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The present study aims to investigate linguistic landscape among Kurdish speakers in the west part of Iran. A total of 812 signs were photographed (772 photos were selected) and were later categorized according to the top-down (governmental) versus bottom-up (private sector) distinction in Kermanshah, Sanandaj, and Ilam. Out of these 772 photos, 578 photos were related to bottom-up and 194 photos were related to top-down signs. The results of linguistic landscape analysis showed that among bilingual signs, Persian-Kurdish signs has the highest frequency in Sanandaj, while Persian-English signs are more prevalent in Kermanshah and Ilam. In all of the cities, Persian-Arabic signs have the lowest frequency among bilingual signs. Sanandaj was the only city in which Kurdish was dominant in Persian-Kurdish signsIntroductionLinguistic landscape is a relatively new area of research that has attracted many researchers in recent years. In their seminal work, "Linguistic Landscape and Ethnolinguistic Vitality," Landry and Bourhis (1997) state that the linguistic landscape is: “The language of public road signs, advertising billboards, street names, place names, commercial shop signs, and public signs on government buildings combines to form the linguistic landscape of a given territory, region, or urban agglomeration" (p. 25). Since Landry and Bourhis utilized the concept of Linguistic Landscape (LL) as the "visibility and salience of languages on public and commercial signs in a given territory or region" (p. 23), researchers in the fields of sociolinguistics, sociology, language policy, social psychology, geography, media studies, and cultural studies have been interested in uncovering the nuances and disparities in the languages used in the public space.Materials and MethodsTo find out which languages are present in the linguistic landscape and how these languages are represented, linguistic and semiotic properties of the signs were investigated. The codification of the signs relies on that developed by Ben-Rafael et al. (2006) and Cenoz and Gorter (2006), such as the languages used on the signs, languages of signs (monolingual, bilingual, multilingual), order of languages on a sign, and the types of signs (top-down and bottom-up signage). Using Excel, the signs were coded according to the following variables: 1. Language of signs: for every sign, the type was coded. The categories include: monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual signs. 2. Number of languages: the number of languages present on the signs was counted. The appearance of a language may consist of an entire text or of only one word. The main languages counted in all sites were: Persian, Kurdish, Arabic, and English. 3. Order of languages: by the order of languages, we mean in bilingual or multilingual signs which language is more dominant. In doing so, the languages written in larger fonts were considered dominant. 4. Types of signs: both top-down (governmental) and bottom-up (private sector) are regarded in this study.FindingsA total of 772 signs were photographed and later categorized according to the top-down (governmental) versus bottom-up (private sector) distinction in Kermanshah, Sanandaj, and Ilam. Out of these 772 photos, 578 were related to bottom-up and 194 were related to top-down signs. The results showed that among bilingual signs, Persian-Kurdish has the highest frequency in Sanandaj, while Persian-English signs are more prevalent in Kermanshah and Ilam. In all of the cities, Persian-Arabic signs have the lowest frequency among bilingual signs. Sanandaj was the only city in which Kurdish was dominant in Persian-Kurdish signs.Discussion and ConclusionsObserving the signs and signs in the respective streets of the studied cities led to interesting results. From the display of languages displayed (used) in the public space, one can realize the possibility of identifying their performance, credibility, position, and expansion. The distribution of minority languages in the city limits can be considered an indicator of the language status in an urban area. Linguistic perspective also expresses the existing political and cultural views and approaches to the position of national languages in multilingual societies. Another important finding of this research is the spread of the Persian language and also the presence of some signs in English, which shows the importance and influence of the English language as a global language. This study shows that the linguistic landscape has both communicative and symbolic functions. A linguistic perspective can be used as a tool to legitimize national identity. Although the language policy of the country insists that all languages should not be given equal rights, the Kurdish language is given attention in these cities, especially in Sanandaj, but this attention is very insignificant compared to the dominant language (Persian), and it is not good news for Kurdish speakers

Aims The unbalanced physical expansion of Ilam City can be attributed to various issues, including regional imbalance, rapid urbanization, the impact of war, fragmented urban management, and inadequate supervision of urban development projects. The aim of this study was to examine the factors that impact the physical development of Ilam City. Methodology This study employed an applied research methodology and was done in Ilam City over the period of 2023-2024. The study instrument employed was a questionnaire developed by the researcher. A compilation of criteria and indicators that impact physical development was made in order to create the questionnaire. Consequently, a survey comprising of 34 questions was created, utilizing a Likert scale with four response alternatives. In order to evaluate the questionnaire’s validity, it was administered to a group of 18 specialists. A comprehensive questionnaire consisting of 5 indexes and 30 components was compiled and thereafter delivered to the inhabitants. The sample size was calculated to be 357 persons using the Cochran formula. The study samples were chosen by the method of simple random sampling. The data were evaluated using statistical methods such as a t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and stepwise regression coefficients. Findings The physical development of Ilam City was found to have a substantial correlation with several aspects, including economic, social and cultural, environmental, physical, and managerial factors. The physical evolution of Ilam City was primarily influenced by environmental (natural), economic, managerial, physical, and social and cultural aspects, in that order. Conclusion The physical development of Ilam City has been mostly influenced by environmental variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jahangir building is one of the Sassanid sites in the catchment area of Kangir Dam in Ilam province. Due to dry and hot summers and short winters, the vegetal structure of the region includes thermophilic plants such as crops, pastures, forest and groves. Due to the lack of our knowledge about the vegetation of Ilam during the Sassanid era, this research presents the results of a study on the plant remains obtained from the Jahangir building. The purpose of these studies was to identify the types of plants in the area and its subsistence economy based on plant vestiges found from fireplace, tandoor, burnt layers and graves excavated at this site. The ecology and geographical distribution of identified plants in the Kangir basin and the nature of modern ecosystems in the region, indicates the presence of trees and shrubs such as almond, oak, maple, tamaris and willow in the Sassanid period. The presence of such species in the mentioned contexts shows that in the neighboring environment, there were forests, mountains, steppes and riverine structures similar to those are available today in the Kangir basin. The small amount of charcoal found in Jahangir building cannot be a suitable criterion for commenting on the distribution and density and identification of trees in the vegetation of this area during time. The remains of seeds and fruit stones also show that crops (especially cereals) have been consumed as the main source of food. The abundance of wheat and barley found in the in some context including the tandoor is an evidence for existence of Agricultural lands and a subsistence economy based on the agriculture in the Sassanid period. This is in parallel with the current agriculture ecosystem of the Kangir, basin that is located in an altitude between 700-2000 m above sea level. The study of possible changes in this ecosystem is subject to further archaeobotanical studies in the prehistorical and historic sites of Ilam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to investigate linguistic landscape among Kurdish speakers in the west part of Iran. A total of 812 signs were photographed (772 photos were selected) and were later categorized according to the top-down (governmental) versus bottom-up (private sector) distinction in Kermanshah, Sanandaj, and Ilam. Out of these 772 photos, 578 photos were related to bottom-up and 194 photos were related to top-down signs. The results of linguistic landscape analysis showed that among bilingual signs, Persian-Kurdish signs has the highest frequency in Sanandaj, while Persian-English signs are more prevalent in Kermanshah and Ilam. In all of the cities, Persian-Arabic signs have the lowest frequency among bilingual signs. Sanandaj was the only city in which Kurdish was dominant in Persian-Kurdish signs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Health literacy is recognized as a key determinant of health and is a central focus of public health policy strategies. The present study aimed to assess the health literacy level and identify the factors influencing it among the clients of comprehensive health service centers in Ilam city. Materials and Methods: In 2022, a descriptive-analytical study was conducted to examine 429 clients aged 18-65 years who visited comprehensive selected health service centers in Ilam city. For adults the data collection tool used was the Helia health literacy questionnaire. Sampling was conducted in nine clusters, with each cluster consisting of 50 samples. The data was analyzed using SPSS software, which included descriptive statistical tests, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and one-way analysis of variance, with a significance level set at 0.05. Results: Based on the results, the average health literacy score was 80.16 ± 16.50. In terms of health literacy, 18.97% of people had inadequate or not very adequate health literacy, while 44.39% of the participants had excellent health literacy. The average health literacy scores across different dimensions are as follows: access to health information 65.74, comprehension of information 81/81, reading information skills 12.74, evaluation of information 05.75, and decision making and behavior based on information 61.92. A significant relationship was observed between job, education, and income variables and various dimensions of average health literacy (p-value≤0.001). However, there was no significant relationship between general health literacy and age, gender, and place of residence (P≤0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrate that vulnerable groups have significantly lower literacy levels. Furthermore, given the impact of education on enhancing people’s health literacy, it is advisable to leverage mass media, social networks, and educational centers to enhance literacy levels as a potential factor in community health.

The current study aimed at providing an assessment of pastoralists’ knowledge in Darreh Shahr county at Ilam province associated with Scrophularia striata and Anchusa italica. In this order, field observations, semi-structured interviews and community feedback methods were used with 57 knowledgeable and skilled local pastoralists with legal grazing license. Result showed that pastoralists carried extensive knowledge with regard to different aspects of these two plant species. This knowledge included morphological and botanical characteristics, phenology, habitat properties including geographical distribution, ecology and companion plants, forage and fodder properties, harvesting approaches, therapeutic properties and side effects. It was found through the findings that, based on traditional knowledge of pastoralists, the main therapeutic properties of Scrophularia striata were treatment of burning injuries, internal infection of the female genital organs, the infection in general and acne. For Anchusa italica the therapeutic properties included sedative effects and reducing stress and depression. The result also showed an erosion of medicinal plants traditional knowledge due to the death of knowledgeable elderlies and the lack of interest among new generations regarding traditional knowledge. The innovation of this study is in the deep examination of traditional knowledge regarding different aspects of ethnobotany besides medicinal properties of plants.

Introduction: Suicide is a tragic and complex public health problem that affects individuals, families, and communities. The current study aimed to predict suicidal ideation based on cognitive emotion regulation strategies, perceived social support, self-efficacy, perfectionism, and spiritual health in students at Ilam universities, Ilam, Iran. Material & Methods: The current study was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2021. A total of 463 working students studying in Ilam universities were selected and included in the study through the available sampling method. A questionnaire was used for data collection. To determine the relationship between the variables and suicidal thoughts, the Pearson correlation test was used, and to investigate the predictors associated with suicidal thoughts, stepwise regression analysis was performed. Findings: The research results showed a significant negative relationship between the variables of perceived social support, self-efficacy, spiritual health, and positive emotion regulation strategies (i.e., acceptance, positive reorientation, planning, positive appraisal, and underestimation) and a significant positive relationship between perfectionism variables and negative emotion regulation strategies (i.e., self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing, and blaming others) with suicidal thoughts. The highest correlation coefficient was related to perceived social support, which was the most important predictive variable in this study (r=-0.71). Perceived social support, existential health, rumination, perfectionism, self-efficacy, self-blame, and acceptance variables were able to become significant as predictive variables in the regression equation. In total, these factors explained 66% of the variance of suicidal thoughts. Discussion & Conclusion: Based on the research findings, the variables of cognitive emotion regulation strategies, perceived social support, self-efficacy, perfectionism, and spiritual health may be important components and predictors of suicidal thoughts. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to these components in suicide prevention programs and treatment and counseling methods

Background and Aim: Health literacy is recognized as a key determinant of health and is a central focus of public health policy strategies. The present study aimed to assess the health literacy level and identify the factors influencing it among the clients of comprehensive health service centers in Ilam city. Materials and Methods: In 2022, a descriptive-analytical study was conducted to examine 429 clients aged 18-65 years who visited comprehensive selected health service centers in Ilam city. For adults the data collection tool used was the Helia health literacy questionnaire. Sampling was conducted in nine clusters, with each cluster consisting of 50 samples. The data was analyzed using SPSS software, which included descriptive statistical tests, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and one-way analysis of variance, with a significance level set at 0.05. Results: Based on the results, the average health literacy score was 80.16 ± 16.50. In terms of health literacy, 18.97% of people had inadequate or not very adequate health literacy, while 44.39% of the participants had excellent health literacy. The average health literacy scores across different dimensions are as follows: access to health information 65.74, comprehension of information 81/81, reading information skills 12.74, evaluation of information 05.75, and decision making and behavior based on information 61.92. A significant relationship was observed between job, education, and income variables and various dimensions of average health literacy (p-value≤0.001). However, there was no significant relationship between general health literacy and age, gender, and place of residence (P≤0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrate that vulnerable groups have significantly lower literacy levels. Furthermore, given the impact of education on enhancing people’s health literacy, it is advisable to leverage mass media, social networks, and educational centers to enhance literacy levels as a potential factor in community health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate language attitudes among Kurdish speakers in the western part of Iran. A questionnaire was adopted for collecting the data. Then the final version of the questionnaire was distributed among people in target cities. 450 people participated in this part and answered the questionnaires voluntarily. The results of language attitude showed that the Kurdish language has a very high social status among people in Sene (Sanandaj) and Kermashan (Kermanshah) and a high social status among people in Ilam. Regarding its institutional support, people believe that the Kurdish language, though vital and widely used with a positive attitude among its native speakers, requires more institutional support. Regarding Kurdish vitality, the results showed that, unlike Sene, the Kurdish language may die out in the future in Kermanshah and Ilam. Finally, the results showed that there was no significant difference between males and females in their attitude to the Kurdish language in Kermashan and Sene, but there was an obviously significant difference between males› and females` language attitudes in Ilam. Finally, some suggestions for further research were proposed by the researcher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Primary schools are a social institution where an important period of children's lives is spent. Observing the environmental health of the school is a kind of social investment that helps improve health-oriented programs for the next generations. the present study was also conducted with the aim of investigating environmental health and safety status of DarehShahr primary schools in 2023. Methods: The current research is a cross-sectional descriptive study in which all the primary schools in the city (28) were investigated by census method. The required data was obtained using the school health inspection checklist with form code 140/920318. Finally, the data were analyzed with excel software. Results: In this research, the percentage of health compliance with the regulations in the subject of personal health indicators, tools and equipment hygiene, building hygiene and building safety in Darrehshahr primary schools in 2023 were equal to 64.73, 83.52، 75, 64.29%, respectively. In total, the percentage of health compliance with regulations in the studied schools was 71.89 percent. Conclusion: In order to improve the environmental health status of DarehShahr elementary schools, it is necessary to put fundamental changes in the factors of environmental health and school safety, especially in the field of deficiencies observed in the personal health and safety of school buildings.

Introduction: Despite numerous studies in the field of home care, the role of unmarried girls in caring for their parents and the problems caused by this care for them, is still neglected or lost due to the study of other caregivers. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the care pressure resulting from the care of elderly parents among single girls in Ilam, Iran. Material & Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019. The statistical population included all single girls over 30 years old in Ilam (n=5134 cases), and the sample size was determined at 370 people. The data were collected using a 24-item Novak & Guest Care Burden Questionnaire by cluster sampling. The obtained data were entered into SPSS statistical software (version 20) and analyzed at two levels of descriptive (median, mean, standard deviation, and frequency percentage distribution) and inferential statistics (analysis of variance). (Ethic code: 3102145) Findings: The findings indicated the existence of weak care pressure (26.91±21.13) among respondents. In comparison to the dimensions of care pressure, the time dimension (8.8±5.68) was more intense than other dimensions. Moreover, the girls who were government employees and had university degrees, in all respects, tolerated lower care pressures than their peers. The analysis of variance of the dependent variable considering the independent variables showed a significant difference in the care pressure of girls regarding age, employment status, education level, and mental class affiliation (P

Introduction: Suicide is a tragic and complex public health problem that affects individuals, families, and communities. The current study aimed to predict suicidal ideation based on cognitive emotion regulation strategies, perceived social support, self-efficacy, perfectionism, and spiritual health in students at Ilam universities, Ilam, Iran. Material & Methods: The current study was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2021. A total of 463 working students studying in Ilam universities were selected and included in the study through the available sampling method. A questionnaire was used for data collection. To determine the relationship between the variables and suicidal thoughts, the Pearson correlation test was used, and to investigate the predictors associated with suicidal thoughts, stepwise regression analysis was performed. Findings: The research results showed a significant negative relationship between the variables of perceived social support, self-efficacy, spiritual health, and positive emotion regulation strategies (i.e., acceptance, positive reorientation, planning, positive appraisal, and underestimation) and a significant positive relationship between perfectionism variables and negative emotion regulation strategies (i.e., self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing, and blaming others) with suicidal thoughts. The highest correlation coefficient was related to perceived social support, which was the most important predictive variable in this study (r=-0.71). Perceived social support, existential health, rumination, perfectionism, self-efficacy, self-blame, and acceptance variables were able to become significant as predictive variables in the regression equation. In total, these factors explained 66% of the variance of suicidal thoughts. Discussion & Conclusion: Based on the research findings, the variables of cognitive emotion regulation strategies, perceived social support, self-efficacy, perfectionism, and spiritual health may be important components and predictors of suicidal thoughts. Therefore, it is important to pay attention to these components in suicide prevention programs and treatment and counseling methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the formation and strengthening of specific styles and subcultures in the urban society of Iran, the present study aims to study the phenomenon of black clothing as a cultural tool to display values among Elamite black boys. The research has been done in the form of a qualitative paradigm and also the phenomenological method has been used to collect data and the thematic analysis method has been used to analyze the findings. Also, the target population is the study of all boys in black in Ilam city and chain sampling has been used in order to better access the informants. Semi-structured interviews were also used as data collection tools and after interviewing 24 people based on the principle of theoretical saturation, it happened. The results show that black people are more affected by the economic and social conditions of society than by being an influential factor in their life process. A society that deprives them of the necessary mechanisms to create harmony and has brought a kind of inner revolt in them to distort the main path and a new path of social life, even if it is risky, through deviant and challenging behaviors. Draw for themselves to seek out their repressed aspirations. Sociology of Culture and Art Volume 5. Issue 1. Spring 2023. Pages 109 to 126 Gholami. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Linguatula Serrata is a zoonotic parasite. Several cases of human infection have been reported from Iran and other countries. Sheep and Canids, as the intermediate and definitive hosts, respectively, play an important role in the persistence of infection in humans. The present study aimed to evaluate the lymph node infection in the sheep with respect to host factors (age and gender), lymph nodes (color and consistency), and their role in the infection of various hosts. Material & Methods: This cross-sectional study included the randomly selected samples of mesenteric lymph nodes from slaughtered sheep (n=619) of different areas of Ilam province, Iran, from April to November 2015. The positive samples were determined by collecting Linguatula Serrata nymphs. Following that, the obtained data were analyzed using statistical tests. Findings: Out of 619 sheep samples, 99 (16%) samples were infected with Linguatula Serrata nymphs. The highest prevalence rates were observed in the southern areas, including Abdanan, Darreh Shahr, and Dehloran (19%). On the other hand, the lowest prevalence rates were in the eastern regions, including Shirvan, Sirvan, and Chardavol (11.7%). The infection prevalence rate in females was 25.6% (n=52 of 203) that was more than that in males (11.3%; n=47 of 416). There was a significant relationship among gender, age, and the prevalence rate of the infection (P

Introduction: Despite numerous studies in the field of home care, the role of unmarried girls in caring for their parents and the problems caused by this care for them, is still neglected or lost due to the study of other caregivers. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the care pressure resulting from the care of elderly parents among single girls in Ilam, Iran. Material & Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in 2019. The statistical population included all single girls over 30 years old in Ilam (n=5134 cases), and the sample size was determined at 370 people. The data were collected using a 24-item Novak & Guest Care Burden Questionnaire by cluster sampling. The obtained data were entered into SPSS statistical software (version 20) and analyzed at two levels of descriptive (median, mean, standard deviation, and frequency percentage distribution) and inferential statistics (analysis of variance). (Ethic code: 3102145) Findings: The findings indicated the existence of weak care pressure (26.91±21.13) among respondents. In comparison to the dimensions of care pressure, the time dimension (8.8±5.68) was more intense than other dimensions. Moreover, the girls who were government employees and had university degrees, in all respects, tolerated lower care pressures than their peers. The analysis of variance of the dependent variable considering the independent variables showed a significant difference in the care pressure of girls regarding age, employment status, education level, and mental class affiliation (P<0.001). Discussion & Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it is inferred that the low care pressure of the studied girls is due to the low pressure of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to compare and analyze the pattern of energy consumption and greenhouse gases emission in different sizes of walnut orchards in Ilam region. The average of total energy requirement was estimated to be 65334.82 MJ/ha. Diesel fuel, irrigation water and machinery with 57.4, 12.55 and 10.65 percent, respectively, were the most consumed energy inputs in walnut production. Energy efficiency and productivity weres estimated to be 1.05 and 0.04 kg per MJ, respectively. The amount of greenhouse gas emissions for walnut production was calculated as 2496.5 kg of CO2 per hectare. The three inputs of diesel fuel, animal manure and nitrogen fertilizer with 73.62%, 16.82% and 2.92%, had the highest environmental pollution in walnut production. Positive regression coefficients were obtained from the Cobb-Douglas function for human labor inputs, machinery, diesel fuel, chemical pesticides and the regression coefficients of chemical fertilizer and irrigation inputs were negative. The results of econometric estimation and sensitivity analysis of walnut production inputs showed that by increasing one megajoule per hectare in energy inputs of human labor, machinery, diesel fuel, chemical fertilizer, animal manure, irrigation, chemical pesticides, electricity and pruning, yield increases by 26%, 03%, 001%, 004%, 36%, 2.78% and 0.16 kg/ha respectively.

Introduction: The location of sanitary landfills is one of the most important environmental issues in cities. If the design of landfills is not appropriate, it will threaten human health. This study aimed to detect a suitable location for a landfill in Ilam, Iran. Materials & Methods: A questionnaire and consultation with experts were used to conduct the research. For this purpose, three main criteria of the environment (e.g., vegetation, surface water resources, and habitats of animal species), hydrology (e.g., groundwater depth, and distance from springs, wells, as well as aqueducts), and access roads/population centers (e.g., distance from protected areas, the prevailing wind direction, and distance from the main roads) were considered in this study. The data were then weighted based on Analytic Network Process, and Super Decision software was used to integrate the information layers. Subsequently, based on the studied criteria and sub-criteria, four areas were proposed for waste disposal in Ilam. Finally, based on the weight and ranking of criteria, their coefficient, and the paired comparison matrix tables, the most appropriate option was selected for landfilling. Findings: According to the results, location 1 with a weight of 0.419 and a consistency ratio of 0.05 is the most suitable place for landfilling in Ilam among the four selected options. Discussions & Conclusions: The results showed that Super Decision software has a good ability to locate the landfill.

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the effect of mindfulness on the alexithymia and academic achievement of male middle school students in Ilam, Iran. Materials & Methods: This semi-experimental study was conducted based on a pretest-posttest design using experimental and control groups. The study population included all junior male students of middle school (n=3750) in Ilam (the academic year 2018-19). Accordingly, five schools were selected from the districts in Ilam. In the next stage, some classes were selected and investigated randomly. According to the Cochran formula, 348 students were selected as samples using the cluster random sampling method. Of these, 60 students had high levels of alexithymia and were selected as the main sample. After the identification of the population and sample, the researcher referred to the schools and commenced the treatment sessions following the obtainment of the required permission. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the Pekrun Academic Achievement Questionnaire were used in this study. The experimental group received eight 60-min training sessions using the mindfulness method. On the other hand, the control group received no training. The content of the intervention was designed by Kabat-Zayn et al., and Narimani et al. used and approved the designed content. Findings: Based on the findings, the calculated F values for academic achievement and alexithymia were obtained at 114.511 and 143.511, respectively. Moreover, the covariance analysis showed a significant difference between experimental and control groups regarding the dependent variables (P

Background and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the attitude of social network users of Ilam province regarding the vaccination of Covid-19 in 2021. Materials and Methods: In the present descriptive study, 739 users of social networks in Ilam province were selected by convenience sampling. The research-made questionnaire was completed online. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate regression. Results: The mean attitude score was at a weak level in 47 people (6.36%), moderate in 619 people (83.6%), and good in 73 people (9.88%). There was a significant relationship between age, education, job, and attitude (p <0.05). There was no significant relationship between gender, marital status, place of habitat, and attitude (p> 0.05) Conclusion: Most of the users of social networks had a moderate level of attitude about vaccinations. Considering the possibility of the next waves of covid-19, planning to improve people's attitudes is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In normative studies, which provide qualitative result to promote children's independent mobility (CIM), enough attention is not paid to the attitudes of children, parents, and experts. Positive research that investigates children's independent mobility using measuring instruments, the researcher understanding of the study context and perceptual characteristics of children and parents is limited. The present study aims at investigating the variables of children's independent mobility using exploration and confirmatory methods, respectively. Analysis of 1896 behavioral places made possible discovering 9 selected range of independent mobility and 4 principles related to the promotion of children's independent mobility . Expert attitudes were assessed by Delphi technique and the exploratory principles were ranked by Shannon’s entropy. Factor analysis was used to confirm the effect of 5 factors on improving children's independent mobility (N= 204). The housing type, number of floors, level of residency, street type, green-space, perceived safety and gender differences were variables related to children's independent mobility .

Introduction: Agriculture and horticulture have always been risky occupations, and the development of mechanization, despite reducing the difficulties of agricultural activities and increasing production, has caused numerous occupational injuries for farmers and gardeners. Therefore, this study aimed to prioritize and analyze the effective factors on gardenerschr('39') occupational health in Ilam, Iran. Materials & Methods: This applied research was conducted quantitatively based on a causal relationship method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all gardeners in Ilam province (n=6711). The sample size was determined at 405 people using the sampling table of Bartlett et al. and stratified random sampling method. Ethics code:IR.MEDILAM.REC.1399.274 Findings: According to the results of factor analysis, the components affecting the gardenerschr('39') occupational health included supportive, economic, environmental and occupational, personal, professional, and educational factors. Path analysis findings using AMOS vol.23 software also showed that supportive factors had the greatest impact on gardenerschr('39') occupational health, followed by economic, environmental and occupational, personal, professional, and educational factors. Discussions & Conclusions: Considering the findings of the present study and the effect of supportive factors on gardenerschr('39') occupational health as the most priority factor, it can be concluded that the occupational injuries of gardeners can be significantly reduced by increasing government support through providing financial incentives, subsidies, as well as long-term and low-interest facilities to develop and increase the health and safety of gardens and greenhouses.

In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of unmarried girls in a community with traditional backgrounds, such as the Ilam community. The main question of the research is that the reasons for not marrying girls in a society with a traditional context such as Ilam. In this research, qualitative method and typology technique have been used. In fact, the power of typological explanation depends on how much it can maximize the consistency and similarity of the members of each category as well as the maximum difference between categories and types. In the current study, snowball sampling was used. The sample size of this research is based on the theoretical principle of saturation in the qualitative method of 16 people. All stages of the process of data analysis are performed using the coding technique. In this research, the concepts of thinkers such as Giddens, Inglehart, Bourdieu and Goffman have been used.. The results show that among the unmarried girls of the Ilam community, eight types can be drawn: “Confused single girls”, “Deadlocked girls”, “Exchangeable single girls”, “Postponement of marriage until the goals are achieved”, “Single Girls of Independence”, “Stigmata”, “Girls caught in a closed window of attitude” And “Perfect Unmarried Girls”. In general, the decisive role of cultural change and the economic context of the society studied can be seen in meeting the requirements for the phenomenon of increasing the age of marriage of girls in the Elamite community.

Introduction: Linguatula Serrata is a zoonotic parasite. Several cases of human infection have been reported from Iran and other countries. Sheep and Canids, as the intermediate and definitive hosts, respectively, play an important role in the persistence of infection in humans. The present study aimed to evaluate the lymph node infection in the sheep with respect to host factors (age and gender), lymph nodes (color and consistency), and their role in the infection of various hosts. Material & Methods: This cross-sectional study included the randomly selected samples of mesenteric lymph nodes from slaughtered sheep (n=619) of different areas of Ilam province, Iran, from April to November 2015. The positive samples were determined by collecting Linguatula Serrata nymphs. Following that, the obtained data were analyzed using statistical tests. Findings: Out of 619 sheep samples, 99 (16%) samples were infected with Linguatula Serrata nymphs. The highest prevalence rates were observed in the southern areas, including Abdanan, Darreh Shahr, and Dehloran (19%). On the other hand, the lowest prevalence rates were in the eastern regions, including Shirvan, Sirvan, and Chardavol (11.7%). The infection prevalence rate in females was 25.6% (n=52 of 203) that was more than that in males (11.3%; n=47 of 416). There was a significant relationship among gender, age, and the prevalence rate of the infection (P<0.05). The highest and lowest infection rates were observed in the age groups of ≥3 (23.4%) and <1 (11.3%), respectively. Furthermore, the maximum infection rates were noted in the dark and soft lymph nodes, (54.3% and 38.7%, respectively), compared to normal ones (11.5%, and 10.4%, respectively). The color and consistency of the lymph nodes showed a significant relationship with the infection rate (P<0.05). Discussion & Conclusion: Considering the high levels of infection in sheep, which is a reflection of dogs' infection in the area and the potential risk to humans, health education and observance of the principles of prevention, especially avoiding the use of infected lymph nodes to feed dogs, are essential to reduce the parasite infection in the hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The excessive occurrence of vandalistic behaviors in urban environment is not only in conflict with the established principles of social order, but also has serious negative psychological and financial effects on citizens. One of the reasons for such behaviors is the quality of the urban environment. On the one hand, police has taken a new community-based approach in recent years, focusing on the potential of the community to reduce crime and violent behavior, and has tried to prevent this phenomenon in urban environment. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the impact of urban environment quality and police management on vandalistic behaviors of citizens of Ilam city. Methods: The present study is applied in terms of its objective and descriptive-correlational in terms of its methodology. The required data is collected using library and field methods with the help of a questionnaire. The statistical population is composed of urban management experts, university professors, and police officers and staff, 164 of whom are randomly selected through random stratified sampling method using Cochran's formula. Data are analyzed by one-sample t-test and correlation (SEM) in SPSS and LISREL software. Results:The findings indicate that the quality of urban environment with a coefficient of effect of -0.45 has a reversible effect on the vandalistic behavior of citizens in the city of Ilam. The coefficient of effect of police management on vandalistic behaviors is -0.50, so police management has a reverse and significant effect on vandalistic behaviors in Ilam city. Also, the dimensions of urban environment quality and the dimensions of police management have a reverse and significant effect on vandalism in Ilam city. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that the low level of urban environment quality and the lack of police management in Ilam city have led to an increase in vandalistic behaviors by citizens.

Abstract In order to investigate the diversity and frequency of thrips species on oak trees, weekly sampling was done during different seasons in Kalan region (Eyvan county), as a part of oak forests of Ilam province (western Iran), in 2018. In this relation, 10 oak trees and 20 leaves were selected from each tree. Thrips were collected by shaking the leaves on a white plastic tray. The species diversity indices were calculated using the number of species and their relative abundance. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the statistical differences between species diversity indices in different sampling months. Out of the 841 collected thrips specimens, 14 thrips species were identified, which belonged to six genera and four families. Amongst them, Thrips tabaci Lindeman was the Eudominant species accounting for 47.65% of the abundance. In addition, among the collected thrips, Aeolothrips gloriosus, A. intermedius, A. melaleucus, Haplothrips globiceps, H. longipes, and H. subtilissimus were predators, and the rest were phytophagous. The highest abundance for predatory species with 13.32% was related to A. intermedius. The population peak of thrips was observed in May. The results of this study also showed that there was a statistically significant difference between species diversity indices in different months of the year (P≤0.05). The highest and lowest biodiversity indices (i.e. Shannon-Wiener diversity, Pielou, Margalef, and Simpson’s evenness) were 3.55 and 0.92 (for June and December), 0.76 and 0.28 (for September and December), 2.84 and 1.26 (for June and December), and 0.77 and 0.28 (for June and December) respectively.

Long- term exposure to street dust because of the potential toxicity of heavy metals can cause harmful effects on the human's health by inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact. In this study, 25 dust samples were collected from the sidewalks of the main streets of Ilam and analyzed by inductively coupled spectroscopy (ICP- OES) method. The mean concentration of the studied metals was: Pb (58.80), Zn (213.24), Cu (63.12), Cr (45.84), Cd (0.37), Ni (43.73) V (30.92) and As (5.00) (mg / kg). Based on the average value of the potential ecological risk (Er), the heavy metals of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni and V had a low ecological risk and Cd showed a moderate one. The highest non- carcinogenic risk (HQ) in children and adults was related to As through ingestion and Cr through the dermal contact pathway; on the other hand, the lowest amount was due to the Cd via the inhalation. Cumulative non- carcinogenic hazard (HI) of all heavy metals in the street dust have been found to be higher for children rather than adults. In both age groups, Cr and Pb had the highest and lowest risk of carcinogenicity (RI), respectively. The obtained results, therefore, indicate that the main source of heavy metals in the study area is anthropogenic sources such as traffic, industrial facilities and fossil fuels burning.

Introduction: Emotional divorce as a social damage is the first step in the process of divorce and represents a destabilizing marital relationship that enhances the feeling of alienation in couples and affects the general health and mental health of family members. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between general health and emotional divorce in couples referred to Ilam Family Counseling Center. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 217 individuals referred to Ilam Family Counseling Center were recruited through simple random sampling. The standard questionnaire of emotional divorce and general health questionnaire (GHQ-28) was used. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics, including mean and standard deviation, Pearson correlation, t-test methods and one-way ANOVA. Findings: The mean age of the couples in this study was 36.69 ±17.85 years. The mean score of emotional divorce and general health were 39.48±6.25 and 40.34±10.12, respectively. There was a statistically significant relationship between emotional divorce and general health and its dimensions (P=0.01). Also, there was a significant relationship between emotional divorce with variables of age (P=0.01) and gender (P=0.03) and education (P=0.02). Discussion & Conclusions: Overall, Considering the relationship between general health and emotional divorce and the relationship between these two factors, improving factors related to general health and mental health in the family, such as developing programs to educate and inform the mental health components and provide the necessary framework for enhancing relationships between couples with emphasis on Health factors can have a direct effect on emotional divorce.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the water extracts of three species of Salvia (S. perspolitana, S. palaestina, S. bracteata) on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeroginosa. The antibacterial activity of water extracts of the studied species on the bacterial strains was examined using well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Results showed that only S. bracteata formed growth inhibitory zone (9 mm) on Staphylococcus aureus. The extracts of all three plants formed growth inhibitory zone on E.coli and P. aeroginosa. The extract of S. bracteata was more effective than that of the other species. Results for MIC also showed that the extracts of S. perspolitana had the lowest effect on St. aureus and its MIC was observed in a concentration of 1024 µg/ml. The extracts of this species had the inhibitory effect in a concentration of 256 µg/ml. The uppermost inhibitory effect was provided by the extract of S. bracteata, since the minimum inhibitory concentration of this species for S. aureus was equal to 64 µg/ml; and for the other two bacteria, it was equal to 128 µg/ml. The extracts of S. palaestina had the lowest effect on S. aureus and its MIC was observed in a concentration of 1024 µg/ml. The extracts of this species had an MIC equal to 512 µg/ml for the other two bacteria. It was concluded that S. bracreata could be considered a suitable species with anti-bacterial activities in future researches.

Introduction: Disability is an unavoidable fact which has been existed as a social phenomenon in communities from the past until now. There are different reasons for the emergence of this phenomenon which can be identified and prevented, thereby lowering the incident rate of disability in communities. This descriptive-analytical study aimed at investigating the causes of disability among adolescents under 14 years of age in Ilam, Iran. Materials & Methods: This study included 694 participants (336 males and 270 females) who were selected using a census sampling method. The data were collected through a researcher-made questioner, and subsequently, they were analyzed using descriptive (i.e., Frequency and Frequency percent) and inferential statistics (i.e., the Chi-square test). Findings: The results showed that consanguineous marriage, congenital factors, literacy, and gender correlated significantly with disability (P

In irrigation management, the amount and quality of irrigation water is very important. Inappropriate water and soil quality will cause the plant to grow, destroy the soil structure and eventually reduce crop yield. In this study, according to the field measurement, the boundaries of the system were investigated, a conceptual model was developed to determine causal relationships, structural test, and the extent test used for the system dynamics method. Scenarios including water supply from Karkheh Dam and wells of the region as well as crop pattern were evaluated and selected. The conceptual model was based on five sub-models: water demand, water supply, environmental stresses, water economy and environment. The results showed that the use of Karkheh Dam water of 160 million cubic meters and the extraction of 90 million cubic meters of the plain aquifer will keep the groundwater level at a distance of 10 meters from the soil surface and will supress the problem of rising groundwater level. In crop pattern scenarios, the model results were the use of crop pattern with emphasis on increasing forage and beet levels to prevent drainage.

Introduction: Supply chain management in healthcare sector is of utmost importance due to its effect on individuals’ health status compared to other industries. In the current world economic situation wherein logical thinking should be based on lifetime costs of products ,as well as supply chain sources and processes, it is essential to have an agile supply chain to have a socio-environmental performance creating competitive advantage. Materials & Methods: This study was a survey with a correlational design considering its methodology and purpose. The statistical population of this study included the staff of public hospitals in Ilam province, Iran; of which, 340 individuals were selected as the participants based on Krejcie and Morgan’s sample size determination table. Moreover, the SPSS Statistics Software and LISREL Software were used to analyze the data in this study. Findings: The statistic of the Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin (KMO) index was equal to 0.844 implying sampling adequacy. Moreover, all the factors affecting supply chain agility had a normal distribution and the test statistic was larger than 1.96 for all the factors, suggesting their relationship with supply chain agility. The positive correlation between supply chain agility and competitive advantage was further confirmed based on the research findings.Additionally,the value of the goodness of fit index (GFI=0.96) showed the fit of the model and the test statistic of the model (T=9.60) revealed the significant impact of supply chain agility on creating the competitive advantage. Discussion & Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrated that the seven dimensions of computer-based technologies, flexibility, relationships with suppliers, use of modern technologies, collaborative partnerships, sensitivity to market, and responsiveness of demands had effects on supply chain agility in hospitals. Moreover, public hospitals in Ilam Province were endowed with competitive advantage in three dimensions of durability and permanence, retention, and opportunities; however, they lacked competitive advantage in the dimension of individuals’ unique capabilities.

One of the most important social problems in Ilam is addiction. The method of the present article is qualitative. The main question of the article is why addiction has occurred among the research samples? The main question of the research is what narratives do they talk about how they became addicted to drugs? To answer this question, we used grounded theory method. The study sample consisted of 25 men living in addiction treatment centers (19 to 38 years old) who had the time and ability to participate in the study. The most important categories obtained from the research are: Addiction as a rebellion against the family; Addiction as opposition to school; Tendency to independence; empathy with reference groups; Easy access to materials and lack of leisure spaces; Attractive semantics for materials; The first pleasant experience and incompatibility with previous ideas, Late family awareness; Family poverty; Family inability to react properly; The importance of emotional activism, the addict's effort to overcome addiction and repeat the cycle of Social exclusion and elimination in society.

Objective (s): For decision making and health policy planning it is quite important to know causes of death for every community. This study aimed to investigate death statistics in Ilam province, Iran. Methods: Data were extracted from the Ilam death registry developed by the Iranchr('39')s Vital Registration Organization. Deaths in 20 groups of causes according to the international classification of diseases-10 [ICD-10] were analyzed. The percentage of each cause is determined by gender and age. The sex ratio index and years of life lost due to premature death also were estimated for each group of causes. Results: There were about 2500 death records annually in the registry system. Majority of deaths occurred due to chronic non-communicable diseases. Accidents and respiratory disorders had a high proportion in the mortality transition in Ilam province. Three main causes of deaths included neuropathic diseases. At older age, non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular and among youth the social problems, including unpredictable events, violence by others and suicide were the main factor in the loss of human capital. Conclusion: Epidemiological transition occurred in causes of mortality in Ilam province, Iran. The major contribution of non-communicable diseases and emerging social problems to deaths requires through examination of health policies that address social, psychological and preventive factors.

Human migration is the most significant characteristic of today's world. This may lead to different results including linguistic contact which by itself may bring about subtractive bilingualism or may lead to the attrition and death of the mother tongue. This study investigates the attrition and changes of mother tongue among Kurds of Ilam living in Tehran. This study seeks answers for questions like in which age groups can we see the most attrition and language changes? And also in which level (vocabulary or syntax) can we see these attrition and changes. This study was done among two separate groups of 30 Kalhori Kurdish speakers living in Tehran and 30 Kalhori Kurdish speakers living Ilam. A designed and validated Questionnaire was administered among the participants of the study. The results showed that changes and attrition occurred more frequently among persons under 20 in Tehran, they were more among women than in men and the most attrition and change was in vocabulary level.

Introduction: Technological advancements and increased production of cars and motorcycles have led to the increased incidence of traumas all around the world. Injuries and fractures occur due to different etiologic factors such as motor vehicle accidents, quarrels, and fall accidents. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of fractures in computed tomography (CT) scans in Emergency Department of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam, Iran, in 2014. Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional retrospective study, we evaluated the medical records of all trauma patients who were admitted to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam during 2014. Information from patients' medical records and CT scan radiographs were recorded in a checklist. After removing duplicate data, 710 patients were evaluated. Findings: In this study, 52% (75% male and 25% female) of the fracture cases due to motor vehicle accidents were aged 18-26 years. The most frequent etiologic factor was accident (62.9%) and the most frequent trauma type was hand and foot trauma in males (39.1%) and females (38.4%), followed by head and neck trauma in males (32.7%) and females (22.1%). Most of the fractures had occurred in the first half of 2014, and the mortality rate due to fracture was 1.3%. Discussion & Conclusions: This study showed that the most frequent etiologic factor of trauma is motor vehicle accident similar to other developing countries. Therefore, providing education in this area and increasing the safety of transport systems are essential.

Vast areas of Zagros forests of Iran have been affected by oak decline in the last decade. Due to the rapid outbreak caused by charcoal disease and its destructive consequences on the natural ecosystems, it is essential to develop forest management plans that address innovative and appropriate practices and control techniques. This study used logical framework analysis (LFA) to assess oak decline in Ilam province and thereby determined the most related criteria for planning and control in forest management plans. Following LFA procedure, the surrounding circumstances were analyzed to recognize the problems and consequently develop the problem tree. Corresponding factors of oak decline were evaluated by pairwise comparisons using the analytic hierarchy process, which resulted in objective tree and planning matrix. The planning matrix consisted of goals and objectives at strategic and operational levels of planning as well as activities and indicators. Results showed that external factors including climate change and soil weakness, and internal factors like aging of trees, inconsistency with climate change and lack of regeneration are the most importance factors for oak decline in Ilam forests. We suggested that management should pay particular attention and attempt to cope with internal factors. The outcome of this study could be used as a guide to develop planning and control matrix in forest management plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of cities has brought about fundamental changes in the lives of residents. The problems in the cities show the lack of sustainability indicators in them. Therefore, the livability indexes are very important to study them. The main purpose of this paper is to identify and classify the factors affecting the livability of Ilam City using interpretive structural modeling technique. The present study is a descriptive survey in terms of applied purpose and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. By reviewing the literature and content analysis and Delphi technique, 16 indicators affecting the livability of Ilam City were identified, and then the internal relationships between them were examined using the ISM method. Then, the type of variables was determined according to the impact on other variables. The results showed that the city of Ilam is classified into six levels based on the factors affecting the livability and the five factors such as fair distribution of infrastructure facilities and services, adequate housing, having a suitable job and income, the amount of goods and services, proper quality of roads and streets with respectively are considered to be the most influential variables of livability in Ilam City. As a result, each plan or action to start and improve the livability of Ilam City must pay attention to the key and basic role of these factors. Accordingly, the first general dimensions affecting the livability of Ilam City include economic dimensions and in the later stages, environmental dimensions and social dimensions. Furthermore, none of the enablers were in the autonomous group according to MICMAC analysis, which would show the importance of all enablers in the livability of Ilam City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problem Statement: It is necessary to evaluate different elements of the Arbaeen Pilgrimage event (with a religious tourism perspective) in its different directions because this evaluation will lead to the proper allocation of resources. This event can be one of the main forces influencing the economic improvement and development of Ilam province. On the other hand, today, value chain management is considered as one of the infrastructure foundations of business implementation in the world. Objective: This study aimed to investigate and identify value chain business opportunities of the Arbaeen Imam Hussein (AS) Pilgrimage event in Ilam province. Research Method: The present research was an applied study and its method was descriptiveanalytical. The method of collecting information was field data collection method. The statistical population of this study included all people who were somehow working on Arbaeen route (Mehran-Kermanshah) in Ilam province. Using Cochran's formula, 385 individuals were selected and surveyed by stratified random sampling. In this study, a researcher-made questionnaire was used to survey the field data. The face validity of the questionnaire and its reliability were confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.854). In this study, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis models and related software such as SPSS and Amos were used for data analysis. Results: The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that there were five general business opportunities for investment in the development of the supply chain of the Arba'een Pilgrimage in Ilam province. Also, the results of the confirmatory model showed that, in general, economic-commercial reconstruction opportunity (0.39), regional functionality opportunity (0.225), transportation opportunity (0.362), cultural-religious opportunity (0.552), and location brand opportunity (0.44) were able to explain 82% of the variance of the dependent variable of the study. Innovation: Analyzing the business opportunities of the value chain of the Arba'een Pilgrimage is the innovation of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Due to the source nature and placement of the Gurpi Formation between the Asmari and Bangestan reservoirs, it has a special importance. The name of this formation has been derived from Gurpi Mountain in the northwest of Masjid-Soleyman County. At the type section, this formation includes 320 meters of marl and bluish gray shales together with subordinate thin layers of clayey (argillaceous) limestone which overlies the limestones of the Ilam Formation, along an erosional unconformity. The Gurpi Formation has an open marine and deep sea sedimentation environment, which is why it is a good talent for biostratigraphy studies using planktonic fauna. Studies conducted by some researchers on the Gurpi Formation represent a Late Santonian – Tanetian age in different parts of the Zagros area, based on different planktonic assemblages (e.g., Kameli Azan et al., 2004; Darvishzadeh et al., 2007; Abrari et al., 2010; Senemari & Sohrabi Molla Usefi, 2012; Senemari & Azizi, 2012; Beiranvand et al., 2013; Najafpour et al., 2014; Fereydoonpoor et al., 2014; Razmjooei et al., 2014.). Materials and methods This study is based on macroscopic field description of 252 meters of Upper Cretaceous sequences (Gurpi Formation) in the Gandab section located on southern flank of Kabir Kuh anticline in Lurestan Province of Zagros, southwest Iran. In total, 192 hand specimens were taken from rock samples and sediments from these sections for paleontological study. After washing, samples were dried on sieves and put in special cellules. Released fossils were studied by binocular firstly, and then by Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM). Determination and naming genera and species was based on Robaszynski et al. (1984), Caron (1985), Loeblich and Tappan (1988), and Premoli Silva and Verga (2004). Discussion of Results Biostratigraphy In this study, 57 species related to 20 genera and 7 biozones of planktonic foraminifers are recognized in Gandab section. - Globotruncana ventricosa Interval Zone This biozone is defined between Globotruncana ventricosa appearance at the bottom and Radotruncana calcarata appearance at the top. It is correlated with Globotruncana ventricosa biozone aged Middle to Late Campanian (Premoli Silva and Verga , 2004). - Radotruncana calcarata Total range Zone This biozone which its top and bottom is consistent with the appearance and extinction of Radotruncana calcarata respectively, It is correlated with Radotruncana calcarata biozone aged Late Campanian (Premoli Silva and Verga , 2004). - Globotruncana aegyptiaca Interval Zone This zone is defined according the appearance of Globotruncana aegyptiaca at the base and the appearance of Gansserina gansseri at the top and is parallel to Globotruncana aegyptiaca biozone aged the End of Late Campanian (Premoli Silva and Verga , 2004). - Gansserina gansseri Interval Zone It places between the appearance of Gansserina gansseriat the base andContusotruncana contuosaat the top. This biozone is parallel with Gansserina gansseri biozone aged the most final part of Campanian-Maastrichtian (Premoli Silva and Verga , 2004). - Contusotruncana contuosa Interval Zone This biozone is defined between the appearance ofContusotruncana contuosa at the base and Abathomphalus mayaroensis at the top and is equivalent of Contusatruncana contusa and Racemiguembelina fructicosa biozones and aged Early to Late Maastrichtian (Premoli Silva and Verga, 2004). - Abathomphalus mayaroensis Interval Zone It is defined between the appearance of Abathomphalus mayaroensis species at the base and its extinction at the top. This biozone equals Abathomphalus mayaroensisbiozone agedLate Maastrichtian(Premoli Silva and Verga, 2004). Cretaceous – Paleocene (K-P) boundary K-P boundary is located on top of the Gurpi Formation in Gandab section. It is characterized by the end of Abathomphalus mayaroensis zone and extinction of all planktonic foraminifers. In this research, because of the missing of Guembelitria cretacea Zone P0 as a result of far sampling distance, biozone of Abathomphalus mayaroensis related to Gurpi Formation, is located below Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina Zone (Pα) of the Pabdeh Formation (i.e. Danian). Correlation Biozones of the Gurpi Formation in Gandab section are compared with biozones of this formation at the in Kuh - e Siah anticline. In the Kuh - e Siah anticline studied by Fereydoonpoor et al, 2014, 8 biozones were introduced from the Gurpi Formation. These biozones give Early Santonian – Early Maastrichtianage for the Gurpi Formation in this section. Conclusions The Gurpi Formation at the Gandab section with a thickness of 252m composing of limestone and argillaceous limestone. The lower boundary with the Ilam Formation is conformable with sharp lithology and upper boundary is gradational with the Pabdeh Formation in two sections. Through this study, 57 species related to 20 genera and 7 biozones of planktonic foraminifers in Gandab section were distinguished. According to these biozones and fossil content, the age of Gurpi was determined Middle Campanian to Late Maastrichtian.Transition from Maastrichtian to Paleocene was continuous and the K-P boundary located at the top of Gurpi Formation.

Introduction: Health promoting behaviors include behaviors that individuals pay to proper nutrition, regular exercise, keeping away from destructive behavior and drug, protection against accidents, early detection of physical symptoms, control of emotions, feelings and thoughts, coping with stress and psychological problems, adjustment and modification of interpersonal relationships in the social dimension. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 185 employees of Ilam University of Medical Sciences using Convenience Method in 2014. Data was collected through health-promoting lifestyle questionnaire (HPLP II) with dimensions including physical activities, stress management, spiritual growth, nutrition, health and interpersonal relationships responsibility. After data collection, the data entry was done using SPSS 21 statistical software and then analyzed through appropriate statistical tests of descriptive statistics, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Linear Regression. In this study, the level of significance was less than 0.05. Findings: The mean score of promoting behavior among the employees was 130.47. The highest score was spiritual growth aspect and the lowest was physical activity aspect. Regression models of physical activity (P=0.006) and nutrition aspects (P=0.036) were significant with demographic variables. Discussion & Conclusions: According to the results of our study, physical activity score was lower than the other health promotion behaviors dimensions. More steps are suggested to be taken to determine the effective factors to improve the health promotion behaviors through impressive interventions among such a class of employees.

Introduction: Premenstrual syndromes are among the disorders associated with reproductive age that includes physical, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral signs during the luteal phase that occurs periodically from 7 to 14 days before menstruation. These signs are not present at the begining of menstruation or during the first few days of bleeding. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of premenstrual syndromes in high school girls of Ilam during the year 2015. Materials & Methods: This descriptive-analytic study has been performed on 266 single girl- students aged from 15 to 18 years, with the average age of 16.34, considered to have regular and natural menstruation cycles (with gaps of 21 to 35 days between each two menstruations lasting for 3 to 7 days). To assess the frequency of premenstrual syndromes, the prospective questionnaires (Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool: PSST) was used for two consecutive cycles. In this research, statistical tests such as Chi-square, Variance analysis, and Logistic regression were applied to analyze the data. Findings: Based on our results, the frequency of medium or sever premenstrual syndromes was 36.84% and the frequency of premenstrual dysphoric disorder was 11.65%. According to logistic regression model, severe bleeding multiplies chances of the individuals suffering from dysphoric disorder by 5.1 times, while pain multiplies chances of the girls suffering from premenstrual syndrome about 4.1. There was a significant relation between the mild and severe premenstrual syndrome with pain, (P

Climate and air pollution can be a factor affecting human mortality. Ilam province has a different and contradictory climate due to geographical location, climate, and proximity to the deserts of neighboring countries such as Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Syria and the Scattering of its cities. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the climatic elements affecting respiratory diseases in mountainous regions and plains in Ilam province. The population under study was the number of people referred to Mustafa Khomeini Hospital in Ilam during the five-year statistical period (2009-2013) in both regions. The data on climatic elements in the years between (2009 - 2013) is presented in this study as an independent variable. In the present study, using descriptive and inferential statistics and regression models at a significant level (P

Problem Statement: Urban parks are an essential part of city's landscapes and their existence is necessary for citizen's health. Therefore, achieving spatial justice requires urban planners to allocate sufficient amounts of these spaces for cities and provide equal access of all residences to the parks. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the availability of urban parks, distribution of these spaces and their accessibility in the city of Ilam. Research Method: The research is applied in nature and has analytical-evaluation method. The research data were documentary and included GIS shape files of Ilam land use and statistical blocks of 2016 population censuses. Descriptive statistics and buffering techniques in GIS were used for data analysis. Results: Findings showed that Ilam is much lower than the set standards so that only 2% of its surface area is covered with parks and per capita urban park is only 2-5 m2. Also, the distribution of these spaces in the city is not balanced so that the concentration of these spaces in the northern half of the city is far greater than the south and the center of the city. While one-third of the city's area and one-third of the city's population, which are mainly in the southern parts of the city, are not in the coverage area of parks, they are overlapping in some northern parts to even nine coverage areas. The difference in ‘per capita access to parks’ across the city is about 10 times. Innovation: The index of ‘per capita access’ in analyzing accessibility is a new method that it has not been used in research in Iran so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long- term exposure to street dust because of the potential toxicity of heavy metals can cause harmful effects on the human's health by inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact. In this study, 25 dust samples were collected from the sidewalks of the main streets of Ilam and analyzed by inductively coupled spectroscopy (ICP- OES) method. The mean concentration of the studied metals was: Pb (58.80), Zn (213.24), Cu (63.12), Cr (45.84), Cd (0.37), Ni (43.73) V (30.92) and As (5.00) (mg / kg). Based on the average value of the potential ecological risk (Er), the heavy metals of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni and V had a low ecological risk and Cd showed a moderate one. The highest non- carcinogenic risk (HQ) in children and adults was related to As through ingestion and Cr through the dermal contact pathway; on the other hand, the lowest amount was due to the Cd via the inhalation. Cumulative non- carcinogenic hazard (HI) of all heavy metals in the street dust have been found to be higher for children rather than adults. In both age groups, Cr and Pb had the highest and lowest risk of carcinogenicity (RI), respectively. The obtained results, therefore, indicate that the main source of heavy metals in the study area is anthropogenic sources such as traffic, industrial facilities and fossil fuels burning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) is a key indicator for rural development.This makes sustainable security in the region and reverses migration. Rural Development is considered as the basic and important basis for national development in each country. Creating and developing small businesses is one of the most suitable approaches for empowering villagers. This study is quantitative, and its purpose and nature is practical, in terms of data collection is descriptive - survey. For data analysis, SPSS software was used as the main software and LISERL software as a help application for factor analysis (exploratory) The statistical population of the study consisted of experts and administrators of the Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization of Ilam province, rural economic activists (rural entrepreneurs and co-operatives), and professors and teachers of Payam Noor University in Ilam.In this study, 20 variables effective on the creation and development in the village were identified that after the application of factor analysis , Kaiser Method was used to determine the number of factors. According to these criteria, four factors(financial and production inputs, supportive and encouragement, educational and skill, and cultural and social factors) were identified with high-value above 1. These four factors to explain the 0.7531 Percent of the total variance of variables and identified as extractable factors. Regarding the statistical indices, using the main factors analysis method, these four factors were able to explain 7531% of the variance of the total variables.

For downloading the full-text of this article please click here. Background and Objective: The use of spiritual resources can be effective to solve the life-related problems including feeling guilty. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and sexual guilt among students of Ilam University of Science and Research. Method: This study adopted a descriptive-correlational design. The population of the study included all students studying at Ilam University of Science and Research in 2012 - 2013. Using Morgan table, 100 students were selected through convenient sampling technique. Mosher’s Sexual Guilt Inventory and King’s Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory were utilized for data collection. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression were conducted for analyzing the gathered data. In this study, The ethical issues were all considered and the authors declared no conflict of interest. Results: Based on the obtained results, there was no significant association between the overall spiritual intelligence and sexual guilt scores (r=0.192; p>0.05). However, one of the subscales of spiritual intelligence (i.e. Conscious State Expansion) significantly predicted sexual guilt (r=0.401; p>0.01). Besides, there was a statistically measurable correlation between sexual guilt and students’ age. Nonetheless, no significant relationship was detected between students’ scores on the sexual guilt inventory and their gender (r=0.204; p>0.05). Conclusion: Although no significant connection was observed between students’ spiritual intelligence and sexual guilt, one the subscales of spiritual intelligence had a significant role in understanding and expressing sexual guilt. This role was specifically considerable among older students. For downloading the full-text of this article please click here.

Background and Aim: The presence of various impurities including suspended solids, chemical compounds, bacteria, viruses and other pathogens can reduce the water quality and it has been increased the use of household water treatment plants. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of household water treatment plants on the microbial and chemical characteristics of drinking water in Ilam city. Materials & Methods: In this cross - sectional study, 50 household water treatment plants were randomly selected in all the regions of the Ilam city. The parameters of turbidity, pH, free residual chlorine, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), heterotrophic bacteria count (HPC) and fecal and total coliforms were measured in the inlet and outlet water samples of the household water treatment plants. Findings: The results showed that the removal efficiencies of free residual chlorine, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, and turbidity by the household water treatment plants were 100, 70.44, 70.31 and 61.05%, respectively. The removal efficiency for total coliform was 21.61%. The finding also showed that the household water treatment plants had negative effects on the removal of heterotrophic bacteria and fecal coliforms, so that the number of these organisms in the outlet water samples was higher than of inlet. Conclusion: The results indicated that the household water treatment plants had not acceptable efficiency on the removal of microbial contamination and in many cases even increased the microbial contamination. The water treatment plants also eliminate all the free residual chlorine contents in the water that can be result in the secondary microbial contamination of the treated water.

In order to study biostratigraphy of the Pabdeh Formation in southwest of Ilam, Marbera section was selected. In this section, Pabdeh Formation is mainly consists of marls, shale and marly limestones. The study of calcareous nannofossils led to the recognition of 72 species and 26 genera. According to the first and last occurrence of index species and based on Martini (1971) zonation, the following biozones are identified:, Tribrachiatus contortus Zone (NP10), Discoaster binodosus Zone (NP11), Tribrachiatus orthostylus Zone (NP12), Discoaster lodoensis Zone (NP13), Discoaster sunlodoensis Zone (NP14), Nannotetrina fulgens zone (NP15), Discoaster tanii nodifer Zone (NP16), Discoaster saipanensis Zone (NP17), Chiasmolithus oamaruensis Zone (NP18), Isthmolithus recurvus Zone (NP19), Sphenolithus pseudoradians Zone (NP20), Ericsonia Subdisticha zone (NP21), Helicosphaera reticulate Zone (NP22), Sphenolithus predistintus Zone (NP23), Sphenolithus distentus Zone (NP24), Sphenolithus ciperoensis Zone (NP25). As a result of this study and based on the obtained biozones, the age of Pabdeh Formation in southwest of Ilam, is Early Eocene (Ypresian) to Late Oligocene (Chattian).

The increasing trend of rural waste in the country justifies the greater attention to rural waste management and its role in environmental protection. Rural waste collection due to plenty of villages and a small amount of rural waste requires spatial planning to cover a wider field by utilizing the economic and common use of equipment. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the potential and location of the waste management system in rural areas of Shirvan and Chardavol. The research method of this study is a survey, developmental and Delphi combination, which its dominant approach is surveying.Statistical population of the present study were all villages with permanent residents, 198 villages. In order to study the community, all villages were surveyed and the required information was collected from tenants (55 Dehyaries) and informants (in 143 villages without a Dehyary) and members of the rural council (55 members of rural council) through a questionnaire.Also, in order to determine the appropriate standards for collecting rural waste, the required information was obtained from 65 managers of cooperative organizations and experts of the municipal organization of the country as well as Ilam governorate. To evaluate the coverage scenarios of rural waste management services, network analysis was used in Arc GIS software. According to the results of the study, only in 1. 52% of the under study villages, the produced waste material are collected and buried, 11.62% are collected, buried andde potted outside of the village, and 86.87% of the waste was not collected. Also, the most satisfaction of the villagers is between the time period of every other day and weekly. According to experts, the best service radius for shared waste management is the radius of 15 and 20 km (69%). In order to cover rural services, considering the available equipment, three scenarios were evaluated in total. The assessment of scenarios shows that if the equipment is properly organized, it will be possible to provide full service to the villages of the city.

Tourism is an industry that nowadays considered by many governments and currently is one of the most profitable sectors of the global economy. The tourism industry has a significant impact on employment rates, national income, consumption and investment. Depending on the purpose of the tourist, tourism is classified into various types, one of them is geotourism Although geo tourism now has allocated a small part of the total tourism to itself , but at the present, this part of tourism industry has a very high growth rate. In this paper by using the Geographic Information System (GIS), identifying areas prone to geo tourism in the protected area of Manesht, Bankol and Galarang using the Boolean logic model and AHP model have been investigated. For this purpose, information layers including maps of geomorphic, geological, topographic, gradient zoning, vegetation, mineral springs, communication paths, water resources and map of welfare and residential accommodations were prepared. Applying the appropriate weights was done in the Expert choice software environment. Then through combining and overlapping information layers in Arc GIS10.2 environment, suitable areas were identified and top priorities to the development of geo tourism in the area were introduced. The results of this study show that the areas with high attraction are located in the north, center to south-east of the protected area, which have vegetation and forest cover, water resources and high geomorphologic values, and areas with lower attraction are located more in the south and west area, which have evaluated as poor in terms of for geomorphologic values, vegetation and forest cover, access and infrastructure, water resources and natural attractions. The results of this research show that the two models of AHP and Boolean's logical model are highly adaptive in assessing geotourism in the studied region and can be suitable for assessing geo tourism in different regions. Also, the correct introduction of these natural attractions to the tourists, will positively affect on the natural environment of the tourists and improve the attraction of tourism.