA3 area of hippocampus between control and reference memory group. The mean and SD of astrocytes in CA1, CA2 and CA3 of reference memory group were 118.57±25.29, 58.91±23.59 and 116.6±31.14, that they are more than control group with 49±17.29 in CA1, 48.8±25.21 in CA2 and 41.95±11.22 in CA3. Conclusion: We concluded that the number of astrocytes increased due to spatial learning (e.g. reference memory method).

ABSTRACT: Introduction & Objective: One of the most common disorders of the knee joint in adult is patellofemoral pain syndrome. Sometimes it becomes chronic and causes activity limitation. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of exercise therapy with Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on improvement of pain intensity, knee function, muscle atrophy and range of knee flexion. Materials & Methods: This double-blind, randomized clinical trial was carried out in Zahedan Razmejo-Moghadam Physiotherapy Clinic, in 2007. Thirty-two patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome were recruited through simple non-probability sampling. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of the equal groups, exercise therapy (including hip, knee, and leg muscles strengthening and stretching exercises) or electrical stimulation group. Before and after intervention, we assessed pain through Visual Analog Scale (VAS) (ordinal), function (ordinal) with Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), thigh circumference with tape measure (centimeter) and range of knee flexion with goniometer (degree). A 10 session treatment program, three sessions per week and one hour per session was performed for both groups. Independent t-test or Mann-Whitney U and paired t-test or Wilcoxon were used for comparison between the pretreatment and post treatment results between groups and within groups, in SPSS software, respectively. Results: The mean total score of knee function increased from 100.53±19.25 to 130.87±18.25 in the electrical stimulation group and from 107.67±22.69 to 131.47±15.11 in the exercise therapy group (p=0.001). The mean score of knee function subscales including symptoms, pain, functional limitation, recreational activity, and life style improved in both groups (p

Background & Objective: We have two areas in gluteal region for intramuscular injection‚ Ventrogluteal and Dorsogluteal. This study was done to compare pain intensity and bleeding rate after injection in Ventrogluteal and Dorsogluteal area. Materials & Methods: This clinical trial study was done on 67 males in 5th Azar hospital in Gorgan north of Iran. Patients had 2 injections during 24 hours. For every patient one injection was done in Dorsogluteal area and the second injection was done in Ventrogluteal area. For every patients the pain intensity and rate of bleeding for every injections recorded. Data analyzed by SPSS-11.5 software and Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Wilcoxon tests. Results: In Dorsogluteal area 83.5% of patients had a low and medium pain‚ where as in Ventrogluteal area 88% of patients had a low and medium pain and 9% of them had not any pain. The Mean±SD of pain intensity in Dorsogluteal area was 50.79±1.682 and in Ventrogluteal was 40.79±1.878. The Mean±SD of bleeding in Dorsogluteal and Ventrogluteal areas were 0.73±0.102 and 0.19±0.047 respectively. There were significant differences in pain intensity and bleeding between two groups (P

The Purpose of this research, is the understanding the effect of Audit Committee existence and finally identifying the necessity of creating i t in our Country. The results show that the existence of Audit committee causes that improve the quality of financial reporting, quality of internal Controls, external Auditor Performance and internal Auditor Performance and decreases the Management fraud.

Introduction: Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) is a common mucocutanous disorder with unknown etiology. While current data suggest that oral lichen planus is a cell-mediated autoimmune disease, it might be associated to S+100, CD+4 and CD+8 cells. Because of differential diagnosis of OLP and Oral Lichenoid Lesion (OLL) is usually difficult this study was designed to compare any probable immunohistochemical differences between these lesions.Methods and materials: Formalin-fixed, paraffin- embedded tissue sections of 30 oral lichen planus and 60 oral lichenoid lesions were Immunohistochemically analyzed for number and distribution of S+100, CD+4 and CD+8 cells. A standard Biotin-strerptavidin procedure after Antigen retrieval was used. SPSS-13 software and Mann-whitney test were applied in data analysis.Results: We could not find any significant differences in number and distribution of CD+4, CD+8 cells and distribution of S+100 cells between two groups but Numbers of S100+ cells were higher in epithelium of OLP.Conclusion: The number of S+100 cells in oral lichen planus was different from lichenoid lesions. In spite of similarities betweem these two groups, it seems they may have different pathogenesis. Further studies about mentioned cells with follow up of patients are recommended.Keywords: Oral lichen planus, Oral lichenoid lesions, Immunohistochemistry (IHC), S+100, CD+4, CD+8.