Search

Background and Objective: Cognitive behavioral therapy based on religion can increase the religious mind. This study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy based on religion on depression and quality of life in patient with HIV/AIDS. Methods: In this quasi -experimental study with pretest, post test and follow up with control group, 30 patients with HIV were non-randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Patients in intervention group were received 12 sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy based on religion, but patients in control group did not receive any intervention. Beck depression test (BDI-II) and quality of life questionnaire (WHOQOL-Brief) were used. Results: The rate of depression in intervention group significantly reduced in compared to controls (P

Background: Job stressors in managers are progressively affecting and destroying their immune systems. The relationship between hardiness, stress and immune system is important for mental health. This study was designed to determine the resources in managers against stress, resources herein designated as “hardiness” and “social support". Also in this research, the correlation between hardiness, defined collectively as feelings of challenge, commitment and control, as a resource against stress and the immune system of high school managers in Khozestan Province were studied. Methods: The study sample was comprised of 340 managers (male and female), selected by the cluster sampling method. Each subject completed the personal view survey scale and social support questionnaire. Then the individuals were divided into four groups (n= 35 in each group) of high and low hardiness and social support as follows: high hardiness / high social support, high hardiness / low social support, low hardiness / high social support and low hardiness / low social support. Subjects who suffered from disorders that affect the immune system were excluded. The number of T-helper cells (CD4), T-suppressor cytotoxic cells (CD8), natural killer cells (CD56+ CD16), complement system (C3, C4, CH50), immunoglobulin M and G (IgM and IgG), cortisol hormone, eosinophils, neutrophils and lymphocytes were measured for each subject. Results: The results revealed that, there was a significant positive correlation between hardiness and CD4, CD4/CD8, CD56, CD16, CH50, IgM and neutrophil levels. Also, there was a significant negative correlation between hardiness and CD8, cortisol and eosinophil levels. There was a significant difference between the four groups of in CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8, cortisol, C3, C4, CH50 and lymphocyte levels. Also, there was a significant positive correlation between social support and CD4, CD4/CD8, CD56, CD16, CH50, IgM, C3 and neutrophil levels. Conclusions: The results revealed that the performance of the immune system in managers with high hardiness and high social support is significantly better than that of managers with low hardiness and low social support. Furthermore, high hardiness and high social support act as resources and moderating factors against stress.

Background&Objective: Stress in managers will effect and destroy the immune system on mental health. Clinical studies have revealed that, social support is one of the moderating factors of negative effect of stress on immune system. The aim of this research was study the correlation between social support and immune system of high school managers in khozestan province. Materials&Methods: An experimental study was conducted on 360 male and femal managers who were participated. Then randomly two groups (n=80 in each group) of low and high social support were selected. Subjects who suffered from disorders that affected the immune system were excluded. Number of T-helper cells (CD4), T-suppressor cytotoxic cell (CD8), Natural killer cells (CD56+CD16), Complement system (C3,C4,CH50), Immunoglobulin M and G (IgM&IgG), cortisol hormone, Eosinophils, Neutrophils and Lymphocytes were measured. Results: There was a significant positive correlation between social support and CD4, CD4/CD8, NK cell (CD56+CD16), CH50, IgM and Neutrophils. Also there was a significant negative correlation between social support and CD8, cortisol and Eosinophils. There was a significant difference between high and low social support managers in CD4, CD4/CD8, CD8, cortisol, CH50, C4, C3 and Lymphocytes. Conclusion: The results indicated that social support has a positive significant correlation with those immune cells that improve the immune system and has a negative correlation with those immune cells that decerase the immune system. In fact the social support is a moderating factor angainst stress and its negative effects on immune system.

Extended Abstract Background: Long-term hydrometeorological variables can be used for planning and managing water resources at the basin level using different physical models, such as hydrological and hydraulic models. However, such variables are often accompanied by missing data, which makes analysis difficult or sometimes impossible. Data gaps cause problems in interpretation, model calibration, and biased statistics. In this study, the validity of a non-parametric random learning machine algorithm, called MissForest, has been evaluated to fill the gap of daily streamflow series in a region with scarce data and strong climate variability. Methods: The daily streamflow data in the gauge stations of the Southern Baluchestan catchment were analyzed in a long-term hydrological period (09/23/1972 to 09/22/2018). First, the missingness percentage was selected based on a conventional criterion (less than 50%) as an acceptable ratio of the missing rate in the streamflow data, followed by investigating the mechanisms and patterns of the missing data. Accordingly, the number of gauge stations was reduced to seven samples. Then, the temporal distribution of the missing daily streamflows during the months of the year and the relative frequency of gap length were investigated during the period. Next, the performance of the missing data reconstruction algorithm was challenged with two different artificial missing data scenarios. Two types of artificial gaps were generated, namely a) Removed contiguous segments: at each gauge only a segment (having lengths of 7, 14, 21, 30, 60, 180, and 365 days) was randomly removed from the entire record (1972–2018); b) Removed single data points: observed values (30, 60, 90, 120, 180, and 365 days) were randomly removed from the entire record (1972–2018) at each of the gauges. MissForest was applied to fill the gaps contained in the records together with the artificial gaps. Our analysis includes reconstructions of the 1972–2018 period at each of the streamflow gauges. Finally, the performance of MissForest in infilling daily streamflow data was tested by comparing the filled series with the observed data using goodness-of-fit (GoF) indicators, coefficient of determination (R2 ), the percent bias (PBIAS), and the Kling-Gupta efficiency (KGE). Results: The MissForest algorithm generally performed satisfactorily, allowing for accurately and reliably simulating lost data quickly and automatically. The performance of the MissForest algorithm is highly dependent on the number of predictor records, record length, and streamflow type. Finally, the reconstruction of real gaps in streamflow data was possible by applying this intelligent algorithm. The river flow time series were simulated with the natural flow regime with good performance; however, this performance dropped slightly for flow rate changes as a result of water storage and diversion for irrigation, especially downstream of dams. The performance of this algorithm in filling the daily time series of flow with severe changes in the flow regime, such as peak discharge, was not evaluated optimally. This drop in performance is more related to the hydroclimatic conditions of the studied watershed than the structure of the algorithm. The reconstructed hydrographs allow for analyzing flow variability and their interaction with key climate variables. Conclusion: The MissForest algorithm is introduced as one of the imputation methods based on machine learning with high credibility and performance in reconstructing the missing data of the daily streamflow. It can also be used automatically and intelligently in the reconstruction of the statistical defects of the river flow in the scale used daily. Future studies are suggested to analyze the effects of different watersheds with specific hydro-physical-climatic characteristics on the performance of the MissForest algorithm. The other issues that need to be addressed in future studies include the investigation of the proposed method of this study in other climatic and geographical regions, the sensitivity measurement to the rainfall and flow regime, and finally, the investigation of its performance compared to other common methods.

In this research, graphene oxide was prepared by Hamers' improved method, then, with the electric arc method, silver nanoparticles enter the graphene oxide environment diluted with deionized water, and a colloid of core-shell,silver-silver oxide is prepared. After the samples were prepared, graphene oxide plates containing silver nanoparticles were fixed on them, and samples with the same concentration and volume were placed under ultraviolet radiation for 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes, respectively. Then, various spectra are prepared from the samples and their linear and non-linear behavior is studied in two experiments, Z-scan and phase spatial modulation. The results of ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, infrared Fourier transform, and X-ray diffraction show that the resulting solution contains graphene oxide nanoplates and silver oxide nanoparticles. Investigating the nonlinear optical properties of the samples also shows that the nonlinear refractive index of the samples is of the order of , which by ultraviolet radiation to the samples, their nonlinear refractive index changes slightly, and on the other hand, the diffraction pattern with two peaks is observed in the formed structure.

Extended Abstract Background: Maize is an important crop that is cultivated in many parts of the world. The evaluation of genotypes in breeding programs often faces two important challenges, the genotype × environment interaction effect for the target trait and unfavorable relationships between the target traits. Even though many methods have been offered for stability analysis, especially graphical tools and their relatively good efficiency in interpreting the results, it seems that the best linear unbiased predictions (BLUP) method estimates the means with high accuracy, especially in mixed models, in multi-environmental trails (MET). Therefore, the stability index of weighted average absolute scores (WAASB), which is estimated from the integration of the two stability methods of additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and best linear unbiased predictions, can be used in METs to estimate more accurately the stability of genotypes. Maize breeding programs prioritize high grain yields and earliness as important traits. The multi-trait stability index (MTSI) is a valuable tool for the simultaneous selection of multiple traits. It is estimated based on the average performance and simultaneous stability of genotypes in different traits and environments. Therefore, the current research aimed to identify stable and high grain yield maize hybrids along with the optimal level of grain moisture percentage at harvest time and days to physiological maturity using the integration of AMMI and BLUP methods with WAASB, WAASBY, and MTSI indices. Methods: This study involved the evaluation of seven promising maize hybrids along with four commercial check varieties, including SC647, TWC647, SC704, and SC715, in maize METs based on a randomized complete block design with four replications across 10 regions (Karaj, Moghan, Shiraz, Kermanshah, Kerman, Mashhad, Dezful, Miyandoab, Jiroft, and Mazandaran) during two cropping seasons of 2019-2020. The recorded traits were grain yield adjusted at 14% moisture content, grain moisture percentage at harvest time, and days to physiological maturity. The WAASB was used to estimate genotypic stability for each genotype. It was computed from the singular value decomposition (SVD) of the matrix of best linear unbiased predictions of genotype vs. environment interaction effects generated by a linear mixed-effect model. The WAASBY index for simultaneous selection based on grain yield (Y) and stability (WAASB) was estimated by assigning different weights to grain yield and stability. The simultaneous selection for grain yield and stability based on several traits was conducted using the scores obtained from an exploratory factor analysis (MTSI). Results: Based on the grain yield across 10 environments over two years, promising hybrid NO. 3 had the highest grain yield with 12.80 tons per hectare. According to the likelihood ratio test (LRT), the genotype-by-environment interaction was significant for the traits of grain yield, grain moisture percent at harvest time, and the days to physiological maturity. Therefore, BLUP analysis can be performed on these data due to the significant genotype by environment interaction. The BLUPs performed for hybrids were followed by stability analysis using the AMMI method on these BLUPs. The results indicated that the first and second components justified 27.7% and 24.6% of the hybrid by environment interaction variances, respectively. The highest predicted grain yield by the BLUP method belonged to hybrids No. 3, 2, 4, and 1, with higher than average predicted grain yields. Based on the biplot for the first principal component of the environments against the nominal grain yield, hybrids 2, 6, 3, and 1, having the lowest scores of the first principal component (coefficient b or line slope), had a negligible contribution to the hybrid by environment interaction and were distinguished stable. To enable simultaneous selection based on both grain yield and stability, the WAASBY index was estimated by integrating grain yield (Y) and the WAASB stability index. Considering the 50% contribution of each of the two grain yield and yield stability components, five hybrids (1, 2, 3, 6, and 4) showed above-average WAASBY. Among these, hybrids 1, 2, and 3 had significantly higher WAASBY than the other hybrids. All four control cultivars SC647, TWC647, SC704, and SC715 had lower-than-average WAASBY. Based on the MTSI, hybrid 3 was selected as the best hybrid. In addition, the estimated variance components by restricted maximum likelihood (REML) for grain yield indicated that 75.72% and 7.57% of the phenotypic variance were explained by the environment and GEI variances, respectively, whereas the contribution of residual variance to the phenotypic variance was 16.77%. Conclusion: Based on the results, hybrid 3 (K47/2-2-1-4-2-1-1-1× MO17) was identified as a high-yielding hybrid, which can be introduced to farmers as a new superior maize hybrid. It seems that the use of the ratio of the WAASB stability index to grain yield (WAASB/Y) and the selection of superior genotypes based on the MTSI could identify hybrids with high grain yields, stability, and desirable levels of important agronomic traits.

Introduction: Self-regulation motivation in medical students in clinical education is a key factor in their academic success. This study aims to compare the status of self-regulation motivation strategies in medical students before and after the beginning of clinical education at Kerman University of Medical Sciences in 2022. Method: This semi-experimental single-group study used the Meta-Motivational Strategies in Medical Students Questionnaire for 80 medical students who were clerkships. Results: The mean of self-regulation motivation strategies in medical students before entering the clinical education phase was 113.43, and at the end of the first semester of clinical education was 116.20. The results showed an increase in the status of self-regulation motivation strategies by medical students in the clinical education phase. The most self-regulation motivation strategy used by students before and after the start of clinical education was "Regulation of value". Conclusion: Medical students use different strategies to regulate their motivation during clinical education. To maintain and increase the motivation of medical students, it is crucial to identify and strengthen self-regulation motivation strategies.

The architecture student encounters extensive emotional challenges in design studios, which is due to complex interpersonal and intrapersonal relationships and the emotional aspects of training. The way to respond to these requirements involving people's emotional intelligence – their ability to understandprocess and use emotional information in the process of cognition and thinking –is influential in their learning. By explaining the importance of emotional intelligence, this study focuses on the design studio in order to improve learning. After identifying emotional requirements of students, it considers responding to these requirements depending on the application of emotional intelligence in two interconnected dimensions, and synergising 'regulation of emotional experiences' of students and 'developing their emotional skills' by design tutors. Since nurturing emotional skills aimed at improving learning requires a coherence of emotional education with design training, the utilisation of the potential capacities of design training and the internalisation of emotional teachings has been recognised.Also suggested is the development of these skills in a synergistic cycle by promoting learning in the design studio and through the application of indirect emotional training (based on reflection and practice) in the context of design training, and using methods such as narrative, communication, cooperation and emotional design. The results are presentable to design tutors in the form of recommendations to meet the emotional needs of students and strengthen their emotional skills.They show that the fulfilment of students' emotional requirements in the design studio depends on both the tutor's and the student's emotional intelligence, and that it takes the tutor's emotional intelligence and their attitude towards the importance of emotional issues in the design studio,to provide students with the opportunity to utilise their emotional skills.

Background: Developmental disorders in children include a group of problems and limitations in learning and acquiring specific skills of each age group. The term global developmental delay is used to describe developmental disability in children under five years of age, which is in at least two areas of major development. Neuroradiological imaging such as brain MRI provides important information for physicians. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of brain MRI in predicting the clinical outcome of global developmental delay in children. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, from 79 - from September 2013 to September 2018 at Motahari Clinic of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz Iran - eligible children with developmental disabilities, 37 patient who had brain MRI were selected as a sample and children scores in five ASQ clinical areas and MRI findings were reviewed and compared. Patients suffering from metabolic, genetic, trauma, infection and neoplasms problems and diseases were excluded from the study. Results: Out of 37 patients studied, 23 were female and 14 were male with a dispersion of three 3 to 60 months of age. 31 of these children had at least one abnormal finding in brain MRI images and the other six were completely normal. In relation to the imaging findings, the highest frequency is related to abnormal head circumference with a prevalence of 54% and the lowest frequency is related to abnormal myelinization with a prevalence of 10.8%. Results of MRI findings correlation with developmental domains demonstrated that Children with white matter disorder on MRI show severe gross motor abnormality (P

Criminal mediation is considered as an alternative method for social reconciliation, which is held with the presence of the parties of a criminal dispute and the role of a third person called the mediator. Criminal mediation, which is also known by titles such as reconciliation, is the personal mediation of a third party between two parties of a criminal case and providing a basis for dialogue and agreement in order to return the situation to normal, which of course is possible with other programs such as conferencing, circles, restitution of the victim's situation, community services, victim impact statements and community restorative boards have similarities. The dispute resolution councils, as a judicial references, which mainly steps towards reconciliation between the parties to the proceedings, despite the diversity in the implementation of dispute resolution programs, the characteristics of most of these programs are the active participation of litigants and local communities, dialogue-oriented, efforts to reach a solution to compensate the victims and the offender's responsibility. Therefore, criminal mediation programs can be a good opportunity to expand and strengthen community-oriented in the judicial system. The root of adopting a community-oriented approach to criminal issues and recognizing people's participation in solving  Corresponding Author: hnaderi58@gmail.com How to Cite: Naderi, H., Matin Parsa, M., & Pourmazar, M. (2023). Analyzing the Position of Mediation in Dispute Resolution Councils with a Sociological Approach; (from Perspective of the Members of the Branches of the Tehran Councils). Journal of Criminal Law Research, 12(45), 153-192. doi: 10.22054/jclr.2024.75156.2608.Hamid NaderiResearcher of Department of Interdiciplinary Studies, Institute of Strategic Studies, Judiciary Research Institute, Tehran, Iran.Mohammad Matin ParsaPh.D. in Criminal Law and Criminology, Allameh Tabatabaꞌi University, Tehran, Iran.Mohammad PourmazarMaster in Criminal Law and Criminology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.Journal of Criminal Law Research | Vol. 12 | No. 45 | Winter 2024 | 154criminal disputes can be found in "public sociology" studies in general and "restorative justice" teachings in particular.From the substantive point of view, since crime is considered a social phenomenon and behavior against the norms of society, and the offender and the victim are members of the society, so the process of pursuing the case and responding to the offender should also be in accordance with this social context. Categories related to criminal law, such as criminalization and separation of crimes from social deviations, ordering of response methods, prevention of crime, determination of responding references, evaluation of its performance and historical developments, are not separate from the community of the place of implementation or its specific social context, and this fact can be seen in the link between the law and the social. By giving identity to the offenders, preventing them from being labeled and providing an environment of acceptable shame, criminal mediation can lead to the correction and return of the offenders to the society as quickly and better as possible and their alignment with the norms.The social approach of the judicial system is one of the meeting points of the social with the law, and it is a view of the process based on which the judicial system, especially the criminal justice system, along with the people consisting of natural persons and non-governmental organization, assume social responsibility towards the general issues related to the judiciary. This approach is based on returning to society and taking advantage of social capacities and creating a basis for the consolidation of social capital. Depending on the topics and stages, this partnership can have many manifestations, including legislation, monitoring the implementation of laws, crime prevention, crime detection and prosecution and investigation, settlement of lawsuits, determination of punishment and its implementation. If mediation in criminal matters is done independently and away from the jurisdiction of the judicial system, it can be a suitable context for realizing and strengthening the social approach of the judicial system. The main goal of the research is to analyze the criminal mediation in the dispute resolution councils of Tehran.The current research was conducted using qualitative method in the form of thematic analysis .In order to collect data, an unstructured interview tool was used. The statistical population of the current research included managers and members of Tehran Dispute Resolution Council's branches and branches located in courts which was carried out by non-probability and purposeful sampling; and the samples were selected in a targeted manner at the level of the complexes of the Tehran Dispute Resolution Council until reaching theoretical saturation in the number of 11 people. Maxqda, the qualitative data analysis software, was used to encode and analyze the data. The interview protocol is set according to the main axes of the empirical background and by|155| Analyzing the Position of Mediation in…; Naderi et al.conducting a review of the body of knowledge related to the subject, and the operational method of the research is the content and thematic analysis. Thematic analysis is one of the methods of analyzing textual data, one of its characteristics is the use of categories adapted from theoretical models and applied to the data.The data collected in the form of the main themes "relationships of the dispute resolution council with the judicial system and social contexts", "The nature and purpose of the dispute resolution council", "The quality of the implementation of conciliation and dispute resolution programs" and "The challenges of the dispute resolution council in the path of decriminalization and social reconciliation" formulated and affirming the necessity of councils' activity as an institution independent of the judicial system and arising from the society; Because in this lack of independence, the judicial approach has prevailed over the councils, considering this institution as a helping arm and a legal aid institution. The predominance of such an approach, along with the addition of judicial jurisdiction and the issuing of judgments, has caused the mediators active in the councils to move away from the role of facilitators and find an approach similar to that of the judges. The consequence of this judicialization is manifested in not taking advantage of the capacity of the local community, lack of attention to the needs of litigants, and lack of root-finding and problem-solving approach. Therefore, at present, the councils have moved away from their primary goals and their performance is very different from criminal mediation in a special sense.

Background: The covid-19 causes a lot of distress in patients due to its prevalence and the uncertainty of the treatment result, which may even cause a person to experience trauma. Several studies have shown the role of coping styles and self-esteem in recovery from illness. However, there was a research gap in the study of the mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between coping styles and post-traumatic growth in patients with corona. Aims: The aim is to prediction post-traumatic growth based on coping styles with mediated by self-esteem in recovered corona patients. Methods: The procedure of this research was descriptive and correlation. The statistical population of this study were all recovered patients with corona disease in Sari city in the second half of 2022. We selected 250 patients (18-55 years) based on Green formula. Method of sampling was convenience. The instruments of this study were post-traumatic growth questionnaire of Tedeschi & Calhoun (1996), self-esteem Cooper Smith test (1967), coping styles Parker & Endler (1990). The collective data was analyzed by structural equation modeling and path analysis. Results: The results show that there ara positive and significant relationship between problem-focused coping style, negative and significant relationship between emotion-focused and avoidant- focused styles and post-traumatic growth in recovered corona patients. Also the data showed that self-esteem mediates the relationship between coping styles and post-traumatic growth positive significantly in recovered corona patients (p

In this research, linear and non-linear optical properties of silver oxide nanoparticles in graphene oxide medium have been investigated. First, graphene oxide is prepared by the improved method of Hammers. Then the synthesis of silver oxide nanoparticles is carried out in the environment of graphene oxide diluted with deionized water, by the electric arc method. The electric arc was applied at 200, 300, 400, and 500 volts with a three-second pulse duration of one minute. The results of ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy show that the resulting solution contains nanoparticles of graphene oxide and silver oxide. Then, a CW 532 nm beam with a maximum power of 300 mW was used to determine the linear absorption of samples. Then, the z-scanning method was used to determine the nonlinear characteristics of the samples. After analyzing the graphs, the refraction and nonlinear absorption coefficients of each sample have been calculated. The results show that with increasing voltage, the concentration of nanoparticles produced in the samples increases and the linear absorption coefficient increases with it. The lowest value of linear absorbance is 1.31 (cm-1) and nonlinear absorbance is negative for all samples and its lowest value is 7.86 *10-3. Also, the nonlinear refractive index is negative for all the samples and its maximum value is 1. 61 *10-14. The thermo-optical coefficients of each of the samples have also been obtained.

The COVID-19 virus, which was discovered in December 2019 in the city of Wuhan, China and quickly spread throughout the world, continues to be an important threat to the health of the world. Despite all the strategies used to deal with the spread of COVID-19, more contrivances are still needed to deal with its consequences. In this research, the clinical characteristics of people have been used as input data to diagnose a person with COVID-19, which is the result of collecting information from similar studies. Also, various algorithms including support vector machine, logistic regression, k nearest neighbor (k=9), simple bayes, random forest, LightGBM, XgBoost and CatBoost have been used, among which the CatBoost algorithm, with a sensitivity of 97.97%, accuracy 97.72% and 96.96% accuracy showed the best results. In this algorithm, the trial and error method has been used to adjust hyperparameters as accurately as possible to achieve the desired results, and SHAP is used to interpret the results and determine the impact of features on the output.

Extended Abstract Introduction and Objective:The soybean genotype's stability and high performance are essential factors for long-term development and food security. That the occurrence of various stresses, including drought stress, can cause high losses in the production and supply of this product. This factor has caused the wide attention of researchers to evaluate the stable and tolerant genotypes to drought stress in different environments to introduce the best variety. Materials and Methods: This research investigated the interaction effects of G × E on yield stability in 12 soybean genotypes in four different northern Iran environments. This experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications in each environment. During several harvests, yield component traits such as plant height, number of pods, number of seeds per pod, the weight of 1000 seeds, biological yield, harvest index, seed yield, oil percentage, oil yield, and seed protein content were evaluated in 1400 and 1401. Stability tests for multivariate stability parameters were performed based on AMMI and GGE biplot analysis. Results: Among the investigated cultivars, the Sari variety had the highest yield in all three studied regions, and the Hill variety had the lowest yield among the cultivars. The variety Sari in the two environments of Karakhil and Kapik and the varieties Tapur and SBA2 were more compatible with the Bai-Kola region than the rest of the varieties. Sari, Tapur, Caspian, and SBA3 cultivars were in this range. And Telar, Nekader, SBA2, and SBA4 cultivars are in the field of TOL and SSI indices, these cultivars were also identified as drought-sensitive cultivars. Conclusion: In addition to yield stability in the two regions, the Sari variety was tolerant to drought stress and had a higher yield than the rest of the studied varieties. This variety has drought-tolerance genes and is the best parent for transferring these genes. Based on the results of cluster analysis, Hill and SBA6 cultivars had the furthest distance from SBA2. The best parents to improve the generation are crossed to create a diverse population to produce superior cultivars or genotypes.

In the past three decades new cognitive sciences viewpoints have highlighted the influential role of the body in cognitive processes; a role long neglected by the dominance of mind-body dualism in cognitive and intellectual domains such as architectural thought, despite the seminal role of the body for discovery and cognition of the world. Such cognition is experienced through interactions between objective micro-worlds such as that of architecture, and the third-person and first-person (lived) bodies. Has this body and its cognitive role always been neglected in the history of architectural thought? To answer this question the present paper tries to investigate this role and its influence in the history of formation and evolution of architectural theories in the West. Using logical reasoning and a descriptive-analytical approach, parts of Western history of architecture are rethought, due to its close associations with the Western philosophy in the formation of this history.The results show that different ideas about the body can be identified in history, ranging from corporeality to embodiment. It is then anticipated that the embodiment, the cognitive role of the body and the above viewpoints will gradually influence architectural theories leading it towards notions of "close relationship between the first-person body and architecture".

مقدمه: این پژوهش با هدف مقایسه اثربخشی آموزش کاهش استرس مبتنی بر ذهن آگاهی (MBSR) و آموزش متمرکز بر شفقت (CFT) بر سبک های مقابله با استرس در بیماران مبتلا به بیماری عروق کرونر انجام شد.روش کار: جامعه آماری این مطالعه بالینی را کلیه بیماران مبتلا به بیماری عروق کرونر قلب مراجعه کننده به کلینیک قلب و عروق سامان مشهد در تیر تا مرداد 1400 تشکیل می دادند که 45 بیمار به روش داوطلبانه انتخاب شدند. آنها به طور تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش و یک گروه کنترل قرار گرفتند. گروه‌های آزمایشی MBSR را بر اساس طرح آموزشی Kabat-Zinn (2005) یا CFT بر اساس طرح آموزشی گیلبرت (2009) در 8 جلسه دریافت کردند. شرکت کنندگان پرسشنامه سبک های مقابله با استرس لازاروس و فولکمن (1988) را تکمیل کردند. داده ها با استفاده از آزمون تحلیل واریانس مختلط با اندازه گیری های مکرر و نرم افزار SPSS-23 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت.یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که آموزش مبتنی بر شفقت باعث افزایش سبک مقابله مستقیم و خویشتن داری و کاهش سبک مقابله ای اجتنابی و سبک مقابله ای گریز-اجتنابی می شود. MBSR سبک مقابله با مسئولیت، حل مسئله برنامه ریزی شده، ارزیابی مجدد مثبت و سبک مقابله فرار-اجتناب را به طور قابل توجهی کاهش می دهد (P

مقدمه: این پژوهش با هدف مقایسه اثربخشی درمان مبتنی بر هیجان و درمان مبتنی بر ذهن مشفقانه بر رشد پس از سانحه و احساسات مثبت و منفی درک شده در بیماران بستری بالغ بهبود یافته از ویروس کرونا انجام شد.روش‌ کار: جامعه آماری این مطالعه مقطعی شامل کلیه بیماران بستری با تشخیص ویروس کرونا در شهر مشهد طی تیر تا شهریور 1400 بود. چهل و پنج بیمار انتخاب و به‌طور تصادفی در سه گروه مساوی (دو گروه آزمایشی و یک گروه شاهد) قرار گرفتند. گروه‌های آزمایشی درمان مبتنی بر هیجان یا درمان مبتنی بر ذهن مشفقانه دریافت کردند. ابزار تحقیق پرسشنامه رشد پس از سانحه تدسکی و کالهون (1996) و اندازه گیری مختصر عاطفه مثبت و منفی: مقیاس های PANAS واتسون، کلارک و تلگن (1988) بود. داده ها با استفاده از آنالیز واریانس مختلط، اندازه گیری های مکرر و نرم افزار SPSS-23 مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت.یافته ها: نتایج نشان داد که بین دو مداخله بر رشد پس از سانحه و احساسات مثبت و منفی درک شده در بیماران بزرگسال بستری بهبود یافته از کرونا تفاوت معناداری وجود ندارد. با این حال، هر دو روش درمانی بر هیجانات مثبت و منفی و رشد پس از سانحه در پس آزمون و پیگیری 3 ماهه تأثیر می گذارند (05/0>P)نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس نتایج، درمان مبتنی بر هیجان و درمان مبتنی بر ذهن دلسوزانه می‌تواند رشد پس از سانحه و عواطف مثبت و منفی را در بیماران بزرگسال بستری بهبود یافته از ویروس کرونا بهبود بخشد.

IntroductionFlax is a herbaceous plant with the scientific name of Linum usitatissimum L. The origin of this plant is reported to be the western Mediterranean. Flax is one of the most important oily and medicinal plants with wide compatibility and multiple uses. Waterlogging stress is one of the abiotic stresses that has received little attention despite the fact that it causes a lot of damage to the crop.Materials and methodsIn this study, 100 flax cultivars were studied. The mentioned cultivars were planted in a greenhouse as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design to investigate genetic diversity and select the best cultivars in terms of yield and other morphological traits. First, flax seeds were planted in drainage pots containing field soil and aerated sand in a ratio of 2:1. Soil-related measurements including field capacity (FC) and soil electrical conductivity (EC) were performed. Waterlogging stress was applied in four-leaf stage. For two weeks, the pots that were in normal condition were irrigated according to the field capacity of the soil and the pots that were under stress were irrigated more than the field capacity of the soil. The main purpose of this study was to identify Waterlogging-resistant flax genotypes using all indices simultaneously and also to identify high-yield genotypes under Waterlogging stress and non-stress conditions. MP, STI, GMP, YI, DRI, YSI, SSI, TOL and β indices were calculated and finally tolerant and sensitive genotypes were identified by stress tolerance score (STS) index. STS equation for the raw data is not accurate. All indices in STS equation were standardized according to equation 10. All calculations were performed using SPSS software version 22 and Excel.Results and discussionThere was a significant correlation between Ys and Yp. TOL, STI, MP and GMP indices with positive and significant correlation with performance under normal conditions and STI, MP, GMP, YI and DRI with performance under normal conditions. Dendrogram was drawn based on stress tolerance score. Flax genotypes were divided into 4 groups: resistant, semi-resistant, semi-susceptible and susceptible. Analysis of variance was performed to determine the accuracy of grouping between groups and there was a significant difference between the groups. According to the stress tolerance score index, genotypes 364, 352, 286, 370 and 172 were identified as waterlogging tolerant genotypes in this study and genotypes 263, 269, 295, 325 and 108 were the most sensitive genotypes. According to the stress tolerance score index, genotypes 364, 352, 286, 370 and 172 were submerged as stress tolerant genotypes. These genotypes are predicted to be used as donors of waterlogging tolerance genes. Research findings also indicate that tolerant genotypes ultimately lead to higher production and yields than other genotypes in conditions of heavy rainfall and prolonged waterlogging. These genotypes can also be used in breeding programs based on hybridization and identification of QTLs associated with waterlogging tolerance.ConclusionsThey were overwhelmed by tension. According to the stress tolerance score, genotypes 364, 352, 286, 370 and 172 were identified as flood tolerant genotypes in this study and genotypes 263, 269, 295, 325 and 108 were the most sensitive genotypes.

Objective: Stock market manipulation has gained significant attention in recent years. The fact that markets can be manipulated has great implications for designing trading rules and market efficiency. Market manipulation has been developing since the beginning. Thoughtful and accurate manipulation techniques adopted by manipulators may not easily be detected. This research examines stock price manipulation in Tehran Stock Exchange and addresses the identification and detection of stock price manipulation by mathematical algorithm (spoof trading). This study examines transaction-based manipulation in which manipulators place bid and ask orders to control the stock prices. More specifically, this paper studies manipulated stocks by looking at market microstructure (intraday transactions) and aims to introduce an algorithm for detecting suspicious trades so that regulators can detect them beforehand. The ultimate goal of this paper is to help the “Securities and Exchange Organization” (SEO) of Iran to reform market regulations in order to prevent the occurrence of suspicious trades in the market. Methods: This research relies on price data placed by investors in the market. Transaction data consists of two levels; the first level includes executed bid-ask orders available to the public, such as open, close, high, and low prices as well as trading volumes in a specific period. The second level includes the first layer plus all buying and selling orders whether they are executed or not. The latter can only be observed by the regulator and is not available to the public. This paper focuses on the second level in which characteristics and patterns of manipulated stocks are examined by utilizing the intraday transactions of 50 manipulated companies from 2013 to 2016. Panel data analysis and F-limer, Hausman Test, Heteroskedasticity Test, Cointegration Test, Variance Inflation Factors Test, as well as econometric tests relating to price manipulation including stationary, autocorrelation, kurtosis, skewness, run and duration dependence test, were applied to the considered data. Finally, an artificial neural network was used to test the effectiveness of the designed algorithm. The obtained results were illustrated in a confusion matrix. Results: The results of the mentioned econometric tests were consistent with the results of the designed algorithm. The study’s hypotheses were accepted. Conclusion: The results of the designed algorithm indicated that the efficiency of the utilized algorithm for detecting suspicious trades is equal to 90.4%, which is an excellent level of performance for accepting an algorithm. Additionally, this research shows that the price and volume of buy and sell orders in the first two lines of the ticker screen are effective in detecting stock price manipulation.

The making procedures is a neglected aspect of architectural education in many schools and curricula. To address this neglect, some architectural schools around the world use the Design-Build method in teaching architectural design. This method aims to integrate research, design and construction. The questions of the present study have been compiled after a review of the literature, identifying and studying the resources related to more than thirty Design-Build courses in architecture schools around the world. A semi-structured interview method has been used to answer the questions of this research, with sixteen interviews with academics involved in Design-Build courses around the world. The transcriptions of these interviews are than used as the basis for discussions and conclusions. Among the results are outlining the possible scope for replacing mainstream methods with this alternative, the executive structures used, such as those of financing and communication with clients, the role of legal factors, and also failures in shaping design-build projects.Considering the influence of mainstream worldwide education on Iran, the results of this research provide a framework for defining different approaches to Design-Build methods and important theoretical bases for better understanding and implementation of this method in architectural education. A deeper understanding of this field can result in more conscious uses of this educational method in Iran.

The history of Islam Rahmani's ideology goes back to the last two decades; The necessity of discussing this idea is that this idea offers a one-dimensional and selective view of Islam in such a way that it empties Islam of its original themes such as jihad, enjoining the good and forbidding the evil, and so on; On the other hand, civilized jurisprudence is a macro approach to all chapters of jurisprudence that includes a set of Islamic rules in the dimension of civilization; Civilized jurisprudence is not separate from governmental jurisprudence and system-building jurisprudence, but if another name can be chosen for government jurisprudence, it will definitely be civilized jurisprudence and system-building jurisprudence. The main question in this article is what is the critique of Islam Rahmani's idea as a challenge of civilized jurisprudence with emphasis on the views of Imam Khomeini and the Supreme Leader? This article uses a descriptive-analytical-reasoning method and using library resources to study and analyze the challenges of Islam Rahmani towards the jurisprudence of civilization; The finding of the article is that the only way to face the challenge of Islam Rahmani is to return to the original and true Islam based on civilized jurisprudence; Islam of unity is based on principles and ideals and Islam of freedom and insight in which the idea of ​​compassionate Islam fades.

Background: Numerous studies have shown that self-efficacy and perfectionism are associated with academic procrastination; But research that has developed a model for predicting academic procrastination based on social self-efficacy and perfectionism: the mediating role of the achievement emotions has been overlooked. Aims: The aim ot this study was to develop a predictive model of Academic procrastination modeling based on social self-efficacy and perfectionism: The mediating role of achievement emotions Methods: The present study was descriptive and of correlation and structural equations. The statistical population was all Twelfth grade male students in Mashhad in the academic year 2020-21. Out of 1200 people, A total of 290 individuals were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The research instruments included the Solomon and Rothblum (1984) Academic Procrastination Questionnaire, the Packran et al. (2007) Emotions Progress Questionnaire, the Kobori Perfectionists (2006) and Self- Efficacy dimensions Questionnaire of Muris. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test and path analysis in SPSS-22 & AMOS-24. Results: The results showed that there was a negative and significant relationship between social self-efficacy, individual standards and positive achievement emotions with academic procrastination (P

Every year, a large amount of horticultural and agricultural products are destroyed due to the destructive phenomenon of hail. In this study, the effect of hail damage on quantitative and qualitative traits of three commercial grape cultivars in four different levels of aerial part destruction as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks in two replications during two years (2016 and 2017) in one of the vineyards of Garmek village,Jajarm city of North Khorasan province has been studied on 8-year-old grape plants with similar management conditions. For this purpose, grape cultivars were as the main plot treatments and simulated hail stress at five levels,including control (without stress), 25, 50, 75 and 100% defoliation were as sub plot treatments. Plant yield,bunch number, length and width of bunch, weight of bunches and berries,pH ,percentage of sugar and the taste index of the treated and control plants were determined.The results showed that defoliation due to hail reduced the yield of plants as compared to control plants and minimum yield was observed in 100percentdefoliationtreatment. Decreasing plant yield was mainly due to the decrease in the number of bunches per plant and the weight of a single bunch was not significantly affected by defoliation except in 100% treatment.The results showed that there was no significant difference between the size and weight of berries in the control treatment with 25, 50 and 75% hail defoliation and it seems that thinning and reduction in yield and number of bunches has maintained the size of berries in plants affected by defoliation. The results revealed that the increase in fruit quality due to decrease in the amount of defoliation treatment with intensity of 25 and 50% has caused a slight increase in sugar content, pH and consequently fruit flavor index due to reduced yield per plant.

The main question in this study is how herders perceive plants in saline and alkaline rangelands and the relation between water, soil and plants. Data collection was done using field walks and semi-structured interviews with herders in Incheh Borun rangeland, Aq Qala county at Golestan province, Iran. Herders mentioned 38 plant species with local names. Traditional knowledge of herders showed that land in Turkmen Sahra is classified into two categories of sour and sweet and ocassionally healthy-unhealthy or good-bad are used instead to describe land. Herders also described seven categories for soil including Shishei (glassy), Shor (sour), Martoob (wet), Naor (small basins), Tappeh (hill), Ghermez (red) and Siah (black) where specific plants grow in each category. The result of this study showed that Turkmen herders carry rich knowledge regarding the description of plants and habitats. The innovation of this study was using Turkmen herders’ traditional knowledge in identification of plants, soil categories and their characteristics which is done for the first time in the region. It is recommended that policymaking in natural resources management of Iran apply buttom-up planning and decision-making in order to use traditional ecological knowledge of local communities.

Human life is full of various and frequent activities and events, occurring in time and space with different rhythms. This description of human "life" emphasizes the crucial role of rhythmanalysis for architects and urban designers, who’s creative job is to organize and pattern their "living" built environment.In the present article, while exploring rhythms of everyday life, designers' attention is drawn to the importance and necessity of recognizing these rhythms in development of architectural design knowledge. Therefore, first, an overall view of the day to day life rhythms in architectural spaces is presented, using logical reasoning and based on the research precedents. This overall view shows a hierarchy of rhythms in space, from natural rhythms to human-based ones including biological, personal, socio-cultural and physical-spatial rhythms.In order to corroborate the necessity as well as the mechanisms of rhythmanalysis, an educational complex was selected for a case study, in which non-interfering close observations, in-depth interviews, and qualitative content analysis, were applied, as methods of inquiry.The results indicate that in many spaces, more than one activity and event occurs. Thus, users have to constantly change the furniture in each space, or move from one space to another, to be able to accomplish their intended activities and/or to provide suitable venues for events to take place. The results also connote that it is not sufficient to draw merely upon established design standards, but also the frequency of activities and events in time and space must be taken into account.

Sesame as one of the most important oilseed crops has high industrial, food, and medicinal potentials. Drought stress challenges sesame production, especially at the germination and seedling stages. To screen sesame genotypes for drought tolerance at the germination stage, a factorial experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with 3 replications. The studied factors included 4 drought levels induced by polyethylene glycol (concentrations of 0%, 20%, 25%, and 30%) and 15 sesame genotypes. Based on the results of ANOVA, the effect of genotype, drought, and their interaction on all studied traits including germination rate, germination speed, vigor index 1 and 2, radicle length, plumule length, and seedling fresh and dry weight was significant (P

Introduction The tourism industry, as one of the strategies for rural development, has many capabilities for innovation and entrepreneurship; on the other hand, the development of entrepreneurship in low-income communities is an acceptable strategy to fight against poverty. This enterprise is due to various factors and the whole process cannot be considered without respecting the factors affecting it. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the factors affecting tourism entrepreneurship and how they interact with each other to develop a roadmap and tourism policy. Chaharmahal Va Bakhtiari province is recognized as one of the main natural tourism centers of Iran. Understanding the factors affecting entrepreneurship in the tourism industry is important for two reasons in this province and the county of Koohrang: First, the province is now one of the main destinations for rural tourism and tourism, and the lack of a decent policy about tourism entrepreneurship has led to the huge potential of tourism to be used in the development of employment in a small way. On the other hand, one of the most important strategies in the development perspective of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province has been developed based on the tourism industry. Knowing the factors that affect entrepreneurship and considering all its aspects, can provide a desirable platform for the development of the tourism industry and the formulation of micro and macro policies. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer these questions: What are the fundamental factors in the development of tourism entrepreneurship? And which forms of combining these factors can have a greater impact on the development of tourism entrepreneurship? Methodology This study was of an applied type, nature and method were descriptive-survey. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire containing 5 components and it's content and face validity were approved by experts and its reliability was determined: the socio-cultural index: 0.75, economic: 0.84, environmental: 0.68, infrastructure: 0.71, and for tourism entrepreneurship: 0.77 by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The fs/QCA fuzzy set comparative analysis was used for the analysis. The population of the study is Koohrang county residents over 20 years. By using Sample power SPSS software, 254 cases were selected according to the purpose of the study and case study were selected by stratified random sampling. Results According to the results of the study, 88% were men and 12% were women. Their average age was 38 years; in terms of education, the highest number of people had diplomas with 33.2 and about 24.3% of the studied sample had a university education. Employment status: The highest number of jobs were in agriculture and herdsman with 35.2% and about 28.1% were unemployed. Condition and result in the analysis were conducted by using qualitative comparative analysis of fuzzy set and the analysis steps were applied as follows: After calibrating and standardizing the data, the analysis was continued by using the truth table algorithm, classification of conditions and finally X, Y To terminate the schematic, the effect of the sum of the conditions on the desired result in fs / QCA software was terminated. Conclusion The results showed that different causal paths and different educational indicators influenced the development of rural tourism entrepreneurship, but the type and extent of their effects are different. Among the proposed conditions, the infrastructural conditions have the most support and accompaniment with the development of tourism entrepreneurship. The findings of the study on the development of the county development landscape, especially the issue of entrepreneurship and tourism entrepreneurship are important. Understanding the various influencing factors will help to make the right planning and policy for the development of tourism entrepreneurship. On the other hand, considering that tourism is a community and people-oriented trade, policy-making, in order to prepare the necessary socio-cultural, economic, infrastructural and environmental contexts, can provide a clear perspective for tourism entrepreneurship in Koohrang County.

Introduction In recent years, the impact of climate change and drought forecasting on water resources planning and management has received much attention. In the present study, probable climate change on Malayer basin temperature and precipitation over the period 2014-2014 was investigated and monthly, seasonal and annual forecasts for the near future (2030-2011) under three scenarios A2, B1 and A1B using HadCM3 general circulation model The LARS-WG model was used for performing and exponential micro-scale. Data and Method ARIMA multiplication time series and AIC and SBC criteria and Pert-Manto test in predicting precipitation and SPI and SDI indices have been used to predict drought for the period (1397-1418) of Merville, Pihan and Wasjeh hydrometric stations.The results show an increase in precipitation and temperature in all three monthly, seasonal and annual scales in the coming period, and Shows that the largest meteorological drought for the base period in 1998-1999 is -1/96 and In the coming year 1418-1418 there was adecrease of -2/4. Surveys show that moderate and severe droughts will increase in the coming statistical period at the Mervil, Peyhan and Vasge stations. Results and Discussion Drought occurrence reduces discharge and hydrological drought. The results show that due to variability of precipitation and mean air temperature, the trend of drought changes is not the same in different months. Therefore, the duration, severity and frequency of droughts vary from month to year. Conclusion Investigation of correlation (r) and mean error (MSE) values ​​between observed and calculated values ​​of discharge and precipitation at the stations under study indicate the high capability of ARIMA model in simulating monthly discharge. And it can be used in other parts of the country.

Introduction:Political satisfaction is so important for political systems at the national and international levels that the spread of political dissatisfaction in a society can dismantle the foundations of that system’s legitimacy. Among the factors affecting citizens’ satisfaction as emphasized in various theories, including Robert Putnam’s theory of social capital, the theories of traditional and rational culturalists, and sociologists' theories about religion, is the extent to which the citizens benefit from social capital and religiosity. Extensive political satisfaction, especially if done in an organized manner, prevents indifference, monopoly, and political, social, and cultural alienation. It also reduces political conflicts and social inequality and strengthens national solidarity. Although political satisfaction is a qualitative and mental state at first glance, it is affected by a variety of demographic and socio-economic structures. What is important is to identify the decreasing and increasing factors and also the process of this influence on the citizens’ political satisfaction. Based on the above explanations, the present study aims to evaluate and scientifically explain political satisfaction as a dependent variable and explain the effect of religiosity and social capital as two components affecting the political satisfaction of the citizens of Isfahan province. Reviewing the theoretical and empirical literature, the main hypothesis in this study can be formulated as follows: religiosity affects the citizens’ political satisfaction through the mediating variable of social capital directly and indirectly. Materials and Methods:The present study employed an applied descriptive-analytical research method and survey research approach for testing the hypothesis. The unit of observation and analysis was individual citizens. The statistical population of the study consisted of Isfahan citizens 18 years of age or older. The statistical sample size was 340 among the citizens of Isfahan province. To test the reliability of the research instrument and the generalizability of the results of the sample, 5% was added to the statistical sample and a sample of 395 people was considered. The present study used a cluster random sampling method for selecting the participants.Regarding the indirect effect of religiosity on political satisfaction through the baseline variables of social capital, the method of Preacher and Hayes (2008) was used. Accordingly, the coefficient of determination of the research model was 0.32. Also, the value of F 46.70 and the significance level of 0.00 showed that the research model has a favorable explanatory capability. Discussion of Results and Conclusions:Descriptive statistics showed that 180 participants were men and 215 were women, which made the sample more random. Among the selected participants, 203 of them were single and 192 were married. In the field of education, about 46.3% of the participants were at the undergraduate level and the average age of the respondents was 24.5 years. In terms of employment status, 224 (56.7%) of them were government officials. Therefore, the indicator in this variable was the job status. In the income ranking, income levels below 3 million Tomans per month had the highest frequency (44%) and income levels above 10 million Tomans per month had the lowest frequency (2.5%) among respondents.According to the research experimental findings, the citizens’ level of political satisfaction was at an average level (65.81%), lower than the expected average. Political satisfaction was measured at the three levels of political agents, political institutions, and rules and procedures of the system. In all three cases, the results were lower than the average. The average of political satisfaction in terms of rules and procedures (40.50%) was relatively higher than the other two dimensions, namely political activists (12.28%) and political institutions (13.03%). Also, based on the findings, social capital had a significant relationship with political satisfaction. In other words, with the increase of social capital among citizens, their level of political satisfaction also increased.The results of the study also showed that the variable of social capital in the two dimensions of social trust and social participation had a direct and significant relationship with political satisfaction as a general structure. As the findings indicated, religiosity also had a significant relationship with political satisfaction. This means that with increasing religiosity among citizens, their level of political satisfaction also increased. In addition, the variable of religiosity had a direct and significant relationship with political satisfaction as a general structure. The ritual and emotional dimensions of religiosity increased political satisfaction among the citizens, which can be the reason for the effect of the citizens’ presence in Muharram ceremonies, mourning delegations, and mass ceremonies such as Friday prayers, congregational prayers, etc. It seems that not only a religious government but also the participatory content of Islam and its teachings based on emphasizing people's participation in social and political activities and condemning indifference in social and political issues related to society and government were effective in this regard.

The present study tries to investigate to move towards sustainable development what conditions the study population should have in the field of tourism entrepreneurship. The research is descriptive and surveys in terms of nature and method and practical in terms of purpose. data collection is used documentary sources and survey method and based on the distribution of questionnaires among 254 head of households living. The number of samples was selected using Sample power software in a random stratified manner following the principle of proportional division. QCA method was used. The singular analysis showed that the index of "growth and development" and "environmental adaptation" with seven repetitions in different cases have the most support for the result. In the composite analysis, five causal combinations were obtained with acceptable theoretical adequacy. The combination of "socio-cultural adaptation" and "growth and development" conditions with a coverage coefficient of 0.794 and a Consistency coefficient of 0.917, respectively, has the highest impact on sustainable rural development. Then, the combination of "growth and development" and "creativity and innovation" with a coverage coefficient of 0.783 and a Consistency coefficient of 0.895. The combination of "environmental compatibility" and "growth and development" with a coverage coefficient of 0.78 and a Consistency coefficient of 0.888, is the third effective combination. Therefore, to measure the impact of tourism entrepreneurship on sustainable rural development, it is necessary to examine the extent of socio-cultural adaptation, environmental adaptation, innovation, and its growth and development effects in the life of the host community.

Introduction With respect to this issue that Iran is located in semi-arid conditions and limited by water resources, so water conservation in agricultural systems plays main role to increase production and determination of water optimum amount is first step to gain this purpose. Nitrogen is one of the main effective factors on quantity and quality of crops. According to the studies, only 40-60% of nitrogen fertilizers is used by crops and this value decreases with increasing of fertilizer application. There is complicated interaction between amount of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer, thus it is necessary to consider optimum level of them simultaneously. To obtain acceptable economical yield and reducing environmental pollutions, used inputs in farms should be applied as optimum with respect to expected target. One of the important methods to gain optimum level of inputs is response-surface method. There is no study to investigate usage of this method for inputs optimization in sugar beet. Therefore, the purpose of the study was optimizing of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation in sugar beet via the response-surface method by using a central composite design. Material and Methods We used available data and information from studies which had been accomplished about nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation in Hamedan, Iran to determine optimum levels of these treatments. So needed treatments were designed based on high and low levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0 and 240 Kg.ha-1) and irrigation (8000 and 14000 m3.ha-1) by Minitab software ver.16 as central composite design (CCD). CCD is one of the response-surface methods and the number of treatments in this design is calculated by equation of 2k + 2k + r, where k is the studied factors and r is number of replication for central point. Number of replication for central point under two factors has been reported as 5, thus for central composite design with two factors, 13 treatments is needed. To fit data, regression equation was used and evaluated based on regression variance analysis. In general, the full quadratic polynomial equation was tested to determine the significance of the model and the components of the model. RMSE, ME, R2 indexes and 1:1 line were used to judge the difference between simulated and observed data. Results and Discussion ANOVA results showed that regression model was significant to estimate all dependent variables based on F test. Correlation coefficient of dependent variables including root yield, sugar and sugar white, water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency determined as higher than 96%. It implies that the high proportion of the variability for these traits was explained by the fitted regression model. According to the lower values of RMSE than 10 and higher values of ME than 0.89, it could be concluded that the model had acceptable and suitable results to estimate studied traits in sugar beet. The results of t-test to compare fitted regression with line 1:1 illustrated that slope and intercept values in fitted and 1:1 line had no significant difference. The results showed that root, sugar and white sugar yield were increased by increasing nitrogen fertilizer under all levels of irrigation. Response-surface curve of α-amino nitrogen as affected by irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer indicated that α-amino was elevated by increasing nitrogen fertilizer application. As data, water use efficiency decreased by water consumption. In the other hand, nitrogen use efficiency was decreased by applying nitrogen fertilizer under all levels of irrigation. Optimum range of treatments were obtained as 9500-12000 m3.ha-1 for irrigation and 110-130 Kg.ha-1 for nitrogen fertilizer treatment based on overlaid plot method. The results of treatments optimization by using analytical solution method illustrated that applying 133 Kg.ha-1 and 10667 m3.ha-1 were suggested as optimum amounts of treatments. Based on these optimum levels of treatments, root yield, sugar and white sugar yield, α-amino, water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency were estimated as 80.1 ton.ha-1, 14.94 ton.ha-1, 12.49 ton.ha-1, 2.56 meq.100 g-1, 1.39 Kg sugar.m-3 and 74.24 Kg sugar. Kg-1, respectively. Conclusion As result, to optimize treatments including nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation, response-surface method had acceptable adequate to predict variables in sugar beet based on statistical indexes. Optimum value of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation were predicted as 133 Kg.ha-1 and 10667 m3.ha-1, respectively by using analytical solution. Therefore, the results indicate that the application of optimum values can reduce environmental hazards and produced acceptable sugar yield.

Objective: Public open spaces in residential areas of cities are one of the fields for the social interactions. Hence, the climatic and geometric characteristics of urban open spaces must be harmonious and facilitate social relations. This is doubly important, especially in hot and arid environments. The purpose of this study is to investigate the thermal comfort of urban open space and its influential components in strengthening social relations in the old neighborhood of Quds neighborhood in Zahedan. Methods: The present paper is applied in terms of purpose and experimental-correlation in terms of method. To evaluate the thermal comfort of the outdoor spaces, physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) and predicted mean votes (PMV) based RayMan model and universal thermal comfort index (UTCI) based on BioKlima model have been used. A new mathematical model is then proposed based on the correlation relations between environmental variables and individual subjective responses. Field studies including measuring meteorological parameters, thermal environment perception, and geometry of urban open space are the final part of this research. Results:Findings showed that the time range of urban outdoor thermal comfort in Quds neighborhood is abundant in the afternoon in summer. The afternoon microclimate is dependent on the fabric of the neighborhood and has the potential to enhance social interactions. The proposed mathematical model for estimating thermal comfort in hot and arid environments based on the correlation of environmental variables and actual sensation vote (ASV) is well able to express an actual thermal sensation of outdoor spaces. Conclusion: Therefore, in order to take the necessary measures to develop and promote the social interactions of the neighborhood, physical infrastructure such as outdoor furniture development and neighborhood social institutions should be strengthened. The results of these measures can reduce the urban social harms.

Introduction Nowadays it is focused on sugar beet monogerm varieties because of mechanization improvement In Iran, but it couldn't be said that monogerm root and sugar yields are more than multigerm varieties. In some experiments, root yield of monogerm sugar beet varieties are more, equal or even less than multigerm ones. Although sugar and white sugar yields of monogerm sugar beet varieties are similar to multi germ in most experiments and sugar beet seed germ based on mono or multi doesn't affect on sugar purity percentage. Beet production areas such as clay texture lands are still dedicated to multigerm varieties. It is recommended to use multigerm varieties to alleviate undesirable environmental effects such as drought and salinity stress to have better plant germination and establishment. Improvement of salt tolerant multigerm varieties could be very important to decrease the effect of this stress on sugar beet. Therefore, screening of sugar beet multigerm germplasm under saline condition to develop multigerm varieties is necessary. Materials and methods In this study, 20 sugar beet multigerm genotypes were evaluated under normal and saline conditions (EC=20 dS/m) in factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications. Two seed germination methods including fast germination test in Erlen and between paper tests, used in laboratory. Then, the genotypes were compared under normal and saline (EC=16 dS/m) conditions in four replications in greenhouse. Samples took two months after stress initiation at establishment stage (8-10 leaves). Shoot and root fresh and dry weights, Na, K, K/Na and total soluble carbohydrate of leaves measured. Results and discussion 7233, AMP2 and PB13-S2-151-HSF-91genotypes had the highest field emergence potential (FEP) with 0.176, 0.09 and 0.05, respectively. Salinity decreased total, shoot, and root dry weights, K and soluble carbohydrate by 20, 24, 6 42 and 38 percent respectively and increased Na and P by 400 and 11 percent, respectively. Finally, the genotypes PB 13S2-151-HSF 915, 7233, S1–930882, S1–931008, Poly8823, S1–930770, Gazale, S1–930910, 5RR-87-HS-28 and S1–930792 were selected as tolerant materials based on fast germination and between paper germination tests, yield and biochemical traits. Some of selected genotypes were evaluated and been selected under drought or saline stress studied in field experiments but result of field experiments could be achieved after 7 months while the result of this experiment was taken after two months. So, the similarity of result of this experiment with field tests showed that fast genotype screening in green house could be useful for accelerating breeding of salt tolerant varieties. Aknowledgment This project was done in Sugar Beet Seed Institute (SBSI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization of Iran, Karaj. Writers would be appreciating SBSI for its support to conducting of this project.

Background and Objective:Numerous approaches, including schema therapy, and an integrated cognitive-speech approach, have been suggested to reduce emotions and increase distress tolerance in people with stuttering. The present study aimed to make a comparison between the effectiveness of schema therapy and integrated cognitive-speech approach in emotional regulation and distress tolerance of individuals suffering from stuttering. Materials and Methods:This quasi-experimental study was conducted based on a pre-test, post-test design, and a follow-up test with a control group. The statistical population included all individuals aged 18-30 who suffered from stuttering in Sabzevar city. The sample consisted of 30 people who were selected via convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (n=10 in each group). The experimental schema therapy group underwent treatment in 12 90-minute sessions, the integrated cognitive-speech approach group received 12 60-minute sessions of treatment, and the control group received no treatments. The instruments of the research were Gross and John (2003) Emotional Regulation Questionnaire, and Simons and Gaher (2005) Distress Tolerance Questionnaire. These instruments were conducted on three groups in all phases of pre-testing and post-testing and follow-up. The one-way repeated measures ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze the data. Results:As evidenced by the obtained results, the schema therapy and integrated cognitive-speech approach had a significant effect on emotional regulation and distress tolerance of individuals suffering from stuttering(P

Background and purpose: Depression and anxiety affect the outcomes of diabetes treatment, but, it is not yet completely understood how this happens. We used a structural model to assess the relationship between depression and anxiety considering the mediating role of physical activity on treatment adherence and diabetes control. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted using the data of a cohort study in Kerman, Iran. Data was collected using Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Fasting blood sugar level and HbA1c levels were also measured. Diabetes was diagnosed based on medical history. Treatment outcomes included adherence to treatment and diabetes control (measured by HbA1c). Data analysis was carried out in Stata V15 applying structural analysis model. Results: Non-adherence to diabetes treatment was seen in 5.7% of the patients and treatment failure occurred in 67.9%. Anxiety and depression levels in the past had a significant positive correlation with HbA1c levels (β= 0.156, P= 0.032); 61% through direct effect (β= 0.096) and 39% through indirect effect via physical activity (β= 0.060). Also, the findings showed a significant positive correlation between non-adherence to treatment and current anxiety and depression levels (β= 0.093, P = 0.001); 96% through direct effect (β= 0.089) and 4% through indirect effect via physical activity (β= 0.003). Conclusion: Despite optimal self-reports of adherence to treatment, about two thirds of people studied had uncontrolled diabetes. Interventions aiming at increasing physical activity can reduce the adverse effects of anxiety and depression on poor glycemic control.

According to Huntington, quantitative growth and qualitative change of a new middle class lead to the development of civil institutions and the decline of authoritarian symbols, and majority for political changes are supported. The question is that why the process of political changes has not been materialized in spite of this class increase in Saudi Arabia and Iraq? Based on the theory of transition to democracy and the comparative method, findings show that both countries are similar in increasing symbolic features of emerged middle classes, such as the development of higher education, bureaucracy and per capita income. However, due to cultural barriers, the rentier nature of the government, the patronage relationship, and the negative role of the external factor, any role in advancing democratization is excluded from this class, and tactical liberalization from above may lead to revolutionary change if democratic demands are not met, and may cause a general uprising. Political instability and structures imposed by American after the collapse of the Baathist regime are also responsible for dysfunction of this classes in Iraq in the establishment of democracy while Iraq has passed the first process of democratization by the collapse regime of Saddam and entered the second phase of democratic institutional consolidation, yet Saudi Arabia has faced serious barriers in her first phase.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of attention amplification and memory amplification on verbal fluency and information processing speed students with dyslexia. This semi-experimental research was an applicable study according to the aim of the study. The population included all dyslexic students referred to the Learning Disorder Center of Khayami in Neyshabur City during March-September 2019 (n=150, girl=70, and boy=80). A sample (n=43, girl=21, boy=22) was selected using available sampling method, and were randomly divided into three groups of attention amplification (n=14), memory amplification (n=14), and control (n=14) groups. Participants were evaluated with both standard reading and dyslexia questionnaires of NAMA (for dyslexia assessment), the letters and signs test (for verbal fluency assessment), and Wechsler Scale (WISC) in pre-post and post-test phase, and also 3 months following the intervention. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANCOVA in SPSS20 software. In verbal fluency, results showed significant difference in attention- amplification group with a mean difference of 13.92; and in the memory-amplification group with a mean difference of 8.34 compared to the control group (P

Iran's confrontation with various economic sanctions has had many consequences and issues that make the need for scientific research in this field more and more clear. Paying attention to the vulnerabilities of economic sanctions, taking measures to deal with them and ways to get out of the pressure of sanctions, especially in recent years, have become increasingly important. Security and tourism are two interrelated categories. Whereas the tourism industry, as a parent industry, on the one hand, plays an important role in job creation and economic development, and on the other hand, its prosperity and development play a significant role in countering sanctions, in resilience to its negative effects, and in increasing security and passive defense, in the present study, it is tried to first identify the vulnerabilities of economic sanctions with a futuristic approach and then, considering the capabilities of the tourism industry in Iran, to provide solutions in this field. The statistical population of this study consists of experts in the tourism industry and related industries, including the hotel industry, tourism service companies, and travel agencies, which were sampled by snowball and judgment. Thematic analysis, environmental scanning and Delphi method have been used to collect data while using library studies. The results of this study, while identifying and introducing the effects and negative consequences of sanctions, have provided solutions to deal with them with a focus on the tourism industry.

Drought is known as one of the main natural hazards especially in arid and semi-arid regions where there are considerable issues in regard to water resources management. The focus of the present study is mainly on hydrological aspects of drought. For hydrological drought analysis, streamflow data is used as the key variable to identify drought events with reference to a demand specific threshold level, termed as truncation level. Thus, the objective of the present study is to (a) investigate the hydrological drought characteristics in Nesa River using streamflow data; (b) determine independent drought events, their duration, and severity using the variable truncation level approach; and (c) derive streamflow drought severity index. Based on expedience probabilities, the monthly flow duration curves for Nesa River were derived. These were utilized to estimate different dependable flows, and the values of variable truncation levels were obtained for a 75% probability level for each month. These values were used to distinguish the deficit and surplus flow periods independent drought events identified using the pooling procedure. Since 10 daily flow data were utilized, the minimum deficit flow duration was 10 days. In the following, have been identified some short duration (one or two 10-daily time step) surplus and deficit events. To decide on independent drought despite the short duration inter-event surplus has been used for a pooling procedure known as inter-event time and volume criterion (IC). Eventually, identified independent drought events and also describe their duration, severity, intensity, and DSI. Analysis of independent drought Characteristics in Nesa River indicated that are prolonged dry period in the hydrological regime of this river. In addition, based on DSI, Nesa droughts mostly are in sever category. Hence, it is suggested more realistic reload occurs in management programs of this river including storage, distribution and assign to various resources.

Background: Feeling lonely can cause depression in the elderly. But the key question is, does therapeutic well-being affect the feeling of loneliness and cognitive emotion regulation in elderly people with non-clinical depression? Aims: The efficacy of therapeutic well-being was on the feeling of loneliness and cognitive emotion regulation in elderly patients with non-clinical depression. Method: This research was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population of the study included all elderly (male and female) aged 65 to 85 years living in Nashat nursing home in Mashhad. Thirty individuals were selected by simple random sampling method and were randomly assigned into two groups of 15 experimental and control groups. Research instruments included Russell's Loneliness Questionnaire (1996), Garnefsky's Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Craig & Spinhaun's (2001), Yasavig's Elderly Depression Questionnaire (1993), and the eight-session Therapeutic Well-being Protocol (Cook Ern & Clich 2017). Results were analyzed by ANOVA. Results: The results showed that well-being therapy had a significant effect on loneliness and cognitive emotion regulation (P

The transition from a structurally old-fashion and vertically integrated electric power industry to a new one in which production, distribution, and retail sale of electricity are treated separately, is usually accompanied by establishing an electricity market both at wholesale and retail sale levels. In pursuance of the success story in re-structuring the electric power industry worldwide, Iran also launched the electric power market in 1383 (AD 2004). One of the concerns of regulators in the electricity sector in every country is the extent and degree of competitiveness in the electric power market that safeguards the interest of electricity users. The present paper aims to evaluate the performance of the wholesale market for electricity within the framework of profit maximization modeling for power generating industries concerning deviation from perfect market conditions. The findings of this paper indicate that on average, power market performance in Iran deviates by 18 percent from the result expected in a competitive market.

Introduction This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the “well-being therapy" method on the clinical syndrome in patients with major depression as a randomized clinical trial. Materials and Methods This randomized clinical trial study was performed on patients with major depression who referred to the psychological clinic of Shamim, Bojnurd city in the period from November 2018 to February 2019 years. Participants eligible to enter the study were assigned to the intervention and control groups with a random block method. In the intervention group, Well-being therapy was performed in 8 sessions of 50 minutes and once a week, and the control group did not receive any treatment. Both groups were evaluated before and after the study and two months later by the Second Depression Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Data were analyzed by T-test independent and generalized estimation equations (GEE) in STATA12 statistical. Results A total of 24 subjects had inclusion criteria in which 12 participants were randomly assigned to each group. Independent T-test results showed a significant difference between the mean depression scores of the groups after the study and the follow-up period (P-value

This research was conducted to evaluate the moderating role of self-compassion in the effect of alexithymia and interpersonal problems on marital burnout in maladjusted women This study was conducted by the correlation method. Therefore, 103 women with low marital adjust ment were selected by random cluster sampling. The tools used in the present study were‌ the‌ Dyadic Adjustment Scale, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Interpersonal Problems Scale, and Couple Burnout Scale Data analysis was analyzed by structural equation modeling. According to the results, self-compassion played a moderating role in the effect of alexithymia and interpersonal problems on matital burnout in maladjusted women Therefore, the higher the self-compassion in maladjusted women with couple burnout, they experience less alexithymia and interpersonal problems.

Comparison of the Therapeutic Effects of Topiramate and Phenobarbital on the Quality of Life of Children under Five with Fever and Convulsion Talebianpour Hamid 1, Talebianpour Elham 2, Nemati Hamid 3, Keshavarz Khosro 4* 1. PhD Student in Health Economics, Student Research Committee, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 2. MSc Student in Nursing, Student Research Committee, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran 3. Assistant Professor of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Administration, Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Management & Medical Informatics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 4. Assistant Professor of Pediatric Neurology, Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran * Corresponding Author: Khosro Keshavarz Address: Alley 29, Qasr al-Dasht Street Molla Sadra Intersection, Shiraz Tel: 00987132340774 Email: khkeshavarz2007@gmail.com Abstract: Background & Objectives: Failure to treat febrile seizure in children leads to physical, psychological and social problems and if not treated timely, might lead to epilepsy which affects the quality of life of children. The purpose of this study was to compare the therapeutic effects of two drugs on the quality of life of children under five with febrile convulsion. Methods: This was a descriptive-analytical study that was done in an interventional manner. In this study, the quality of life of 40 children with febrile convulsion treated with topiramate and 51 children who had the same problem and treated with phenobarbital drug were compared. Data collection tool was EQ5D questionnaire. ANOVA and t-test were used for statistical analysis and data were entered into SPSS statistical software version 22. Results: Mean scores of quality of life in children taking phenobarbital and topiramate were 72.5 and 82.7, respectively. Topiramate had a significant effect on the mean score of quality of life in children with febrile convulsion and increased it. Parental education and early febrile convulsion had a significant relationship with patients' quality of life. Conclusion: Health policy makers, physicians, and other members of health care system must provide access to appropriate educational, medical, and therapeutic services for children with febrile seizure in order to improve their health status. Key­words: Febrile convulsion, Topiramate, Phenobarbital, Quality of Life, Children Citation: Talebianpour H, Talebianpour E, Nemati H, Keshavarz K. Comparison of the Therapeutic Effects of Topiramate and Phenobarbital on the Quality of Life of Children under Five with Fever and Convulsion. Journal of Health Based Research 2019; 5(3): 261-72.

Introduction: The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and bupropion drugtherapy in sexual relationship anxiety and marital conflicts of couples. Method: This study was a three-group pretest-posttest semi-experimental research design. The research statistical population consisted of all individuals with sexual anxiety complaints who referred to midwifery clinics and psychiatric centers in Neyshabour in the spring of 2017. Of this population, 39 subjects were chosen through convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned into three research groups (cognitive-behavioral therapy, drugtherapy and control group) while considering the research inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then, the first group underwent 8 sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy and the second group received drugtherapy. During this period, the control group did not receive any psychological or pharmacological intervention. At the beginning and end of the study, all three groups were evaluated by the research questionnaires including Marital Conflict Scale and Sexual Anxiety Scale. In order to compare the results of the experimental and control groups, multivariate analysis of variance (covariance) and Bonferroni post-hoc test were employed in SPSS software. Findings: The results demonstrated that cognitive-behavioral therapy was significantly more effective than pharmacotherapy in improving sexual relationship anxiety and marital conflicts. Conclusion: It is suggested that cognitive-behavioral therapy be used as an evidence-based therapy to reduce the problems of people with sexual relationship anxiety.

Experience of being in places that associate meanings or memories related to past can lead to a sweet feeling. Sometimes with this experience, a sweat-bitter emotional feeling encompasses one. This feeling which appears as the result of lack of a desired situation and is usually associated with words expressing regret is called nostalgia. The architecture which can evoke nostalgia in people is called nostalgic architecture. Places with this affordance can lead to human’s sense of belonging to environment and present some properties of cognitive beauty that has been neglected so far. Sense of continuity of past, sense of familiarity because of associating familiar elements and meanings are the results of forming nostalgia in architecture. In the meantime due to changes caused by modernism, the nostalgic aspect of architecture has been less noticed as if it has been neglected. This research using classic grounded theory method tries to discover those properties of a place that their existence can lead to a nostalgic architecture. Therefore we hope that it works as a stepping stone to provide tools for architects in order to create nostalgic architecture by using them and improve the quality of living environment.

Landslide is one of the most important agents of soil erosion and occurrence of natural disasters that causes annualy damage in Iran. Morphotectonic indices and landslide hazard zonation models have been increasingly used in the study of slope instability. The purpose of this study was to assess the zoning of landslide hazard at the Chergh Veis Dam Watershed of Kurdestan using the IRAT (LNRF) model and comparative comparisons of them using the cross-sectional table technique and landslide hazard zonation assessment indicators. The results of the IRAT evaluation indicate that 77.77% of the landslides are in the tectonic category; however, using the LNRF model, 64.05% occur in areas with a very high potential that is consistent with the sub-basins with the highest number and large slip density. Moreover, more than 91.64% of the total area of landslides occur in high risk areas and within less than 1000 meters of each other. An analysis of the cross-sectional tables indicate that both zoning models occur in the middle class risk assessment with an acceptable compliance, but on the high risk side duo to the faults' alignment with landslides, the IRAT model is more accurate. The total quality indicators as the LNRF model, 2.16 % indicates that the model performance is better for zoning the landslide risk in the catchment area of the Kesht-e-Wis Dam. It is suggested that any land use change and planning to exploit the landform of the dam watershed be in accordance with the land risk mapping guidelines.

The aim of this study is to understand the status of Kurdish women in the Kermanshahan tribe community in the Qajar era and their impacts on social, economic, and political structures based on traveler's reports, documents and documented archaeological data in the region. Travelers provided the researchers with a plenty of unique information about the life of the nomads and the tribes and other aspects of the social life of the women. They consider women to be the backbone of any effort and believe they have played an important role in the sustainability of the family and the tribe system. An interesting point is related to the preserved gravestone of women in this area, which belongs to the Qajar era. The motifs of the gravestones of the Kermanshahan tribe community have reflected the social and individual status of the deceased in their time. Therefore, this research is based on a descriptive and analytical approach and based on library resources and field data. Research findings show that Kurdish women in the Kermanshahan tribe community in the Qajar era have played the undeniable role in social, political and economic structures. Thus, we witness the presence of Kurdish women among the Kermanshahan tribesmen in the role of the lord and as the head of the society, the women as land owners, production of handicrafts and their role in the "waqf" operation.

Background: The increasing rate of autism spectrum disorder highlights the need for early screening with the aim to provide early intervention. This study aimed to provide Persian version of Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT) and assess its psychometric properties such as validity and reliability. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with psychometric design on 318 children (97 with and 221 without autism) selected from training specialized centers for autism children and psychology clinics in Isfahan City, Iran during the years 2016-2017. The subjects were chosen according to inclusion criteria using convenience sampling method. The using scale was Persian version of CHAT. To determine its reliability, Cronbach's alpha method was used; and to test the construct, concurrent, and discriminate validity, factor analysis and its correlation with Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT), Pervasive Developmental Disorders Screening Test-Second Edition (PDDST-II), and Psychiatric diagnosis were used. The data were analyzed using correlation, factor analysis, discriminant analysis, logistic regression, and linear regression. Findings: The Cronbach's alpha was 0.88, and the correlation of items with total scores ranged from 0.35 to 0.71. Concurrent validity, by correlations with M-CHAT, PDDST-II, and psychiatric diagnosis, was 0.6, 0.79, and 0.57, respectively. Factor analysis revealed 2-factor structure (social-emotional and interactive behavior), and discriminant analysis in the cutoff point 2.5, delineated the sensitivity of 67% and the specificity of 91%. Conclusion: The Persian version of CHAT, as a preliminary screening tool for 18-24-month-old children with autism, is capable of proper psychometric values. However, newborns who are at risk should be reassessed again several months after the age of 24 month.