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The iron (III) Schiff base complex was immobilized on magnetic silica as well as mesoporous silica substrates and characterized by XRD, TEM, FT-IR, AAS, VSM techniques, and in the case of mesoporous silica, it was also identified with N2 adsorption/desorption and TGA methods. These materials were applied for oxidation of benzyl alcohols and sulfides with hydrogen peroxide as a green oxidant. The effect of catalyst structures was studied in the mentioned reactions. The results showed that using of mesoporous silica in the oxidation of sulfides and benzyl alcohols with hydrogen peroxide in the optimal reaction conditions provided a higher catalytic yield in the same or even less reaction time. The higher catalytic performance of the mesoporous substrate based on the identifications (carried out by N2 adsorption/desorption technique) can be attributed to the higher surface area of this substrate and the stronger connection of the Schiff base complex of iron (III) to the mesoporous silica (according to leaching test). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The nutritional value of many lignocellulosic food materials can be improved by deligninating with physical, chemical and biological methods. Biological, chemical and physical methods are used to process agricultural by-products. In chemical processing, the use of acids, oxidative agents and alkalis are included, which alkalis are more accepted by animals in the animal husbandry industry. Biological processing is a new method that is done using enzymes and fungi. In the case of biological method, low-quality wood materials are processed by different species of fungi that have lignin-decomposing enzymes. Biological processing is an effort to use less chemicals and consume less energy compared to chemical and physical methods. Quinoa plant is a plant with good resistance to unfavorable environmental conditions, which has high tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses. The cultivated area of the country is about 18.8 million hectares, and on the other hand, about a third of these lands are susceptible to cultivation due to poor quality soil and inappropriate water distribution, including salinity and drought. In areas with dry and salty conditions, using plants resistant to these conditions is a suitable way to deal with these conditions. So, a study was carried out to investigate the effect of different treatment methods (chemical and biological) on chemical composition, gas production parameters and digestibility of quinoa straw in a completely randomized design. Materials and methods: The following treatments were: 1) untreated quinoa straw (control) (CON), 2) CON processed with hydrogen peroxide, 3) CON processed with sodium hydroxide, 4) CON inoculated and fermented with Bacillus Subtilis and 5) CON inoculated and fermented with Aspergillus Niger. Prior to hydrogen peroxide treatment (132 mL of 35% H2O2), samples were pretreated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 80 g/kg DM) to attain and maintain a pH of 11.5. For biological processing, activation of lyophilized vials and preparation of starter cultures of bacteria and fungi were done in MRS-broth at 37°C and PDA at 25°C, respectively. After that, one liter of the combination of distilled water and starter culture (containing at least 105 colony forming units per milliliter of bacteria or fungi) was added to each kilogram of quinoa straw.Treated samples were then placed into plastic bags, tied up and stored under anaerobic conditions. Prior to analysis, bags were opened and air dried. Chemical composition of the samples was determined using the standard methods of AOAC. Ruminal degradability trial was carried out using the nylon bag technique. Gas production test was used to estimate gas production parameters. In vitro digestibility of the samples was determined through the batch culture method. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between treatments in terms of chemical composition (dry matter, ash, organic matter and crude protein) (P<0.05). In this respect, the highest amount of dry matter was in the control treatment and the lowest in the hydrogen peroxide treatment. Among the chemical treatments, the treatments with sodium hydroxide had the highest and the treatments with hydrogen peroxide had the lowest values of Crude Ash. Different treatment methods had significant effect on gas production potential and rate (P<0.05). Treatments with control and fungi had the highest and sodium hydroxide treatment had the lowest gas production potential. Treatment with sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide significantly increased dry matter and organic matter digestibility (P<0.05). In general, the bacteria had the lowest digestibility, partitioning factor, and microbial protein production. Conclusions: Overall, the results of this study showed that treatment with sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide had a greater effect on improving the nutritional value of quinoa straw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives The storage time of platelet concentrate is limited to 3-5 days due to various factors, including bacterial contamination and platelet storage lesions. Antioxidant agents have been found to significantly improve the survival and function of platelets. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the antioxidant compounds L-carnitine, Resveratrol, and Vitamin C on platelet oxidative stress during storage. Materials and Methods This experimental study utilized six platelet concentrate bags to evaluate the antioxidant effect of L-carnitine, Resveratrol, and Vitamin C at concentrations of 50 and 100 mM. The effects of these antioxidants on malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme activity, H2O2, and pH levels were measured on days 0, 3, and 5 of platelet storage. The data was analyzed using GraphPad Prism version 8 software and one-way ANOVA tests. Results The concentration of 100 mM antioxidant compounds had a stronger protective effect compared to 50 mM. These effects were significant on the fifth day of platelet storage. The impact of these antioxidants resulted in improving platelet quality, including a decrease in MDA levels, and LDH activity. Conclusions The results showed that the antioxidant compounds can affect oxidative conditions created during five days of storage and reduce platelet destruction during this time through a specific biochemical mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: The white color of teeth is one of the most essential factors in smile esthetics. Therefore, various whitening agents such as bleaching mouthwashes have been produced in response to the people’s high demand for having whiter teeth. The present study evaluated the efficacy of three whitening mouthwash products on tooth enamel whiteness. Materials and Methods: In the present in vitro study, 32 bovine incisors were assigned to four groups in terms of the mouthwash used (n=8): control (C); Xenon Smart White (ZSW), containing pyrophosphate and triphosphate; Signal White Now (SWN), containing Blue Covarine; and Pasta Del Capitano whitening mouthrinse (PCW), containing Plasdone. Colorimetry was carried out using a spectrophotometer at the baseline and 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after treatment with mouthwashes. Data were analyzed using CIELab parameters with ANOVA, RM two-way ANOVA, and post hoc Tukey tests (α=0.05). Results: The results showed that the whiteness created by the SWN mouthwash was clinically visible (ΔE>3.3). However, the functions of all the mouthwashes were statistically similar with no significant differences from the control group (P>0.05). Conclusion: Although, Blue Covarine-containing mouthwash was somewhat effective in whitening of tooth enamel, none of the mouthwashes had significant efficacy compared to distilled water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold is one of the most important abiotic stresses that limits crop growth and yield worldwide. In order to investigate how 20-day-old barley seedlings adapt to short-term cold stress, the present study was carried out in a factorial experiment with four replications in the seed laboratory of Karaj Seedling and Seed Breeding Research Institute. The experimental factors included barley cultivars (cold-sensitive Karon, semi-cold-tolerant Fasih, and cold-tolerant Makoi) and cold stress with three levels of 4, 8, and 22°C (control). Temperature treatments were applied to barley seedlings for 48 hours. The results of analysis of variance showed that the interaction of cold and cultivar was significant on most of the measured traits in this study. The mean comparison also showed that the highest value of F0 was observed in Karun and Fasih cultivars at 8°C and in Makoi cultivar at 4°C, while in all three cultivars, Fv value and chlorophyll a content decreased with decreasing temperature. The ratio of Fm/Fv in Makoui and Fasih cultivars decreased with decreasing temperature, however no significant change was observed in Karon cultivar. In addition, with decreasing temperature, malondialdehyd (MDA) and H2O2 concentration and peroxidase (POX) activity increased in all three cultivars, especially Karon cultivar, but catalase (CAT) and super oxid dismutase (SOD) activity were not affected by the cultivar, and the highest CAT and SOD activity were obtained at 8 and 4°C, respectively. The obtained results showed that the cultivars more tolerant than the sensitive cultivar (Karon) at low temperatures by limiting the production of compounds such as H2O2 and MDA, had higher chlorophyll content and photosynthetic efficiency, which probably reflects greater adaptation to cold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: In the production of pulp, materials such as sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, etc. are used in the bleaching process. In addition, the above-mentioned materials can be used as oxidizing materials to increase the surface charge of fibers, and can help the paper to be more resistant. Therefore, this research was conducted to investigate the effect of fiber oxidation with hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite on the characteristics of NSSC and OCC pulps as vigin and recycled pulps, respectively. Materials and methods: The pulps required for this research, unbleached NSSC pulp and OCC pulp were obtained from Mazandaran wood and paper factory. First, the consistency, initial freeness and brightness of the pulp were measured. Also, the required chemicals were all of industrial grade, hydrogen peroxide (in liquid form 52%) from Chlor Pars Tabriz Company and sodium hypochlorite (in liquid form 16.4%) from Kleran Semnan Company and sodium silicate from Bawand Shimi Qazvin Company, caustic soda (Liquid soda) with a purity of 47% for bleaching with peroxide was obtained from Arvand Abadan Petrochemical, and soda ash (solid soda) with a purity of 90% for bleaching with hypochlorite was obtained from Chloran Pars, Semnan. In order to control the destructive effects of transition metals, all pulps were treated with 0.2% DTPA, in 2% consistency, time 30 minutes, temperature 90 degrees Celsius and pH=5.5-5, before bleaching. At the end of this step, the pulp is thoroughly washed with distilled water and used for the next steps. For the oxidation of both types of pulp, 3, 4, 5% hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite were used for oxidation of NSSC pulp using the above ratios (similar to peroxide) and for OCC pulp, 0.5, 1 and 1.5% hypochlorite ratios were used. Then the structural characteristics of the fibers such as pulp freeness, kappa number, WRV, viscosity, carboxyl groups were investigated and finally, the pulps were evaluated by FT-IR spectroscopy. Results: The results showed that with the increase in the consumption of hypochlorite, freeness increased in the oxidized NSSC pulps, but the trend of freeness decreased in the oxidized OCC pulp. This issue shows the situation regarding the use of peroxide. Also, the oxidation of pulp by sodium hypochlorite compared to peroxide has resulted in the release of more lignin, and in this sense, the effectiveness of OCC pulp has been higher compared to NSSC pulp. The amount of water retention value in the pulp fibers in the NSSC pulp treatments has increased compared to the control pulp, and in the case of the OCC treatments, it has not changed significantly compared to the control treatment, and only in one case (OC-Na1) has a significant decrease. With the increase of peroxide consumption in the oxidation process of both types of NSSC and OCC pulp, despite the increase in viscosity, there is no significant difference between different consumption levels. In addition, with the increase in the level of hypochlorite consumption, a significant increase in the viscosity of the aforementioned pulps is observed. The amount of carboxyl groups of pulps treated with peroxide increased in both types of NSSC and OCC pulps compared to the control sample. Compared to peroxide, hypochlorite has been more effective in creating carboxyl groups in both types of pulp. The evaluation of FT-IR spectroscopy also shows that the oxidation treatment with peroxide and hypochlorite has increased the carboxyl groups on both types of pulp compared to the control samples. Conclusion: The effectiveness of hypochlorite compared to peroxide in the creation of carboxyl groups in both types of pulp was more, which seems that the increase of carboxyl groups on the cellulose chain occurred more on C6 by peroxide and more on C2 and C3 by hypochlorite. The oxidation process increases the viscosity of paper pulp by increasing the carboxyl groups and due to the creation of a higher molecular weight. In addition, the increase of carboxyl groups due to higher chemical activity has made them able to absorb higher water and thus higher WRV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Determining the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in liquids and biological samples is very important because of its effects on human health. This study aimed to design a new electrochemical biosensor based on hemoglobin to detect hydrogen peroxide in serum samples. Methods: In this study, a basic science, a biosensor based on modifying the glassy carbon electrode surface with a nanocomposite consisting of cobalt oxide nanoparticles and multi-walled carbon nanotube functionalized with a carboxyl group (MWCNT/Co3O4) and hemoglobin stabilized on this nanocomposite was made as a biological recognition element. Results: In optimal conditions, the biosensor was used to measure different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. The designed biosensor showed a wide linear response range from 10 μM to 500 μM, a detection limit of 0.512 μM, and high reproducibility and stability. Conclusion: In this innovative research work, MWCNTs/Co3O4 nanocomposite was used to make a diagnostic biosensor. The presented biosensor showed an acceptable performance in the measurement of hydrogen peroxide in serum samples and laboratory solutions.

Metabolic adaptation to cold stress plays an important role in the growth, survival, and yield of crops. Diamine cadaverine (Cad) as an osmolyte may take part in counteracting the oxidative stress induced by cold stress in chickpea. In this experiment, content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Cad, activity of diamine oxidase (DAO), and its relative gene expression (DAO) in cold-tolerant (Sel96th11439) and cold-sensitive (ILC533) chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes under cold stress (4°C) as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD) were studied. In tolerant genotype H2O2 content after a significant increase on the first day of cold stress decreased significantly on the sixth day of cold stress compared to control condition (up to 4.7%), while, its accumulation was observed in sensitive genotype (up to 50%). These results indicated a relative acclimation to cold stress in tolerant genotype. The Cad metabolite content (18 nmol/g FW) was observed under cold stress in tolerant genotype on the sixth day of stress. Under cold stress, in tolerant genotype increasing Cad content was accompanied with an increase in DAO activity and relative expression of DAO gene as biosynthetic pathways of this metabolite (up to 3.5- and 3-fold, respectively). The maximum activity of this route was observed in tolerant genotype on the sixth day of cold stress. In the late responses under cold stress, the accumulation of Cad in tolerant genotype led to reduced cell damage (H2O2 results) and improved cold tolerance. These indices were useful in assessment of chickpea genotypes under cold stress and breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective The current study was undertaken to investigate if there is a relationship between metabolism of ethylene and heavy polyamines (PAs) under cold stress in cold-tolerant and cold-sensitive chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes. Materials and methods In this research, content of ethylene, heavy polyamines (spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm)), activities of PAs degradation pathway enzymes (polyamine oxidase (PAO) and diamine oxidase (DAO)), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and relative expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS) and 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO) genes in cold-tolerant (Sel 96th11439) and cold-sensitive (ILC 533) chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes during the first and sixth days of cold stress at 4 °C compared to control condition as a factorial experiment in a Completely Randomized Design were investigated. Results During cold stress, both genotypes showed a significant increase in Spd and Spm content (66.66 and 96.23%). Ethylene production was declined in cold-sensitive genotype under cold stress compared to control conditions (up to 26.08%) while in the cold-tolerant genotype, the unique ethylene peak in early response (on the first day of stress) comared to control conditions (15.62%) was closely related to increased heavy polyamine accumulation. In the tolerant genotype, the increase in polyamine oxidase (PAO) and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity in early responses, (By 2.6- and 3.01-fold, respectively) was related to the increase in ethylene biosynthesis, as well as a concomitant increase in heavy polyamine (Spd & Spm) content by cold stress. In the tolerant genotype, the relative expression of ACS and ACO genes, after a significant increase on the first day of cold stress (5.2- and 4.03-fold, respectively), showed a significant decrease on the sixth day of the stress compared to the control plants, while a continuous decreasing trend (35-and 21.7-fold, respectively) was observed in the sensitive genotype compared to the control condition. Conclusions Findings of this research suggest that ethylene is intimately involved in improvement of cold stress tolerance through activation of a complex pathway of signalling by H2O2 that is polyamine catabolism-dependent.

Background and Objective: In recent years, bleaching materials have been used in many clinics, which may have different effects on natural teeth and composite restorations (omnichroma). The aim of this study is to determine the spectrophotometric effect of external bleaching on natural tooth structure and composite restoration. Methods: In this study, cavities were first created on 26 extracted teeth, and then, omnichroma composite restorations were completed for all these teeth. The color of each tooth sample was evaluated with a colorimeter device. Measurements were obtained before the application of the bleaching agent for initial lightness (L0), after the bleaching agent's first application (L1), and after the second application of the bleaching agent (L2). Total color change difference (ΔE) values between the restorations and natural tooth during first (ΔE1) and second (ΔE2) treatment intervals were compared. Findings: This study found that, as lightness values between natural tooth and composite were compared, there are changes of lightness value; L1 (p=0.000) and L2 (p=0.006) showed that there is a significant difference in lightness value (L) between natural tooth and composite restoration during the first and second treatments. However, the comparisons of total color change (ΔE) found no substantial differences between the composite restoration and natural tooth structure during the first and second treatment intervals ΔE1 (p=0.479) and ΔE2 (p=0.821). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the value of ΔE decreased significantly from L0 to L2 bleaching treatments. As the tooth becomes brighter, it is clear that there is less of a color difference between the omnichroma restoration and the tooth structure.

Today, the adoption of green technologies and sustainable development has dragged more attention in the metallurgical industry. Accordingly, in this study, the leaching kinetics of chalcopyrite (CuFeS2 ) concentrate using 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate (BmimHSO4 ) as an acidic ionic liquid was investigated. Effects of operational parameters including temperature, BmimHSO4 concentration, H2 O2 concentration, solid-to-liquid ratio and particle size on the rate of copper dissolution from CuFeS2 were systematically examined. The results showed that the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and temperature had the greatest and the least effect on the dissolution of chalcopyrite, respectively. Also, the highest Cu extraction (ca. 97%) in this work was achieved using 40% BmimHSO4, 30% H2 O2, and 10 g/L solid to liquid ratio for particle sizes less than 37 µm and 45 °C for leaching time of 180 min. Kinetics study using Shrinking Core Model (SCM) revealed that CuFeS2 leaching process using BmimHSO4 follows the chemical reaction-controlled process. In addition, the orders of reaction with respect to BmimHSO4 and H2 O2 concentration, solid to liquid ratio, particle size were estimated to be 0.5386, 0.933, -0.676 and -1.1078, respectively. Under these circumstances, the activation energy and Arrhenius constant were 46.63 kJ/mol and 0.2596×106, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effect of cycocel and micronutrient consumption on yield, physiological traits, and antioxidant content of maize under low irrigation conditions at the end of the season, a split factorial experiment was carried out based on a randomized complete block design with four replications in Safiabad Agriculture Research Center in Dezful during two cropping years 2017-18 and 2018-19. The main treatment included water stress with three levels control (without water stress), water stress in female flower formation stage and water stress in grain swelling stage. Also, foliar application of cycocel at three levels of control (no use of cycocel), 442.5 ppm, and 885 ppm and three levels of micronutrient fertilizers, namely control (no fertilizer application), foliar application of 1000 g.ha-1, and foliar application of 1500 g.ha-1 were considered as the sub-factors. Results of the combined ANOVA showed that the interaction of the effects of year, stress, micronutrient, and cycocel on relative water content, proline and grain yield and also the interaction of the effects of stress, micronutrient, and cycocel on hydrogen peroxide, glutathione peroxidase, and soluble proteins were statistically significant (p≤0.01). The results also showed that the highest activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme was obtained under stress conditions at the grain swelling stage, which showed an increase by about 37% compared to the irrigation treatment under optimal conditions. Foliar application of 1500 g.ha-1 micronutrient and 885 ppm cycocel in non-stress conditions increased the average grain yield (11500 kg.ha-1) in the second year by about 85% compared to stressed condition at grain swelling stage and no application of micronutrient and cycocel. In general, to increase grain yield under optimal irrigation conditions and reduce the drop in stress conditions, growth regulators such as cycocel with a concentration of 885 ppm and micronutrient foliar application at 1500 g.ha-1 are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light is a vital factor for plant cultivation. LED lamps in different spectra have some advantages such as low heat production and energy requirement, and long lifespan, which was used for the first time to design plant growth chambers in closed culture systems and space research. In this research, impact of light spectrums was studied on the growth mechanisms through chlorophyll pigments, enzyme defense system, and antioxidant metabolite analyses. Seeds were cultivated in Murashige and Skoog medium and exposed to different light spectrums of white, red, blue, and red-blue. Then, the seedlings were harvested for growth and biochemical analyses after 4 weeks. Results showed that red-blue and blue lights induced the fresh weight, dry weight, root length, adventitious roots, chlorophyll content, protein, flavonoids and antioxidant enzymes of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Blue spectrum significantly decreased stem length and increased the relative water content. Moreover, the highest amount of hydrogen peroxide was observed in seedlings treated with red light. It seems that light spectra by changing the hydrogen peroxide level can regulate antioxidant enzyme activity and enhance antioxidant metabolites, and red-blue light may use as a suitable lighting spectrum for the design of M. chamomilla cultivation chamber in space research.

Background and purpose: About 50% of infertility in couples is related to male factors and oxidative stress is one of the main causes of infertility in men. Hydrogen peroxide has an adverse effect on male reproductive system due to its free radicals. Spirulina and phycocyanin are known to have antioxidant properties and can modify stressors. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 36 adult male rats were randomly divided into six groups to receive the following: water and normal food, phycocyanin solution (300 mg/kg), spirulina (500 mg/kg), hydrogen peroxide solution (0.5%), hydrogen peroxide in drinking water (0.5%) + phycocyanin (300 mg/kg), and hydrogen peroxide in drinking water (0.5%) + spirulina (500 mg/kg). Weighing and dissection of testicles were performed for histological study and sperm evaluation. Results: Hydrogen peroxide had negative effects on testicular tissue, leading to significant decrease in sperm count, sperm motility, and sperm morphology compared with the control group (P

Microgreens are young plants that have gained popularity among consumers due to their high nutritional value. In the present study, the shelf life and nutritional properties of beet microgreens subjected to silicon and nano-silica in the post-harvest period have been investigated. Silicon and nano-silica treatments were carried out at two levels (Control and 100 mg/L as foliar spraying), after which the microgreens were harvested and kept at 4°C for 12 days. The results showed that the activity of polyphenol oxidase enzyme increased with the increase of storage time and as a result the browning of the tissue also increased. Also, with increasing storage time, the percentage of weight loss, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and carotenoid increased and chlorophyll a, b and total, total phenol, flavonoid, antioxidant capacity and vitamin C decreased. The use of silicon and nano-silica treatment decreased the activity of polyphenol oxidase enzyme and browning of the microgreen tissue compared to the control. Application of silicon increased total chlorophyll (33.75%), total phenol (2.49%) and total antioxidant capacity (39.7%) of microgreens in the post-harvest period. Also, the use of nano-silica increased the amount of total phenol (5.73%), antioxidant capacity (55%) and vitamin C (38.77%) compared to the control. In general, the results of this research showed that the pre-harvest application of silicon and nano-silica improves the nutritional characteristics of beet microgreens in the post-harvest period.

The current study agreenhouse research was designed to evaluate the reaction of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) genotypes to salt stress (NaCl salinity) and Salicylic acid, to study of the proteome profile of leaves for identifying molecular pathway involved in salt stress tolerance. The study was designed as factorial experiment using a randomized complete block design in three replications. Treatments are included NaCl solutions at three levels (0, 100, 200 mM) as salinity stress, Salicylic acid at two levels (0, 0/5 mM) and five genotypes. Agronomic and physiochemical traits were included: fresh and dry weight of ariel plant and roots, plant height, root length, fresh and dry weight of total plant, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids, total chlorophyll, Na+ and K+ content, K+/Na+ ratio, malondialdehyde (MDA), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and Total soluble carbohydrate (TSC) of leaves. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences for main and interaction effects in examined traits. German and Moghan genotypes were expressed as the most tolerant and sensitive genotypes based on Arunachalam method, respectively.

Background and Objective: Denture cleansing and disinfecting techniques include mechanical brushing and using ultrasonic units, as well as microwave radiation, in conjunction with various chemical cleansers. The present study investigated the effect of different ratios of vinegar and hydrogen peroxide on the color changes of hard heat acrylic resins. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 40 specimens with 3×20×20 mm dimensions. Samples were divided into four groups: one control group and three experimental groups with a combination of two types of hydrogen peroxide and vinegar with ratios of 1:1, 3:1, and 3:1. Samples were immersed in disinfectant solution for 8 h every day for one month. Afterward, they were subjected to spectrophotometry to evaluate their color properties based on a, b, and L color parameters. The color changes of each sample were then calculated using the ΔE00 and ΔW ID parameters. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The mean and standard deviation of ΔE00 parameter in vinegar and hydrogen peroxide groups with 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 ratios, and the control were equal to 0.75±0.1, 0.5±0.2, 1.57±0.2, and 0.03±0.01, respectively. The mean and standard deviation of ΔW ID parameter in vinegar and hydrogen peroxide groups with 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 ratios, and the control group were 0.7±0.96, 0.48±0.12, 1.51±0.47, and 0.09±0.07, respectively. Conclusion: The highest color change and bleaching of base denture resin occurred in the group with the 3:1 ratio of hydrogen peroxide to the vinegar, which was significantly different from other groups (P

Background and Objective: The presence of toxic compounds, including phenol, due to industrial development, poses a threat to the environment. Utilizing hairy roots has emerged as a potential method to remove these toxins. This review aims to explore the efficacy of hairy roots in absorbing phenol pollutants and the influencing parameters. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using a descriptive-review method based on existing literature gathered from databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The focus of the study was on the purification of phenol using hairy roots. Keywords such as Phytoremediation, Hairy root, Phenol, and Transgenic roots were used for data collection. Results: Results show successful phenol removal by hairy roots, potentially attributed to abundant production of peroxidase enzymes. Various factors, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), incubation time, pH, plant species, and pollutant concentration, impact phenol removal efficiency. Notably, plants like Brassica napus, rich in peroxidase enzymes, exhibit high efficiency in removing phenol pollution up to 500 mg/L, with H2O2 and within a pH range of 4-9. Conclusion: In conclusion, hair roots possess significant adsorption capacity for phenol. However, phenol concentration, contact time, pH, and temperature influence their performance. Therefore, further research is required to explore optimal conditions for phenol removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Oxidative stress and apoptosis due to hydrogen peroxide poisoning have a major effect on the physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms of the lung. This study aims to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise and Tribulus terrestris extract on some indicators of oxidative stress and lung tissue apoptosis in poisoned male Wistar rats. Methods In this experimental study, 49 male rats aged 10-12 weeks were randomly divided into seven groups: Control, Poisoned, Poisoning+ Exercise, Poisoning+ Supplementation 1 (Tribulus terrestris 5 mg/kg), Poisoning+ Supplementation 2 (Tribulus terrestris 10 mg/kg), Poisoning+ Exercise + Supplementation 1, Poisoning+ Exercise+ Supplementation 2. The aerobic exercise program consisted of eight weeks (5 days a week) of running on a treadmill at a speed of 20 meters per minute for 60 minutes per session. Alcoholic extract of Tribulus terrestris at two doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg was administered to the target animals by gavage for eight weeks. Serum levels of oxidative stress markers were measured with special kits, and the expression of apoptotic markers of lung tissue was measured by immunohistochemistry. The study hypotheses were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and Least Significant Difference post hoc test, considering a significance level of P

Objective The current study was undertaken to investigate if there is a relationship between metabolism of ethylene and heavy polyamines (PAs) under cold stress in cold-tolerant and cold-sensitive chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes. Materials and methods In this research, content of ethylene, heavy polyamines (spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm)), activities of PAs degradation pathway enzymes (polyamine oxidase (PAO) and diamine oxidase (DAO)), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and relative expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS) and 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO) genes in coldtolerant (Sel 96th11439) and cold-sensitive (ILC 533) chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes during the first and sixth days of cold stress at 4 °C compared to control condition as a factorial experiment in a Completely Randomized Design were investigated. Results During cold stress, both genotypes showed a significant increase in Spd and Spm content (66.66 and 96.23%). Ethylene production was declined in cold-sensitive genotype under cold stress compared to control conditions (up to 26.08%) while in the cold-tolerant genotype, the unique ethylene peak in early response (on the first day of stress) comared to control conditions (15.62%) was closely related to increased heavy polyamine accumulation. In the tolerant genotype, the increase in polyamine oxidase (PAO) and diamine oxidase (DAO) activity in early responses, (By 2.6- and 3.01-fold, respectively) was related to the increase in ethylene biosynthesis, as well as a concomitant increase in heavy polyamine (Spd & Spm) content by cold stress. In the tolerant genotype, the relative expression of ACS and ACO genes, after a significant increase on the first day of cold stress (5.2- and 4.03-fold, respectively), showed a significant decrease on the sixth day of the stress compared to the control plants, while a continuous decreasing trend (35-and 21.7-fold, respectively) was observed in the sensitive genotype compared to the control condition. Conclusions Findings of this research suggest that ethylene is intimately involved in improvement of cold stress tolerance through activation of a complex pathway of signalling by H2O2 that is polyamine catabolism-dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: About 50% of infertility in couples is related to male factors and oxidative stress is one of the main causes of infertility in men. Hydrogen peroxide has an adverse effect on male reproductive system due to its free radicals. Spirulina and phycocyanin are known to have antioxidant properties and can modify stressors. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 36 adult male rats were randomly divided into six groups to receive the following: water and normal food, phycocyanin solution (300 mg/kg), spirulina (500 mg/kg), hydrogen peroxide solution (0.5%), hydrogen peroxide in drinking water (0.5%) + phycocyanin (300 mg/kg), and hydrogen peroxide in drinking water (0.5%) + spirulina (500 mg/kg). Weighing and dissection of testicles were performed for histological study and sperm evaluation. Results: Hydrogen peroxide had negative effects on testicular tissue, leading to significant decrease in sperm count, sperm motility, and sperm morphology compared with the control group (P<0.05). But, phycocyanin and spirulina algae improved the function of testicular tissue, by which improvement in sperm motility, morphology, and mortality was observed. In all parameters, the protective effect of phycocyanin on testicular tissue was better than spirulina. The group that received phycocyanin + hydrogen peroxide, showed no significant difference in the number of sperm and number of testicular cells when compared with the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Phycocyanin and spirulina algae reduce the harmful effects of hydrogen peroxide on reproductive system of rats by improving some factors in testicle structure and semen parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgreens are young plants that have gained popularity among consumers due to their high nutritional value. In the present study, the shelf life and nutritional properties of beet microgreens subjected to silicon and nano-silica in the post-harvest period have been investigated. Silicon and nano-silica treatments were carried out at two levels (Control and 100 mg/L as foliar spraying), after which the microgreens were harvested and kept at 4°C for 12 days. The results showed that the activity of polyphenol oxidase enzyme increased with the increase of storage time and as a result the browning of the tissue also increased. Also, with increasing storage time, the percentage of weight loss, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and carotenoid increased and chlorophyll a, b and total, total phenol, flavonoid, antioxidant capacity and vitamin C decreased. The use of silicon and nano-silica treatment decreased the activity of polyphenol oxidase enzyme and browning of the microgreen tissue compared to the control. Application of silicon increased total chlorophyll (33.75%), total phenol (2.49%) and total antioxidant capacity (39.7%) of microgreens in the post-harvest period. Also, the use of nano-silica increased the amount of total phenol (5.73%), antioxidant capacity (55%) and vitamin C (38.77%) compared to the control. In general, the results of this research showed that the pre-harvest application of silicon and nano-silica improves the nutritional characteristics of beet microgreens in the post-harvest period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Based on its unique characteristics, oil industry wastewater must be treated before discharging into the environment. The study aimed to optimize the catalytic sonopraxone process in the treatment of petroleum wastewater using a statistical method. Materials and Methods: The synthesis of Iron Oxide-Zinc Oxide was carried out by air oxidation and layer-by-layer self-assembly method. XRD, SEM, EDAX, FT-IR, BET, DRS, VSM and TGA techniques were used to investigate the structure. In this study, applied CCD method optimization of pH parameters, reaction time, ozone gas concentration, hydrogen peroxide concentration and catalyst amount in the process. In optimal conditions, BOD5 and TPH removal values, reaction kinetics and synergistic effect of mechanisms were studied. COD, TPH and BOD5 were measured by spectrophotometer (DR6000), GC-FID and incubator, respectively. Results: The results indicated that the Fe3O4@ZnO structure is well formed. A quadratic model was proposed to model the process based on the correlation coefficient. Based on ANOVA analysis and p and f indices, the proposed model was reported to be significant. Optimum conditions include pH 6.4, ozone concentration 1.3 mg/L.min, hydrogen peroxide concentration 2.5 mL/L, reaction time 51 min and catalyst amount equal to 0.64 g/L. In these conditions, the amount of COD reduction was 82.3 and 70% theoretically and experimentally, respectively. Also, in optimal conditions, BOD5 and TPH removal rates were 90.5% and 85.8%, respectively. The kinetics of the process follows the kinetics of the first order (R2=0.98) and the presence of different mechanisms together causes a synergistic effect and increases the efficiency of the process. Conclusion: This process can improve the quality of oil effluent based on COD, BOD5, and TPH removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mesenchymal stem cells and their secretions contain various factors that have anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of environment derived from stem cell from apical papilla (SCAP) on H2O2-induced retinal toxicity in rats.Methods: Twenty healthy rats were selected for this study, all of which underwent intravitreal H2O2 injection in days 1 and 2 of the right eye. They were then randomly divided into two groups: no other intervention was performed in the first group, but in the second group, on the fifth day, the conditioned medium adjacent to the stem cell of apex of the dental papilla were injected into the vitreous of the right eye. The left eye was considered as the control. After two weeks, all rats were euthanized and histological evaluation was performed.Findings: Retinal thickness in the second group (236.8 ± 20.8 microns) was closer to the control group compared to the first group (199.9 ± 65.3 microns) which was statistically significant.Conclusion: This study showed that the Conditioned medium adjacent to SCAP contains secretory factors that can have a protective effect on damaged retinal cells and reduce the rate of retinal atrophy.

IntroductionChickpea is one of the valuable pulses and rich source of protein. In most years, in west of Iran, the amount of rainfall is low and the distribution of rainfall is not suitable. In many cases, rainfed lands are affected by drought stress. On the other hand, most rainfed lands have low fertility, especially in nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients. In higher plants, salicylic acid applied to reduce the dangerous effects of drought stress. Different varieties of chickpeas show different responses to environmental changes. This experiment was carried out in order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and biofertilizers on the physiological characteristics of two chickpea cultivars. Materials and MethodsThis experiment was done in factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Kermanshah under rainfed conditions in the 2016. Kermanshah is located at an altitude of 1319 m of sea level (Latitude: 34°21′ N and Longitude: 47°9′ E). Experimental treatments included two chickpea cultivars (Bivanij and Azad), foliar spraying of salicylic acid (non-application, 0.5 and 1 mill molar concentrations) and biological fertilizer (non-application of biofertilizers, bio-superphosphate bacteria (Pseudomonas+Enterobacter), biosulfur bacteria (Thiobacillus spp.), a rhizobium bacterium (Mesorhizobium ciceri), and mycorrhiza fungus (Rhizophagus irregularis). Each plot was six m2 (four meters long and 1.5 meters wide) with 6 lines (density= 40 plants per m2, sowing line spacing= 25 cm, sowing distance on each line= 10 cm and sowing depth= 7 cm). The sowing date was March 19. The studied traits were relative water content, relative water loss, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a/b ratio, carotenoids, hydrogen peroxide, catalase and peroxidase enzyme activity and grain yield. Results and DiscussionFoliar spraying of salicylic acid and the application of biofertilizers increased the production of hydrogen peroxide and decreased the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes. The highest catalase activity were obtained in Bivanij cultivar×non-application of salicylic acid, Bivanij cultivar×non-use of biofertilizer, non-application of salicylic acid and the lowest catalase activity were obtained in Azad cultivar×one mM salicylic acid, Bivanij cultivar×bio-superphosphate and one mM salicylic acid×biosulfur application. The highest and lowest peroxidase activity were obtained under non-application of salicylic acid×non-application of biofertilizer and one mM salicylic acid×rhizobium application, respectively. The highest relative water loss (RWL) was obtained in Bivanij cultivar×non-application of biofertilizer, while the lowest RWL was observed in Azad cultivar×biosulfur application biofertilizer. Relatively, the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll a/b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids increased with the application of biofertilizers. Bivanij cultivar had a higher grain yield than Azad cultivar. In both Bivanij and Azad varieties, the highest grain yield was obtained from the use of rhizobium and mycorrhiza biofertilizers. The highest grain yield (1626 kg.ha-1) was observed from the application of the concentration of 0.5 mM of salicylic acid and rhizobium biofertilizer. In both Bivanij and Azad varieties, the highest catalase activity was observed due to non-use of salicylic acid and non-application of biofertilizer. ConclusionIn general, at all three levels of salicylic acid, the highest peroxidase activity was observed in the absence of biofertilizer application. It is possible that biofertilizers reduce both nutrient deficiencies and drought stress, thus reducing peroxidase activity. In general, in this experiment, in terms of grain yield and physiological traits affecting grain yield, between the cultivars, native Bivanij cultivar, among the salicylic acid levels, the concentration of 0.5 mmol and among the biofertilizers, rhizobium biofertilizer were superior treatments.

Water limitation is the most severe stress factor limiting plant growth and crop production in arid and semi-arid regions. Several strategies have been developed in order to decrease water limitation effects caused by the rainfed condition on plant growth. Among them, the use of putrescine and bio-fertilizers such as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Mycorrhiza play a significant role in yield improvement. Therefore, to study biofertilizers and putrescine’s effect on biomass and some physiological and biochemical traits of vetch (Vicia villosa) under rainfed conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in a research farm at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2019. Experimental factors included biofertilizers (no biofertilizer as control, application of Rhizobium, Mycorrhiza, combined application of Mycorrhiza and Rhizobium, Rhizobium and Azotobacter, Mycorrhiza and Azotobacter, Rhizobium with Mycorrhiza and Azotobacter) and foliar application of putrescine in three levels (water as control, 0.5 and 1mM putrescine). The results showed that both application of Azotobacter with Mycorrhiza and Rhizobium and foliar application of 1 mM putrescine increased catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes activity )37.08, 37.54 and 34.41% respectively (, maximum fluorescence and anthocyanin content )56.94 and 4.57% respectively( compared to no application of biofertilizers and foliar application of putrescine. Also, both application of Azotobacter with Mycorrhiza and Rhizobium and foliar application of 1 mM putrescine increased total biomass by about 56.9% compared to no application of biofertilizer and putrescine. It seems that the application of biofertilizers and putrescine can increase the total biomass of Vica villosa under rainfed conditions due to improving the physiological and biochemical traits.

Introduction: Free radicals increase with age and disease, so the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise and vitamin D on the expression of alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin genes in bone tissue of rats poisoned with hydrogen peroxide. Methods: In this experimental trial, 36 adult male Wistar rats were randomized into six groups of six rats, 1) control; 2) hydrogen peroxide; 3) hydrogen peroxide + vitamin D; 4) hydrogen peroxide + exercise; 5) hydrogen peroxide + exercise and vitamin D and 6) Sham. For eight weeks, groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 were given daily dose of 1 mmol/kg hydrogen peroxide on even days, groups 3 and 5 received 0.5 mg / kg of Vitamin-D daily, and sham group received only vitamin D solvent intraperitoneally. Groups 4 and 5 performed aerobic exercise 3 day/week. Osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase gene expression were measured by PCR and were analyzed using independent t-test, two-way analysis of variance and Boferroni’s post hoc test with SPSS 16 (p≤0.05). Results: The interactive effect of exercise and vitamin D on increasing alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin was significant. (p≤0.05); exercise increased alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin (p ≤ 0.05); vitamin D was also associated with increased alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin (p=0.0001). The greatest effect on increasing osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase showed in groups 5 and 3, respectively (p=0.001). Conclusion: Exercise and vitamin D had a positive effect on bone tissue, so that even the systemic effect of hydrogen peroxide could not change the results of this constructive effect.

In this research, the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) on the structural properties, porosity, active pores, and surface area of the MOF-5 (Zn4O(BDC)3) metal-organic framework was studied. For this purpose, the metal-organic framework was synthesized by direct mixing and the molar ratios of the precursors to the ligand were modified to minimize the stoichiometric calculation error as well as the washing process to improve the properties of the synthesized MOF-5. In order to characterize the synthesized compounds and to investigate the effect of peroxides and washing process on the properties of the samples, X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric/Differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) analysis were performed. Structure, pore volume (1.212 cm³/g), and specific surface area (2307 m²/g) were compared to the sample synthesized with H2O2. DM-P-03 was selected as the optimal sample and prepared for thermal stability. According to TG-DSC analysis, the remaining zinc compounds in the sample were checked and the thermal stability of MOF-5 structure was confirmed up to 470°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LED light spectrums are the proper light source for plant research in the International Space Station and the life support system. In the present study, effects of different light spectrums on some growth parameters, and antioxidant activity were investigated in Anthemis gilanica. Seedlings irrigated with 1/2 Hougland solution under different light spectrums including white, red-blue and deep red. Seedlings were harvested for physiological and biochemical analyzes after 4 weeks. Results showed the fresh and dry weight, relative water content and root length increased under the red-blue light spectrum comparing to other spectrums. Hydrogen peroxide level didn't significantly change under different light spectrums. Seedlings treated with white spectrum showed the highest DPPH scavenging activity. Also, seedlings treated with deep red spectrum showed the maximum shoot length. It seems that decrease of growth under white spectrum is related to transfer carbon and energy sources for antioxidant compound biosynthesis.

Background and objectives: Soil salinity is one of the most important factors limiting the growth and yield of crop plants in arid and semi-arid regions, which causes lipid peroxidation and membrane damage by producing reactive oxygen species. Under such conditions, plants use enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant mechanisms to prevent lipid peroxidation and increase malondialdehyde content. Application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria is strategy that can improve plant performance under salinity stress and, consequently, plant growth increase by producing or releasing secondary metabolites such as regulators or growth hormones. Also vermicompost can directly increase plant yield by increasing plant nutrients and by acting on some antioxidant functions, controlling free radicals and thus protecting plants against environmental stresses. Humic acid also reduces the effects of salinity stress by improving protein synthesis, altering enzyme activity, solubility of micronutrients, improving soil structure, increasing cation exchange capacity and soil microbial population. Therefore, the aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of salinity, vermicompost, flavobacterium and humic acid on antioxidant enzymes activity and some biochemical traits of triticale. Materials and methods: A factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in research greenhouse of faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabil during 2020. Experiment factors were included salinity at three levels (no application of salinity as control, application of 50 and 100 mM soil salinity by NaCl), and organic and bio fertilizers application (no application of organic and bio fertilizers as control, application of vermicompost, Flavobacterim and application of both vermicompost and Flavobacterim) and humic acid foliar application (foliar application with water as control and foliar application of 2 g L-1 humic acid). Results: The results showed that application of both vermicompost, flavobactrim and foliar application of humic acid under 100 mM soil salinity conditions, increased proline content (50%), soluble sugar (45.4%), anthocyanin content (57.1%) and the activity of catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase (54.9, 48.5 and 48%, respectively) compared to no application of organic and bio fertilizers and humic acid under non-salinity conditions. Also, application of both vermicompost, flavobacterium and foliar application of humic acid under non-salinity conditions decreased malondialdehyde content by 54.3% and increased by 69.6% of grain yield compared to the no application of organic and bio fertilizers and humic acid under 100 mM soil salinity conditions. Conclusion: It seems that the application of organic and bio fertilizers and foliar application of humic acid can increase grain yield under salinity stress by improving the antioxidant enzymes activity and the compatible osmolytes content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effect of drought stress and nano-TiO2 and salicylic acid foliar application on some physiological traits of Echinaceae purpurea under water, an experiment was conducted in split plot factorial based on RCBD in three replications at the Research Station of the Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, during growing seasons of 2017-2018. The main factors were water deficit stress at three levels of 50, 75, and 100% filed capacity, thefactorial combination of nano-TiO2 (n-TiO2) foliar application at two levels (0.02 and 0.04%) and salicylic acid foliar application at two levels (0.02 and 0.04%), and also distilled water foliar application as control treatment. Findingsshowed a significant effect of water deficit stress on relative water content (RWC) and proline (p≤0.01). Also, interaction of the effects of water deficit stress and nano-TiO2 and salicylic acid foliar application on Chl. b, total Chl., and hydrogen peroxide contents was significant (p≤0.01). Application of water deficit stress treatment up to 50% FC increased proline content by 40% and reduced RWC by 10% compared to complete irrigation (100% FC). Furthermore, 0.04% n-TiO2 and 0.04% SA foliar application increased hydrogen peroxide content by 50% compared to complete irrigation group and the control. The maximum total Chl. Contents of leaves was obtained under 100% FC irrigation and and 0.04% n-TiO2 and 0.02% SA foliar application showing 79.52% increase compared to 100% FC irrigation and no foliar application.

In order to investigate the effect of growth-promoting bacteria on physiologic traitsof new dryland wheat cultivars, a factorial field experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications on the farms of Sarablah Agricultural Research Center in the cropping season during 2019-2020. Experimental treatments included different wheat cultivars (Sardari, Karim, Koohdasht, and Rijaw) and different fertilizer sources including control (without fertilizer source), 50% N fertilizer, Azospirillum+50% N fertilizer, Azetobacter + 50% N fertilizer, Azospirillum + Azetobacter+50% N fertilizer, and 100% N fertilizer. The results of this experiment showed that the interaction effect of cultivar × fertilizer sources had a significant effect on the activity of some antioxidant enzymes and physiological properties. Rijaw cultivar × Azospirillum + Azetobacter+ 50% N fertilizer increased the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (80.9%), glutathione peroxidase (80%), catalase (71.7%), peroxidase (74.1%), superoxide dismutase (74%), carotenoids (72.1%), chlorophyll a (86.1%), chlorophyll b (88.2%), and relative water content (45.4%) while reduced the amount of Malondialdehyde (65.9%) and hydrogen peroxide (91.8%). Moreover, Sardari cultivar × control treatment (without fertilizer sources) had the lowest activities of ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and photosynthetic pigments. Therefore, according to the results of the study, wheat cultivar Rijaw × Azospirillum + Azetobacter+ 50% N fertilizer may be recommended for cultivation in dryland conditions considering the improved physiological characteristics and ultimately increased plant growth.

Saffron is the most perennial plant species considered as valuable medicinal and aromatic plant worldwide. Dried stigmas (saffron) of Crocus sativus is commonly used as a flavor, food coloring and a drug and comprises several beta carotenes including a yellow pigment Crocins, a bitter-tasting substance Picrocrocin and a good perfume Safranal which not only exerts a hypoglycemic effect but also expressions antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. this study evaluated the effect of PEG 6000 on some secondary metabolite content and morphophysiological traits. The results showed that the highest and lowest levels of proline, relative water content, hydrogen peroxide and chlorophyll a, b and total pigments were obtained in 12% polyethylene glycol treatment and control treatment, respectively. The highest content of Crocins, Picrocrocin and Crocetin were obtained using PEG 12% by 29.04%,24.17% and 0.04% respectively. The highest and lowest IC50 inhibitory potency was observed in 12% polyethylene glycol and control treatments, respectively. The optimum enzyme activity (unit/mg) of superoxide dismutase, catalase and Ascorbate peroxidase were also triggered by the application of PEG 12%. The results of the present study showed that the application of polyethylene glycol elicitor improves the content of important secondary metabolites and morphophysiological characteristics of saffron plant and this solution can be suggested to increase the economic productivity of saffron.

Objective Metabolic adaptation to cold stress plays an important role in the growth, survival and yield of crops. Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) as an osmolyte may take part in counteracting the oxidative stress induced by cold stress in chickpea. Material and methods In this experiment, content of Putrescine (Put),GABA, Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), activity of Diamine Oxidase (DAO) andrelative expression ofGlutamate Gecarboxylase1 (GAD1)gene in cold-tolerant (Sel96th11439) and cold-sensitive (ILC533) chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes under cold stress (4°C)as a factorial experiment in a Completely Randomized Designwere studied. Results In tolerant genotype H2O2 content after a significant increase on the first day of cold stress decreased significantly on the sixth day of cold stress compared to control conditions (up to 4.7%) while its accumulation was observed in sensitive genotype (up to 50%). These results indicated a relative acclimation to cold stress in tolerant genotype. Under cold stress, GABA and Put contents in tolerant genotype was higher compared to sensitive genotype (up to 14% and 35%, respectively). Under cold stress, in tolerant genotype increasing GABA content was accompanied with an increase in DAO activity and relative expression of GAD1 gene as biosynthetic pathways of this metabolite (up to 3- and 17-fold, respectively). The maximum activity of these two pathways was observed in tolerant genotype on the sixth day of cold stress. Conclusions Under cold stress, the accumulation of GABA in tolerant genotype led to reduced cell damage (H2O2 results) and improved cold tolerance. These indices were useful in assessment of chickpea genotypes under cold stress and breeding programs.

Introduction and purpose: One of the most important factors in the contamination of aquatic ecosystems is agricultural pesticides. Paraquat is a water-soluble and non-selective herbicide, which has adverse health effects, such as respiratory distress and even death. This study aimed to evaluate the degradability of paraquat toxins using photochemical oxidation processes based on hydrogen peroxide (UV/HP) and persulfate (UV/NaPS/Fe2 +). Methods: This experimental study investigated the effects of pH variables, concentrations of UV/HP and UV/NaPS/Fe2+, as well as the initial concentration of the pollutant on paraquat toxicity removal in a laboratory scale using a batch reactor of one liter. Moreover, the concentration of the residual paraquat and the amount of organic carbon removal were measured using High Performance Liquid Chromatography equipped with a visible Ultraviolet (UV) detector at 259 nm and a Total Organic Carbon (TOC) meter. Results: The UV/HP and UV/NaPS/Fe2 + processes were able to remove 87.75% and 92.31% paraquat, respectively, at 120 min under optimum conditions. In addition, the amount of TOC removal in the UV/HP and UV/NaPS/Fe2 + processes were 77.29% and 82.16%, respectively. The results showed that the kinetics of the UV/HP and UV/NaPS/Fe2 + processes followed the first-order reaction. Conclusion: The UV/NaPS/Fe2 + process was more effective than that of UV/HP regarding paraquat removal. As a result, the studied processes are proposed as effective, fast, and efficient methods to remove paraquat from aqueous solutions, which is economically feasible due to the low reaction time. The use of this process is also recommended as a complete refinement or pre-treatment process.

The main objective of the present work is the investigation of the efficacy of a combination of Fenton chemistry and high-frequency sonochemistry for wastewater treatment, including p-nitrophenol (PNP) as a model pollutant. These methods have been used to degrade PNP in a batch system under different operating conditions based on ultrasound process, Fenton reaction, ultrasound/hydrogen peroxide, and ultrasound/Fenton process. The reactor consisted of six ultrasonic transducers with a frequency of 1.7 MHz. Three transducers were located in the bottom, and the other three were embedded in the wall of the reactor. The results showed that the PNP decomposition follows a pseudo-first-order reaction. The degradation rate constant was determined for various operating parameters including pH, input electric power to transducers, and concentrations and volumes of H2O2 and FeSO4. In optimum conditions, the highest PNP degradation rate constant was obtained for the combination of 1.7 MHz ultrasound and Fenton reaction (0.166 min-1 ) with a synergistic coefficient of 1.165. Next priorities were related to Fenton, ultrasound/hydrogen peroxide and ultrasound with degradation rate constant of 0.137, 0.0107, and 0.005 min-1, respectively. Therefore, the ultrasound/Fenton process had the highest ability to degrade PNP, because ultrasound could intensify Fenton reaction to produce more hydroxyl radicals.

Introduction: Increase in enamel surface roughness after bleaching is one of its major side effects. The purpose of this study is to compare changes in enamel surface roughness following bleaching with home versus office bleaching agents. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, forty human sound premolar teeth were divided into 4 groups, randomly. Ten teeth were bleached using hydrogen peroxide 15% home bleaching, ten teeth with 15% peroxide carbamide home-bleaching and ten teeth with %40 hydrogen peroxide (office bleaching) according to the instructions. Ten teeth were also considered as control group and kept in artificial saliva. Enamel surface roughness of each specimen was determined before and after bleaching using Atomic Force Microscopy. Results: All three studied agents significantly increased surface roughness (P<0.01). The average increase in surface roughness in group hydrogen peroxide 40% was significantly greater than that of group hydrogen peroxide 15%, carbamide peroxide 15% and control (P<0.05) The average increase in surface roughness in group hydrogen peroxide 15% was also significantly higher than the control group (P<0.03) however, it showed no significant difference with carbamide peroxide 15% (P>0.05). Increase in average surface roughness between the carbamide peroxide 15% and control revealed no significant difference (P>0.05). Conclusion: Due to the lesser increase in surface roughness with carbamide peroxide 15%, it would be suggested as the choice agent for bleaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: The most used dyes in textile industries are Azo Group dyes. Azo dyes have complex aromatic compounds, low chemical and biodegradable stability. Due to these properties, treatment of this type of wastewater by conventional methods will not meet environmental standards. The advanced oxidation process has been widely used to treat organic matter from wastewater. In this study, dye purification of azo dye Reactive Red 195 by UV/ H2 O2 process was investigated. Moreover, the parameters affecting this process have also been determined. Materials and Methods: In this study, dye treatment was conducted in the presence of different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, and at different retention time, temperature and pH values in a continuous photoreactor equipped with UV lamps. Using central composite design and response surface methodology (RSM), effects of various concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, retention time, temperature, and pH on the color and COD removal were studied in the range of 0–2%, 60-240 min, 25-80 o C, and 3-10, respectively. Results: The results showed that the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and retention time were the most influential parameters on color and COD removal. Color removal significantly enhanced by increasing retention time and H2 O2 concentration to 200 min and 1.2%, respectively. pH increase had positive effect on color removal. There were increases in the rate of color and COD removal as the temperature went up to 50 o C. However, temperature of 80 oC negatively impacted AOP process. According to RSM, the optimum factor levels were achieved at 1.28%, 240 min, 49 o C and 10 for concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, reaction time, temperature, and pH, respectively. Conclusion: According to the result, UV/H2 O2 proved to be capable of degrading Reactive Red 195. Almost all the azo dye color destroyed after 209 min while 87.52 % of the COD was removed after 240 min of irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water limitation is the most severe stress factor limiting plant growth and crop production in arid and semi-arid regions. Several strategies have been developed in order to decrease water limitation effects caused by the rainfed condition on plant growth. Among them, the use of putrescine and bio-fertilizers such as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Mycorrhiza play a significant role in yield improvement. Therefore, to study biofertilizers and putrescine's effect on biomass and some physiological and biochemical traits of vetch (Vicia villosa) under rainfed conditions, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in a research farm at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2019. Experimental factors included biofertilizers (no biofertilizer as control, application of Rhizobium, Mycorrhiza, combined application of Mycorrhiza and Rhizobium, Rhizobium and Azotobacter, Mycorrhiza and Azotobacter, Rhizobium with Mycorrhiza and Azotobacter) and foliar application of putrescine in three levels (water as control, 0.5 and 1mM putrescine). The results showed that both application of Azotobacter with Mycorrhiza and Rhizobium and foliar application of 1 mM putrescine increased catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes activity (37.08, 37.54 and 34.41% respectively), maximum fluorescence and anthocyanin content (56.94 and 4.57% respectively) compared to no application of biofertilizers and foliar application of putrescine. Also, both application of Azotobacter with Mycorrhiza and Rhizobium and foliar application of 1 mM putrescine increased total biomass by about 56.9% compared to no application of biofertilizer and putrescine. It seems that the application of biofertilizers and putrescine can increase the total biomass of Vica villosa under rainfed conditions due to improving the physiological and biochemical traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanotubes contain impurities and deamorphization is one of the methods of their purification. In this study, for the first time, a solution of piranha with a ratio of 3:1 (30 ml sulfuric acid + 10 ml hydrogen peroxide) as well as microwave irradiation with processing time of 30 minutes were used to remove amorphous carbon from the nanotube arrays. Ultrasonication was performed to disperse pristine and purified carbon nanotubes in water and centrifugation was performed to separate large particles. To assess the removal of amorphous carbon, new characterization methods such as dispersed percent and floating percent were used. It was observed that with increase in the ultrasonication time (from 0 to 50 minutes), the dispersed percentage of treated arrays was increased (about 47%), while the floating percentage of pure array decreased (about 20%). These results are ascribed to the removal of amorphous carbon. The results of the thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) were in good agreement with the results obtained from the newly proposed characterization methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction The heart muscle, as a continuous oxidative tissue, is one of the most susceptible tissues for oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species. SOD and CAT enzymes play an important role in reducing oxidative stress.The aim of this study is to determine the effect of 6-weeks duration force swimming on the levels of SOD and CAT cardiomyocyte in rats poisoned by hydrogen peroxide. Materials and Methods In this study included 32 Wistar male rats weighing 180±20g were randomly divided into four groups including: (1).control, (2).sham(saline), (3).hydrogen peroxide, (4).exercise & hydrogen peroxide. For induction of oxidative Stress,in the 3rd & 4th group 1mmol/kg H2O2 was injected to the rats intraperitoneally during 3 weeks every others days. In the exercise group, force swimming was conducted for 6-weeks, 60 minutes a day, 5-days a week. The activity of enzymes was measured by ELISA technic. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significance.P

One of the problems associated with surimi, which is made from fresh water fish, is its low whiteness value compared to the marine fish species, mainly due to the redness of its muscles. In this study, hydrogen peroxide at concentrations of 1, 2 and 3% along with other variables such as water to mince ratios of 1:2, 1:3 during 1, 2 and 3 washing cycles was applied in order to improve the color quality of surimi obtained from Silver carp mince. According to the color test and the amount of utilized water for washing, in the one and two washing cycles, except for treatment 4 (1% H2O2 concentration, mince: water ratio of 1: 2, 1 washing) and treatments 10 (1% H2O2, mince: water ratio of 1: 2, twice washing) which resulted lower whiteness, the other treatments can be considered as an effective treatment to improve the color of surimi. According to the results, treatments 4 and treatment 10 with a numerical value of whiteness index 68.20 and 68.37, respectively, were significantly different compared to other treatments within their groups (P0.05) as it was recorded from 62.56 to 65.25. Finally, it was found that increasing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide along with the washing cycles could significantly improve the color of waste water obtained from different washing cycles as well as the whiteness of the resulting surimi.

Background: Due to the large volume of water consumed in textile industry and producing the colored wastewater containing non-biodegradable organic dyes, in the present study the interaction of hydrogen peroxide and nanophotocatalyst in the advanced oxidation process was investigated. Methods: In this research, after synthesizing of nanophotocatalyst (ZnO:Ag:Nd) the effect of hydrogen peroxide on dye removal process, and its interaction with the catalyst was investigated. photocatalyst was characterize by (FESEM) Field-emission Scanning Electron (EDS) Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (XRD) X-ray diffraction methods. Then, the effect of important operating parameters such as dye concentration (10-30 ppm), pH (3-9), The amount of photocatalyst (0.02-0.1g.L-1) temperature (30-50°C), hydrogen peroxide concentration (F=2-11) was evaluated in AOPs process. Process modeling was done by using the response surface methodology. Results: The results showed that by adding hydrogen peroxide to photocatalyst particles, the efficiency of decolorization was increased, but the addition of catalyst to the optimum amount of hydrogen peroxide reduced the efficiency of decolorization. Also, the optimum conditions for the removal of dye matter (pH=6.21) and the amount of photocatalyst 0.08g.L-1, F=9was achieved. The results of the thermodynamic studies showed the endothermic reaction of the process, and process modeling indicated that the theoretical result were in accord with the experimental results. Conclusion: Based on the results, combination of using catalysts and hydrogen peroxide is an effective technique for dye removal of aqueous solution.

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the interaction effect of forced swimming and crocin supplementation on the expression of BAX and BCL-2 cardiomyocyte genes in male rats poisoned by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Methods: 36 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups of sham, H2O2, H2O2 and crocin, H2O2 and forced swimming, H2O2 and crocin and forced swimming, and control. The forced swimming protocol was 60 minutes, 5 days a week, for 6 weeks. H2O2 (1 mg/kg for 3 weeks) and crocin (12.5 Mm/kg daily with 5 cc of distilled water) were injected intraperitoneally. Real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) device was used to assess gene expression, and apoptosis was assessed using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method. Statistical analysis was done using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Levene, one-way ANOVA and, the Scheffe post hoc tests. Findings: H2O2 induction was associated with a significant increase in the apoptosis of BAX (P < 0.001). Six weeks of exercise in water tended to reduction in the BCL-2 expression (P = 0.023), and induction of crocin resulted in significant decrease in BAX expression. The interaction between swimming, crocin and H2O2 decreased BAX and increased BCL-2 expression, which indicated the protective effect of regular activity in reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Conclusion: Forced swimming as well as the use of crocin separately led to a significant reduction in BAX gene expression and a significant increase in BCL-2 gene expression. On the other hand, the combination of exercise and crocin had synergistic and synergistic effects in inhibiting the apoptotic expression of BAX and also enhancing the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene of BCL-2 in rats poisoned by H2O2.

High yield and chemi-Mechanical pulps are susceptible to oxidation-optical and thermal reactions. These reactions result discoloration and brightness reversion in pulps. In this research, chemi-mechanical pulps were selected randomly from Mazandaran pulp and paper mill and were bleached separately by P, H, PH and HP sequences and sheets with 60 gr/m2 gramage were prepared from these bleached pulps. All the prepared papers went through thermal aging, separately at 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours at 1050C in oven, and their optical properties, including, their brightness, their a, b and L factor, α exponent, yellowness, opacity, K/S ratio, and PC number before and after thermal aging were measured and compared based on TAPPI standard. The results of this study showed that, during thermal aging from 0 to 48 h, paper optical properties such as brightness, L and a factor were decreased and b factor, yellowness, α, K/S ration and PC number were increased. As a result, bleaching by P and HP sequences had the highest amount of brightness and L factor and lowest amount of a and b factor, α exponent, yellowness, K/S ratio and PC number. Therefore, these bleaching sequences had important influences on brightness stability and decrease in paper brightness reversion and increasing their durability against thermal degradation.

Nutritional value, deliciousness and ease of digestion, high calories, suitable vitamins and minerals are some of the qualities that make pistachios superior to other kernels and are often consumed dry. Fresh pistachio does not have long shelf life despite its higher nutritional value, therefore, studying the methods of increasing the storage of fresh pistachios for the market is one of the aims of this product.In this regard, a study was carried out to investigate the effect of combined treatment of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with different concentrations of two essential oils of clove and on the storage life of pistachio cultivar, Ahmad Aghaei. In this study, factorial experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design. In this experiment the treatments were in two levels, one concentration of control edible (distilled water), 0.5% CMC, 0.5% CMC +400 mg clove, 0.5% CMC +800 mg clove + 0.5 0% CMC +1200 mg clove and second factor of storage period were studied at two levels (25 and 50 days). The results showed that with increasing storage time, skin and kernal firmness decreased in all treatments. The percentages of weight loss, chroma index, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide increased during storage. The application of carboxymethyl cellulose alone and with the essential oils of cloves compared to the distilled water application improved most of the factors studied. The combined treatments were able to maintain fruit firmness compared control sample and were unable to maintain the amount of phenolic compounds, total chlorophyll of kernal, and kernal carotenoids during storage. Overall, the combination of carboxymethyl cellulose with 400 mg / L of clove essential oil were able to retain most of Ahmadaghaie's pistachio quantitative and qualitative characteristics for up to 50 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extended abstract Introduction: Malva (Malva neglecta) is one of perennial plants of the Malvaceae family. One of the most important mechanisms for survival of the plants is dormancy, rest or distance in germination and growth; in this case, despite favorable conditions for germination, the seed remains at rest for an indefinite period of time. Seed dormancy is a consistent feature in some seeds, especially weed seeds to optimize distribution of germination over time. Seed dormancy has a very important role in ecological management. The cause of the physical dormancy lies in skin cells outside tier structure that is impermeable to water. In physical dormancy, the seed coat is so hard that it does not allow the embryo to grow during germination. The chemical dormancy of the plants seeds is caused by the presence of inhibitor substances in the outer shell of many fruits and seeds and may also be due to an Enamel layer that blocks the exchange of oxygen. It goes without saying that understanding the ecology of weed germination and dormancy can contribute to long-term management. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effects of breaking seed dormancy and the impact of chemical and mechanical treatments on the germination of the Mallow seeds. Materials and Methods: In order to recognize the effects of chemical and mechanical treatments on breaking seed dormancy and some of the most important features of seed germination of Malva, the experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with 4 replications at Crop Physiology Lab, Razi University, during 2016. Treatments were distilled water (control), sulfuric acid 98% (for 2, 3 and 4 minutes), potassium nitrate 3% (for 3, 4 and 7 days), hydrogen peroxide 30% (for 2, 3 and 4 minutes) and scarification with sandpaper and prechilling (for 1, 2 and 3 weeks). Germination percentage, germination rate, length and dry weight of hypocotyl, length and dry weight of radicle, seedling total dry weight and vigor index were evaluated. Group comparisons, analysis of variance and comparison of means were run based on LSD at 5% level, using SAS software (version 9.4). Results: The results showed that the highest and the lowest germination percentage were 82% and 5% in scarification with a chilling for 3 weeks and control treatments, respectively. The results of treatment group comparisons also showed that using scarification with a chilling had the greatest impact on seed dormancy breaking. The most hypocotyl length (34.92 mm), hypocotyl dry weight (2.60 g), seedling dry weight (3.29 g) and seed vigor index (58.13) were observed in scarification with a chilling for 3 weeks. The highest germination rate (5.21 in day), radicle length (34.92 mm) and radicle dry weight (0.85 g) also belonged to sulfuric acid 98% for 2 minutes. It seems that seed dormancy of Malva was a combination of physiological and physical dormancy, because the effectiveness of the treatments evaluated in both metabolic and physical processes brought about the increase in the seed germination percentage. Conclusion: Out of the treatments examined and given the results of group comparisons, scarification with sandpaper and prechilling had the most effect on breaking Malva’s seed dormancy. As scarification with chilling had the main role in breaking seed dormancy, it could be said that the dormancy is physiological and factors contributing to this dormancy are the embryo, the existence of inhibiting factors or both. The results indicated that the germination of Malva (Malva neglcta) seeds mechanically scratched with scarification increased. Therefore, seed dormancy is due to hard coated seeds. The seed coat is as one physical barrier against growth of embryo or radicle that inhibits absorption of water and gas exchanges. Highlights: 1- Investigating dormancy breaking and germination traits of neglcta species of Malva. 2- Evaluation of efficiency of different chemical and mechanical treatments in the germination traits of Malva.

In this study, magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipitation method and then Au shell was extended over these nanoparticles via chemical reduction of chloroauric acid with sodiumborohydride under ultrasound irradiation. The obtained Au/Fe3O4 nanoparticles were characterized by using X-ray diffraction technique and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and their physical properties was studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The characterized nanoparticles were used as efficient catalyst in the degradation of Rhodamine 6G dye in aqueous solution. UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to determine the dye concentration during optimization of the reaction conditions, and effect of various parameters such as pH, catalyst loading, temperature, and amount of the oxidant was investigated. It was found that Au/Fe3O4 catalyst at 80 oC in the pH of 12 can effectively degrade Rhodamine 6G dye molecules in the presence of hydrogen peroxide as an inexpensive and available oxidant. The catalyst after recycling was also, able to perform its role in successive runs.

The use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a solvent for organic and inorganic compounds in various industries such as pharmaceutical, electronic and acrylic fiber manufacturing process has been increased in recent years. According to the growth of these industries in recent decades, treatment of DMSO wastewaters has become a serious concern. Although DMSO itself has low toxicity, the biological treatment of wastewater containing DMSO, is known to be difficult. According to limitations of biological treatment due to production of toxic compounds, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) is considered as a most efficient method and the best one for purifying organic compounds which are resistant to conventional physical and chemical processes. In this study, some important AOPs such as extended and hybrid Fenton processes (photo- Fenton, electro- Fenton and photo-electro Fenton), ozone-based processes (O3, O3/H2O2, O3/UV), UV/H2O2 and TiO2/UV have been studied in the treatment of wastewaters containing DMSO. The efficiencies of these processes were also evaluated and discussed. Overall, it can be concluded that hybrid Fenton processes and ozone-based processes are more effective for removal of DMSO from wastewater.