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Objective(s): The healthcare environment should provide the highest level of safety for staff and clients. This study aimed to assess the structural and non-structural safety status of Tabriz primary health care centers. Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed 40 comprehensive healthcare centers in Tabriz, Iran in 2019. The data collection instrument was a self-designed questionnaire We assessed the compliance of comprehensive healthcare centers with the standards checklist through conducting interviews, considering observations, and reviewing the documents. The descriptive results for qualitative data were reported as frequency (percentage) and for quantitative data as mean (standard deviation). Furthermore, to evaluate the association between contextual variables and physical safety status of centers, t-test, ANOVA, and Tukey’s post hoc tests were used as appropriate (structural or non-structural). Results: The results of the study showed that the level of structural, non-structural, and total safety for the physical space of the centers was 48.2%, 37.4%, and 43%, respectively. Accordingly, based on cutting points, the level of structural safety and total safety was identified as moderate, and the level of non-structural safety was identified as low. In addition, descriptive results showed that there is a statistically significant relationship between urban area and non-structural safety so that non-structural safety of centers located in zone 4 was significantly higher than the safety of centers located in zone 10 (P = 0.011). Conclusions: Based on the findings, the safety status of Tabriz health centers was identified as unfavorable and will not able to provide proper services to their covering population in serious hazards.

Understanding the causes and determinants of development and underdevelopment has emerged as a crucial focus within the realm of social and economic studies over the past five decades. Regional development, as a fundamental requirement for progress, encompasses diverse dimensions aimed at achieving regional equilibrium, reducing infrastructural disparities, and addressing structural and territorial gaps. This developmental model not only exhibits exceptional efficiency in terms of resource management and harnessing regional potential, but also strives to narrow or eradicate disparities within and between regions through the spatial organization of socio-economic and structural activities, capitalizing on local capacities unique to each region. This particular study seeks to conduct a comprehensive structural analysis of the drivers influencing regional development in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Employing an applied theoretical framework, the research employs a descriptive-analytical survey approach. Data and information were gathered through an extensive examination of relevant academically-sound sources alongside field observations, including interviews and questionnaires. Quantitative analysis, employing cross-impact analysis and Micmac software, was employed to analyze the collected data. Twenty key factors were thus extracted and identified as crucial drivers influencing regional development in the province of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari. Introduction Regional development is driven by the objectives of reducing socio-economic disparities among different regions and promoting spatial decentralization, ultimately aiming for sustainable socio-economic progress. By recognizing and understanding the factors that contribute to regional development and formulating plans for achieving sustainable development, regions can take essential steps towards closing the gap between them. These disparities manifest as a reflection of various elements, such as environmental factors, political economy, shortcomings in spatial planning systems, insufficient integrated territorial management, and a lack of coordination among responsible organizations involved in spatial and regional development. The Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, encompassing a significant territorial extent in Iran, benefits from extensive capacities within economic, social, cultural, and natural resource domains, indicating a favorable environment for growth, development, and overcoming challenges. Nonetheless, despite numerous programs designed and implemented to foster infrastructure development and enhance social services, unfavorable conditions persist in major economic, social, and infrastructure indicators. Inefficient management practices, operational inadequacies, and insufficient attention towards harnessing the province's potentials have led to diverse issues and challenges impeding its development. Consequently, it becomes evident that regional imbalances and the neglect of development drivers within the province are reflected across economic, social, cultural, and infrastructure indicators. Thus, recognizing the influential factors and drivers that underpin regional development in the province and establishing a solid foundation for regional development planning based on these drivers becomes critically significant. Such an approach serves as a gateway to addressing and alleviating the problems and shortcomings associated with underdevelopment and deprivation. Thus, the primary objective of this research centers on conducting a structural analysis of the drivers shaping regional development. Specifically, it seeks to address the following question: What are the key driving forces influencing regional development in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province? Methodology The present research adopts an "applied-theoretical" approach in terms of its purpose, while employing a "descriptive-analytical" methodology that aligns with its nature and methodological framework. The research methodology for this study combines both quantitative-survey and qualitative techniques, in accordance with the research objectives. In addition to gathering insights from experts through the Delphi method, documentary analysis of various sources such as the provincial spatial planning document, reports, plans, and development plans of the province has been utilized as part of the research methodology. The statistical population for this study consists of academic experts, professionals, and institutional-organizational managers who possess ample knowledge and experience in the field of regional development within the study area. These experts were purposefully selected and included in the research sample, following the method of purposive sampling. To analyze the structure of regional development drivers in the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, a total of 21 academic experts, institutional-organizational experts, and managers were chosen as representative samples. Selection criteria were based on the experts' expertise, willingness to participate, as well as the complexity of the methods, stages, and implementation conditions associated with the Delphi technique. This study encompasses various dimensions and drivers of regional development, including economic, social, infrastructural, environmental, agricultural, and institutional-organizational aspects, in addition to urban and rural development considerations. These drivers were prioritized based on the expert opinions' importance, and the identification of key drivers was accomplished through the utilization of the Cross-impact analysis method along with Micmac software. Discussion and Results Aligned with the primary objective of the present research, the structural analysis and identification of key drivers that impact regional development in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province were carried out using the Cross-impact analysis (CIA) method. This method facilitated the identification and assessment of the influence exerted by these drivers on the region. Through a comprehensive analysis that involved examining the relationship between variables, assessing the stability and instability of the studied system, constructing a matrix of direct influences (MDI), a matrix of indirect influences (MII), ranking variables, and calculating the coefficient of displacement for each variable under varying conditions, a total of 20 factors were extracted and selected as the key drivers influencing the regional development of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces. Table 1 presents the ranking of drivers affecting the regional development of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, based on their direct and indirect dependencies and influences. Table 1. Key drivers influencing the regional development of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province Code Drivers Final score Rank MDI MII MDI MII V1 Employment and labor market 227 226 1 1 V20 Human resource management and the use of local and expert manpower in the development management of the province 222 221 2 3 V54 Migration management (rural-urban and outside the province) 220 220 3 2 V49 Coordination and constructive inter-organizational interaction 216 212 4 4 V22 Coherence in social management of the province 211 209 5 5 V4 Deprivation policies and poverty reduction 203 202 6 6 V41 Development of infrastructure and urban and rural water supply networks 202 200 7 7 V39 Utilization of tourism capacities and tourism development infrastructures 200 196 8 9 V11 The optimal distribution system of investment and economic resources between different regions of the province 197 195 9 11 V51 The existence of comprehensive crisis management plans and programs 197 194 10 8 V12 Economic competitiveness at the national and transnational level 194 194 11 10 V60 Management of urban and rural population spatial distribution system 194 194 12 12 V55 Appropriate distribution of infrastructure, services, and balancing to the urban and rural residential network 192 193 13 13 V25 Protection, exploitation, and management of water resources (organizing and development of water resources, containment and transfer of surface water, and improvement of efficiency in exploitation of water resources) 191 190 14 17 V28 Management and exploitation of agricultural resources 191 190 15 15 V47 Development and equipping of infrastructures, and facilities related to the field of crisis management 189 189 16 14 V62 Resilience of settlements 187 187 17 18 V64 Evaluating the effects of urban and rural development plans 187 185 18 16 V33 Environmental and social management of water transfer projects 184 182 19 22 V34 Management of environmental hazards and pollution (polluting sources of water, soil, and air and the emerging phenomenon of dust storm with extra-regional origin) 181 178 20 19 Conclusions The present study has been conducted with the primary objective of conducting a comprehensive analysis and identification of indicators and drivers that contribute to regional development in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. To achieve this goal, an examination of spatial planning and development documents specific to the province, as well as consultations with academic and organizational experts, were conducted. Through this process, a prioritization of 20 drivers was accomplished, highlighting the key drivers that significantly influence regional development. It is crucial to attain a correct comprehension of these key drivers within the development dimensions of the province in order to effectively implement regional development policies in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. By doing so, integrated management, sustainable planning, and collaboration at national and provincial levels can be fostered. This collaborative effort aims to overcome obstacles to development and capitalize on opportunities in alignment with the province's capabilities.

The excessive use of antibiotics in animal husbandry has led to the appearance of antibiotic residues in meat and could threaten public health. The study aimed to determine the oxytetracycline residue level in meat products in Tabriz. A total of 60 samples of meat products (sausages, Persian sausages and hamburgers, 20 samples from each meat product) were randomly collected from food supply stores in Tabriz from March to May 2021. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the level of oxytetracycline residue levels in the samples. The results showed that the mean of oxytetracycline residue in sausage, Persian sausage, and hamburger was 82.48±7.06, 57.35±4.27, and 150.79±3.65 µg/Kg, respectively. The mean value of oxytetracycline residues showed a significant (p

Based on the famous opinion of jurists And the majority of lawyers, the first principle in seizures on other property is based on the guarantee possession And all kinds of domination over the people's property have been condemned to liability of unlawful possession and the order of special rules of usurpation considering the pure obedience of the legislator in enacting Articles 301 to 327 of the civil law, accepting the well-known opinion of the jurists in a general or general manner, this extremist view has been seriously criticized by the commentators of the civil law. And basically, the application of the rules of usurpation to non-aggression, in which the basis of possession and domination is based on ignorance of truth and error and lack of malice, is in clear opposition to the principles and rules of justice and fairness and the requirement of the principle innocence. Therefore, in this article an attempt has been made with the help of scattered jurisprudential and legal opinions and related legal materials in order to modify the popular opinion and explain the responsibility of non-aggressors based on the use of other sources of coercive guarantee take a step.

Remarriage is a chance for couples who have lost their spouse for various reasons to re-experience life together. The aim of this study was to identify the problems and challenges of remarried couples and coping strategies of remarried couples based on the lived experiences of these couples.This research was conducted qualitatively using interpretive phenomenological approach. Research Field (Statistical Society) The present study consisted of married couples in Tehran in 1399. Using purposive sampling method, 21 couples were selected from the couples who met the inclusion criteria, and the research data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews privately from these couples. Based on the analysis of interviews, a total of 18 main categories and 108 sub-categories were obtained as categories of challenges of remarried couples and effective coping strategies of successful couples with stable remarriage in two time periods (when choosing a new spouse and during new life). ) Was categorized. However, successful couples have effective coping strategies that are classified into three levels: individual, couple and family and in two time periods (during the selection of a spouse and the time of new life). It can be concluded that remarriage has many challenges, but couples can create a lasting marriage from the beginning by using appropriate coping strategies to make informed choices and deep knowledge of each other and honesty and transparency about the issues of past life and relationship.

We study a model for production of stable micro black holes based on investigation of the thermodynamics of micro black holes and the LHC test. That showed how this production can be obtained by a thermodynamic process of stability. The general second law of black hole thermodynamics plays an important role here and, through Hawking radiation and fusion reactions entropy formulas a valid total entropic is obtained. Therefore, we reach an energy of stability by quantum perturbation expansion over this total entropic formula that is illustrated in detail in this paper. Based on this study, the producing of stable particles (in terms of our investigation, micro-black holes) at the LHC might yielded an interesting result that it is worth a try, which could have different results.

Background and Aim: Antibiotic resistance is considered a global and increasing threat to human health. Excessive use of antibiotics is one of the leading causes of antibiotic resistance. In this study, we investigated the frequency of antibiotic prescriptions and evaluated the aspects of its prescription in Sanandaj hospitals. Materials and Methods: This study was part of the Global-PPS Antibiotic Consumption and Resistance Project under the management of the University of Antwerp, Belgium, in 2016 and 2018, the purpose of which was to help improvement of the rational prescription of antibiotics in hospitalized patients. The study method was based on the protocol developed by the global point prevalence survey project. All patients hospitalized in the neonatal, pediatric, and adult departments of Besat, Tohid, Kowsar, and Social Security hospitals in Sanandaj were included on the selected study days. Results: Quality indicators of antibiotic prescription in children and adults departments consisted of the relative frequency of antibiotic prescription (57.84% and 42.57%), the relative frequency of combined treatment prescription (73.41% and 50%), use of experimental treatment vs. Targeted treatment based on microbiology evidence (4% and 2%), reference to hospital guidelines in prescribing antibiotics (3% and zero), the presence of a registered indication for prescribing antibiotic treatment (79% and 49%), and also stop/review date documented in the patient's records (1% and 2%) respectively. The quality indicators in this study were compared with those in the European and other Asian countries. Conclusion: The quality indicators of antibiotic prescription in Sanandaj hospitals were not favorable compared to the hospitals in European and other Asian countries and indicated an urgent need for intervention by designing an antibiotic stewardship program.

Background. Primary health care system provides appropriate prevention and primary mental care services only for rural population. Therefore, the Community Mental Health Center (CMHC) was developed to provide mental health services in urban areas. The present study aimed to outline the performance, achievements, and challenges of CMHC in Tabriz, Iran. Methods. This was a qualitative pilot study with in-depth interview approach. The outcomes, implications, and challenges of CMHC in Tabriz city were evaluated from 2015 to 2019 using three methods, including conducting in-depth interviews with two executive managers, holding focus group discussion (FGD) with managers and mental healthcare providers, and collecting mental health care indicators from the patients’ health records. After evaluating the challenges, appropriate recommendations to improve mental health services in urban areas were presented. Results. A total of 17 specialists and general medical doctors collaborated in this study. During the study, 1053 initial visits and/or screenings and 2313 patients with psychological disorders were identified and recorded. Moreover, a total of 988 mental training sessions were held for patients and their families. Five main themes, including the necessity for establishment and objectives, implementation process, achievements, challenges, and recommendations, were identified during in-depth interviews and FGDs. Conclusion. It seems that CMHC is an appropriate strategy and model for providing basic mental health services, especially in metropolitan cities. Longitudinal studies with a randomized controlled trial design as well as cost-effectiveness evaluation studies are required to confirm CMHC in the Iranian context

Ethylene is a very important material in petrochemical industries, whose chief application is producing polymers. The steam cracking of naphtha or ethane is usually applied to produce ethylene. A small amount of acetylene is produced in this process. The amount of acetylene in the product stream should not exceed 1 ppm, because it is harmful to polymerization catalysts in downstream units. The acetylene hydrogenation unit is designed for acetylene removal in industrial plants. In this unit, the removal of acetylene up to 1 ppm in the product stream and ethylene’s selectivity are of great importance. In this paper, the dynamic optimization of acetylene hydrogenation reactors of Marun petrochemical complex with considering catalyst deactivation is presented. In this study, the differential evolution (DE) method is used as a powerful method for determination of a dynamic optimal temperature profile to achieve maximum of ethylene’s selectivity in a period of 720 operating days. Then, the optimal results are compared with the condition wherein the inlet temperatures of the reactors are maintained constant at 55 ˚C and with the condition wherein the inlet temperatures of them increase linearly from 55 to 90 ˚C. The results showed when the inlet temperatures are kept 55 ˚C, the outlet acetylene exceed 1 ppm, but the best selectivity is achieved. With a linear increase in the inlet temperatures, the outlet acetylene is below 1 ppm but the selectivity is decreased. An optimal temperature profile maximizes the selectivity when the outlet acetylene is below 1 ppm.

Man is a social being and with acceptance of social life, he is obliged to respect the rights of others in society. One of the basic human rights is the right to life. The Islamic Penal Code, in accordance with Islamic jurisprudence, emphasizes the right to life and has determined the punishment of retribution for intentional crimes; however, if these crimes are committed by the father against the child, retribution will not be proven. Sometimes, due to the use of new methods of infertility treatment, children are born with donated sperm that have a father other than their apparent and social father, and this creates problems in the implementation of this exceptional sentence. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the basis and cause of retribution sentence and its inclusion in relation to the owner of the sperm and the recipient of the sperm. The research method is library and documentary, using books, articles, legal, religious sources and internal regulations, in an argumentative and analytical manner and is a practical research that can facilitate the legislator in formulating more appropriate laws to explain and determine the exact status of such children. The findings indicate that although the right to use donated gametes is recognized in Iranian law, Iranian law, in the form of a few articles, addresses many of the problems that arise in the long run due to shortcomings. It can have adverse effects on the legal and social status of individuals.

Background. Suicide is recognized as a public health issue in Malekan County through a health community assessment. A community-based suicide prevention program was conducted during 2014-2017. Methods. This health system research was conducted in seven steps, including conducting systematic reviews, gathering expert opinions, improving the coverage of suicide attempt records, conducting research to identify regional risk factors, conducting follow ups and managing the individuals attempting suicide, training health gatekeepers, and launching public awareness campaigns. Our goal was to lower the rates of suicide, and suicide attempt by 15% and 20%, respectively. Multiple logistic regression was calculated to estimate the adjusted odds ratios and the 95% confidence intervals. Result. 821 suicide attempts and 32 suicides had been recorded in the county. 70% of the suicides had been committed by men while the majority of attempters were females (64%). Most of the suicides (18cases-56.25%) had occurred in the spring while the majority of suicide attempts (288cases-35.8%) had been recorded in the summer. The common methods (62%) suiciders used were hanging and poisoning, which increased death risk significantly (OR: 8.5, 95% CI: 2.9–76.99). The incidence rates of suicide and suicide attempts reduced from 11.22, and 203 per 100,000 in 2013 to 2.63, and 157 in 2017, respectively. Suicide re-attempts also diminished from 12% in 2013 to 6.7% in 2017. Conclusion. Suicide, SA, and re-attempt were lowered by 75%, 22%, and 42%, respectively. Practical Implications. The practical framework that emerged out of the present study can be used for generating future suicide prevention strategies. Furthermore, our study highlights the need to consider a wide range of contextual factors when developing suicide prevention programs.

Background. COVID-19, caused by a new beta-coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2, started in China in late December 2019. Its outbreak was officially announced in Iran on February 19, 2020. The official report of the virus spread throughout the country was announced in mid-March 2020. While expanding the coverage of the "Each Home as a Health Post" program, universities gathered and trained health messengers and health volunteers with the educational content "A Guide to Live with COVID-19". Methods. This study is a cross-sectional descriptive study. The sampling method was the census method. The required data were extracted using the integrated health system and the portal of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education’s Primary Health Network Management Center. They were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistical methods. Results. The numbers of household health messengers and health volunteers were 11134290 and 280619, respectively. The highest total number of health volunteers and health messengers with 824803 people were in Shahid Beheshti University and the lowest with 7088 people in Gerash. Households with health messengers were 11656389, covering 50.1% of Iranian households. The national average score of trained messengers in the COVID-19 training course was 79.2%. In 22 universities/colleges, 100% of the health messengers passed the COVID-19 training course. Conclusion. Implementing the "Each Home as a Health Post" program has effectively controlled COVID-19 spread by increasing awareness and promoting self-care in the community. Health messengers and health volunteers were the essential elements of the "Each Home as a Health Post" program. They identified and referred patients to selected COVID-19 centers, improving care and services such as interceptions and support.

Background. In order to respond the people in the COVID-19 crisis, a number of comprehensive urban health centers in the primary health care system converted to the selected COVID-19 centers in 2020. Considering the importance of evaluating the performance of the mentioned centers and ensuring the continuity of the services provided in accordance with the rules and instructions, the performance evaluation of the mentioned units began from July 2020 to march 2021 in three levels: self-evaluation (first level evaluation), university evaluation (second level evaluation) and the evaluation of the experts of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (third level evaluation). Material. A cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted in all selected COVID-19 centers including 978 in all 63 universities / medical schools across the country in 2020. The sample was selected by census sampling method and includes a total of 978 centers. In this study, 28 main criteria in the fields of education and information, staff and client safety by observing social distance and using personal protective equipment, supplying manpower, equipment, disinfection and work processes and 91 sub-criteria were determined by using Delphi Technique. Results. With the criteria and sub-criteria defined in the areas of "education and information of the people", staff training, observance of social distance, facilities, waste management, manpower supply, supply of medical equipments and work processes , it was identified that in the self-evaluation ( first level evaluation), the criterion with the lowest score was "staff training". The lowest score in the evaluation of the level of universities / medical schools (second level evaluation) was related to the observance of social distance in the centers and the highest score in both evaluation levels was related to the criterion of "providing necessary education to patients regarding prevention and control of COVID-19". Conclusion. Establishment and setting up of selected COVID-19 centers has been one of the effective measures in controlling and managing COVID-19, which was created as a result of changing the structure of the primary health care system. Continuity of service quality of selected centers requires continuous monitoring and evaluation of their performance.

Background. In late 2019, the outbreak of COVID-19 disease, with symptoms similar to the common cold or severe respiratory illness, created a global public health crisis. In order to control and manage this disease, countries and the World Health Organization have adopted various strategies and decisions.This study aims to describe the initial measures of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education of the Islamic Republic of Iran with the focus on the Deputy Minister of Health in the framework of the national mobilization plan to combat COVID-19. Methods. A mixed method study including reviewing the documents of different departments of the Deputy Minister of Health in the management and control of the COVID-19 epidemic (qualitative) and descriptive cross-sectional (quantitative) study was conducted between March 2020 and April 2020. In this study, data and information related to all 63 universities / medical schools in the country were collected from the electronic health record systems and the portal of the Network Management Center and analyzed using EXCEL software.Results. In the first step of the national mobilization against COVID-19, about 1200 selected comprehensive health centers of COVID-19, salamat.gov.ir self-assessment system and COVID-19 distance counseling and training telephones (406-190-1666) were launched. About 98% of the people registered in the electronic health record systems (78,315,029 people) were orally screened and evaluated, of which 6,220,603 were elderly, 262,717 had diabetes, and 3,356,131 had high blood pressure, 29,201 obease people, 517,696 pregnant mothers and 2,722,659 foreign nationals. Another important result of the implementation of the first step of the national mobilization was a significant reduction in the burden of hospitalization and management of outpatients in the first level of the health system (primary health care). Conclusion. The COVID-19 epidemic created a crisis in the world, the management of which became the top of the world's health activities. The health sector of Iran, using the capacity of the health network system structure and service providers, developed appropriate policies for the management and control of this disease. One of these policies is the verbal screening to combat COVID-19, which has led to the optimal management of this epidemic.

Background. From the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in February 2019 in Iran, the Iranian health system, following its mission, began planning with the goal of pandemic prevention and control. Various steps were taken, and the program of National Mobilization against COVID-19 was devised to provide services for individuals in the community, mainly the sick and vulnerable, and promote people's knowledge and skills regarding the crisis. Given the role of Community Health Workers (Behvarzes and Moragheb-e-Salamats) in preventing and controlling infectious diseases, this study was carried out to investigate their role in the COVID-19 pandemic. Material. The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The census method was used to study 30034 Behvarzes and 22573 Moragheb-e-Salamats working in medical universities. The required data were extracted using the integrated health system and the portal of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education's Primary Health Network Management Center and were analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistical methods. Results. More than 78 million people were screened during the first step of the national mobilization against COVID-19, more than 42 million during the second step, and more than 59 million during the third step. In addition, by the end of the fourth step of the national mobilization, 4,278,899 people who had come into close contact were screened. According to the health system's report, these community health workers had injected 28,073,777 vaccines since the implementation of the fifth step (until 04.09.2021). Conclusion. Considering the facilities and capabilities of primary health care networks in providing prevention, diagnostic, and treatment services, the activity of the primary health network management center and all affiliated units in the implementation of the National Mobilization against COVID-19 program has been significant since the beginning of this pandemic. Inadequacies in healthcare human resources, financial resources, and training planning should all be considered.

Background. As an emerging disease, COVID-19 is considered more than just a health crisis, as it socially affects communities. Therefore, community-oriented solutions via the primary health care system can better manage and control this pandemic. The Ministry of Health and Medical Education, and the executive branch of the Deputy Minister of Public Health, played an influential role in controlling the epidemic with the community-based and network-based interventions in the National Mobilization Plan against COVID-19. Methods. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted. The data from portal of Network Management Center, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), CLIS system, Reference Health Laboratory, and electronic record systems of the public health networks of all universities across the country were used to assess the second step of the National Mobilization Plan against COVID-19. Data was collected from April 13 to August 11, 2020, and was analyzed using SPSS software. Results. During the second phase, more than 42 million people were screened by health care providers. About 98.4% of this population were diagnosed with no problems, and 0.4% were referred to the selected COVID-19 comprehensive health centers for examination and medical procedures by physicians. Of all the direct and referred patients of the selected COVID-19 comprehensive health centers, 55.3% had no problems, 37.8% needed to be tested, and 3.6% needed to be referred to a hospital, and 3.3% received outpatient care. In the first days of laboratory screening, 11% of PCR were positive. By the end of the second step of the National Mobilization Plan against COVID-19, this rate had increased to 25%. Conclusion. In times of crisis and epidemic conditions, the health network system and the primary health care providers can effectively manage outpatients and reduce the burden of hospitalization. Only 3.6% of outpatients in the network system were referred to hospitals. The rest were cared for and followed up by the primary health care providers. Therefore, strengthening the network system structure and primary health care should be further considered.

Background. COVID-19 is a global pandemic and has plagued many countries with unprecedented management problems. The rapid spread of COVID-19 around the world has reduced the ability of countries to address and respond to essential health services. Most countries have taken steps to prevent the spread of COVID-19 and improve essential services. The National Mobilization Plan against COVID-19 in Iran’s healthcare system was implemented in 5 stages until the September of 2021. This study aimed to assess and review medical universities' performance in the third step of management and control of COVID-19 to provide documents and reports to be used in similar experiences. Methods. This research is a cross-sectional descriptive study. Data were obtained from electronic records at the primary health care facilities. Data were analyzed and reported using descriptive statistical methods, including comparative tables and graphs. In order to prepare the report, Excel 2016 software was used. The third step of the National Mobilization Plan against COVID-19 was implemented from August 10, 2020, to November 10, 2020. In this step, while re-emphasizing the importance and necessity of verbal and laboratory screening of COVID-19, essential health services provision was highlighted as "in person and remote services" for the covered population. Results. In the third step of national mobilization, 59,109,413 people were screened for COVID-19. During the third step, non-COVID essential services increased compared to the previous three months, with the most significant increase in middle-aged care. Conclusion. After implementing the third step of National Mobilization Plan against COVID-19 in Iran, the number of delivered services in all target groups has increased. This indicates the effectiveness of the third step in the fight against COVID-19 and has increased the provision of Essential Health Services.

Background. In December 2019, a new disease was reported in China that spread rapidly worldwide. This disease is called COVID-19, a viral infection of the coronavirus family. COVID-19 has caused health, social and economic problems around the world. In Iran, the first disease cases were reported in February 2020. This article aimed to describe the results of the fourth step of the National Mobilization Plan against COVID-19 pandemic. Methods.The information used in this cross-sectional-descriptive study is based on the data recorded in the computer program (Portal) of the Network Management Center of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education.The fourth step was devised to manage and control the COVID-19 pandemic with public participation and coordination between departments. It was formed of four teams, including contact tracing, home care, supervisory, and support teams. Excel 2016 software was used to analyze the present study's data, and ArcMap software version 10.8 was applied to draw thermal maps. Results. In this study, there were 3.2 members per contact tracing team. This number was equal to 3.2, 2.9, and 3.8 people per team for supportive, home care, and supervisory teams, respectively. Also, on average, the contact tracing teams tracked 135.9 cases per team. This number was 518.6 visits per team for supervisory teams, 75.3 for home care teams, and 52.2 households for support teams. During the program's implementation, 3065.3 PCR tests and 3596.7 rapid tests were taken per 100,000 population, of which 15.5% were positive. The average contact tracing in people with close contact with the infected people was 4.87 per patient with a positive test. Conclusion. The COVID-19 pandemic challenged all political, economic, social, and health policies and exposed the weaknesses of the governments. According to statistics and information, the measures taken to manage and control COVID-19 in Iran have been valuable and effective. Still, the continuation of this process depends on the persistence of policies and protocols by the government and people in the society.

The purpose of this study was to present a model of academic burnout based on family emotional status, psychological capital, purposefulness, procrastination and academic involvement of non-native master students of Ahvaz city. The research method in this study was applied according to the nature of descriptive-correlational research aThe statistical population of the study included all master students of humanities and technical fields in Ahvaz who were studying in 2019-2020. In order to collect data from Olson Emotional Atmosphere Scale (1999), Rio Academic Involvement Questionnaire (2013), Riding Academic Procrastination Scale (2011), Revised version of Beaufort et al.'s Achievement Target Questionnaire, Bresso et al. ), Lutans (2007) Psychological Capital Questionnaire was used. Analysis of research data using SPSS software version 20 and AMOS software was used to model structural equations. The results showed that according to the good fit indices in which NFI, CFI, TLI, IFI and GFI indices were obtained more than 0.90 and also AGFI fit index greater than 0.50 and chi-square ratio fit index Based on the degree of freedom, which was in the range of 1 to 5, the research hypothesis was generally confirmed. In other words, the structural pattern of academic burnout has a favorable fit based on the variables of family emotional status, psychological capital, goal orientation, procrastination and master's academic engagement. Therefore, by reducing procrastination and strengthening psychological capital, goal orientation and academic engagement at the same time in the master's degree through workshops and counseling sessions, their tendency to burnout can be reduced.

In times of the breach of a legal or contractual obligation by the injuring party, the injured party should act as a reasonable person and take conventional steps to prevent avoidable damages. This duty begins when an obligation is breached and the promisor become aware of the breach of the obligation and is capable to mitigate the damages. Given the lack of explicit prediction for mitigation of damages in Iran’s law, naturally, the terms and procedures of mitigation of damages have not been clarified too. Under what circumstances, the duty to mitigation of damages is imposed on the injured party? If the injured party is incompetent, who will take the responsibility for mitigation of damages? Is it possible to enforce the rules of damages in cases of likely breach of contract? Is the obligation of the injured party to mitigate the damages an obligation to means or an obligation to ends? A Comparative study of the American law and these and similar questions can, while identifying its strengths and weaknesses, help the case law and the legislator in clarifying the mitigation of damages rule.

Article 20 (1) of the Warsaw-Montreal Convention shall not be liable if the Air transport operator proves that his agents have taken "all necessary measures" to prevent the harm or that such measures have not been possible for his agents. According to this Article, the operator has the right to full defense against any claim. Therefore, if it is proved that, operator has done "all necessary measures" it will not be responsible. It applies to injury, death and delay of passenger, as well as any damage or delay about cargo. On the other hand, in accordance with Article 21, "If the carrier proves that the damage was caused by or contributed to by the negligence of the injured person the Court may, in accordance with the provisions of its own law, exonerate the carrier wholly or partly from his liability." All defense which is mentioned at Art 21 and 22 are applicable and compatible in Jurisprudence. The author intends to explain this issue in this essay.

The Health System (HS) in the Islamic Republic of Iran is designed in three levels: the first level (Primary Health Care (PHC) system), second level (specialized polyclinics/clinics, general and specialized hospitals), and the third level including sub-specialized hospitals. Iran's HS has passed evolutionary and progressive stages since 1984, thus becoming a comprehensive, people-centered, responsive, and low-cost system, based on the available evidence.

Faith and belief in the Knowledge and prophecy of prophets is one of the most important beliefs in the Shiite theological thought. The origin of infallible infallibility (AS) from the viewpoint of many scholars is that their Knowledge is aim to the truths and the harmful consequences of sin, nevertheless, it sometimes neglects this problem in such a way that two issues of Knowledge and infallibility cannot be combined together. Mulla Sadra emphasizes the importance of Knowledge as equal to existence and emphasizes the role of theoretical powers in the realization of sin in the definitions of infallibility, which confirms the direct connection between Knowledge and infallibility in his view. In the present study, in addition to analyzing the relationship between knowledge and infallibility in Sadra's view, it has been shown in two steps with the examination of the problem of revelation and the time of childhood of the prophet that the questions raised in this relation in the issue of revelation result from ignoring the propositions of existence and existential status The perfect man is looking at Sadra.

In logic, Avicenna recognizes a set of words - such as priority and posteriority- that have differences in being predicated on their individuals and are graded concepts. He calls such words" absolute graded" and introduces another set as "relative graded". From his examples and statements that he applied in the discussions, we concluded that: relative graded is a set of words whose individuals are common in relation to a source or end, but differ in terms of proximity and distance from that source or end. Despite absolute graded that is in existence, this type belongs to quiddities. In this study, we would explain and analyze the absolute and relative gradation in Avicenna's view and their role in Islamic philosophy and logic. Also, we would examine the criteria and principles of these two types of gradation.

Aim and Background: Studies have shown that mindfulness affects many psychological variables. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on sexual dysfunction and sexual satisfaction in women with meta-marital relationships. Methods and Materials: The research method is quasi-experimental and applied. The research design was pre-test, post-test and experimental groups. The statistical population of the study consisted of all women with spouses with meta-marital relationship referring to Tehran Psychological Health Clinic. As a quasi-experimental type of study, 29 patients (control and experimental groups) were selected as sample size based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Research instruments consisted of Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire (LSSQ) and FSFI. In the present study, the shapiro wilk test was used to investigate the normal distribution of data. Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA, repeated measures test and Bonferroni post hoc test. Findings: The results showed that due to the difference between the means of sexual satisfaction and sexual function, scores from pre-test to post-test increased. There was also a significant difference between the mean post-test and follow-up of sexual satisfaction and sexual function in the experimental group (p

The purpose of this article is to explain the challenges of the law of dissemination and free access to information in Iran and to evaluate it with the prevailing conditions in the society in Iran in the late fourteenth century. The method of this research is data-based and using the interview technique to identify the challenges facing the implementation of the law on publication and free access to information in Iran. The statistical population of the research includes experts, communication professors and members of the media. Findings from the analysis of interviews resulted in extracting four main areas of secrecy culture among the officials of organizations, politicization among the media, citizens and the body of government and government, identifying six contexts of law enforcement and finally the limitations and ambiguities in the law of dissemination and free access to Information that does not comply with the nature of the law of dissemination and free access to information.

Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the performance of Social Emergency Referral System (SERS) in Tabriz. Material and Methods : This was a mix-method study (quantitative and qualitative). The opinions of the experts regarding SERS were summarized by interview and semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed by content analysis method. Performance indicators and service provision were extracted based on recorded data in the health center of Shahid Chamran and the health center of East Azerbaijan province and presented in descriptive statistics. Results : According to the findings of the study, among vulnerable people, 84% were related to addiction and 16% were other problems. Of the 11 detected social harms, after drug addiction, the highest rates refer to divorce, spouse abuse and students who dropeed out of schools and was the largest share of referrals to the welfare organization. The most important strengths of the SERS were identifying vulnerable people and guding them to receive support services and activation of NGOs and the most important weaknesses were the weak cooperation of organizations. Also, for SERS progress, the potential of close cooperation of welfare organization, the Red Crescent and the Relief Committee and the lack of cooperation between provincial government and the municipality should be considered. Conclusion : According to the study findings, in order to improve the performance and expansion of the SERS in Tabriz, one of the most important issues that should be considered, is to improve the participation and cooperation of all stakeholders and related organizations in order to increase public trust in the program and improving its performance .

Background: AIDS is an emerging disease, and despite the fact that it has not been recognized for the first half-century since its inception, it has been known as a century-old disaster. This disease, by proliferation in immune cells and ultimately by weakening the immune system, makes people vulnerable to diseases. Our study seeks to examine existing cases of HIV/AIDS patients in East Azerbaijan province in Iran and provides useful guidance for patient diagnosis, treatment, and care. Methods: This is a descriptive-analytic study in which the target group includes all HIV-positive or AIDS patients identified or reported from 2004 to 2014 in Tabriz Medical Sciences or Health Centers of East Azerbaijan province. The demographic information of all patients were recorded by a researcher-made questionnaire during visiting the disease-management counseling centers. All data including transmission of the illness (including all possible ways), the diagnostic date, the onset of treatment and the date of death were collected, and then entered into the software Stata, version 11.0 (Stata Corp., College Station, TX, USA). The information were imported in the ArcGIS software, version 10.7.1 (ESRI Inc., Redlands, CA, USA), maps were created, and geographic and spatial data were analyzed. Results: According to the results of this study, most patients with 89.9% were male, 28.9% were under the age of 36 years, 32.3% had elementary education, and the most common way of transmission with 42.3% is through the shared infusion. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the highest prevalence of AIDS in East Azerbaijan province was observed in men under the age of 36 years and primary and lower secondary education in Tabriz and Maragheh cities.

The current essay is a comparative study of the views of Avicenna and Mulla Sadra concerning the interaction of the Creative Faculty with other human perceptual faculties in three fields: i) interaction of creative faculty with external faculties, ii) interaction of creative faculty with internal faculties, iii) interaction of creative faculty with rational faculty. Both philosophers believe in the direct intervention of the creative faculty in the dreaming process and consider the role of this faculty for special humans to be like a type of revelation and inspiration. Moreover, they are unanimous that the interactions of creative faculty with external, internal and rational faculties facilitate some actions like an abstraction of generic natures, finding the lost forms of memory and imagination, influence on practical reason and also create the ground required for the veridical dream. They also believe that in order to improve the function of creative faculty and as a result, its better interaction; we can be benefitted from such solutions as strengthening the rational faculty, truthfulness and moral health. Despite some similarities, there are also some differences between the views of Avicenna and Mulla Sadra including the fact that Mulla Sadra contrary to Avicenna, considers creative faculty to be immaterial (ideal) and thus he replaces the theory of “presence” with the theory of “impression”.

The Relationship of Quality of Services Provided to Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Self- assessment in Comprehensive Health Service Centers Daneshkohan Abbas1, Zarei Ehsan1, Sadegh Tabrizi Jafar2, Ranjbar Fatemeh3* 1. Assistant Professor, Department of Health Management, Policy and Economics, School of Management and Medical Education, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. Professor, Department of Health Services Management, Faculty of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz, Iran 3. MSc in Health Service Management, Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran * Corresponding Author: Fatemeh Ranjbar Address: Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, School of Public Health, Chamran Shahid Highway, St. Yemen, Tehran, Iran Tel: 00982122432040 Email: fatemeh_ranjbar@sbmu.ac.ir Abstract: Background & Objectives: Ensuring high quality care for diabetic patients is a challenge for healthcare systems throughout the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of quality of services provided to type 2 diabetic patients with self- assessment in comprehensive health service centers. Methods: This descriptive-analytic cross-sectional study was conducted on 203 patients with type 2 diabetes referred to ten comprehensive health service centers of south Tehran/ Iran in 2018 selected through convenience sampling method. Data collection tool was a questionnaire for comprehensive assessment of quality of health services. Data were analyzed through SPSS22 and using t-test, ANOVA and logistic regression statistical tests. Results: From the perspective of patients, mean score of quality of services was 7.47. Among different health services, the highest mean score of quality was related to trust and continuity of service while, support and prevention gained the lowest mean score of quality. There was a significant statistical relationship between the quality of service and self-assessment of diabetes control in the past 12 months (P= 0.007). Also, a significant relationship was found between the quality of service and diabetes complication (P = 0.04). With each unit increase of the quality of service, the odds of a standard visit increased by 27% (P = 0.013). Conclusion: Design and implementation of interventions in order to increase the social support of patients and sharing their experiences with each other as well as improving the dimensions of prevention and safety in care are essential. Key­words: Service quality, Type 2 diabetes, Comprehensive health service centers, Importance, Performance ­Citation: Daneshkohan A, Zarei E, Sadegh Tabrizi J, Ranjbar F. The Relationship of Quality of Services Provided to Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Self- assessment in Comprehensive Health Service Centers. Journal of Health Based Research 2019; 5(2): 187-201. [In Persian]

Legal translation entails not linguistic aspects, but it results in the law perceptions. Transferring semantic, textual, and pragmatic aspects of legal concepts are desired to reach to an appropriate translation. Legal issues such as inheritance, marriage, divorce, the rights of orphans and other related legal areas are among the most important and social subjects in every culture, and each country. Most of the legal issues rooted in Divine Books, not least the Islamic laws which sprang from the injunctions stipulated in about three hundred verses of the Qur’an so their mistranslations might damage the Muslim and non-Muslim understanding of Islam and the Qur’an. This article examined the translation of 34 samples of legal concepts stipulated in the verses of the Qur’an, which are translated by some 21 translations (9 Persian and 12 English translations). The findings show that only about 34 percent of translations could nearly transfer the legal concepts of the Qur’an. To translate legal concepts and to introduce a reliable translation of the Qur’an, the study suggests, one need to employ Islamic jurists’ opinions and Figh Scholars of Islam. Also, it is advisable to offer some explanations about the legal aspects of the verses in parenthesis or footnotes.

The logic of understanding religion is a set of methodical rules which if adhered to can protect the mind of a religious exegete from errors in understanding. The necessity of such logic is clear to the intellectuals. Avicenna is one such intellectual in this regard. The concern of this study is “Avicenna and the logic of understanding religion”. This study is foundational, historical, analytical and concern-centered and has been conducted using a library method and authentic sources. The findings of this study are that Avicenna’s philosophical-scientific perceptions are not consistent with religious texts and this has resulted in him determining that there is a disharmony between rational premises and religious, revelation premises. The Prophet was a unique being and exalted in estimation, imagination and intellect. A large part of his perceptions of realities was not consistent with the general level of understanding. Presenting the bare findings has not been possible or useful. Accordingly, he presented it to people in the form of coded language, metaphors and parables so that they become familiar with the minimum of intellectual and human happiness. According to Avicenna, understanding the real meaning of texts is only possible through ontology. Ontology enables the exegete to become familiar with the writer of the text and his intent from the text and allows him to decode the text. He himself has done this and this is what has caused serious criticisms to be raised against him.

From the complex and controversial issues of epistemology, both in Islamic philosophy and in Western philosophy, is the question of how the mind and the reality communicate with one another. The main argument in the epistemology of the debate is to reconcile the concepts with what is present in reality, That is, how to adapt mental forms to objective forms. The realists believe in the correspondence between the mind and the reality. But a group of philosophers have opposed this idea and considered mental concepts apart from foreign ones, or even consider foreign objects as images of mental concepts. This is while the consistency of mind and real in the transcendent philosophy one of the most principled issues. Mullasadra intended to resolve the issue by discussing unity quiddity in mental existence and the objective gradation unity of supreme existence. Kant proposes his Copernican Revolutionary Theory that if the known conform to our minds, this is more consistent with the prior knowledge of objects. Therefore, the mind has a special activity and Specifies the type of epistemic it gains. The present article examines the quality of matching the mind and the real from the viewpoint of MullaSadra and Kant, and looks for similarities and differences between them in conformity.

Background and Objectives: Health promoting behaviors are formed during adolescence and often remain until adulthood. This study aimed to explore related factors to health promoting self-care behaviors among adolescents. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016 among 426 adolescents living in Tabriz. Adolescent Health Promotion (AHP) questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients applying SPSS v.16. Results: The mean score of the health promoting behaviors was 69.83. Among six health-promoting behaviors, physical activity and health responsibility were not in good conditions among the students. Adolescents had a high score in the dimension of life appreciation (80.62). There was a significant difference in self-care score between male and female participants (p≥0.05). There were no significant relationships between self-care with age, family size, and birth rank (p≥0.05). There was a significant difference between father education level and family size with nutritional behaviors of the adolescents (p≥0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that the health responsibility among adolescents was low and their physical activities were not sufficient. These results are a warning to policy-makers to pay attention seriously to promoting school health programs in order to promote self-care behaviors among adolescents.

According to the World Health Organization’s report, tobacco use is the first preventable leading cause of deaths in the world.While the prevalence of tobacco use is declining in high-income countries, this prevalence is increasing in the low-income and middle-income countries. Daily, 205 thousand USD and 386 million USD annually spent on cigarette purchasing in Iran, and the health system of the country pays about 1 billion and one hundred and sixty million USD to cure the complications of cigarette smoking. The present study aimed at determination of effective programs and interventions applied in prevention and reduction of tobacco use in societies. Medical databases were searched, related studies retrieved and their content reviewed and classified. According to the results of this study, programs and interventions for prevention and reduction of tobacco use were categorized in six domains including: "studies at different levels of age and groups," "studies in the physical and community environment," "tax and price studies," "electronic cigarette smoking studies," "harm reduction studies," and "interventions facilitating solutions." The results of the study, suggests the followings as appropriate strategies that fit the culture and abilities of the Iranian health system: "culture, the establishment and application of rules", "interventions with a focus on specific groups", "education at all levels and interventions," "organizing training courses and emphasizing the role of the family in protecting adolescents" and “free drug therapy ".

Invalidity is the prevailing theory about reluctant contracts and it is deemed a clear verdict in the Iranian legal literature. As common and recognized as the reluctant contract may be, the reluctant or involuntary unilateral contract is, on the other hand, vague, unfamiliar and subject of debate. Based on the unity of views and general principles of contract and unilateral obligation, some argue that similar to unilateral contracts, reluctant unilateral contracts must also be considered invalid; While the narrative evidence points to the invalidity of unilateral divorces and releases occurring under coercion. The present research aims at studying the quality and evidences of reluctant unilateral contract verdict.

Background and Aim: In recent decades, the survival rates of the children with cancer have improved significantly and their five-year survival rates have reached 80%, but there are still many concerns about the survival of adolescents and young people. Methods and Materials: In this retrospective study, the data of 310 children and adults with leukemia in Kurdistan Province were extracted from their medical records. Univariate and multivariate survival analysis were performed through calculating hazard ratios using Cox relative risk model. Data analysis was carried out using Stata 12 software. Results: This study included 201 adults with mean age of 50.8 years and 109 children with mean age of 5.2 years. The frequency of AML was higher in the adults (30.8%), while the frequency of ALL cases was higher in the children (86.2%). The respective one-year and five-year survival rates, were 94.4% and 49.5% in the adults, and 92.6% and 83% in the children. The hazard ratios (HR) were 5.18 (95% CI: 2.60-13) in the adults with ALL and 4.11 (95% CI: 1.55-10.4) in the adults with AML, and 2.78 (95% CI: 1.05-7.37) in the patients with CML. Based on the results of multivariate analysis, the rate of mortality in children with ALL was lower (HR=0.26, 95% CI: 0.08-0.77). Conclusion: Timely diagnosis and provision of treatment services for the patients are recommended. Considering the high rate of survival in the patients with ALL especially in children, we recommend provision of appropriate treatment facilities and palliative care services, similar to those in other countries, for the patients with different types of leukemia with high rates of mortality. Keywords: Survival rate, Related factors, Leukemia, Children, Adults, Kurdistan. Received: Apr 26, 2017 Accepted: Feb 12, 2018

Alcoholic beverages consumption affects all body organs and causes wide range of diseases such as cancers, psychopathy and violent behaviors. There is no precise statistics on alcohol consumption prevalence in Iran. Nevertheless, it is estimated that there are more than one million abusers of alcoholic beverages in the country. Various programs and interventions have been conducted to prevent and reduce alcohol consumption in different nations. The current narrative review study aimed at determining the effective strategies and programs applied in other societies and identifying appropriate approaches to the current situation of Iran. National and international databases were assessed by the research team and related studies were retrieved and categorized after quality assessment. Results of this study indicated that effective programs in prevention and reduction of alcohol consumption can be categorized in six general parts as follows: education and training, health-sector programs, community programs, regulations and policies regarding driving under the influence of alcohol, access-related policies and harm-reduction programs.

Avicenna and the Role of Metaphysics in the Religious Hermeneutics is an interdisciplinary study that relates metaphysics، hermeneutics and religious texts (Quran and Sunnah) to each other. This article deals with the examination of the role of metaphysics in the understanding of Quran and Sunnah and the problems related to them. This study is fundamental، historical and analytical which is a library based research based on reliable sources. The results shows that in Avicenna’s view the best understanding of hermeneutics and religious texts (Quran and Sunnah) is done by the interpreter. He believes that this is the interpreter who uses his presuppositions to understand the views of the author or the religious texts. In this article، we are going to identify the metaphysical assumptions of Avicenna to understand the issues related to the knowledge of origin and return، cosmology، eschatology، and prophetology. By understanding these presuppositions, he has gained results that do not concur with a superficial view of religion.

Background: Poor nutritional habits along with physical activity levels are among the main causes of obesity and overweight in children and teenagers. Considering the importance of school health and nutrition for children and teenagers, this study was conducted to assess school health activities and programs in the field of healthy diet and nutrition. Methods: This cross-sectional and applied study was conducted in 2017. The statistical population consisted of all school health principals and teachers in Tabriz city. Sampling was done in the first stage by stratified method and in the second stage; a simple random sampling was utilized on 93 schools. The data collection tool was the school health principals and teachers profile. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22 software using descriptive statistics (percentage and frequency/mean ± SD) and analytical tests (U Mann Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis Tests). Results: According to the findings, 84.9 percent of schools had a store, dining room or buffet for snacks, drinks, and other meals. Promotional activities such as encouraging students to drink water (94.6 %), promoting the use of fruits and vegetables in schools, and providing useful and necessary information for students and their families (76.3 %) were conducted by most schools. 90.3 % of schools prevented the advertisement of candy, sweets, fast food and carbonated soft drinks in the school environment, and 75.3 % prevented the advertisement of candy, sweets, fast food and carbonated drinks in publications and school curriculum. Conclusion: Most schools do not have much activity in providing healthy food and allocating space for breakfast and meals. Most schools have a good performance profile in terms of educational and training activities, the prohibition of harmful food promotions, and the availability of clean drinking water. Findings of this study can help health managers and health authorities to take the necessary steps to solve the problems based on the status quo.

Introduction: The present study attempts to analyze the relationship between the early maladaptive schems and test anxiety among the sophomore high school students in the city of Gorgan. Method: This descriptive research has a correlational method. The population (n= 9955) includes all second grade high school student in the city of Gorgan within the school year 2015-2016. The multi- stage cluster sampling was used to select 369 samples. The required data were gathered using the maladaptive schems questioners and the test anxiety questionnaire. Multi- variable regression Pearson correlation method was also used to analyze the data. Results: The results of the current study showed that there is a significant, yet reverse relationship between early maladaptive schems with test anxiety. It was also found maladaptive schems is significant predictors for test anxiety. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results of this research Education can implement comprehensive programs to train students to correct early maladaptive schems and reduce test anxiety among students. And thereby increase the efficiency of student activities in education and other areas of their lives.

Background & Objectives: Licensure is a healthcare evaluation approach which has particular importance in compliance with minimum requirements of healthcare centers for getting started and continuing their performance. The aim of this study was auditing of Tabriz general dentistry offices based on licensure standards. Methods: This descriptive- analytical study was done in 197 general dentistry offices in Tabriz city selected randomly. The required data were gathered using a researcher-made checklist with 75 questions in 7 main dimensions including physical environment, medical equipment, nonmedical equipment, human resources, medical records and informatics, policy consideration, and hygiene and infection control. Data analysis was done using t-test, ANOVA and Tukey statistical tests and through SPSS19 software package. Results: The total rate of compliance with licensure standards in Tabriz dentistry offices was 78.5%. The highest and lowest rates of compliance were respectively in dimensions of “medical records” (92.3%) and “non-medical equipment” (66.4%). There was significant relationship between “job experience of dentists” and standards compliance score in “law and policy consideration” and “hygiene and infection control” dimensions; so that, more job experience was associated with higher compliance score in these dimensions. Conclusion: Despite acceptable status of the assessed dentistry offices in regard to licensure requirements, there are still shortcomings in some dimensions. No doubt, the obtained results could help authorities to improve the status of dentistry offices and increase community satisfaction. Keywords: Licensure, Audit, office, General dentists. Citation: Tabrizi SJ, Gharibi F, Kamkari M. The Auditing of Tabriz General Dentistry Offices Based on Licensure Standards. Journal of Health Based Research 2017; 3(2): 115-126.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have become a major public health problem not only in developed countries, but also in developing countries; as cardiovascular disease is considered to be the leading cause of death in the world. Unhealthy diet, insufficient physical activity and smoking are the main determinants of NCDs in the world. According to the reports, daily intake of salt in Iran is above the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO), while taking too much salt affects the human health negatively and WHO regards reducing population salt intake as one of the most cost-effective measures to improve public health. Despite the fact that reducing salt intake in the population is difficult, but with specific actions and strategies, reducing most of the populations' salt intake is possible. These actions and strategies include: 1) sodium-restricted diet and monitoring sodium content of foods, 2) awareness campaigns (media and communications strategy), 3) labeling and development of symbols identifying low-salt products, 4) United Kingdom strategy-gradual reduction of sodium, 5) food industry strategy (re-formulation), and 6) taxation on and rising prices of unhealthy food. Successful countries in reducing salt intake have followed these practices.

Background and Objectives: Tetanus is a deadly zoonotic infectious disease. For nearly a century, tetanus vaccine has been produced and used. This study was carried out with the aim of preparation and evaluation of immunogenicity of chitosan nanoparticles containing tetanotoxin in comparison with Freund's adjuvant in mouse model for improvement of tetanus vaccine after subcutaneous onjection. Methods: In this experimental study, chitosan nanoparticles synthesis containing tetanus toxoid was performed using ionic gelation method. The morphology of nanoparticles was investigated using SEM and AFM, then, the nanoparticles were subcutaneously injected into mice and two weeks after the end of injection, blood was taken. Antibody titer was measured by indirect ELISA. Data were analyzed using one-way one-way ANOVA and Tukey test at significance level of p

Background and purpose: In recent years nanotechnology has a significant impact on various fields of human life, especially in pharmaceutical and medical needs. Some biopolymers such as chitosan which is also biocompatible are low cost and abundantly found, so, their application for vaccine production is cost benefit. Trimethyl chitosan is a deacetylated derivative of chitosan that could be used to increase the induction of immune response. In this study, trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles containing tetanus protein were used to stimulate the immune system. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, synthesis of the tetanus toxoid loaded nanoparticles was done by ion gelation method. Physical features of the nanoparticles were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The nanoparticles were then injected subcutaneously into mice. After the sampling process, the immune system stimulation was evaluated using indirect ELISA. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and significance level of P< 0.05. Results: The purity of protein was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and encapsulated proteins were loaded up to 80 percent. ELISA results showed that the immune system was stimulated significantly compared with Freund adjuvant, and antibody titer increased. Conclusion: Tetanus toxoid loaded Trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles increase the stimulation of immune system and are more effective in comparison with Freund's adjuvant.

Introduction: This study examined the effectiveness of training mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in reducing social anxiety disorder among first high school female students in Gomishan city. Method: the research included a quasi-experimental method with the pretest-posttest design and the control group. The study population consisted of all students in the academic year 2015-16 in Gomishan city. First, using a convenience sampling method, two schools were selected among the schools of the area. Next, the lessons were selected, and then, of all students, 40 with high social anxiety scores (one standard deviation above the mean) were selected and were randomly assigned to the experimental group (20 people) and the control group (20 people). Participants in the experimental group, they were treated for 8 sessions with the mindfulness-based cognitive therapy program. The social anxiety scale was used to collect data and the data obtained were calculated through one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results: The results approved the effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on reducing social anxiety disorder scores and its components (fear, avoidance, and physiology) in the pilot group. Discussion and Conclusion: According to the results, the mindfulness-based cognitive training is recommended to reduce the symptoms of social anxiety disorder in students with high social anxiety scores.

In this paper, buckling analysis of cylindrical panels made of functionally graded material under the action of three types of thermal loads is investigated. At first, Governing equations of panels are obtained based on the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor using three dimensional theory of elasticity. Stability equations of the shells subjected to thermal loading based on the Donnell shell theory are considered. Two methods of solution are employed. In the first method governing equations obtained by benchmark solution are discretized and solved using differential quadrature method. Then the closed form solution is presented for the buckling equations based on the Donnell shell theory. It is assumed that material properties of the shell vary continually through the thickness according to a power law distribution of the volume fraction of constituent materials, while the Poissonâs ratio is constant. The effects of various parameters including the power law exponent, panel angle, different thermal load conditions and geometric ratios on the buckling behavior of functionally graded cylindrical panels are studied.

Background and objectives : Identifying the readiness of hospital and its strengths and weaknesses can be useful in developing appropriate planning and situation analyses and management to getting effective in clinical audit programs. The aim of this study was to design and assess the validity of the Hospital Readiness Assessment Tools to conduct quality improvement and clinical audit programs. Material and Methods: In this study, based on the results of a systematic review of literature, an initial questionnaire with 77 items was designed. Questionnaire content validity was reviewed by experts in the field of hospital management and quality improvement in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. For this purpose, 20 questionnaires were sent to experts. Finally, 15 participants returned completed questionnaire. Questionnaire validity was reviewed and confirmed based on Content Validity Index and Content Validity Ratio. Questionnaire reliability was confirmed based on Cronbach's alpha index (α = 0.96) in a pilot study by participation of 30 hospital managers. Results: The results showed that the final questionnaire contains 54 questions as nine category as: data and information (9 items), teamwork (12 questions), resources (5 questions), patient and education (5), intervention design and implementation (5 questions), clinical audit management (4 questions), human resources (6 questions), evidence and standard (4 items) and evaluation and feedback (4 items). The final questionnaire content validity index was 0.91 and final questionnaire Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.96. Conclusion: Considering the relative good validity and reliability of the designed tool in this study, it appears that the questionnaire can be used to identify and assess the readiness of hospitals for quality improvement and clinical audit program implementation

Discussion on the reason and the law, and their functions and relationship in the theoretical and practical field, as well as their role in human understanding of the facts and directing the man in the course towards perfection, are issues that have preoccupied theologians, Philosophers and mystics in centuries, and is still subject of review and reflection for many thinkers. Throughout the history of Islamic civilization and wisdom, in addition to Muslim scholars, among believers in other religions we encounter prominent and well-known philosophers that alongside Muslim scholars, have tried to discuss and comment on these important issues; for example, Maimonides that was a prominent rabbi and sage in the sixth century AD, like the majority of sages regardes “human” as “rational soul” ,and considers the reason as the most important distinguishing factor of mankind that God has made human a gift of it. He believes that by benefitting from the reason and in the light of the commands of the Law of Moses (PBUH), everyone can achieve the highest degrees of perfection. Therefore, he suggests various levels for perfection that start from the low degree and end in point that prophets and saints have achieved. He emphasizes that other people as much as their attempt can travel through the grades of perfection and makes it clear that just reaching the final stage, which includes knowledge of the facts, and especially the knowledge of God and his actions can bring true happiness for man. Also, according to his opinion the usage of reason and knowledge in arena of society causes social promotion and better interactions among people. Nevertheless, dispute of his empathetic view about the place and ability of man qua man, unlike some group of mystics and philosophers, this Jewish thinker believes that among the creatures, some of them have their own purposes; so it is not correct to say that all of them have created for human. Close to above ideas can be found in philosophy of Mulla Sadra who is one of the most prominent Muslim philosophers that have serious concerns about "rationality" as the main censor of human from other animals. he believes that paying right of reason in both theoretical and practical aspects would provide genuine happiness and perfection for human. Actually, according to his mastery in rational and traditional knowledge, and in his intellectual framework, he makes effort to show the function of reason and religion and their mutual role for persons who desire attaining the ultimate perfection . In this approach, compliance with religious laws in the realm of the individual and society, is the most important factor for human felicity. So, for this purpose ,he raises issues that has some similarities and differences with the views of Maimonides .Also, despite the latent abilities in reason, Mulla Sadra, like Maimonides, accept the belief in human centrality among the beings in material world, not in whole of possible world. Accordingly ,In this paper the author tries to study these two thinker’s approach on the levels of prosperity, the role of law and reason in reaching ultimate human happiness and the man position among the other creatures.

The Life style promotion project (LPP) is a long term community-based project for prevention and control of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The design consisted of two stages; phase I was a cross-sectional prevalence study of NCDs and the associ¬ated risk factors. Phase II is a prospective follow-up study in which data recollection will be performed every 2 years after the intervention initiated. In this study, 1,500 households residing in Tabriz, Marand, Bonab, Oskoo, Varzeghan, Khodafrin (150 clusters of 10 households) cities which in terms of socio-economic variables, distance from the center, population and access to medical facilities are in the same category of other cities of province will be examined. A total of 3000 patients (15-65 years) living in East Azerbaijan province will be randomly enrolled. After obtaining informed consent from all participants, weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference and blood pressure will be measured with standard tools. Fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, serum vitamin D, ALT, AST, Hb and serum ferritin will be assessed. The questionnaires related to socioeconomic status, dietary intake, physical activity, angina (Rose), asthma, anxiety, smoking, food security and safety will be completed. Necessary data in other variables such as age, gender, menopausal status, medical history and medication use will be collected using questionnaires. The results of this study can be used in formulating long term health programs for the prevention of non-communicable diseases.