Search

Background: Malocclusion can significantly influence psychological well-being, particularly concerning self-perception of dental aesthetics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of malocclusion severity on the psychological impact of dental aesthetics in adult orthodontic patients.Methods and Materials: This cross-sectional study included a total of 255 healthy adults presenting to Shiraz Dental School and two private dental clinics in Shiraz, Iran. Participants were categorized into a case (undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy) and a control (without malocclusion) group. Participants were asked to complete the Persian version of the Psychological Impact of Dental Aesthetics questionnaire (PIDAQ). This questionnaire comprises 23 items divided into four domains of Dental self-confidence, Social impact, Psychological impact and Aesthetic concerns. Malocclusion severity was assessed using the Dental Health Component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). Additionally, the type of malocclusion (e.g., Class I, II, III, open bite, deep bite) and the type of orthodontic treatment (e.g., extraction, nonextraction, and surgery) were documented for case group participants. Spearman’s correlation coefficient and LSD-post hoc tests were used to analyze various associations. Statistical significance was established at P-value

The shrine of the Eighth Shiite Imam in Mashhad, the most prominent religious and pilgrimage site in Iran, attracts numerous domestic and international tourists annually. The Noghan neighborhood, with its rich historical and cultural background, is one of the most notable areas adjacent to the Razavi Shrine, continually drawing the attention of pilgrims and tourists. The implementation of renovation plans with a singular focus on the concept of pilgrimage as the primary objective, neglecting the historical and religious identity capacities of the area, has legitimized the reconstruction approach. This approach, by reducing the concept of pilgrimage and the sacred realm to a simple stay-visit point, has disregarded or eliminated many of the existing physical-functional capabilities. This study aims to articulate the concept of religious tourism as a holistic and integrative view of the capabilities of historical religious fabrics and the spatial qualities that influence them. A suitable urban design model for the historical Noghan neighborhood is presented to enhance religious tourism as an exemplary case. The research methodology is both qualitative and quantitative, and in terms of its objective, it falls under applied research. To collect data, reputable scientific sources and the opinions of urban design experts were utilized, and the results were evaluated using content analysis techniques. The research findings indicate that enhancing religious tourism through design-oriented interventions can play a win-win role in modernizing historical cities. In the derived design model, the functional, physical, movement, and accessibility dimensions of the existing urban fabric, respectively, had the most significant impact on enhancing the status of religious tourism in the historical Noghan neighborhood.

Today, human activities are the leading cause of severe environmental damages, especially regarding shortage and instability of natural resources. The sustainability concept was developed in response, to limit these risks and facilitate living conditions for future generations. Life and nature have historically been considered as inspiring in architecture among others, prompting an environmental-oriented sense of direction towards resolving present-day issues. Despite the proliferation of nature-inspired sciences, hardly any attention is paid to classifications and interconnections between these sciences regardless of benefits associated with such studies. However, the availability of such a classification and its use in present-day architecture can significantly contribute to the advancement of environmental sustainability.The current research has identified and presented a comprehensive framework of sciences inspired by life and nature (bio) and their relationship. The research method is qualitative-descriptive and focuses on articles containing the word ‘bio’, published in Springer publishers between 2020 and 2022. The review of the 1927 articles have led to a classification of biological studies into 11 groups (bionic, biomimetic, biomorphic, biofuel (biodiesel, bioalcohol, bioethanol, biohydrogen, and biogas), biomaterial, biohybrid, bioaerosol, biotechnology, bioalgorithm (biodesign intelligence and biomaterial intelligence), bioart (bio-inspired design and biodecoration), biophilia (biophilic design) and the relationship between them environmental sustainability. The outcome is a development of the theoretical knowledge about bio-inspired sciences and indicates that international bioscience studies mainly focus on biofuels and biotechnology, along the lines of reducing human activities’ impact on the environment, efficient use of natural resources, protect biodiversity, and a harmonious relationship between humans and the natural environment.

The aim of the present research endeavor was to compare the effectiveness of reality therapy and positive thinking training in promoting emotional regulation and cognitive avoidance among blind second-secondary students in Ardabil city. Gender was also considered as a moderating factor in this comparison. During the 2019 academic year, the research community comprised male and female secondary school pupils from Ardabil city who were blind. Through random sampling, 66 qualified volunteers (33 girls and 33 boys) were selected. The research methodology was applied and quantitative data collection was conducted in a semi-experimental fashion using a pre-test-post-test and follow-up design. The participants were divided into two independent groups, each receiving one of two intervention trainings(reality therapy training and positive thinking training), and a control group comprised of 22 individuals, 11 of whom were girls and 11 of whom were boys. The research employed the Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire (CAQ) and the Emotion Regulation Strategies Questionnaire (CERQ). Ten sessions of positive thinking training and eight sessions of reality therapy training (each lasting sixty minutes) were completed. Using the spss21 software, the data were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis and Benferoni's post hoc test. The studies showed that the therapeutic interventions of the two experimental groups differ from those of the control group. Furthermore, in comparison to boys, the efficacy of the therapeutic intervention program in addressing cognitive avoidance and emotional regulation was found to be greater in girls (P

Indiscriminate exploitation of groundwater has caused a decrease in the groundwater level and as a result, has caused land subsidence in many areas. This problem is especially visible in arid and semi-arid regions like Iran, where water supply for agriculture, drinking, and industry is done from groundwater water sources, and in recent years, it has seriously threatened the aquifers of the plains as a serious danger. In this research, due to the importance of the problem, land subsidence in the Damghan Plain aquifer located in Semnan province was studied and investigated.In this research, the amount of subsidence was measured at the field, and then its spatial changes were investigated using conventional methods such as Kriging interpolation, Co-kriging, and inverse distance weighted interpolation (IDW). Also, the artificial neural network model was used to estimate and interpolate the amount of subsidence. Three statistical indices namely the coefficient of correlation (R2), the root mean square error (RMSE), and the mean absolute error (MAE) were used to compare the estimation of subsidence values using an artificial neural network model, kriging interpolation method, cokriging, and IDW. To perform interpolation using kriging, cokriging, and IDW interpolation methods, the variogram of land subsidence data was drawn. Also, in order to increase the accuracy of the mentioned models in predicting the amount of subsidence, the auxiliary variable of water level reduction was used.Using different functions such as circular, spherical, exponential, Gaussian, and linear models for plotting the semivariogram, results show that the Gaussian function with segment-to-threshold ratio (C0/(C0+C)) equal to 0.26 has better performance compared to other models. Also, the artificial neural network has a better performance compared to the kriging method and the inverse weighted distance method and has been able to reduce the RMSE error value in the validation stage by 17.6% and 31.3%, respectively. It has also increased the value of the R2 from 0.502 and 0.421 to 0.721.The use of the auxiliary variable of water level reduction has increased the accuracy of the models used in predicting the amount of subsidence. In this case, the comparison between the estimation of subsidence values using the artificial neural network model compared to the interpolation method of kriging, cokriging, and IDW shows that the artificial neural network model with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.860 and 0.751 and 0.015 and 0.017, has a better performance compared to the mentioned methods and reduce the amount of prediction error. Therefore, the artificial neural network model can be used with good accuracy as an alternative method instead of conventional interpolation methods to investigate the spatial changes of land subsidence.In recent years, the phenomenon of land subsidence has occurred in many plains of Iran due to excessive extraction of underground water, including Damghan Plain. In this research, by using the measured data of land subsidence in this plain, its spatial changes were investigated using kriging and cokriging methods (geostatistics method), inverse distance weighted method (IDW), and weighted IDW (deterministic method) in the whole plain. it placed. The research results showed:• Compared to circular, spherical, exponential, and linear functions, the Gaussian function can better estimate the spatial changes of land subsidence.• The results of the kriging method were better than the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method.• The artificial neural network model with Gauss function and two intermediate layers has better performance than other transfer models such as sigmoid, hyperbolic tangent, and hyperbolic Bade secant.• The use of artificial neural network model has increased the accuracy of land subsidence estimation compared to conventional methods such as the kriging method and inverse weighted distance method.

Umm al-kitab a mystical-didactic oriented book by Ahmad Rumi and was written in 1326A.D. (727A.H.). There was only a unique manuscript of this book keeping in B.N.F with the document number R 25480. Ahmad Rumi was a Hanafi Muslim and following Mowlana's mystical ideas. He used to be a developer of Mowlavie's sect in India and one of the first Annotators of Mowlana's books in 14th Century. In this book Rumi has detailed some Qur'an's verses, prophet’s Hadith, Sufism elder's speech and Sunni Imams. He also has written anecdotes in harmonious poet form following Masnavi's form to describe the gist of foregoing issues. the genre of named book is called Arbaeen-Nevisi (which means to write forty topics and explain them) to Annotate Masnavi and Sonnets of Mowlana. the remarkable feature of Umm al-kitab is its simple prose and following Mowlana and his son's -Soltan valad- style. using Arabic syntax and inflexion in Umm al-kitab is not to make its text complicated, but rather is impressed by other mystical books in the same way.

Iran’s Hyrcanian forests are part of the temperate forests and have survived since Tertiary. These forests have experienced severe damages in recent decades because of socio-economic issues such as overgrazing. This study aimed at investigating the Nurse-protégé interaction and the impact of understory shrub species on the regeneration of the Hyrcanian main tree species in Kheyrud Forests. Filed sampling was carried out using the random-systematic method. Regeneration and their features under and outside of the canopy of shrub species, as well as some environmental variables were recorded in strip plots. According to the results, the canopy cover percentage of 25-50% provides the best regeneration protection efficiency for the six nurse shrub species. Overall, regeneration density was found to be higher outside the canopy area of the shrub species than beneath their canopy area; however, regeneration under the shrub species caused higher mean height and age. Moreover, the mean cover and the depth of the litter under the shrub canopy were significantly higher than that of outside the canopy area. Although the shrub species allow more durable and complete development of seedlings by providing protection against grazing, suitable conditions for seed germination and seedling growth may not be provided because of high litter depth and insufficient sunlight due to the massive canopy of trees as well as nurse shrubs’ dense foliage (especially, evergreen understory species).

Discoloration of resin composite restorations cause patient dissatisfaction. Chlorhexidine mouthwash is an agent that causes significant discoloration of resin composite. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effectiveness of two methods of home bleaching and strip bleaching on resin composite samples that are discolored by 0.2% chlorhexidine.Materials & Methods:In This in-vitro experimental study number of 24 disc-shaped samples were fabricated from Charisma Diamond resin composite. The initial color of samples was measured by CIE Lab system in spectrophotometer. The samples were immersed in the 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash for 2 weeks twice a day for 1 minute each time. The color of the samples was measured again. Samples were divided into 3groups (n = 8). One group was placed in distilled water as the control group. The next two groups were exposed to the effects of home bleaching with 20% carbamide peroxide gel and Crest 3D white luxe white strip. The color of the samples was measured for the last time. Data were analyzed with One-way ANOVA (α = 0.05).Results:The amount of l, a and b increased by0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash in all groups. However, no statistically significant difference was observed between the groups (p value > 0.05). After using bleaching techniques on samples were discolored by 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash, l, a and b decreased and the difference between the groups was statistically significant (p value < 0.05).Conclusion:All of the samples were discolored by 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash. After using the bleaching techniques, the rate of color return in home bleaching and strip bleaching was higher than the control group

Background and Objective: Soil contamination with heavy metals is the most important challenge and common environmental, economic, and public health issue in the world. Therefore, this research was conducted to evaluate the contamination and source identification of Fe, Zn, Cd, and Cr in the surface soils of Khorramabad county, west of Iran in 2020. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, after dividing the study area into 11 homogeneous units, a total of 65 surface soil samples were collected. After preparing the samples, the content of the elements was determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Also, enrichment factor (EF), pollution factor (CF), and Nemrow integrated pollution index (NIPI) were calculated. Statistical analyses of the data were performed using SPSS statistical software. Results: The results showed that the average content of Fe, Zn, Cd, and Cr (mg/kg) in soil samples were 3.14, 1.13, 0.021, and 0.529, respectively. The EF values showed that the enrichment of Zn, Cd, and Cr was "extremely severe" and the average values of EF for the elements followed the descending order of Cd > Cr > Zn. The average values of CF and NIPI varied from 3.30×10-5 to 0.182 and 0.043-0.136, respectively, indicating the level of "low pollution" and quality conditions of "no pollution" in all the studied stations. Based on the results of multivariate statistical analysis (PCC, PCA and HCA), Fe has a geological origin; while, Zn, Cd, and Cr mainly originated from a combination of geological processes and anthropogenic activities. Conclusion: Although the average values of CF and NIPI showed that the study area has an acceptable soil quality, the values of EF indicated the impact of anthropogenic activities on soil contamination. Therefore, regular and periodic monitoring of soil samples as well as management and control of pollutant emission sources is recommended for maintaining environmental and human health.

Background and Objective: Long-standing groin pain (LSGP) is a common injury in ball games. This study aimed to compare the electrical activity of selected lumbopelvic-hip muscles during a single leg jump-cut maneuver in football players with LSGP and healthy players. Methods: In this case-control study, 32 football players were divided into two groups: LSGP (n=16) and healthy (n=16). A force plate was used to determine the heel-contact and heel-off moment. The ground reaction forces and the average of three trials of the electrical activity of selected lumbopelvic-hip muscles during a single leg jump-cut maneuver were recorded bilaterally. Results: At the heel-contact moment, the rectus abdominis and adductor longus muscles on the dominant side and the multifidus muscle on the opposite side showed significantly higher activity in the LSGP group compared to the healthy group (P

Background and purpose: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common type of scoliosis and the most complex deformity of the spine and trunk with significant complications. In this systematic review, the effectiveness of core stability exercises (CSE) in improving this disorder is discussed. Materials and methods: This review was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) checklist. Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis, Cobb angles, and core stability exercise were our search terms in PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. The search was limited to articles published in Persian and English between 2005 and 2022. Researches on AIS carried out in adolescents aged 10-18 were studied. In one of the groups, only CSE was done and the size of Cobb's angle (an indicator of the severity of scoliosis) was used as one of the dependent variables. The PEDro scale was used to evaluate the quality of articles in terms of risk of bias. Results: In initial search, 268 articles were found. After removing irrelevant articles and those that did not met the study’s inclusion criteria and also qualitative evaluation of the remaining articles, seven articles with an average PEDro score of 6.2 (moderate quality), including 297 participants, were selected. A statistically significant decrease was reported in the Cobb angle in all articles, but only in four articles this decrease was clinically significant (greater than 5˚). Conclusion: CSE are safe, easy and accessible that can be effective in improving AIS, but there is not sufficient evidence to support this hypothesis. Further high-quality studies are required to draw a definite conclusion and making clinical decisions.

IntroductionWheat is one of the most important crops used in the country and forms the basis of food security of Iranians. Wheat cultivation in Iran has a long history over 8,000 years. On the other hand, with the growth of the population of countries, the issue of food security has become more important every day to the extent that it has become one of the most important issues of the country and efforts are being made to achieve self-sufficiency in the production of this strategic crop. The area under cultivation has always been one of the most important factors limiting production in the world, and today in all countries, officials and researchers have paid attention to this issue in order to increase production without relying on increasing the area under cultivation. The history of compression of cultivation and the consequences of green agriculture in the form of conventional agriculture show that the way to supply crop production is not through this, inevitably the importance of studying the agricultural history of each country becomes more important every day which by analyzing events find the reason for the success or failure of programs over time.Materials and MethodsTherefore, a study has been conducted in the form of a time series analysis study and quantitative content study to analysis and examine changes in area under cultivation, wheat production and population changes in a period of 60 years. To do this, the Mini-tab software has been used.Results and DiscussionThe results of the study show the linear population growth from 1961 to 2020. During the same period, the country's total wheat production has increased from 3.5 million tons per hectare to 11.7 million tons per hectare, which shows a growth of 234 percent in this sector. The area under wheat cultivation in these years has had less changes compared to the amount of production and population growth and has increased from 4.5 million hectares in 1961 to 6.4 million hectares in 2020.ConclusionIt seems that the events of 1961 to 1971 in the social structure and industrialization of the country, changes between the two revolutions in 1971 to 1981, the occurrence of imposed war in 1981 to 1991 are all of special importance in changing the agriculture of Iran. This phenomenon is called social metabolism, which reflects the effects that the natural environment (agroecosystem) receives from its social environment, and in contrast to the effects that changes in the structure and function of agroecosystems on the availability of food in society.

In this Article, proposes an approximation for the solution of the Riccati equation based on the use of exponential spline functions. Then the exponential spline equations are obtained and the differential equation of the fractional Riccati is discretized. The effect of performing this mathematical operation is obtained from an algebraic system of equations. To illustrate the benefits of the method proposed here the error analysis and convergence article are also discussed based on this exponential spline. Finally, a second-order method is obtained. One of the benefits of this proposed method is that it is not only for solving fractional Riccati equations, but also for a variety of Fractional equations that can be used. To illustrate the effectiveness of this method by solving numerical examples and a comparison of the results obtained from the implementation of this proposed method with the results of other existing numerical methods proves the claim that the proposed method is a good approximation for the fractional Riccati equations.

Introduction: Genetic erosion increases the vulnerability of plants to environmental and biological stresses. The wild relatives of cultivated plants are undeniably very useful for the modern agricultural breeders in the richness of their vast gene pool, which, according to this genetic diversity, forms the basis of breeding programs and makes it possible to improve plants with desirable traits and characteristics.Materials and methods: The effectiveness of ISSR and leaf soluble proteins markers in examining the genetic diversity of 12 Agropyron elongatum genotypes collected from different regions of Kermanshah province in the Biotechnology Laboratory of the Research and Education Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Kermanshah Province were investigated in 2019.Results: Based on leaf soluble proteins, 14 bands were observed for genotypes, the highest number of bands were related to genotypes 2G, 5G and 7G with 13 bands and the lowest number of bands were related to 4G with 9 bands. Soluble proteins did not show a high genetic diversity among the studied genotypes and a total 36% of bands were polymorphic. Grouping of genotypes based on soluble proteins showed that genotypes 1G, 5G, 12G and 10G were in the first group, 4G, 3G and 9G were in the second group and 6G, 7G, 8G, 2G and 11G were in the third group. The grouping obtained from the genotypes did not correspond to their geographical distribution and due to the high similarity of the genotypes, no favorable polymorphism was observed with regard to leaf soluble proteins. In total, the soluble proteins did not have the ability to suitable separation within the species for the species of Tall wheatgrass. Based on ISSR primers, a total of 73 bands were observed, of which 70 bands were polymorphic among genotypes. The average percentage of polymorphism among genotypes was 96.25%. The lowest number of bands was related to IS3 primer (3 bands) and the highest number of bands was related to IS5 primer (10 bands). Primers IS3, IS10, IS11, IS13, and IS14 were introduced as suitable primers for investigating the populations of Tall wheatgrass species. The grouping of genotypes based on ISSR data was highly consistent with the geographical distribution of genotypes. The first group included 8G, 9G and 10G, and the genotypes of this group belonged to two cities of Javanrood and Ravansar. The second group included 5G, 6G and 7G. The genotypes of this group belonged to Eslamabad-e Gharb region. The third group was 11G and 12G. This group was also from Harsin region. The fourth group included 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G. The genotypes of this group belonged to Kermanshah. Genotypes from Javanroud and Ravansar had the highest genetic distance with other genotypes, and the genotypes from Harsin had the least genetic distance similarity with the genotypes from Kermanshah.Conclusion: The ISSR marker was more efficient than the soluble proteins in determining the intraspecies genetic diversity of the studied genotypes, and the genotypes of Javanrud and Ravansar (8G, 9G, and 10G) had the greatest genetic distance with the genotypes of Kermanshah (1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G).

According to the asymmetrical view that has its roots in Aristotelian philosophy, there is a close correspondence between syntactic categories and ontological categories, and the reference of the subject term and predicate term belong to different ontological types of objects. This asymmetry is defended by Frege and his philosophy of language in a different way. On the other hand, some believe in a symmetrical interpretation of subject and predicate relation. Suppose there was no ontological difference between the subject and predicate. In that case, we could have neutral language in which we can change the position of the subject and predicate terms without any change in the proposition's meaning. However, as we show in this paper, this language would be syntactically inconsistent and produce some contradictions. Moreover, the scientific generalizations would become nonsense in semantic analysis, and all the existential sentences would be true. Therefore, the neutral language does not have the expected adequacy, and the symmetry of the subject and predicate could not be defended accordingly

Aim and introduction: Today, the human resources of any organization are the basic factor of the growth and productivity of the organization and the most important competitive advantage or its originator. With the help of its human resources, the organization can achieve competitive strategies, such as cost leadership, differentiation and quality improvement. Therefore, the organization and above all the management should try to combine human resource management strategies with business strategies in such a way as to create a competitive advantage from these resources in front of competitors. Human resource strategy is a young knowledge both in the theoretical and practical fields, the emergence of the first theory and related models for its formulation goes back to less than two decades ago. The theorists of management science, recognizing human as a complex element in the organization, introduce the human factor as the most important element to maintain the existence and survival of the organization, and increasing attention to human resources not only in traditional roles Rather, they have focused on its modern role even in the age of information technology. All public and private organizations need strategic management of human resources and organizational innovation for development, growth and sustainability in today's competitive arena so that they can respond to the needs and demands of their customers.. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of strategic human resources management on innovation performance with the mediating role of innovation capability in Shahid Sattari Air University.Methodology: The present study is descriptive and survey-type in terms of method, and the content validity of the questionnaires confirmed using the opinions of experts in this field and the opinions of respected professors. The reliability of the questionnaire also confirmed on a sample of 30 people using Cronbach's alpha with a coefficient value of 0.907 became. The statistical population included all the employees of Shahid Sattari Air University, numbering 350 people, and using Cochran's restricted population formula, 183 people selected as a statistical sample using simple random sampling method. In order to analyze the data, confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis performed using the structural equation approach by SPLS software and the Kolmogorov and Smirnov test. It noted that the value of the fit index is equal to 0.637. Findings: The findings indicate that the strategic management of human resources on innovation performance through the mediating role of innovation capability; strategic management of human resources on innovation capability; Strategic management of human resources has a positive and significant effect on innovation performance, and innovation capability on innovation performance.Discussion and Conclusion: Human resource management in its policies and actions should leave aside the side of caution and carry out daring initiatives such as merit-based recruitment, compensation for innovative services and encouragement, result-oriented performance management and empowering human capital, so that the background Provide for creativity and innovation and pay attention to programs for developing innovation capabilities in order to develop new services and provide programs to create new knowledge based on existing knowledge. Due to recent developments in universities, investigating the relationship between strategic human resources management, innovation performance and innovation capability becomes more important

Introduction: Genetic diversity in plant communities is the basis of breeding programs, and in conventional breeding programs, desirable populations are selected from within a population with high genetic diversity.Materials and methods: The genetic diversity for 13 genotypes of Agropyron intermedium was studied by ISSR markers and soluble leaf proteins in the biotechnology laboratory of Kermanshah Agricultural Research and Education Center in 2019.Results: Based on the results of molecular data analysis of proteins, 15 bands were observed, and polymorphism was seen in only four of them. The highest number of bands were related to genotype G12 with 15 bands and the lowest ones were related to G4 and G5 genotypes with 11 bands. In general, the leaf proteins did not have the ability to differentiate within the species. Although, based on the similarity matrix and cluster analysis for soluble leaf proteins, the genotypes were divided into three groups. The first group included genotypes G4, G5, G9, and G11. The second group consisted of genotypes G1, G2, G3, G6, G10, and G12. finally, the third group included genotypes G7, G8, and G13. The first group had the greatest genetic distance from the second group. In total, the ISSR primers were able to produce 86 bands, of which 10 bands were monomorphic and the other bands were polymorphic. The average number of bands produced by each primer for 13 genotypes was 7.17 bands. The primer of IS11, IS12, and IS14 showed the highest number of bands (10 bands), and IS3, IS9, and IS15 showed the lowest number of bands (5 bands). A desirable polymorphism between genotypes was observed based on ISSR markers and the primers of IS3, IS5, IS9, IS10, IS11, and IS14 were determined for the intraspecific diversity study of Ag. intermedium as desirable primers. According to the cluster analysis based on the data obtained from the ISSR primers, the genotypes were placed into three groups. The first group consisted of genotypes G1, G2, G3, and G5, and the average similarity coefficient for the genotypes of this group was 0.667. Genotypes G9, G11, G12, and G13 comprised the second group, and the average similarity coefficient for these three genotypes was 0.656. The third group included genotypes G4, G6, G7, G8, and G10 with an average similarity coefficient of 0.660. In addition, based on the ISSR marker, the genotypes G2 and G5 had the highest genetic distance with the genotypes G6, G7, G8, and G10.Conclusion: Genotypes G7 and G8 had the greatest distance with genotype G5. Therefore, due to their genetic distance, these two genotypes are suitable genetic materials for breeding programs and the use of heterosis in order to obtain cultivars with superior characteristics, and it is suggested to use them in future studies.

This paper investigates the effectiveness of monetary policy in recession and expansion periods of business cycles in Iran. It uses the distribution of price changes over time using micro-data of producer and consumer price indices from March 2004 to March 2007 and March 1990 to March 2017. Results show that the observed distribution price changes at the producer and consumer levels change significantly over time. Whereas price flexibility (or, similarly, price stickiness) is closely related to the impact of monetary policy, the variable distribution of price changes over time suggests that the effectiveness of monetary policy should also change over time. We estimated the related parameters using the Ss model and the observed facts from the distribution of price changes, the price flexibility index, which shows how prices react to a monetary policy shock. The correlation coefficient and regression analysis results showed that the price flexibility index is counter-cyclical; this means that during periods of economic recession, the index of price flexibility increases. Therefore, the impact of monetary policy on real output decreases. However, during periods of economic expansion, the impact of monetary policy increases.

Background. This systematic review evaluated the studies conducted on Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) due to COVID-19 vaccination to clarify any possible connections and the type of vaccines causing GBS. Methods. A comprehensive search was performed on July 2021 through MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases to detect published and unpublished papers. Our PICO was all COVID-19 vaccinated individuals as the population, COVID-19 vaccines as the intervention, and patients experiencing GBS following COVID-19 vaccination as the outcome. Critical appraisal instruments from the Joanna Briggs Institute case series or case report were used to evaluate the quality of included studies. Results. In the present systematic review, 12 case reports and case series including 21 patients were assessed. More than half of the patients were male, and the mean age of male patients was lower than females. In terms of vaccine type, the most common kind of vaccine injected was Oxford/AstraZeneca, and all the cases except one patient had received only one dose of the vaccine. Regarding the interval between receiving the vaccine and the onset of GBS symptoms, the mean duration was 14 days. The lowest mean time interval between receiving the vaccine and the onset of symptoms of GBS was related to the unnamed vector-based COVID-19 vaccine, and the highest was associated with Oxford/AstraZeneca. Conclusion. Through this systematic review of case reports, we neither attempt to establish nor rule out a causal link between the COVID-19 vaccine and GBS, because such a link requires extensive case-control studies. However, we must highlight any events that may occur following the injection of existing vaccines. Practical Implications. The most common symptoms seen in patients experiencing GBS after vaccination included progressive bilateral lower limb weakness, paresthesia, numbness of limbs, generalized body aches, and back pain.

Introduction: Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a clinical syndrome, characterized by disturbing and intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses and repetitive behaviors. Aim: This study aimed to present a structural model for predicting the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder based on religious adherence and commitment and to evaluate the mediating role of personality function. Method: This study was a descriptive correlational performed based on structural equation. The statistical population consisted of people referred to clinics in districts 1, 2, 7, 8, 11, and 12 of Tehran, Iran, during 2020-2021. A total of 378 volunteers were considered eligible for the study based on the inclusion criteria. The data collection tools included Hodgson and Rachman’s Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder Questionnaire (1977), Janbozorgi’s Religious Faith Questionnaire (2009) and Personality Function Questionnaire by Janbozorgi & et al (2021). Data analysis was performed in SPSS-28 and LISREL-8.5, using path analysis in AMOS-24, as well as structural equation modeling. Results: The Square of correlations (R2) for obsessive-compulsive disorder was 0.53; therefore, the domains of religious adherence and personality function could explain 53% of variance in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Conclusion: Personality function mediated the relationship between lack of religious adherence or religious ambivalence and obsessive-compulsive disorder positively and mediated the relationship between religious adherence and obsessive-compulsive disorder in a significant and negative way. It is recommended that counseling centers pay attention to the clients' religious adherence and dysfunctional religious beliefs in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Gene therapy is a new approach that aims to modify defective genes or intracellular expression of therapeutic proteins, and this depends on the use of high-efficiency gene transfer systems. Although there have been relative successes in gene transfer through viral carriers, these methods still face limitations such as low genetic material carrying capacity, immunogenicity, and toxicity that require further research to address. An alternative method used for this purpose is to use non-viral systems and vectors. Lipids, polymers, proteins, and cationic peptides are among the most well-known non-viral systems that have received much attention due to their lower toxicity despite their lower transfection efficiency. New nano-vectors must carry the gene and protect it against degradation, overcome biological barriers, high transfection efficiencies, and gene release, and not induce toxicity and stimulate the immune system. Vectors of the new generation of chimeric nano-peptides can compress the nucleic acid molecule, accelerate the endosomal escape of the gene transferred into the cytosol, and help transport it from the cytosol to the nucleus. In this study, we review the peptide vectors that carry genetic material, focusing on the types conjugated to nanoparticles; because in this way, it will be possible to use the diagnostic and therapeutic properties of nanoparticles and take advantage of the gene-carrying peptides.

Background. It is still a matter of debate whether the evaluation of end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) using a capnography device allows the evaluation of non-invasive monitoring of arterial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2). The aim of this study was to compare the value of ETCO2 by direct mainstream and PaCO2 based on arterial gas analysis (ABG) before and after cardiopulmonary bypass pump in children with congenital heart defects. Methods. Twenty nine children who were candidates for elective cardiac surgery and were admitted to the Children's Medical Center were enrolled. Before and after cardiopulmonary bypass pump, ETCO2 was evaluated based on mainstream technique and PaCO2 based on arterial gas analysis. Results. The mean difference between ETCO2 and PaCO2 values before cardiopulmonary bypass pump was 3.68±5.32 mm Hg, which considering that the difference of less than 5 mm Hg is clinically negligible, indicates an acceptable agreement between them. However, the mean difference between the two indices after cardiopulmonary bypass pump was 6.85 ±7.0 mm Hg that accordingly, the difference between the two measured values after cardiopulmonary bypass will be clinically significant. Conclusion. Preoperative ETCO2 evaluation can provide a close prediction of PaCO2 levels, but after pumping, direct arterial sampling should be taken to accurately measure PaCO2 levels in non-cyanotic patients undergoing heart surgery. Practical Implications. When confronting with a child with non-cyanotic heart defect undergoing surgery, we suggest relying on capnography as a mirror of arterial blood pressure of carbon dioxide. However, capnography may not be as reliable during early post-bypass period in this group of patients and repeated arterial blood samples may be necessary.

The purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting external financing of innovation in small and medium enterprises by in-depth study of the research background and provide a model for it. An in-depth study of 257 articles, books and dissertations from reputable internal and external sources, meta-synthesis method and MAXQDA 10.0 qualitative analysis software were used, and the results showed that external and internal factors affect the external financing of innovation of small and medium enterprises. In the category of intra-organizational factors, technical and structural factors, human and political, and in the category of extra-organizational factors, legal, political and infrastructural factors affect the external financing of innovation of small and medium enterprises. Finally, a model of the factors affecting the external financing of innovation was presented. The current results could be a beacon for small and medium sized companies in external financing of innovation.

Introduction: Infertility and its individual and social problems are considered as one of the important problems of couples. About half of all infertility is due to male factors. Based on various studies, air temperature can affect male fertility, so the present study was conducted aimed to determine the amount of sperm DNA fragmentation of men referring to Umm Al-Banin Infertility Center in Dezful by different seasons.Methods: In this retrospective study, the statistical population included all men who referred to the infertility center in Dezful for semen analysis between 2013 and the first half of 2020. Information about the variables including age, number of children, job, education, diseases, addiction, different seasons and sperm DNA fragmentation was collected by the researcher using a checklist. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software (version 24) and Chi-square and one-way ANOVA tests. P 0.05).Conclusion: According to the results, there is no relationship between different seasons and sperm DNA fragmentation in men.

In recent years, old urban sewage networks have encountered numerous flaws, leading to several important problems in the environment, such as groundwater pollution, excessive growth of tree roots inside sewer pipes, etc. To tackle such problems, innovative approaches must be practiced in urban sewage networks operations. To this aim, a spatial model based on "predictive analysis" and smart technology in the sewage network operation management is needed. Our proposed model was firstly applied for the city of Isfahan to evaluate and predict possible accidents in the urban sewage network. Our model is based on DRASTIC model and Geographic information system. The sewage accidents were assessed by combining the results of DRASTIC model and Getis-Ord Gi* index. This model could assess the previous sewage accidents and predict the probability of future accidents in cities, as well as their environmental risks. In this study, the intention was to identify the hot spots of accidents in the sewage network using GIS; then by studying the factors affecting the accidents, and geological and environmental parameters, a spatial model was designed. Combination of the Getis-Ord Gi* index and DRASTIC model is the main innovation of this research. In the study area, the following items were determined as the most important factors in the sewage accidents: 1- soil type, 2-inappropriate infrastructure, 3-inappropriate pipes with older age, 4-lower diameter. Finally, this model showed that there was a significant relationship between spatial and environmental indices in the study area. Also, the significance value obtained from the statistical analysis of the relationship between pipe diameters and sewer network accidents was equal to 0.004 and the significance value obtained from the statistical analysis of the relationship between pipe life and such events based on Kendall and Spearman tests were calculated as 0.05 and 0.37, respectively.

Objective This study was conducted to investigate the application of the start codon targeted (SCoT) markers in the genetic diversity of tomato. In addition, the genetic diversity in important cultivars of tomato, which have been previously cultivated, are being cultivated, or are hoped to be cultivated in Iran were assessed. Materials and Methods Ninety nine 99 tomato cultivars were investigated for SCoT polymorphism. DNA isolation and SCoT analysis were carried out using the fresh leaf samples. Thirty-six SCoT primers were initially screened for analysis and fifteen primers were considered for the further analysis. Results The cultivars produced 207 amplicons while the 206 were polymorphic. Amplicon size varied from 250 to 3200 base pair (bp). The average of polymorphism and the mean of polymorphic information content were 99.52 and 0.30, respectively. Also, Jaccard's similarity coefficient was applied and the mean Jaccard genetic similarity coefficient was 0.52. According to Jaccard's coefficient, the lowest similarity (0.17) has been observed for cultivars 34 and 97 while the highest similarity (0.84) were detected between cultivars 86 and 87. In addition, the cluster analysis was conducted based on Jaccard similarity coefficient and centroid method which classified cultivars into three clusters. Besides, the principal coordinate analysis was considered. Accordingly, the cultivars divided into four groups and the first three components explained 58.82% of the molecular variation. The results of the principal coordinate analysis were largely consistent with the results of the cluster analysis. Having high polymorphic information content, marker index, effective multiplex ratio, and resolution power, SCoT12 and SCoT23 primers were properly effective in differentiating the cultivars. Conclusions This study showed that SCoT molecular markers are appropriate for investigating the genetic diversity amongst tomato genotypes and generate a high level of polymorphism. Thus, these markers have considerable efficiency in differentiating tomato genotypes. In addition, this investigation indicated that SCoT12 and SCoT23 primers were suitably effective in differentiating the cultivars. Furthermore, our resech claimed that tomato cultivars that are used in Iran do not have high genetic diversity while for more precise conclusion; it is suggested to practice more SCoT primers along with other markers.

Background and Aims Idiopathic scoliosis is a complex three-dimensional deformity affecting the spine and is more common in adolescents (10-18 years). Failure to pay attention to it can increase its severity and complications. Various exercise methods have been designed for preventing, managing, or correcting adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Among them, the Schroth method has attracted the attention of therapists due to its promising results. However, there is still conflicting evidence of its effectiveness. Therefore, this review study aims to investigate the effectiveness of the Schroth method in improving the Cobb angle, trunk rotation angle, and quality of life (QoL) in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. Methods This is a systematic review study. A search was conducted in Cochrane, PubMed, Medline, Scopus and Google Scholar databases for finding studies that used Schroth method as an intervention and published from 2005 to December 2021 using the keywords related to AIS. The PEDro scale was used to evaluate the quality of papers. Results Initial search yielded 96 records of which 10 papers with PEDro scale score of 5.8 were selected for the review. Among them, the variables of Cobb angle, QoL, ATR were evaluated in nine, six and four papers, respectively. The outcomes obtained from the papers showed the significant effect of Schroth method on reducing the Cobb angle (>5°, using radiography), trunk rotation (>3°, using scoliometer) and improving the QoL (Using the scoliosis research society questionnaire). In only one paper, despite a significant improvement in QoL, no significant reduction in Cobb angle (

In recent years, the development of submerged membrane systems has led to the significant development of ultrafiltration/water purification markets. The study aimed to investigate the efficiency of Poly-Aluminum Chloride coagulant in removing turbidity using a submerged membrane reactor for simultaneous coagulation and flocculation of filtration and determine the optimal values of its performance parameters. In this study, the Poly-Aluminum Chloride coagulant along with lime and polyelectrolyte for water coagulation and flocculation was firstly evaluated by the Jar test in different turbidities. Also, pH (5-10), Poly-Aluminum Chloride (1-50 mg/L), and coagulant aids of lime (0.5-15 mg/L) and polyelectrolyte (0.1 to 2 mg/L) were examined. Then, a pilot-scale submerged membrane reactor was designed for coagulation, flocculation, and membrane filtration processes. Pilot experiments were used as closed systems, and then different parameters of flux, aluminum concentration in the treated water, and membrane fouling were investigated. Jar test results showed that Poly-Aluminum Chloride had a great performance in removing turbidity. In addition, the use of lime and polyelectrolyte coagulant aids improved the turbidity removal process by 3%. Furthermore, pH=8 was selected as the optimal range, and the best flux performance was obtained at turbidity less than 100NTU in a submerged membrane pilot. The flux reduction in eight hours of operation time was only 5% while this increased to 50% in turbidity above 200NTU. The turbidity removal percentages were reported to be constant and higher than 99.5%. The removal rate of total aluminum by the membrane process has been over 99%, and the type of membrane fouling is surface sediment and is reversible. Results indicated that the submerged membrane reactor along with coagulation and flocculation could be applied as an efficient method in water treatment with different turbidity.

Cyclodextrin (CDs)/polyether black amide (PEBA) polymeric nanostructures are of particular practical importance due to their nature including porosity, biocompatibility and biodegradability as new polymeric nanocomposites. The aim of this research work was to optimize the odour and taste causing algae in drinking water using PEBA/CDs nanoadsorbents. The design of experiments and the effect of experimental parameters on the rate of algae removal was done systematically by Fractional Factorial method. RSM optimization method was used to achieve the highest algae removal performance. FTIR spectroscopy, SEM images, BET technique and mapping analysis were used to characterize these nanostructures. These analyzes showed that the nanoadsorbents synthesized had ideal properties such as homogeneous morphology and fiber size distribution in the nanometer range. In addition, according to data obtained from BET technique, the surface area of the sample was about 840 m2/g. The results of studies on Navicula algae showed that PEBA/CDs polymeric nanoadsorbents can affect the quality of drinking water by reducing the number of algae colonies to 5 colonies. The results of analysis of variance showed that the parameters of dose of polymeric nanoadsorbents, water volume and contact time (Pvalue = 0.000) affect the rate of algal removal. The results showed a reduction in the number of algae colonies by 3 colonies. The use of novel nanostructures as well as the systematic studies used in this study can be used as a new strategy to improve the quality of drinking water.

Today, new technologies produce diverse data sets in the engineering sciences. Data science has provided the necessary tools for storing, analyzing, and managing these data set. In the near future, in almost all areas, traditional jobs will soon be replaced by data-driven jobs. Lack of efficient and trained human resources is a serious obstacle in managing large amounts of data in organizations, firms, and executive bodies. As a result, teaching and applying data science at the undergraduate and graduate levels in engineering disciplines, including chemical engineering, are inevitable. In this study, the importance of creating new courses on data science for evaluating big data and the role of these trainings in the development of chemical engineering in academia and industry are examined. For this purpose, data science courses in the top universities are reviewed and finally suggestions are presented. Titles are also suggested for how to present these courses. Providing these trainings to chemical engineers can help them to gain job opportunities and deal with large data in the chemical industry.

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize the critical factors of success in managing the telecommunication supply chain of Mazandaran province with the help of the DEMATEL Analytical Network Process (DANP). Methodology: The present study is exploratory survey research and an applied case study. The statistical population is 15 experts of telecommunication of Mazandaran province. Their opinions are used to prioritize the criteria. Since the study population of this study is limited, it was decided to examine the whole society and to sampling should be avoided. In this research, using the DANP technique in MATLAB software, it has been proposed that the variables that have been collected from the articles have been prepared and tested in conjunction with the experts. Among the different criteria, four main dimensions of safety dimension, cost dimension, organizational dimension, and after repair and maintenance were determined. Findings: According to the experts' answers and the results of the analysis, repair and maintenance are described as the most important component in prioritizing the critical factors of success in managing the telecommunication supply chain of Mazandaran province. The results will shed light on better policymaking in the field. Originality/Value: The results showed that by identifying and prioritizing the critical factors of success in supply chain management, companies can gain a great competitive advantage.

Introduction A better understanding of the future challenges of social networking is obtained when the media system is examined in more depth and assess the effects of its trends. We believe that one of the ways of building a better society in this global village is through paying more attention to everyone's present sensitive and crucial role in shaping the future and familiarizing them with the most important future developments. Facing today's global challenges such as the development of social media, followed by gradual institutionalization of the virtual public sphere and local and indigenous Iranian issues like changing economic, political, and social conditions requires a look at the past and present-day globalization and a foresight for tomorrow. Therefore, neglecting the futuristic view of communication developments and its effects on a developing country like Iran has slowed down pioneering the building of the future of the society and as a result of short-term instead of long-term planning, a different future may be formed instead of promoting knowledge of the future. Consequently, a legal vacuum (non-implementation of the law) may occur instead of legal synchronicity based on the future. Accordingly, the present study sought to address the question of what social challenges Iran may face based on the future of virtual social networks. Materials & Methods The current study was based on an exploratory research and a combined (quantitative and qualitative) approach in terms of implementation. The method of the present research was generally based on the Popper model. In the data analysis stage, the results were provided by using the structural analysis of interaction effects and using SPSS and Micmac software. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The findings revealed a separation of stable and unstable problems in the society. The dispersion type of Iran's social problems in the face of the future of cyberspace showed the future of Iranian society involved in an unstable and complex system of social issues affected by the future of cyberspace. Also, the study conducted based on the division of issues into strategic and less strategic problems demonstrated that such issues as pervasiveness of free relations between men and women, emergence of new relationships between sexes, disrespect of privacy, emergence of modern youth, changing the levels of crimes from allies and streets to the cyberspace, and emergence of digital identity were the most important strategic issues in the face of the future of cyberspace, thus making social and cultural policies a priority. On the other hand, analysis of the results overlapped some negative functions of cyberspace evolution provided by Trend One Research Center and displayed the importance of paying attention to this issue in the face of the possible future. In this case, the mentioned research center listed the negative consequences of the future evolution of cyberspace as an extension of the society. The first avatar marriage with a human being, and the first divorce due to having virtual affairs with the characters in computer games were among the possible consequences provided by the Trend One research center. Addiction to online games as a national issue (Arjmandi and Salavatian, 2015:5), in which the most important consequence affecting national and local identities and moving diverse identities towards a single global identity occurred in the cyberspace was another issue raised by this research center. One of the leading challenges based on the future research of social issues resulting from the future developments of virtual social networks was the "emergence of cosmopolitan identity" caused by the failure of identity boundaries. Cyberspace is an open and free space beyond any cultural, social, and even family constraints. Users and audiences can create an identity for themselves in accordance with their ideas and fantasies, regardless of the real world constraints. Uploading photos, videos, and any personal contents in the cyberspace is a kind of liberation from the real-world algebra, while making an identity. Therefore, these networks provide a platform to break the boundaries of identity and make integration of societies into one identity. However, since the presence and use of Iranian society in the future developments of virtual social networks was slower than those of the West, our society was the destination of this change. Therefore, before we Iranians entered the network, the sphere and field of action fell in the protected area of ​​the West. Hence, the necessary social preparation had to be provided to deal with this challenge. This was confirmed by a statement by David Ratkaff, a former Deputy Secretary of Commerce of the Clinton Administration, who examined the elites that were building this global power in his book entitled The Superclass. In one part of his book, he evaluated the issue of globalization in the following way (Ratkaf, 2016:34-35) : "For many, globalization has meant and continues to mean Westernization, and even worse, it has the concept of Americanization at its core, which is somehow linked to Zionism and the ancient Jewish threat. It is the collapse of cultural boundaries and barriers, and on the one hand, for some, it is reminiscent of the spread of Islam. For others, such as Dobbs and Buchanan, the concept of Latinization of the United States and decline of "Anglo-Saxon" identity has prevailed. In this view, national identities have besieged. Still, for a number of others in the world, the policies of the World Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization to protect the interests of the rich and evoke the second wave of imperialism have been directed towards a new corporate-led colonialism, in which the Internet has transformed the materialist capitalism."

Background and Aims: Core stability and strengthening core stability muscles have become one of the new topics in the field of sports medicine. The present study aims to compare the effects of eight weeks of TRX and CXWORX exercises on core endurance, trunk muscle strength, and dynamic balance of female college students.Methods: This quasi-experiment study was conducted on 30 young healthy female college students. They were randomly divided into two experimental groups of TRX (n=10), CXWORX (n=10) and one control group (n=10). In the pre-test phase, trunk muscle strength was evaluated by sit-up test, dynamic balance by Y-balance test, and core endurance by McGill core endurance test. Then, experimental groups performed eight weeks of selected training program, 3 sessions per week, while the control group was asked to do their daily activities. After intervention, the three groups underwent post-test assessments. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to investigate the normality of data distribution, and repeated measured ANOVA was used to compare data. The significance level was set at P≤0.05.Results: Both TRX and CXWORX had a positive effect on the participants’ trunk muscle strength, core endurance, and dynamic balance such that their mean scores increased after training. The TRX group performed better than the CXWORX group in all study variables (P≤0.05), except for the Y balance at the anterior direction.Conclusion: Both TRX and CXWORX exercises have positive effects on the trunk muscle strength, core endurance, and dynamic balance of female college students, where the effect of TRX was greater. Therefore, occupational therapists and trainers are recommended to use both exercises, especially TRX to improve core muscle strength and endurance.

The aim of this study was to predict the feeling of loneliness of female managers based on couples' communication patterns and interpersonal dependence with the mediating role of work-life balance. A sample of 300 female managers working in the Plan and Budget Organization in Tehran was selected by convenience sampling method. The research instruments included the Couples Communication Patterns Questionnaire, the Interpersonal Dependence Questionnaire, the Work-Life Balance Questionnaire, and the Loneliness Questionnaire. Structural equation test, Pearson correlation and regression analysis with statistical software AMOS 24, SPSS23 were used for statistical analysis of data. The results of regression analysis showed that couples communication patterns and interpersonal dependence significantly predict the feeling of loneliness of female managers (p> 0.001). The amount of indirect effect of communication pattern with loneliness and interpersonal dependence was obtained with feeling of loneliness, which shows that interpersonal communication pattern and dependence with loneliness mediate the relationship between work-life balances. It is suggested that in the treatment of managers 'feelings of loneliness, sufficient attention be paid to couples' communication patterns, interpersonal dependence, and balance between work and life.Central tendency and dispersion indices of work-life balance scores (3.14±0.32), loneliness (2.65±0.24), interpersonal dependence (2.678±0.20), communication patterns(4.37 ± 0.63). KeywordCouples communication patterns, loneliness, work-life balance, interpersonal dependence Introduction Today, the decisive role of human resources in the development of countries is not hidden from anyone. Among the factors of production for growth and development, namely natural resources and God-given wealth, the manpower of capital, management and technology, is the manpower that plays a major role (Larrieta‐Rubín de Celis, 2015). Given the importance of the role of human resources in the process of sustainable development and the fact that women and men together build the human resources of organizations, it can be said that women have a fundamental role in increasing productivity and social and economic development of countries (Hosseinpour,2013). Although more women have appeared in the labor market in recent years and their number has increased slightly, inequalities in terms of quality and promotion to managerial levels still exist and women have a small share in being selected for senior organizational management positions. Research ObjectivesThis study aimed to predict the feeling of loneliness of female managers based on couples communication patterns, interpersonal dependency with the mediating role of work-life balance. MethodA sample of 300 female managers working in the Program and Budget Organization in Tehran was selected by the convenience sampling method. The research instruments included the Couples’ Communication Patterns (CPQ), Interpersonal Dependency, and Work-Life Balance. Structural equation modelling and Pearson correlation were used for the statistical analysis of data. Findings and ResultsThe finding of research showed that couples communication patterns and interpersonal dependency significantly predict the feeling of loneliness of female managers (p> 0.001). The results show that there is a relationship between communication patterns and interpersonal dependency with feelings of loneliness mediated by work-life balance. The mean of the studied variables were as follows: communication patterns (4.37), work-life balance (3.14), interpersonal dependency (2.678) and loneliness (2.65). Discussion and conclusionThe work-life balance variable mediates the relationship between communication patterns and feelings of loneliness, as well as interpersonal dependency and feelings of loneliness in female managers. Also, the relationship between loneliness with work-life balance was negative and the relationship between loneliness with interpersonal dependency and communication pattern was positive.

Synthesis of nanoparticles by co-precipitation is one of the most efficient, inexpensive and effective methods. Control of the important parameters on the synthesis of nanoparticles, such as surfactant type, pH of the environment, reaction time, adding the rate of the base solutions, etc., play a significant role in the synthesis of nanoparticles. Generally nanoparticles with smaller size and appropriate dispersion (non-agglomeration) have higher efficiency and, show greater performance. In this study, we synthesized magnesium hydroxide nanoparticles by co-precipitation method and characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) the accuracy of the synthesis method, also the effect of the CTAB surfactant and the rate adding of the base solution in the method were examined. The results indicated that using CTAB surfactant can help to prevent of agglomeration and, consequently, led to best dispersion in different solutions and also increasing of the speed of addition of base solutions, led to a reduction of the dimensions and thus improve the performance of these nanoparticles.

Among the issues related to the development of the country, education is one of the basic principles and the tree of development. The educational system of the society is considered as one of the main pillars in realizing this goal and achieving social justice. Rural areas, with a population of 20 million, are considered as one of the main spots of production and human resources in the country. It is important to provide this large group with proper training. Poor accessibility to educational services in the country's villages, especially in the southern, southeastern and border provinces, and the existence of different problems call for special measures and proper management. This can increase the level and quality of education for all villages. The need for local education and its development in rural areas should be considered as one of the main challenges for the advancement of the country's education system. The main purpose of this article is to study the level of literacy and education of rural residents in the provinces of the country and to study and analyze the indicators and indicators affecting the quality of education in rural areas. The research method is descriptive-analytical and in order to study and classify the criteria and indicators affecting the quality of education in rural areas of the country, AHP weighting method and MicMac software have been used. In these studies, there are 29 indicators in the education criteria that are extracted through desk studies. These criteria include educational programs (Ep), teaching and learning environment (Le), research (Re), social services (Ss), teachers (Te). Environmental criteria include social and institutional environment (Se), economic environment (Ec) and natural and physical environment (NE). The model incompatibility is equal to 0.08 and the system stability in MicMac software is equal to 96%, which indicates the appropriateness and reliability of the partnership. The results showed that the environmental causes are more effective than the general criteria of education on the quality of education. Currently, the economic conditions, employment and quality of life of rural residents in the central, southern and border provinces of the country are in poor condition, which is one of the principles affecting the quality of education and literacy of rural residents.

Background and Objectives: The benefits of psychological activities are as significant as physical activities during leisure time. The aim of this study was to determine and recognize the roles of leisure time and the effect of psychological factors among adolescents and young people. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted via the fuzzy Delphi method to determine and identify the variables involved in the research. The statistical population included all adolescents aged 13 to 21 years in Tehran province, among whom 305 people were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. Data collection tools included standard questionnaires including meaning in life, generalized anxiety disorder, emotional intelligence, openness to experience, Meta-Emotion, physical health, need for Recreation, happiness, and volunteer work, and researcher-made questionnaires including recognition of personal interests, Calmness, and flourishing of talent. Data were analyzed by SmartPLS software using the structural equation method. Results: Psychological factors with mean (SD) 2.1 (0.2) improved leisure functions with mean (SD) 2.7 (0.4), P

In this paper, discharge coefficient of arced piano key weir compared against two models of normal or fashionable piano key weirs with no arc in their plan. The arced piano key weirs are less investigated. Piano key weirs are pretty new sort of labyrinth weirs with fewer footprint needs. They are used in limited width and mountainous situation and have a high potential for rehabilitation and almost easy to build them in the last decade. They are more applied, especially in rehabilitation. Arc in front of inlet key and at the end of outlet key proposed and evaluated experimentally only in discharge aspect. For the purpose of the simulation of what really happens and calculation of discharge coefficient, three models are made and measured. The results of volumetric discharge coefficient show that arced piano key weir in four different level of upstream flow are 12.07 and 11.33 and 14.77 and 11.01 percent higher than best Non-Arc Piano key weirs.

Background and Objectives: Today, hypertension is one of the most common cardiovascular disorders being prevalent in developing countries. This study was conducted to determine the role of interpersonal dependence and social support with the mediation of hope affecting the resilience of patients with high blood pressure. Methods: The statistical population of the study included all patients with hypertension referring to medical centers in Tehran with the final sample group of 250 cases. Participation in this study was voluntary and the sampling process was performed by purposeful sampling method. The data collection tools were as follows: Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Perceived Social Support designed by Vaux, Adult State Hope Scale developed by Snyder, and Interpersonal Dependency Inventory designed by Hirschfield. Data analysis was carried out using the path analysis method. Results: Based on the results of the study, social support, interpersonal dependency, and hope had a positive correlation with the resilience of hypertensive patients. It was also revealed that resilience was effected indirectly by social support. The variables of interpersonal dependence and social support and the variables of resilience have significant direct effects. In addition, both interpersonal dependence and social support variables have an indirect effect on resilience, of which only the indirect effect of social support on resilience is significant. Conclusion: It was revealed that hope can play the role of mediator between social support and resilience in patients with hypertension. Furthermore, this variable is effective in increasing resilience in such patients.

Abstract The oak trees are considered the most important plant species in western forests of Iran and cynipid wasps create various galls on different parts of the oak trees. There are two oak species including Quercus brantii Lindl. and Q. infectoria Oliv. with different distribution in the forests of Kermanshah province. The present study aimed at investigating the biodiversity of oak gall wasps in different regions of Kermanshah. The oak galls were collected from six regions of Paveh, Javanrood, Gahvareh, Ghalajeh, Chalabeh, and Sarmil during 2011 and 2012 and the diversity indices were calculated based on the obtained data. In this study, a total of 30 different sexual and asexual galls were collected from catkin, buds, fruits, and leaves of Q. brantii (16 galls) and Q. infectoria (14 galls). Neuroterus lanuginosus Giraud, Dryocosmus israeli (Sternlicht), and N. saliens (Kollar) were recognized as the most abundant species and Andricus coriariformis (Melika), A. megalucidus (Melika), A. istvani Melika, Pseudoneuroterus macropterus (Hartig), and Synophrus olivieri (Kieffer) as rare species, respectively. Also, N. lanuginosus, N. saliens and Aphelonyx persica (Melika) were found from all regions and recognized as the dominant cynipid gall wasps species of the oak forests of Kermanshah. The calculated values for the Shannon-Wiener diversity index revealed that the diversity of cynipid wasps in Javanrood (1.878) and Gahvareh (1.870) was greater than Chalabeh (0.873), Paveh (0.681), and Ghalajeh (0.188). Also, the species diversity of gall wasps on Q. infectoria (1.573) was more than Q. brantii (0.574) based on the Shannon-Wiener Index. The greatest diversity of cynipid wasps was obtained at an altitude of 1500-1800 meters. Overall, 17 parasitoid wasp species (Chalcidoidea) were collected from 13 different galls on both oak species which were belonged to Torymidae, Eurytomidae, Ormyridae, Eupelmidae, Eulophidae, and Pteromalidae.

Introduction: Species distribution modeling is a common method for understanding the relationships between a species and its environment and is used to predict the changes in distribution due to environmental changes. A lot of research has been done around the world based on these models. In this study, the optimal habitat of Juniperus excelsa, an indicator species, and the most important tree species in Irano-Turanian forests in the Alborz Mountains have been investigated using 38 environmental parameters and domain and logistic regression models. Material and methods: The study area consists of parts of the Alborz Mountains located in the north of Iran with an area of 14656 km2. In the present study, a stratified random sampling method was used to determine the sampling sites. Finally, 390 occurrence sites (240 presence sites and 150 absentee sites) of J. excelsa at a 30-second scale (approximately 1 km×1 km) as the input model was studied. Also, 38 environmental parameters were considered as predictive variables for implementing two models of the domain and logistic regression. Results and discussion: The results showed that the domain model had a high performance for predicting the habitat of J. excelsa with AUC =0.97, Kappa =0.730, and TSS = 0.91. Based on the results, the areas with the lowest potential for the presence of J. excelsa were 5665.95 km2, the moderate potential was 2033.1 km2, the good potential was 3076.38 km2, the very good potential was 3063.42 km2, and the high potential was 817.29 km2. The results obtained from the implementation of the logistic regression model indicated that 5084.37 km2 of the studied area was in the class of least potential, 2539.35 km2 had moderate potential, 1410.21 km2 had good potential, 1104. 84 km2 had very good potential, and 4517.37 km2 had high potential. Also, the results showed that the suitable habitats for J. excelsa were regions with a mean diurnal range of 13 °C and 15.5 °C, annual precipitation of 120-220 mm, precipitation of 64-90 mm, precipitation of coldest quarter of 35-60 mm, the altitude from the sea level of 3100-1800 m, and a slope of 30-10% in the southern, southeast, and east directions. Also, the probability of species occurrence was more in areas near the snow and water line as well as on calcic rocks. Also, in the habitat of J. excelsa the NDVI index varied between 0.38 and 0.20. The results of the performance evaluation of the models showed that the domain model had higher performance in predicting the suitable habitat of J. excelsa than the logistic regression model in the study area. Conclusion: Species distribution models can provide a suitable management plan for different parts of the habitat. Areas with low potential of suitable habitat are usually partial habitats and populations in these areas are more vulnerable than the others, whereas areas with very good potential are excellent for a protected area. Areas with good to the excellent potential that do not have significant tree cover are suitable for forestry and native ecosystem restoration. The present study showed that the domain model, despite using only presence data, can be a useful method for predicting the suitable habitat of J. excelsa in the Alborz Mountains. Therefore, it can be stated that species distribution models, with acceptable accuracy, have enough performance in the evaluation of species distribution and can be used to execute conservation strategies.

Effective use of organizational knowledge helps organizations foster innovation, reduce costs, improve decision making, and create sustainable competitive advantageous. Knowledge Management (KM) is adopted by many organizations as a new approach for discovering and exploiting organizational knowledge as much as possible. According to the contingency theory, the successful implementation of knowledge management in an organization highly depends on choosing the best KM processes according to the organization’s circumstances. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the factors affecting the choice of the appropriate knowledge management process in the organization and ultimately prioritize the KM processes using a rule-based fuzzy system. The contingency factors that are studied in this research are those related to knowledge properties, organizational, environmental and task characteristics. Also, knowledge management processes that are considered are knowledge discovery, knowledge acquisition, knowledge sharing and knowledge application. The relationship between processes and contingency factors is modeled based on Fernandez method, using fuzzy rule-based systems. By evaluating and quantifying each of the factors, knowledge management processes are prioritized with respect to the input factors. The obtained results of prioritizing knowledge management processes by this method compared with previous researches shows a significant improvement.

Background and aims: Workplace is a unique situation for treating substance abuse issues. Employer as one of the suffering groups can play an important role in treatment of substance abusing workers. Establishing healthcare houses in workplaces provides an opportunity to play such a role. One of the most important interventions in the workplaces is defining and implementing the employee assistance programs (EAP), through which they can support employees in the relatively risky and unstable environment. EAP provides a variety of services for both employees and employers; train supervisors on how to treat with problematic employees; clear referring procedure for their counseling and consider the follow up. Work Health Promotion (WHP) is another approach which has wide goals for prevention and rehabilitation measurements for all problems of employees; for example, comprehensive and non-punishable actions to improve employee’s health status and their productivity versus drug abusing in workplaces. Establishing healthcare houses in Iranian workplaces is one of the practical action in the country to contribute employee’s health status. There are more than 1,000 researches studied on mental health issues and substance abuse in the workplace. Five comprehensive studies of mental health problems have been conducted by reliable sources. The results generally support the need for more services to address the mental problems and addiction of employees and their families. Substance abuse among adults in the workplaces costs millions of dollars for preventive health care services. Therefore, developing an effective prevention programs for drug users are essential for the workplace. Although, applied studies to prevent substance abuse in workplaces encounter many challenges such as employer considerations, data gathering and access to the intended audience of these programs. In accordance with addiction prevalence study in workplaces which is performing from 2016 throughout the country; three educational packages have been provided and distributed; promoting package (training healthy life style), facilitating package (Providing staff assistant services in healthcare houses for physical, mental and social problems) and health oriented employers package. This Study is going to develop a facilitator and practical pattern to help employers how to treat and face with addictive drug users. Methods: This is a qualitative study. For data gathering, three methods were used; reviewing the literature, holding focused group discussions and distributing written questionnaires. The methodology followed as these steps: 1- Searching keywords in English and Persian databases; Magiran, SID, Scopus, Google Scholar, Elsevier and PubMed to find a basic model. 2- The model were discussed in three focus group discussion and three main themes as a basic pattern were found; procedures, trends and standards. 3- The pattern as a ‘standard behavior guideline’ was sent to all stakeholders to comment. So the standard behavior guideline has been finalized. 4- To observe executive challenges, the standard behavior guideline was implemented in two workplaces. Results: A public call (self-declaration) Random test A follow-up test every six months from people identified in steps three and four Positive test answer 1. Introducing the volunteers to the Commission of Preventing Addiction at workplaces to take permission for one-month off work and the treatment expenses after the approval of employer. 2. Introducing the volunteers to the drug treatment centers in the county (by Behban) 3. Receiving monthly reports about volunteer’s treatment procedures from the centers (by Behban) 4. Tracking the treatment procedures (by Behban) Negative test answer Positive test answer 1. Brief Motivating Consultation by Behban* 2. Introducing the drug abusers to the Commission of Preventing Addiction at workplaces to take permission for one-month leave of absence 3. Introducing the volunteers to the drug treatment centers in the county (by Behban) 4. Receiving monthly reports about individual treatment procedures from the centers (by Behban) 5. Getting addiction test from all injured employees in healthcare house. Repeating the public call after 3 months Start A pragmatic pattern to help employer how to confront substance abuser in workplaces consist of two phases; periodically repeated self-declaration and random test. In case of positive answer, the treatment process will be started. The incentive measurements for treating a substance abusing workers in the self-declaration phase are more than the random test. The implementation of this model requires the provision of legal, physical and ethical considerations. The algorithm is as follow: Avoiding to take a volunteer test [1] Conclusion: Undoubtedly, substance abuse in workplaces is one of the major problems, defining and implementing EAP is the most important interventions. EAP offers different solutions for problematic employees. The result of this study is a standard behavior guideline to help employers how to treat with drug users in the workplaces. In the first step, self-declaration should be applied. In the positive test result, treatment procedure has to be implemented. In the second step, random test should be given and in positive cases the treatment procedure has to be followed. Furthermore, regulatory, physical and ethical infrastructure should be considered in both steps. In a research which is conducted in 2009 in the United-states, a guideline for appropriate facing with alcohol and substance abusers in workplaces is recommended. Initially, identifying the substance abusers is vital, then set and select a treatment program according to the level of addiction is suggested; treatment and hospitalization, home treatment programs, intensive outpatient care, behavioral therapies, social support programs, recovery care period, a leave of absence and also returning to work plans. A national study in 2014 entitled addiction preventive program in Iranian workplaces shows the main direct results from individual’s view which are increasing awareness and sensitivity in employees and employers to addiction, empowering the responsible persons (Behban) in workplaces and the indirect impacts of addiction reduction in workplaces such as an increase in productivity, reduction of taking off and being absent. The bold specifications of this study are as follow; It is ordered by main policymakers in national level, the stakeholders ideas are considered to finalize the pattern and the other important factor is that incentive behaviors are considered in all procedure rather than punitive treatment. Approving the proposed pattern in a form of standard behavior guideline by the council of Coordinating of providing health services for insured peoples, the High Council for Health and Food Security, and the High Council of Cultural and Preventive Narcotics Counter Headquarters, and also encouraging top employers would be suggested. * Behban is a person who is responsible for healthcare houses in workplaces

Aims & Backgrounds: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the environmental risk of Tehranchr('39')s sports spaces in terms of the release of carbon monoxide pollutants. Methodology: First, data related to carbon monoxide pollutants were collected from the Tehran Air Pollution Monitoring Center and analyzed from the beginning of April 2018 to the beginning of April 2019. Using Craigchr('39')s introspection, the corresponding raster was generated and classified. Finally, the classification was done and the relevant map was prepared using the air quality index table (AQI / PSI), the spatial location layer of the sports complex, and the pollution layer of the carbon monoxide was merged using IO technique in the GIS. William Finechr('39')s risk assessment method, with two different scenarios, was used to determine the level and rank of environmental risk. Findings: The results showed that the highest and the lowest hourly concentration of carbon monoxide pollutants are recorded in Aqdasiyeh (with 2.39 ppm) and Piroozi (with 2.11 ppm), respectively. The cleanest air was recorded in Aqdasiyeh station (with 77 clean days), while the most polluted air was recorded in Piroozi station (with just7 clean days). Approximately, 30 percent of the days of the year had grouped into categories of "unhealthy" and "unhealthy for sensitive groups". The average hourly and daily concentration of carbon monoxide pollutants was less than permitted levels at all stations, indicating that none of the sports complexes in the study area are at risk for hourly concentrations of carbon monoxide pollutants. According to Scenario A, the risk rating is related to the carbon monoxide pollutant 24, which indicates a non-hazardous situation and a "low-risk level". Conclusion: About 12 sports complexes are directly exposed to this pollutant and it is necessary to adopt management strategies to improve the quality of this type of urban land use.

Fire affects vegetation and changes plant succession. In this paper, the vegetation of Sirachal Research Station, which burned in the summer of 2014, was studied and compared with the unburnt areas, based on biodiversity indices. The research was implemented as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. First, on the basis of physiognomy, the area was divided into three parts: shrubland, shrubland-rangeland, and rangeland. Each part was, then, divided into two sections, including a burnt area and an adjacent unburnt area (control area). In each area (burnt and unburnt), three sampling units were randomly assigned using PNP method, and vegetation measurements were subsequently performed. Based on data analysis, a total of 141 taxa were identified, belonging to 28 families and 95 genera, including one species of Gymnosperm, 19 monocotyledons and 121 dicotyledons in two burnt and unburnt areas of Sirachal Station. Based on the statistical analysis, using Past3 and SPSS softwares, there was no significant difference in the number of taxa between the vegetation of the burnt and unburnt areas. Of the indicators analyzed in Past3, the number of individual, the index of Menhinick's richness and the Shannon diversity index were significantly different in the treatments sampled from the burnt and unburnt areas. According to the Duncan test average, the number of individuals in the unburnt area, with a canopy cover below 25%, was greater than that in the burnt area, with the same canopy cover, however, no significant difference was observed between the individuals in the burnt area and unburnt area, with the same canopy cover of more than 25%. Also, the richness of the burnt area with a canopy of less than 5% is significantly higher than that in the unburnt area with the same canopy cover.

The construction of the hydropower plant on the water pipelines using the excess pressure and replacement of PAT instead of the pressure reducing valve (PRV) due to positive effects such as renewable energy, the proper dispersion of water supply pipelines in different regions and short production time are considered. On the other hand, the prioritization of the construction of the power plant on the water pipelines involves various factors, which require multi-criteria decision-making methods. In this research, the water pipelines managed by the water and wastewater company of Ilam province, including six positions, taking into account five indicators, electricity production, construction costs, distance from the place of use, distance from the main road and ease of operation using multi-criteria methods (including: hierarchical analysis, network analysis, simple weighting, VIKOR and similarity to ideal option and economic analysis). The results indicated that the entrance to the Station 1 of the Ilam Dam (with an annual production capacity of 982800 kWh, the construction cost of 1218 million Rials, with a benefit-cost ratio of 3.7 and unit cost of 407 Rials per kW) is the best alternative for the production of hydro-electrical energy.

Background & Purpose: This study aims to propose a model of quality outcomes of work life with a meta-analysis approach and interpretive structural modeling (ISM). Methodology: This is an applied descriptive-quantitative study, in which the quality outcomes of work life were first identified and extracted from 41 papers, published in scientific research papers from 2011 to fall 2019, with a meta-analysis approach. In the next step, the ISM technique was employed to rank these outcomes based on the opinions of 12 faculty members of the Shahid Sattari University of Aeronautical Engineering by determining the model of their relationships. Findings: According to the meta-analysis results, the greatest effect sizes came from organizational performance (0.745), human resources productivity (0.707), occupational attachment (0.683), psychological empowerment (0.614), organizational entrepreneurship (0.608), and employee self-efficacy (0.586), respectively, out of the quality outcomes of work life. Conclusion: Based on the ISM results, the quality outcomes of work life were ranked at four levels. In fact, psychological empowerment had the greatest effectiveness, whereas organizational performance was affected the most.

Tourism in natural areas can affect the biodiversity, density and structure of stands and plants health. The present research aims at studying the effects of tourism on vegetation structure and species diversity in Noor Forest Park, Mazandaran province. To do so, the study area was divided into three main zones: without pressure, moderate, and high tourism pressures. Then, sampling was done with 20 sample plots of 20 × 20 m sample with random-systematic distribution in each zone (60 plots in total). Within each sample plot, trees, shrubs, herbs and regenerations were counted and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of all woody species were measured. The species richness, evenness and diversity indices were then calculated and the calculated indices and forest structural features were compared amongst the mentioned zones. Based on the results, diversity of forest floor flora in high tourism pressure zone was higher than other zones and there was no significant difference in woody species diversity among three zones, nevertheless a considerable reduction was seen in density of both woody and floor species. The lowest regeneration abundance was observed in high tourism pressure zone and the most, in medium tourism pressure zone. In zone without tourism pressure, average height and canopy of trees were more compared with the high tourism pressure zone. Also, most snags, the highest ratio of broken trees to total trees and the highest number of diseased and damaged trees were observed in high tourism pressure zone. In this zone, Alnus glutinosa, Populus caspica and Parrotia persica had the lowest vitality.

Background: Kienbock's disease is an enigmatic entity that causes wrist pain and disability in young adults. This study aimed to assess clinical and radiological outcomes radial shortening as its most common treatment. Methods: In a retrospective research, the data of medical records of 100 patients with Kienbock's disease were studied. They included 66 men and 34 women with mean age of 28.9 ± 7.6 years, who treated using radial shortening surgery. The wrist indexes and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Score (Quick DASH) were calculated and analyzed. Findings: 60% of the patients were ulnar minus, 26% neutral, and 14% ulnar plus. Mean Quick DASH score was 11.34 ± 6.30 in patients in the Lichtman stages I and II, and 23.05 ± 10.40 in the Lichtman stage III. Delayed union after 5 months occurred in 3%, screw back out in 1%, and superficial infection in 1%. Mean duration of union was 16 weeks. Ulnar variance was the same amongst different Lichtman stages. At follow up, 29% had none, 39% mild, 23% moderate, 8% severe, and 1% extreme pain. Ulnar variance changed from -0.9 to +0.1. Bilateral involvement was noted in 4% and dominant arm involvement in 45%. In 26% of patients, radius was shortened less than 1 millimeter. No radiological progression or improvement occurred during follow up. Conclusion: After radial shortening surgery in Kienbock's disease, clinical improvement was commonly expected, even if the radius was not shortened to reach to neutral ulnar variance. This improvement was more obvious in patients in in the Lichtman stages I and II.

Aims & Backgrounds: Today, the concept of capacity utilizing the maximum number of users who use a natural or recreational area at a given time without changing disturbance in the environment is widely used in urban management and planning. The purpose of this study is to determine the recreational range and tourism capacity in Mashhad area. Methodology: The research is of a practical nature and data is collected through library and field studies. Initially, 7475 hectares of the area were selected as useful and usable areas for users through the registration of ground points and the preparation of a land use map using the GIS tool. In the next step, through computational formulas, three types of physical, actual and effective physical capacity were estimated. Five limiting factors were used as coefficients in calculating the actual carrying capacity of the study site and to calculate the effective carrying capacity, managerial parameters were used. researcher-made questionnaire (Likert spectrum) was also provided to users with a record (384 people) in order to score the site management capability parameters. Findings: Among the managerial factors, the highest points belonged to grocery stores (4.8) and the lowest points belonged to the regional relief system (1.2). Finally, the carrying capacity of physical, actual, and effective related to the study area was estimated to be 89700000, 1829880, and 969836, person per day respectively which shows a physical carrying capacity was much more than actual carrying capacity. Conclusion: In general, the area accepts a significant number of users for recreational and sports activities. On the other hand, the area has considerable spaces suitable for the design and deployment of sports and leisure facilities. However, environmental and safety priorities must also be taken into account.