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Objective According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 1 billion people (approximately 15% of world population) live with disability. Also, about half of these people lack access to healthcare facilities. Therefore, providing timely healthcare services, especially rehabilitation, is of great significance for these people. The goal of the study was to determine the objectives and policies in the field of rehabilitation in middle- and high-income countries and compare them with Iran. Materials & Methods Based on available databases, a comprehensive review of documents, papers, and books was performed in the field of rehabilitation related to high- and middle-income countries. Results Due to a lack of coordinated services, inappropriate access, unplanned distribution, unclear service delivery levels, neglect of health promotion and prevention levels, lack of a transparent referral system, unclear insurance system, and weak financial resources, the need for a national program with a service integration approach is strongly felt. The review of the rehabilitation programs and documents in other countries help us to design a conceptual framework of the rehabilitation service model, which is based on three principles: Removing barriers and developing access to healthcare services and programs; strengthening and developing rehabilitation using technology, community-based support, and rehabilitation services; and promoting comparable international data collection on disability and supporting research on disability and related rehabilitation services. Conclusion The national rehabilitation program, with a service integration approach, provides a good platform for fair access to rehabilitation services for all people with disability. In this program, the health system is the most important reference to meet these needs. Therefore, it is suggested that this program pursue three main objectives: Fair promotion of the healthcare services of rehabilitation for recipients, improving the response to the needs of rehabilitation service recipients, and reducing the financial and social risks of service recipients.

Background: Failure to fulfill the physical and psychological needs of breast cancer patients and their partners can result in anxiety, depression, and marital problems. Aim: The present study was performed with aim to elucidate the experiences of breast cancer women regarding partner's unsupportive behaviors. Method: This qualitative study was conducted with a Dickelman descriptive phenomenological approach in the chemotherapy and oncology department of Shahid Ghazi Tabatabai and Shahid Madani hospitals of Tabriz city in 2021. A total of 9 female breast cancer patients were included. Individual in-depth interviews and note-taking were used to collect data using MAXQDA Software. The semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Interviews were analyzed using the Dickelman, Allen, and Turner method. Results: A total of 1500 primary codes were obtained, and finally 3 main categories were extracted including financial inadequacy, emotional impoverishment and breakdown of shared life, and existential devaluation as a woman. Implications for Practice: The results showed need for the husband to pay more attention to the impact of his behavior on his wife; also talking about the problem on the part of the couple is the biggest factor in understanding the support that can be expressed. Also, men and women do not think the same in understanding the needs of their sick partner. Male caregivers are usually less understanding of their spouses. Therefore, health professionals should pay more attention and help men cope with this problem and bear the suffering of their wives.

AbstractBackground: The rapid growth of global population and urbanization has resulted in disorder in urban spaces, diminishing their effectiveness and exacerbating transportation issues. Furthermore, the lack of foresight by urban managers in long-term planning has hindered sustainable urban development. Consequently, policymakers and urban planners have been compelled to address these challenges through appropriate measures and strategies. The Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) approach has been presented as a viable solution to these disruptions. This approach aims to revitalize surrounding land uses and improve the movement of goods and services by making adjustments in the vicinity of public transportation systems. The metro station of Meydan Sā'at (Line 1) in the two-municipality area of Tabriz City holds significant potential to evolve into a TOD center due to its numerous challenges.Objective: The research endeavored to foster sustainable development, cultivate a welcoming environment, and restructure land use in accordance with TOD criteria.Research Method: The methodology employed was descriptive-analytical with practical objectives and the research was conducted through the preparation of a questionnaire, data extraction from GIS software, and the use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).Findings: Upon analyzing 4 primary criteria and 9 influential sub-criteria, the results underscored the significance of options, such as enhancing economic efficiency, improving the public transportation system's effectiveness, and increasing density with the selection priority scores of 0.25, 0.183, and 0.161, respectively.Keywords: Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), Regeneration of Urban Land Use, Metro Station, Meydan Sā'at, Line 1 IntroductionContemporary urban transportation system design involves formulating comprehensive urban plans to maximize the alignment between urban development policies and the need to reevaluate land use in accordance with urban network characteristics. Coordinated and simultaneous planning for transportation and other influential urban factors, such as land use and density, can reduce citizens' time and cost in utilizing urban spaces to fulfill their needs. However, the lack of attention to this issue and continuation of separate planning for individual elements hinder the achievement of an optimal city shape and structure, particularly given the escalating population and traffic trends in cities. This situation leads to increased costs for citizens to access different parts of the city and transforms traffic problems into formidable challenges for city managers. Consequently, utilization and spatial distribution of urban lands play a crucial role in optimizing urban space usage. In general, defining land use encompasses various types of land use, density, land use per parcel, building height, architectural appearance, and integration of commercial, residential, and healthcare facilities within each neighborhood. In response to emerging urban issues, such as traffic congestion, air pollution, and haphazard city expansion, Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) has been proposed as an advanced perspective. Sustainable development, through the interconnectedness of transportation and urban development within the framework of smart growth and new urbanism movements, emphasizes public transportation to foster healthier societies and a more dynamic economy. By integrating transportation planning and land use, this approach aims to curb the scattered expansion of physical development and marginalization of cities. Materials & MethodsIn line with the research objectives, a descriptive-analytical research method based on document analysis and library studies was employed with a practical orientation. Consequently, data collection involved a synthesis of global experiences, the structure and principles of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), and the information extracted from GIS software to elucidate the research theoretical foundations. Field observations were also conducted to gather the necessary data and information within the study scope. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique and Expert Choice software were utilized to analyze and evaluate the data derived from the completed field reports. In this context, the criteria and sub-criteria for regenerating the land use of Meydan Sā'at Station (Line 1) were selected based on an investigation of the study area and relevant fundamentals. Subsequently, expert opinions were incorporated through the creation of questionnaires to facilitate pairwise comparisons.Research FindingsEvaluation of the sub-criteria revealed that "increasing economic efficiency" held the highest importance with a score of 0.232 in the economic criterion followed by "increasing the efficiency of the public transportation system" at 0.183 in the traffic criterion and "increasing density" at 0.161 in the economic criterion. Consequently, revisions were made based on the priority of the criteria and sub-criteria. Conversely, "increasing social interactions" scored 0.058 in the social criterion, "expansion of green space" scored 0.044 in the environmental criterion, and "increasing the safety of pedestrians" scored 0.064 in the traffic criterion indicated their relatively minor roles in achieving the research goals. Additionally, "increasing public services" scored 0.095 in the economic criterion, "expanding green space" scored 0.044 in the environmental criterion, "reducing biological pollution" scored 0.077 in the environmental criterion, and "reducing parking" scored 0.086 in the traffic criteria were identified as next in priority. Discussion of Results & ConclusionSuccessful development of Transit-Oriented Developments (TODs) hinges on the convergence of numerous intricate factors, including social conditions, demographics, economic conditions, political support, and promotion of alternative transportation among others. However, without a solid foundation, these factors become inconsequential. Therefore, the researchers’ objective in this study, based on the conducted research and theoretical concepts, was to assess the influential elements in integrating the efficiency of public transportation systems and land use according to TOD criteria with a focus on land use intensification within a city. To this end, analysis, evaluation, and prioritization of the research criteria and sub-criteria were conducted by using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique and Expert Choice software. The results obtained from the AHP technique indicated that the "economic," "social," and "environmental" criteria held the weights of 0.48, 0.27, and 0.15, respectively. Furthermore, the sub-criteria of "increasing economic efficiency," "enhancing transportation system efficiency," and "general transportation" followed by "increasing density" emerged as the most significant factors with the respective weights of 0.232, 0.183, and 0.161. These findings aligned with the results of previous studies by Rafiyan et al. (2011), Saatian et al. (2010), Faramarzi Asli et al. (2021), and Mirfatahi et al. (2021).

Background: The rise in healthcare expenditures, particularly drug costs, has posed a significant challenge to the healthcare system. This issue is particularly critical for chronic diseases such as diabetes, as various factors influence patients' access to these medications and their financial ability to pay for them. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the access and purchasing power for anti-diabetic drugs in pharmacies and hospitals in Khorramabad city in 2022. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study included patients and visitors to private pharmacies and hospitals in Khorramabad. The required information was collected through patient prescriptions, pharmacy records, interviews, and checklists based on the World Health Organization protocol. Data analysis was performed using t-test, chi-square, ANOVA, and logistic regression, utilizing SPSS version 21 software. Results: The findings revealed that among the socio-economic factors affecting the financial ability to pay for diabetes medications, income level is identified as a significant factor, particularly in patients with underlying conditions, where their income is adversely impacted. Additionally, the results indicated that, unlike the free market, in the healthcare and pharmaceutical market, no socio-economic factor from the demand side (i.e., patients) influences pharmacies as drug suppliers in terms of the accessibility index. Conclusion: Despite the good availability of medications in pharmacies, the financial constraints faced by patients in covering medication costs suggest that government intervention through measures such as enhanced insurance coverage and medication subsidies could support economically disadvantaged groups.

Background and purpose: Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) with the ability to differentiate into different types of adult cells have provided a new vision in the treatment of various diseases. However, different challenges remain with differentiation methods to produce insulin-producing cells (IPCs). In the present study, the differentiation of dental pulp stem cells into IPCs using platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been addressed. Materials and methods: In this experimental study for generation of IPCs, DPSCs were cultured in the first step, and then to confirm the characteristics of stem cells, the morphology of stem cells was confirmed by microscopic observation, and then the expression of CD90 and CD105 markers assessed by flow cytometry. After confirming the pluripotency of the stem cells, a 18days differentiation protocol into IPCs began. Following that, pancreatic endocrine genes such as insulin, pdx1, glut2 and glucagon were analyzed using Real-Time PCR. Insulin and C-peptide release was assessed using ELISA. To investigate the effect of platelet-rich plasma on cell viability, the MTT test was performed. Results: Results showed that the use of the above-mentioned differentiation protocol, in the differentiation group containing PRP, the cells resembled Langerhans islet clusters. The expression of pancreatic endocrine genes in the differentiation group containing PRP was significantly higher than the other groups. Additionally, in two differentiation groups with and without PRP, the cells responded differently to glucose concentrations compared to insulin and C-peptide release. Furthermore, the rate of cell proliferation in the differentiation group containing PRP was higher than the other groups. Conclusion: Based on the availability of dental pulp stem cells and PRP, the absence of invasive methods for obtaining these resources, as well as the low immunogenicity due to the use of the patient's tissues, seems to be appropriate method for producing insulin-secreting cells.

Background: The second victim phenomenon is an incident that occurs after an adverse medical event; while the patient is the first victim of the incident, the nurses and healthcare personnel become the second victims because they feel ashamed after that. The present research aimed to investigate various dimensions of the second victim phenomenon among nurses in South Khorasan Province, Iran.Materials and Methods: The current research was a descriptive study. The sample selection method was multi-stage cluster randomization, including 200 nurses working in South Khorasan Province, Iran. The data was collected using a demographic questionnaire and the second victim experience and support tool (SVEST) and analyzed using SPSS version 21.Results: The scores of incidence of psychological distress (14.60), professional self-efficacy (9.42), supervisor support (15.97), institutional support (10.71), turnover intentions and absenteeism (13.35), non-work-related support (expected sources of support) (25.25) and the total score of second victim phenomenon (114.55) were higher than the expected average; but other scores including colleague support (8.56), family support (5.41), and physical distress (11.31) were significantly lower than the expected average (p

Background and purpose: Pseudoviruses, due to their immunity and adaptability, are valuable tools for developing vaccines and therapeutic drugs, particularly for emerging viruses. SARS-CoV-2, due to its high mortality rate and ease of transmission, should be handled under Biosafety Level 3 conditions, making the development of vaccines and therapeutic drugs challenging in many research centers. The present study aimed to produce a lentivirus pseudotype that can be used in neutralization assays based on pseudovirus under Biosafety Level 2 conditions. Materials and methods: The SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein gene was inserted into the HIV-1 genome. Confirmation of entry was obtained through flow cytometry, electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence. Finally, the neutralization capacity of convalescent COVID-19 patients' sera was measured using the pseudovirus-based neutralization assay. Results: The results of flow cytometry, electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence confirmed the entry of the Spike gene. Furthermore, the sera of convalescent patients showed significantly higher neutralizing capacity compared to the control group that had not been exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that the use of the produced lentivirus pseudotype can measure the neutralizing capacity of patients' sera, and the pseudovirus-based neutralization assay serves as a suitable alternative for assessing the neutralization of live SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, this test can effectively evaluate vaccines or therapeutic drugs for combating this deadly virus.

Background & Aims One of the concerns of nurses and physicians is the adherence to treatment in patients with heart diseases. In Iran, there are no accurate statistics on the treatment adherence of patients with coronary artery stents, and the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in these patients has not been investigated. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between treatment adherence and the risk of CVDs in patients with coronary artery stents. Materials & Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from June to August 2021 in Shahid Madani Hospital in Tabriz, Iran. Participants were 200 patients who underwent coronary angioplasty in the past year and had coronary artery stents. They were selected by a simple random sampling method. To collect data, a demographic form, the treatment adherence questionnaire, and the Framingham risk score (FRS) were used. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 22 using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation test, t-test, and one-way analysis of variance. Results The mean age of the patients was 61.6±10.62 years. Most of them were male (60.5%) and married (68%). The overall mean score of treatment adherence was 41.50±8.48, indicating moderate adherence. Patients had poor adherence in domains of dietary regimen and regular physical activity such that most of them used high-fat food (87%) and had the least amount of physical activity per week (92.4%), but they used prescribed medicines on time (70.3%). Based on the FRS, men were twice as likely to have CVDs as women. There was a significant association between treatment adherence and the risk of CVDs, such that the risk of CVDs in the next 10 years among patients decreased with increasing their adherence to treatment (r=-0.25, P

Introduction: The increasing trend of cancer morbidity and mortality is a major human health concern, indicating the necessity for the design and introduction of novel anticancer compounds. The use of nanotechnology products is a new approach to cancer treatment. Therefore, the current study was performed to synthesize Titanium Dioxide nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with glutamine and conjugated to Thiosemicarbazide (TiO2@Gln-TSC) to inhibit the proliferation of liver cancer cells line (HepG2) and evaluate the effect of TiO2@Gln-TSC NPs on the expression of apoptotic genes. Material & Methods: TiO2@Gln-TSC NPs were synthesized by a chemical method and characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The cytotoxicity of the Titanium Dioxide nanoparticles was evaluated by the MTT assay, and relative gene expression was studied by Real Time PCR method. Findings: The results showed that the synthesized Titanium Dioxide nanoparticles were spherical with a size range of 59 to 82 nm. The particles had a considerable anti-proliferative effect on liver cancer cells line with IC50 of 80 µg/mL. The treatment of the cancer cell line with TiO2@Gln-TSC NPs significantly increased the expression of the CASP3, BAX, and BCL2 by 2.8, 2.7, and 1.3 folds, respectively, which indicated the activation of apoptotic pathways in the treated cells. Discussion & Conclusion: The results showed that the TiO2@Gln-TSC NPs could inhibit the proliferation of liver cancer cells line and by triggering the apoptosis pathway.

The issue of the “legal nature of civil employee” is one of the issues that is usually considered by jurists at the beginning of the issue of employee rights. Some of them consider the employee’s relationship with the government a “contractual” relationship, some consider it a relationship based on “administrative unilateral” and many consider it as a relationship based on “law” and have presented different indications to prove their claim. This research seeks to identify different theories about the jurisprudential and legal nature of civil employee in Iran’s legal system. It seems that a single same nature cannot be used to justify employment relations due to the diverse missions of executive agencies. Accordingly, permanent civil employment and the state of alternative civilian service is an administrative unilateral. Contractual employment, employment according to Labor Code and employment of specialist retirement is a rental administrative contract of individuals and hourly employment and specific job employment is considered a private contract of hiring of persons.

Background and Aims: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the psychological problems after the COVID-19 pandemic. Some people can cope with this trauma and return to their previous status or even achieve a higher level of performance, which is called post-traumatic growth. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and the relationship between the PTSD and post-traumatic growth symptoms among patients discharged from COVID-19 intensive care units (ICU). Materials and Methods: The present study was a descriptive study conducted on 172 patients discharged from COVID-19 ICU. Samples were selected with cluster randomized multistage method from the patients discharged from the ICU, with previous six months recovery. Data were collected using demographic questionnaire, and post-traumatic stress and post-traumatic growth checklists. Then, the collected data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 21). Results: Results showed that 34.3% and 58.96% of patients experienced PTSD and post-traumatic growth, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis showed that with the increase in PTSD score, the post-traumatic growth score also increased in these patients (r=0.524, P=0.001). Conclusion: Post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic growth symptoms were common among COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU. In addition, the more the patients experienced post-traumatic stress symptoms, the more likely they were to experience the post-traumatic growth.

Objectives: This study aim to investigate whether psychological well-being of the elderly can be predicted by cognitive impairment and negative emotions mediated by coping self-efficacy and social support. Methods & Materials: This is a correlational study using structural equation modeling (SEM). Participants were 450 older adults, including 247 men (54.9%) and 203 women (45.1%), aged 60-80 years in Tehran, Iran who were selected by a convenience sampling method based on the entry and exit criteria. The demographic variables (age, marital status, number of children, education level and income level) and the history of physical diseases were recorded. The research tools included Ryff’s psychological well-being scale, Positive and Negative Affect Scale, Mini-Mental State Examination, Coping Self-Efficacy Scale, and Social Provisions Scale. Fitness of the study model was estimated using SEM in LISREL software. The mediating relationships in the proposed model was tested using the bootstrap procedure. Results: The Mean±SD age of male participants was 66.34±5.34 years and the mean age of female participants was 65.57±6.08 years. The results showed that the proposed model had good fit. The four indirect pathways were statistically significant. Cognitive impairment with standard coefficients of -0.57, -0.60, and -0.27 had an impact on social support, coping self-efficacy, and psychological well-being, respectively. Negative emotions also had an effect on social support, coping self-efficacy and psychological well-being with coefficients of -0.28, -0.34 and -0.11, respectively. The effect of coping self-efficacy on psychological well-being had a standard coefficient of 0.15, and the effect of social support on psychological well-being had a standard coefficient of 0.57. Conclusion: These findings highlight the importance of coping self-efficacy and social support in improvement of psychological well-being and consequently prevention of adverse outcomes due to cognitive impairment in the elderly. It is recommended to develop comprehensive and practical strategies to strengthen the internal and external resources of older people and improve their health.

Background and Objectives: Health system transformation plan (HSTP) of Iran, with three main goals of financial protection of patients, justice in access to health services, and improving the quality of services was implemented since 2014 which has had some achievements and challenges. Considering the large amount of financial resources used in this plan and the limitation of resources in Iran, this study aims to examine the performance of this plan in improving some health-related and financial indicators. Methods: Econometric tools were used in this study. The data of health-related and financial indicators related to the performance of HSTP from 2004 to 2019 were first collected. Then, using the ordinary and generalized least squares estimation methods, the effect of the transformation of HSTP on the selected indicators was examined. Finally, by using the structural break tests of Perron, Zivot-Andrews and Lee-Strazicich, the success of the HSTP in causing positive changes in the indicators and creating structural breaks was examined. Results: According to the ordinary and generalized least squares regression models, the coefficients of all indicators was significant and the positive effect of the costs of HSTP on the improvement of these indicators were confirmed. The greatest effect was reported on the out-of-pocket payment rate with a coefficient of 0.7 and the lowest effect was on the total death rate with a coefficient of -0.006. According to the results of the structural break tests, all indicators had recorded structural breaks before implementing the plan, while only six indicators showed structural breaks after the implementation. Conclusion:The HSTP was effective in improving the selected indicators at the beginning. All indicators showed structural break points before implementation of the HSTP, due to their reduction at the related time points, which emphasized the necessity of implementing the HSTP; however, after implementation, no positive structural break points are observed to indicate a considerable improvement in the indicators.

Background & Aim: Cancer is a disease that affects the quality of life of the patient, and palliative care is a solution that can improve it. However, home palliative care program has not developed in most countries of the world. The aim of this study is to improve a home palliative care program for cancer patients. Methods & Materials: This research is an action research study that was conducted through quantitative and qualitative approaches in Tabriz over 2018-2020. Eighteen home care nurses were selected for interviews using purposive sampling in order to identify the care needs of cancer patients and the barriers to palliative care at home. In addition, a questionnaire to determine the attitude and knowledge was distributed among 60 home care nurses before and after the action stage. The qualitative data were analyzed using conventional content analysis method, and the SPSS software version 14 was used to analyze the quantitative data. Results: The care needs of cancer patients were determined in five categories and barriers to palliative care in three categories. Cancer patients have physical, psychological, educational, financial and spiritual needs, and barriers to palliative care include poor instruction, families' desperation, and unprofessional caregivers. In the quantitative phase, nurses had average knowledge and negative attitude towards palliative care. Training through virtual space improved the knowledge and attitude of nurses, and the paired t-test showed that the mean score of nurses' knowledge after the action stage was significant. Conclusion: according to the findings, to improve palliative care at home, the physical, psychological, educational, financial and spiritual needs of cancer patients should be considered. Removing barriers to palliative care including developing guidelines, supporting the families of cancer patients and training special nurses for palliative care at home can improve care in these patients.

In this paper, based on variational methods and critical point theory, we guarantee the existence of infinitely many classical solutions for a two-point boundary value problem with fourth-order Sturm-Liouville equation; Some recent results are improved and by presenting one example, we ensure the applicability of our results.

Experimental and numerical methods (Particle Flow Code) were used to investigate the effect of echelon notches on the shear behavior of the joint’s bridge area in granite. A punch-through shear test was used to model the granite cracks under shear loading. Granite samples with dimension of 20 mm×150 mm×40 mm were prepared in the laboratory. Within the specimen model and near the edges, four edge notches were provided. Nine different configuration systems were prepared for notches. In these configurations, the length of each notch was taken as 3 cm, 4cm and 5 cm. Assuming a plane strain condition, special rectangular models were prepared with dimensions of 100 mm×100 mm using the particle flow code in two dimensions (PFC2D). Similar to those joints’ configuration systems in the experimental tests, i.e. 9 models with different rock bridge lengths and different rock bridge joint angles were prepared. The axial load was applied to the punch through the central portion of the model. This testing showed that the failure process was mostly governed by the rock bridge length and the rock bridge angle. Shear strengths of the specimens were related to fracture pattern and failure mechanism of the discontinuities. It was shown that the shear behavior of discontinuities is related to the number of the induced tensile cracks which are increased by increasing the rock bridge angle. The strength of samples decreases with increasing the joint length. The failure pattern and failure strength are similar in both methods, i.e. the experimental testing and the numerical simulation.

IntroductionInclusive city approach seeks to increase citizens' access to urban services and infrastructure through targeted and accessible investments.The city of Tabriz facing a major challenge in terms of the three basic dimensions of the inclusive city (spatial, social and economic inclusion); Because access to affordable infrastructure, land and housing (spatial dimension), the right to the city and participation in the urban management process (social dimension) and access to equal opportunities has become a major issue for urban development managers. Therefore, considering the issues and problems raised, the present study seeks to identify the factors affecting the inclusion of the city of Tabriz, to level the ten regions in terms of indicators.Data and MethodThe research method is descriptive-analytical. The steps and methods of conducting research, can be summarized in three steps. In the first step, the Delphi method has been used to identify the key factors of inclusive city. In the second step, Vensim model was used to find the cause and effect relationship between key factors. Then, VIKOR model was used to identify areas in terms of having the characteristics of an inclusive city and their ranking.Results and DiscussionBased on the Delphi model, the key and influential factors on the formation of an inclusive city in the metropolis of Tabriz by thematic axes are presented in the table below.Table 1-1. Factors affecting the formation of an inclusive city in the metropolis of TabrizAxisKey factorsSpatial scaleLocalNationalInternationalEconomicEconomic reconstruction * Employment * Informal employment* Economic replacement* Inclusive growth* Distribution of opportunities* SocialMigration * Mobility* access to information** Feeling of security* Citizenship rights** Right to the city* Smart City* Sustainable Development***Social Equality* Quality of Life* Social Justice** EnvironmentalResilience** transportation planning* Infrastructure** Environmental sustainability** Reduce water loss* Make up for lost water* Waste Management* Natural quality of urban space* Water saving* PoliticalGovernance** Innovation* Stability** Political participation** political power** SpatialAffordable housing* Public spaces* Spatial justice* Land Use* Source: Results of the author's studiesAfter identifying the effective factors and confirming their relationship to the formation of the inclusive city, these factors were modeled through Vensim software. The purpose of this software is to find optimal solutions in different situations that need to be analyzed. This software has the ability to simulate the dynamic behavior of systems by identifying causal loops and finding leverage points. Then, in order to analyze the cause-and-effect relationship (factors extracted in the Delphi model), key factors were entered into the relevant software. Findings obtained from Vensim model, show the effectiveness of two factors of spatial justice and resilience in the inclusive development of Tabriz.Then, in order to ranking the ten districts of Tabriz, the VIKOR model was used. Research indicators have been extracted according to the review of theoretical foundations and studies conducted in the field of inclusive city and urban sustainability. Therefore, after collecting the data and combining them, the raw data matrix of each criterion was defined in the study area. The decision matrix consists of options (rows) and criteria (columns). Our options are the ten districts of Tabriz metropolis and our criteria are 14 criteria that are given in the raw data table. The results of VIKOR model indicate that the comprehensiveness indicators of Tabriz city areas do not depend on the location of urban areas according to the north and south of the city. So that regions 9, 6, 2 and 8 have a good situation in terms of inclusive indicators. Areas 10, 1 and 4 are in the worst condition.ConclusionThe study of inclusive cities, requires study the city in all economic, social and spatial dimensions. Accordingly, the Delphi model was used to investigate the factors affecting the inclusiveness of the city of Tabriz. The results of the Delphi model show that the main factors of the inclusiveness of Tabriz city, can be divided into four main categories. Part of the factors is related to the economic situation of the city (or community) which includes economic growth, unemployment, land and housing prices and other economic and financial factors. Another part is related to structural issues, laws and regulations and general policies and even infrastructures and popular institutions that affect the formation of an inclusive city in the city of Tabriz. Social and environmental causes are other factors that affect the future of these developments. In order to identify the most influential factors and cause and effect relationships between factors, the Venice model was used. The results of Vensim model show that the two factors of resilience and spatial justice have the greatest impact on leading the city of Tabriz to inclusiveness. The results of VIKOR model show that the inclusive indicators of Tabriz city areas do not depend on the location of urban areas with respect to the north and south of the city. So that regions 9, 6, 2 and 8 have a good situation in terms of inclusive indicators and regions 10, 1 and 4 are in the worst condition.

Background and Objectives: Kidney transplantation is the safest way to treat chronic renal failure, but for many reasons many patients are reluctant to have a kidney transplant. Identifying these factors can facilitate the transplant process and improve the quality of life of patients undergoing dialysis. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the reasons for refusing kidney transplantation among Iranian patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods: In this qualitative study, 18 patients with PD were selected from four provinces of Iran using a purposive sampling method. The data were collected by semi-structured interviews and the content were analyzed by a conventional content analysis. Results: Results led to the identification of three main categories: Difficult process, unacceptability of outcome, and familiarization with PD. According to patients, kidney transplantation is a long-term procedure that causes financial stress and physical and social problems and there is a risk of transplant rejection. On the other hand, patients were accustomed to performing PD and considered it a part of their life. Conclusion: Iranian patients undergoing PD have many reasons to refuse kidney transplantation. Full coverage of kidney transplants by the insurance organization, reduction of transplantation time, and provision of medical and psychological counseling can reduce these barriers to accepting kidney transplants by patients.

Background and purpose: Nowadays, plants are more available and many are used for treatment purposes, therefore, the rate of poisoning by plants has increased. According to the geographical location of Isfahan in Iran, the present study aimed at investigating this problem since there is paucity of information about plant poisoning in the region. Materials and methods: In this cross-sectional study, patient data poisoned with poisonous plants were collected from Khorshid Hospital (a referral center for poisoning) in Isfahan between 2010 and 2019. Demographic and clinical, paraclinical and, therapeutic information were studied. Results: In 72 patients with plant poisoning, the most common cause was unknown plants (29%) followed by castor seed poisoning (22.2%) and datura (16.6%). The majority of patients were male (60%) and the highest rate of poisoning occurred in people aged 20-39 years old. Conscious poisoning was most often reported to be with datura (46.7%) in patients of 10-19 years old, while accidental poisoning was found to be more common with unknown plants (34.1%) in children (0-9 years of age). Poisoning due to treatment purposes was seen manily by unknown plants and castor seeds (61.6%). Suicide by self-poisoning was mainly done by oleander (66.7%). At admission, patients with datura poisoning often had tachycardia (58%) and mydriasis pupils (91%). In patients with castor bean poisoning, gastrointestinal symptoms were more frequent (nausea and vomiting in 94%). Most of the patients were discharged within 24 hours after admission. None of the patients needed antidote and intubation and all were discharged with supportive treatment and complete recovery. Conclusion: Most of the cases studied had mild symptoms and only needed supportive care. ‎

Background & Aims: Mothers of children with autism face many problems that can affect their life. On the other hand, spirituality, as one of the essential aspects of man’s life, has a significant relationship with human health. This study seeks to determine the spiritual well-being of mothers of children with autism. Materials & Methods: The type of present study was descriptive-cross-sectional. In this study, mothers were identified among the 7 schools for children with autism, and 200 people participated in the survey in stages, according to the inclusion criteria. The collected data were used using descriptive statistical methods such as setting frequency distribution tables, calculating numerical indices, and independent chi-square and t-test. The paired t-test was used to achieve the goals under SPSS software v. 16. Results: The Mean±SD spiritual well-being of mothers was 77.17±10.51. Mean±SD spiritual well-being (41.11±5.61) had the highest, and Mean±SD existential well-being (36.06±5.67) had the lowest score. Conclusion: In this study, the spiritual well-being dimension of spiritual well-being was in a better position compared to its Existential Dimension of Health. It can be said that the mothers participating in the present study are richer in spiritual well-being compared to existential health.

Introduction Investigations on the rates of damages and casualties caused by earthquake in the cities have shown that in many cases, high percentage of casualties are directly or indirectly associated with undesirable state of urban planning and urban risks reduction. In fact, it can be said that the major causes of damages and casualties caused by the earthquake, in addition to the negligence and nonchalance in observing the safety standards of structures, can also be resulted from the lack of appropriate urban development principles and plans. It is noteworthy that one of the issues of urbanization and urban planning that can be effective in reducing the earthquake effects and incrementing the urban Resilience is the compatibility of various forms of urban usages versus each other. Data and Method The term resilience is derived from the Latin word "Resilio" which means “to return (or to bounce back) suddenly”. The concept of resilience has undergone many changes throughout the time. Although the existing interpretations for this term are complex and diverse, but what is certain is that there is a close relationship between disaster risk, resilience and the built environment. In this context, consideration of resilience as the ability to organize the threats posed by accidents as well as the ability to attract people and resistance against disasters- while still retaining essentially the same function - is particularly concerning. Thus, it can be concluded that the characteristic of returning to the situation that existed before the disturbance occurred, and also improving the situation, for further development of the system, is called resilience. By compatibility factor in planning, we mean the land use compatibility, which means that the use of lands that are within the sphere of influence of each other, should be consistent with each other in terms of compatibility, stability and activities and do not cause problems for one another or impede others from accomplishing their activities. Results and Discussion In this study, considering the proximity of urban usages relative to each other and using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), the urban usage compatibility of district 4 in Tabriz was assessed. For this aim, first all urban usages in the study area were classified in 10 classes and the compatibility of each usage relative to other usages were studied. Then the usage layers were combined in GIS software by AHP model and finally, the compatibility map of urban usages for district 4 was obtained. Conclusion The results show that 5.9 % of the urban land usages in district 4 are totally incompatible with each other and 43.9 % of the urban usages are completely compatible with each other in the case of an earthquake. In general it can be said that most parts of the district 4 of Tabriz are in good condition in terms of the index of the urban land use compatibility and in case of an earthquake, less damage will be imposed on this area. Only the lands used for industries and workshops as well as municipal, administrative and military facilities are not in proper conditions in terms of the compatibility factor. So, on the basis of GIS-generated maps, because of incompatibility of industrial, municipal, administrative and military land uses, it is necessary to take effective measures in order to create a favorable environment in the city; because neglecting and disregarding the importance of the compatibility of these land uses can be dangerous for the surrounding area and it can increase the casualties caused by the earthquake in an area.

Objective Mitochondria are an excellent source for explaining cytoplasmic inheritance because of their important roles in cell metabolism and because they are primarily inherited maternaly in animals. In domestic animals, various studies have reported an association between mitochondrial DNA polymorphism and production and reproduction traits. The aim of this study was to investigate the polymorphism of ATPase6 and ATPase8 genes and their effects on the rates of in vitro maturation of oocytes (IVM) and in vitro culture of embryos (IVC) in Sanjabi sheep. Materials and methods Blood and ovary samples of adult Sanjabi ewes were collected from Bistoon slaughterhouse located in Kermanshah. In the laboratory, after separating the excess tissue around the ovaries and washing them, a cumulus-oocyte complex with a diameter of more than 3 mm from the follicles was aspirated. 100 samples containing more than two oocytes were transferred to dishes containing in vitro maturation (IVM) medium. After the oocytes matured, fresh Sanjabi ram sperm were used for in vitro fertilization of each sample. For in vitro culture, putative zygotes formed in the previous stage were cultured in synthesized ovarian fluid medium for 48 hours. DNA extraction was performed using the salting out method. A 895 bp fragments of DNA containing ATPase6 and ATPase8 genes were amplified by PCR and the samples were genotyped using a modified SSCP method. The Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test was used to investigate the relationship between the observed genotype patterns and IVM and IVC rates. Results The results of this study showed the existence of polymorphisms in the studied gene regions and five different band patterns A (50%), B (12%), C (9), D (21) and E (8%) were observed. Analysis of the relationship between these patterns and IVM and IVC showed no significant relationship between them (p>0.05). Conclusions Despite the observation of polymorphisms in ATPase6 and ATPase8 genes using the modified SSCP method, these polymorphisms had no effect on the rate of IVM and IVC.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the components of the teaching-learning principle with emphasis on Islamic sources in curriculum planning. Teaching-learning strategy has a special place in curriculum planning; In such a way that neglecting it and not paying attention to the necessary components for the formation of the desired teaching-learning process, has a significant effect on the education and training of students in the community. This research is a type of applied research and the required data for it has been collected using the phishing method and in order to analyze the data, the content analysis method has been used in a descriptive-analytical manner. The statistical population of the research includes a collection of Islamic and narrative books and the research findings show that the components of the principle of teaching-learning for curriculum planning in Islamic sources are as follows: The value of science; Teaching-learning methods; Factors affecting learning; Teaching-learning process.

Background & Objectives: Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer in the world and Ardabil province is in the top ranks in the world. MicroRNAs are non-coding RNA molecules with a length of 18 to 21 nucleotides and due to their regulatory role in post- transcriptional gene expression; single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) could affect their function on target genes regulation. Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood of 150 healthy volunteers, which were born and living in Ardabil province, 30 SNPs in microRNA genes have been detected by the Whole Exome Sequencing assay. Then, the obtained results were evaluated using Sanger-based PCR-Sequencing method. The Pearson correlation test was used for finding significant relationships. Results: After confirming the WES results, the population frequency of the selected variants was compared with the general populations of Iran, Europe and the world. Based on the age-standardized rate (ASR), six variants with significant differences, including rs10061133, rs12220909, rs12983273, rs2292832, rs2505901 and rs6505162 were observed. Conclusion: According to the previous case-control studies which indicate the association between the variants rs10061133, rs12220909, rs12983273, rs2505901, and rs6505162 and gastric carcinogenesis in various populations, the observed significant differences in our population could imply on the presence of the cancer susceptibility in Ardabil province.

Introduction: noise is one of the most important harmful factors in the workplace. The physiological effects of noise on humans are gradual in the long run. Despite industrial advances, exposure to excessive noise is one of the health problems of workers in the worldchr('39')s steel industry. This study aimed to investigate the effect of noise on hearing loss in steel industry workers. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was designed and conducted. The study population was 121 workers in a steel rolling industry whose 5-year audiometry was studied from 1391 to 1395. An audiometer performed the audiometric test of these workers in 5 years. Their audiometric results were extracted from their medical records and examined under ethical principles. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21, and T-Test and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean age of participants was 38.88 ± 4.92 years and the mean work experience was 10.94 ± 3.57 years. In this study, a gradual increase in the average hearing threshold at different frequencies in both ears was seen from 2012 to 2016. Conclusion: noise as a detrimental factor in the steel industry causes a gradual increase in exposed workerschr('39') hearing threshold.

Background and purpose: In 2019, the world has witnessed the emergence of a virus that caused acute respiratory distress syndrome in human with high mortality rates (approximately 3.7%). So far, no effective treatment has been proven against COVID-19. This study aimed at designing a multi-epitope vaccine combining several T-cell and B-cell epitopes of the SARS-CoV-2. Materials and methods: Based on immunoinformatics strategies, B-cell and T-cell epitopes were predicted using immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (IEDB). Then, the appropriate predicted epitopes were joined to each other by suitable linkers, and the multi-epitope vaccine constructed was suggested as a vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2. Results: In this study, 28 B-cell epitopes and 33 T-cell epitopes were predicted. Then, to design the multi epitope vaccine, 5 epitopes were used from the virion surface of spike protein and one epitope was used from intravirion region of the Envelope, Membrane, and Nucleocapsid proteins that later on were joined with flexible glycine linker. Conclusion: Based on the immunoinformatics results obtained, it seems that different epitopes from SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins have high ability to stimulate humoral and cellular immune responses, so the multi-epitope vaccine designed with these epitopes, can help to accelerate the production of effective vaccines against COVID-19.

Background and Objective: Extraction of impacted lower third molars is one of the most frequent surgeries of the oral cavity. This operation might be accompanied by inevitable complications, such as pain, swelling, and trismus after surgery. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of low-intensity/power laser therapy on swelling and trismus after impacted mandibular third molar surgery. Materials and Methods: This randomized double-blind clinical trial was performed on 40 patients who required similar unilateral impacted third molars. These patients were randomly divided into two groups of 20, including the control group with no laser application and the test group receiving laser irradiation. In the intervention group, 1 cm2 of the tissue was irradiated immediately post-operation by 12 j/cm2 energy using a 980-nm laser setting with continuous wave mode at the output power of 200 MW for 60 s. Radiations were carried out at three regions, including two intraoral sites on the buccal and lingual sides of the operated area and an extraoral area on the joining point of the masseter muscle to the mandible. Inflammation and trismus were assessed by measuring the size of the face and maximum mouth opening on the second and seventh days after surgery. Results: Our findings demonstrated that in the laser group, on the second day post-operation the maximum mouth opening (trismus) was 28±6 and facial swelling was 217.8±12.8. The two groups were not significantly different on this day regarding the two evaluated variables (P>0.05). On the seventh day, trismus and facial swelling were reported as 39.85±6.97 and 209.2±13.45, respectively. Moreover, improvements were observed in the irradiated group at this time point. However, no statistically significant difference was found between the test and control group concerning these factors (P>0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, laser application with the parameters set in this study had no significant positive effects on reducing the post-operation complications.

Background and Objectives: Hypertension is one of the main risk factors of cardiovascular diseases and associated with mortality and morbidity all over the world. This study was designed to evaluate the rate of blood pressure (BP) control and its associated risk factors in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional prospective study was conducted for a ten-month period in patients with hypertension and concomitant cardiovascular disease. The BP of participants was measured by the cardiologist. Demographic information, drug and medical history, lab data, smoking, use of opium or alcohol or amphetamine were recorded in a data collecting form. The Spearman and logistic regression analysis were performed to access the association of study risk factors and control of hypertension. Results: Totally, 314 patients were entered to the study. The mean age of patients was 62.7±12.2. 139 (44.3%) of the patients were female and 175 (55.7%) were males. The mean systolic BP of patients was 131.6 ± 2 and diastolic BP was 78.3 ± 12.9 mmHg. Approximately, half of patients had an uncontrolled BP (n=114, 45.9%). The most common drug regimen is associated with dual therapy in 152 cases (48.4%). The ACEI/ARBs and beta-blockers were the most commonly used drugs. There were significant association between not-controlling BP and age (r=0.29, p=0.022) and diabetes (r=0.273, p=0.024). Conclusion: The results showed that BP in about half of patients was not in goal and this observation was seen more commonly in older and diabetic patients. This study raises the concern about the control of hypertension among health care providers and patients.

Objectives The present study aimed to examine the meaning in life and well-being of young, middle-aged, and older adults. Methods & Materials In this research, a total of 215 participants including 84 young (aged 17-25 years), 59 middle-aged (aged 26-46 years), and 72 older adults (aged 65-80 years) were selected from Tehran city via purposive sampling. The instruments used in this study consisted of the meaning of life questionnaire and Ryffs Scales of Psychological Well-being. Results The results of Mancova analyses showed significant differences between the three age groups. The older people had the most ability in the meaning in life, self-acceptance, positive relation with others, personal growth and purpose in life. Conclusion Research findings indicate that age affects the meaning in life and well- being. So, elderly can be known as a self-awareness, development and relaxation.

Objective The treatment of autism, a long-term developmental neurological disorder, is controversial. Because of the increasing trend and the lack of a known cause in this area, the treatment is complicated; obscure development of the disorder is a fundamental issue for the parents of these children. Due to the nature of the disorder and involvement of long durations of treatment, various therapeutic methods are used. In addition to the present treatments, a cost-effective and effective treatment is nature therapy (Eco therapy). Therefore, we decided to study the effectiveness of family-centered nature therapy on children with autism spectrum disorder. Materials & Methods A quasi-experimental (pre-test/post-test) study was conducted involving children with autism spectrum disorder (3-7 years old) who were referred to Tehran’s rehabilitation and therapeutic centers. Fourteen children with autism spectrum disorder were selected by an available sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. In each group, 7 children (6 boys and 1 girl) were placed. Ten therapeutic sessions were conducted in 3 months in the summer of 2017; each session was held for 3 hours (9 am to 12 pm) in the Nature School of Savan (located in Chitgar Forest Park) with the obligatory presence of parents (parents or at least one of them). To collect data, the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) and the Nature Therapy programs (based on the theoretical framework and relevant research findings) were used. The Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC) consisting of four parts, speech / language / communication, socialization, sensory / cognitive awareness, and health / physical / behavior were scrutinized three times, i.e., before the start of the session, 10 days after the last session of education and three months after the last training session. Each family was followed up by the other families. The variables studied in this study were, family-centered nature therapy (independent variable) and autism spectrum disorder syndrome (dependent variable). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods (mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum scores) and inferential methods (Leven test to assess the assumption of the equation of error variances, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to examine the normal distribution of covariance analysis and to investigate the effect of test conditions on the dependent variable of the groups). Results The results showed that the average score of the post-test for Autism Treatment increased in the experimental group (172.3±5.11) compared with the post-test for control (1.151±10.24), which was statistically significant. This showed that the nature therapy program brought an improvement in children with autism spectrum disorder. Also, the average follow-up scores (after 3 months) of the experimental group (173.91±12.02) indicated the efficacy of treatment. The results of covariance analysis indicated that the calculated F value (F=21.91) was highly significant (P

Createdness or uncreatedness of the Quran and the attribute of Speech is the oldest theological debate in the Islam which upon this Alm_AlKalam is named. In regard to the fact that Asharites bedeviled to the uncreatedness of the God's attributes, they also bedeviled to the uncreatedness of the Quran. They have given many proofs in proving this theory in regard the internal speech, the eternality of God's attributes, Quranic addresses to the human and the antecedent of the attribute of Speech. But the internal speech leads to the multiciplity of eternals and incarnation of immaterial things in God: and uncreatedness of God’s attributes does not required that God’s Attributes to be eternal, but God’s attributes have extensional union and intentional difference. In some verses, Gabriel addresses people on behalf of God. Thus, the addressed is not necessarily eternal. And according to gradation of Speech attribute, like other attributes, essential speech is prior to actual one and former abstracts have priority to material and uttered levels of speech.

Objectives The present study aimed to examine the relationship between early maladaptive schemas with meaning of life and well-being of the elderly and investigation and its prediction by early maladaptive schemas. Methods & Materials In this research, a total of 200 older people (96 women and 104 men) were selected from Tehran city by convenience sampling. The instruments used in this study consisted of the Yung early maladaptive Schema Questionnaire – Short Form (SQ-SF), Meaning of Life Questionnaire (MLQ) and Ryffs Scales of Psychological Well-Being (RSPWB). Results The results of multiple regression analyses showed that 37% of the elderly participants found meaning, 27% found meaning in life, 27% in self- acceptance, 24% in positive relationship with the others, and 44% in environment control, as predicted by early maladaptive schemas. Early maladaptive schemas cannot project autonomy, personal growth and purpose in life. This correlation was significant (P

For Iranian citizens traveling to turkey without visa is possible and the main reasons of Iranian citizens for traveling to Turkey are; resting, leisure time, enjoying various attractions like sea side, cultural, trading especially buying clothes and etc. The tourism industry is one of the main driving forces of Turkish economy. The increase and decrease of traveler to turkey depends on various factors in both national and international levels. This article wants to forecast the amount of Iranian tourist which traveling to Turkey by using the Artificial Neural Network; (ANN). On the other hand, the present article attempts to attend to explore the importance of used variables in tourism demand to Turkey. The variables effects on Iranians’ tourism demand were extracted by exploring the literature review, and the present research just utilized 13 variables for forecasting the tourism demand. The results of the research showed that accessed estimates had less error in comparison with real data. According to present research, four important variables effect on tourism demand of Iranian citizens are the daily crude oil producing in Iran, inflation volume in Iran, gross domestic product in Turkey, gross domestic product for working people in Iran.

Objectives The prevalence of death anxiety in older adults is high. Thus, the aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between coping strategies and locus of control with death anxiety in older adults. Methods & Materials In this descriptive and cross-sectional study, 113 elderly adults older than 60 years were recruited from the city of Tehran via available sampling method. For data collection, the Coping Strategies Inventory, Locus of Control Inventory and Death Anxiety Scale were employed. Then, the data were analyzed using SPSS.v21 software and statistical tests such as Pearson correlation coefficient and Stepwise regression. Results The mean (SD) age of the participants was 65.19 (3.93) years. The mean scores of problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, avoidance-focused coping, internal locus of control, external locus of control, and death anxiety were 48.20±7.45, 50.93±6.92, 50.39±8.67, 17.85±5.70, 61.51±6.08 and 8.67±2.31, respectively. Based on study findings, there was a statistically significant relationship between coping strategies (P < 0.05) and locus of control (P < 0.05) with death anxiety among older adults. The results of stepwise regression analysis indicated that avoidance and emotion oriented coping and external locus of control significantly predict death anxiety (P < 0.01). Conclusion Death anxiety is one of the key factors in the mental health of older adults. With regards to our findings, coping strategies and locus of control have an important role in death anxiety in older adults. Therefore, by designing psychological interventions based on coping strategies and changing locus of control from external to internal, death anxiety among the older adults can be improved.

Background and purpose: Among different cancers, breast cancer has a high prevalence among women and radiotherapy is used as a treatment modality in which radio sensitizers are used to increase its efficiency. Nanoparticles are such sensitizers that enhance the efficiency of radiotherapy via creation of free radicals and induction of oxidative stress. This study aimed at evaluating the synergistic effect of radiation therapy and TiO2 nanoparticles on animal models of breast cancer. Materials and methods: After induction of breast adenocarcinoma tumors in Balb/C, the animals were divided into several groups as control, rutile and anatase injections at 5mg/kg and 10mg/kg doses/with and without radiotherapy. Then, the efficiency of treatment was evaluated. Results: In groups receiving anatase nanoparticles with and without radiation, the values for tumor volume, relative volume and relative volume percentage showed a small increase and a considerable reduction, respectively. In rutile groups with and without radiation, these values showed a small increase and a considerable increase, respectively. IR value reduced to negative value and then increased to zero and positive in anatase groups with and without radiation. This parameter had little changes in rutile groups with and without radiation. Conclusion: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles increased sensitivity of tumor cells to radiation therapy due to ROS production. Compared with rutile crystals, anatase crystals have intense effect because of having a larger surface area and higher photocatalytic activity.

Introduction:Elimination or reduction of petroleum hydrocarbons from natural resources such as water and soil is a serious problem of countries, particularly oil-rich countries of the world. Using white rotting fungi compost for bioremediation of soils contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons is effective. The aim of this study is molecular identification and potential of anisolate of white rot fungi in bioremediation of petroleum contaminated soils. Materials and methods: Spent compost of white rotting fungi was inoculated with petroleum contaminated soil into 3%, 5% and 10% (w/w). Treatments were incubated at 25-23 °C for 3 months. Reduction of petroleum hydrocarbons in treated soil was determined by gas chromatography. Ecotoxicity of soil was evaluated by seed germination test. Results: Based on the genome sequence of 18s rRNA, it is revealed that this isolate is Ganoderma lucidum and this isolate is deposited as accession KX525204 in the Gene Bank database. Reduction of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil treated with compost (3, 5 and 10%) ranged from 42% to 71%. The germination index (%) in ecotoxicity tests ranged from 20.8% to 70.8%. Gas chromatography results also showed a decrease in soil Hydrocarbons compounds. Discussion and conclusion: The compost of Ganoderma lucidum, a white rot fungus, has a potential ability to remove petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soil. Removal of hydrocarbons was increased with increase in compost mixed with contaminated soil. Petroleum contaminated soil amended with spent compost of G.lucidum 10% during three months is appropriate to remove this pollutant.

Rock formations and structures can be subjected to both static and dynamic loadings. Static loadings resulting from different sources such as gravity and tectonic forces and dynamic forces are intermittently transmitted via vibrations of the earth’s crust, through major earthquakes, rock bursts, rock blasting and drilling and also, traffic. Reaction of rocks to cyclic and repetitive stresses resulting from dynamic loads has been generally neglected with the exception of a few rather limited studies. In this study, , two crystalline quarry stones in Iran; (Natanz gabbro and Green onyx) and one non-crystalline rock (Asmari limestone) are used to evaluate the effect of micro-structure of intact rock on fatigue behavior. These rocks have different mineral compositions and formation conditions. A new apparatus based on rotating beam fatigue testing machine (R.R.Moore), which is commonly used for laboratory fatigue test in metals, is developed and fatigue behavior and existence of the endurance limit were evaluated for the mentioned rocks based on stress-life method. The obtained results in the variation of applied amplitude stress versus loading cycle number (S-N diagram) followed common relationship in other materials. In addition, the endurance limit is perceived for all tested rocks. The results also illustrated that the endurance limits for all types of tested rocks in this study are ranged between 0.4 and 0.6 of their tensile strengths. The endurance limit to tensile strength fraction of green onyx and Natanz gabbro were approximated in a higher value compared to the Asmari limestone with non-crystalline micro-structure.

Use of information technology in the health care systems is essential to enhance the quality of care. Nurses are the largest group of users for hospital information systems in any healthcare system. Therefore, understanding their views and how they use these systems can be effective in improving hospital information systems and public health quality. This survey study was conducted using the two primary keyword “nurses” and “hospital information system” and a total of 43 retrieved articles were included in the study. The selected articles were divided into 12 categories based on similarities in goals and aims. More articles concentrated on nurses’ attitudes toward the hospital information systems and despite their positive attitude, financial goals were covered more than clinical purposes. Despite the improved attitude of nurses toward hospital information systems, the need to improve nurses’ computer knowledge using updated and powerful software for covering users’ needs was strongly emphasized in these studies.

In this paper we examined the effects of inflation targeting regime based on the contents of Iranian banking system financial statements during the period of 1981-2014 using Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model. To estimate DSGE parameters, calibration method was utilized. Moments of the data and Impulse Response Function analyses were used for model verification. The results show that the profit rate shock increases the liquidity sources of banks and as a consequence, bank lending causes an improvement in the investment and production and a decrease in inflation rate. However, inflation targeting for the purpose of reduction in deposit and loan profit rates results in reduction in bank resources and at the same time jeopardizes the soundness of banks. So, we suggest that inflation targeting regime should be combined with the policy of increasing profit rates.

Microwave dry-diffusion and gravity extraction (MDG) is an advanced microwave-assisted extraction technique. The aim of this study, was a comparison of different extraction methods namely MDG, microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD), and hydrodistillation (HD) methods and also evaluation of their effectiveness in isolation of essential oils from fresh Rosmarinus officinalis leaves. Variables such as extraction yield, extraction time, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and operation cost were compared. The obtained results showed that the extraction times of essential oil by MDG, MAHD, and HD were 5, 15, and 120 min, respectively and energy consumptions were 0.04, 0.13, and 1.00 kW h, respectively. MDG offered important advantages over traditional HD method, namely increasing antioxidant activity (10.3%) and providing a more valuable essential oil components (α-pinene 17%, camphene 2.1%, and 1,8-cineole 2.8 % more than HD method). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of the extracted essential oils indicated that microwave did not adversely influence the composition of the essential oils. In comparison with HD and MAHD, MDG required less energy, cost, and solvent. Hence, MDG can be proposed as a green and novel extraction technology.

Pain, as a complex neurophysiological and neuropsychological mechanism, is one of the most common experiences among patients in prehospital emergency service. Although, there is no accurate data regarding the prevalence of pain in prehospital settings like there is for hospital emergency departments, in developed countries, despite the contradictions in the results of the numerous studies, the evidence indicate the high prevalence of acute pain in prehospital emergency service ranging from 20% to 53%. Yet, unfortunately, in Iran there is no statistics available in this regard. The physiological (affecting cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine and other systems) and psychological (anxiety, anger, aggression, and …) complications due to uncontrolled acute pain have many adverse effects on the clinical outcomes of medical and traumatic patients and impose immense direct and indirect financial burdens on the limited resources of healthcare systems. Therefore, effective pain management using various pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical methods both on the scene and during transportation has become a potentially indispensable necessity and considered as a potential key performance indicator according to the National Association of EMS Physicians.An extensive literature review also revealed remarkable improvements in the use of analgesics in prehospital emergency service of many developed countries and opioid analgesics (e.g., morphine sulfate, fentanyl and ketamine); nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., Ketorolac and ibuprofen); and Paracetamol and Nitric Oxide (inhalation gas) have been put on the list of prehospital emergency service for relieving patients’ pain, which can be used based on qualification/competencies, roles, responsibilities, and degrees (EMR, EMT, AEMT, paramedic) of the providers of prehospital care with approval of the consultant physician or through use of a combination of off-line and on-line medical protocols in this regard. The majority of recent studies in this field focus on the inadequacy of prehospital pain management as well as the comparison and combination of various analgesic drugs to enhance efficacy, effectiveness and quality of healthcare provision.

درد، به عنوان یک مکانیسم پیچیده نوروفیزیولوژیک و نوروسایکولوژیک، یکی از شایع ترین تجارب مشترک بیماران در اورژانس پیش بیمارستانی می باشد. هر چند آمار دقیق شیوع درد در اورژانس پیش بیمارستانی همچون اورژانس های بیمارستانی در دست نیست، اما در کشورهای توسعه یافته، علیرغم ناسازگاری نتایج مطالعات متعدد، شواهد حاکی از شیوع بالای درد حاد در اورژانس پیش بیمارستانی بین 20 تا 53 درصد است. این در حالی است که متاسفانه در ایران آماری در رابطه با این موضوع موجود نیست. عوارض فیزیولوژیک (تاثیر بر سیستم قلب و عروق، تنفس، اندوکرین و...) و سایکولوژیک (اضطراب، خشم، پرخاشگری و ...) ناشی از درد حاد کنترل نشده، اثرات سوء بسیاری بر پیامدهای بالینی بیماران داخلی و تروما داشته و هزینه های مالی مستقیم و غیرمستقیم کلانی را بر منابع محدود نظام های مراقبت سلامت تحمیل می نماید. لذا، امروزه مدیریت موثر درد با استفاده از روش های مختلف دارویی و غیر دارویی در صحنه و حین انتقال در اورژانس پیش بیمارستانی، به عنوان یک شاخص عملکردی بالقوه کلیدی به ضرورتی غیرقابل انکار مبدل گردیده است. مرور گسترده متون نیز نشان داد که اخیرا پیشرفت های چشمگیری در بهره گیری از تجهیزات و داروهای ضد درد در اورژانس پیش بیمارستانی بسیاری از کشورهای توسعه یافته حاصل شده و داروهای ضد درد اپیوئیدی (مورفین سولفات، فنتانیل و کتامین)؛ داروهای ضد التهاب غیر استروئیدی (کتورولاک و ایبوپروفن)؛ آپوتل و گاز نیتریک اکسید برای تسکین درد بیماران در لیست داروهای اورژانس پیش بیمارستانی قرار گرفته که استفاده از این داروها بر حسب شرح وظايف و مدارج علمي تحصيلي پرسنل پیش بیمارستانی، با هماهنگی پزشک مشاور و یا با بهره گیری از پروتکل هاي باليني آف-لاين در این عرصه میسر گردیده است. همچنین اکثر پژوهش های اخیر در این حوزه بر عدم کفایت مدیریت درد پیش بیماستانی و نیز مقایسه و ترکیب داروهای مختلف ضد درد جهت افزایش کارایی و اثربخشی و بهبود کیفیت متمرکز می باشد.

Introduction: The staff of pre-hospital emergency medical service experience many stresses daily in the frontline of emergency responses. Critical conditions and trying to save patients’ lives make operation difficult for emergency medical technicians. The burden of stress in this job group is related with critical incidents, and functional and emotional problems that are the result of the rate of exposure and the intensity of the stressor. Methods: In this descriptive-correlation study, 320 technicians working in pre-hospital emergency bases participated. To gather data, stress burden evaluation questionnaire, which was the result of rate of exposure to stressors, was used. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software and descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: In the present study, the most important causes of burden of stress were reported to be environmental occupational factors and patient-related factors. Mean and standard deviation of stress burden was 8.70 ± 3.61. Working with trauma patients, unrealistic expectations of the patient or their relatives, and driving in critical conditions and resuscitation of patients inflicted the highest burden of stress upon the staff. In this study, the mean score of stressor intensity was higher than the mean score of exposure to stressors and a significant correlation was seen between the rate of stress burden with number of operations, educational degree, emergency bases, and status of employment. Conclusion: Proper identification of stressors in terms of prevalence and intensity, leads to better understanding of these factors in pre-hospital emergency and can be of great help in prevention and control of stress burden among emergency medical service staff.

مقدمه: پرسنل اورژانس پیش بیمارستانی روزانه در خط مقدم پاسخ اورژانس استرس های فراوانی را تجربه می کنند. شرایط بحرانی و تلاش برای نجات بیماران،عملیات را بر تکنسین های فوریت پزشکی دشوار می نماید. بار استرس در این گروه شغلی مرتبط با حوادث بحرانی، مشکلات عملکردی و عاطفی است که حاصل میزان مواجهه در شدت تنش زا بودن عامل استرس زا است. بنابراین این مطالعه با هدف بررسی بار استرس مرتبط با عملیات اورژانس در بین تکنسین های فوریت پزشکی ایران انجام گرفت. روش کار: در این مطالعه توصیفی- همبستگی 320 تکنسین شاغل در پایگاه های اورژانس پیش بیمارستانی شرکت نمودند. برای جمع آوری داده ها از پرسشنامه ی بررسی بار استرس که حاصل میزان شدت در میزان مواجهه عوامل استرس زا بود استفاده شد. داده ها با استفاده از نرم افزار آماری SPSS و آمار توصیفی و استنباطی مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. يافته ها: در این مطالعه مهمترین عامل بار استرس عوامل محیطی شغلی و عوامل مربوط به بیمار گزارش شدند. میانگین و انحراف معیار بار استرس 61/3±70/8 بود. کار با بیماران ترومایی، توقعات بیش از حد بیمار و همرا هان آن و رانندگی در شرایط بحرانی و احیاء بیماران، بیشترین بار استرس را بر پرسنل داشتند. در این مطالعه نمره میانگین شدت عوامل استرس زا بالاتر از نمره میانگین میزان مواجهه با عوامل استرس زا بود و بین میزان بار استرس با تعداد ماموریت، مدرک تحصیلی، پایگاه های اورژانس و وضعیت استخدام ارتباط معنی داری دیده شد. نتيجه گيری: شناسایی خوب عوامل استرس زا از نظر شیوع و شدت، باعث گسترش آگاهی و فهم بهتر از این عوامل در اورژانس پیش بیمارستانی خواهد بود و کمک شایانی در پیشگیری و کنترل بار استرس در پرسنل اورژانس پیش بیمارستانی خواهد کرد

Introduction: All managers are responsible for planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Managers must have some competencies that enable them to function effectively. These competencies are often competency models. The aim of this study was survey of competency models in order to extract their essential competencies. Methods: This study was a systematic review that articles were searched in database "Google scholar"," Emerald", "Proquest", "Scopus" with key words "Competency & hospital management"، Competency & healthcare manager""، "Competency & healthcare administration"," Competency & health administration", and Competency & health executive". The results of selected studies were performed by 2 independent persons and based on qualitative targets were extracted and analyzed. And finally 12 articles that were contain questionnaire or model for hospital management competency, were selected. Results: Different competencies models were reported in 8 articles and reports. In order to compare these models, we decided to select 15 most frequent competencies in expand range of studies. Our observation identified that "communication skills" and "knowledge of health environment" were reported 7 times and selected as most important competencies. The Robbin Pillay was most completed among the models. Conclusion: In order to screen and estimate of hospital managers’ performances, we needed competencies index categories. Dependent on each countries condition, these models can be used as an appropriate method to determine an individual competency.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high intensive exercise on selected biomechanical and anthropometrical variables in elite wrestlers. Methods: Sixteen young wrestlers (age 19.1±1 years and weight 74.9±17.3 kg) attending the national Greco-Roman camps participated in this study. Biomechanical and anthropometrical variables included weight, body fat percentage, body mass index, balance, general body speed and acceleration, active range of motion of the joints, upper and lower extremities power and hand grip strength. These variables were measured before and after 8 weeks (67 sessions) of special exercise training. The normality of data was checked by Kolmogorov- Smirnov normality measure and data were analyzed with Paired- samples t-test to compare variables before and after training program, with a significance level of (P≤0.05). Results: Results showed that there were significant differences between weight, body fat percentage, body mass index, semi-dynamic balance in the medial and anterior-medial directions, upper extremities power, the range of lateral flexion to the right of the neck and hip flexion of pre and post-test. Conclusion: Based on the results, it seems that applied training program had main effect on biomechanical and anthropometrical variables such as weight, body fat percentage, body mass index, power, balance and active range of motion of elite wrestlers that will increase the qualitative athletic performance

Humans have allocated some places to group activities during their historical life. One of these places is square. In spite of mass memories from squares the significance of square as the identity source of city, the vanishing of historical squares is important challenge in existing cities. With this regard, the purpose of this study is to identify strategies for regeneration of Tabriz SahebAbad historical square. This study is an applied research with descriptive- explanatory methodology. Data were collected by questionnaire from 30 experts and analyzed by SWOT technique. The SWOT technique was used in order to identify the weakness and strengthens opportunities and threats in three stages based on the matrix of inner factors and matrix of external factors and comparative matrix. According to the results of this study, there are 6 strengthening points and 9 weakness points in inner factors. There are also 9 factors as the external threats and 7 factors as external opportunities. The results show that, while Saheb Abad square currently is faced with some threats and weaknesses, it is possible fot it to become an important cultural- historical center.

Introduction: In most countries, especially developing countries, hospital as an organization is very expensive. Therefore, the need for careful review and evaluation of their performance is indispensable. There are several approaches to assess the performance of hospitals, that one of the most useful is Pabon Lasso Model. In this Model and its corresponding graph three indices (Bed occupancy rate, bed turnover rates and mean hospital stay) are used. In this study, efforts have been to evaluated Performance of Qom and Kashan University of Medical Sciences hospitals by using this model. Method: This is an analytic study and in order to assess to the performance of hospitals, values of the indices-During the three years period (2009-2011) from each hospital separately was calculated. Then According to the relationship between these indicators, And simultaneous guide to Hospital Performance status using Pabon Lasso Model carried. Results: With design of graph and check hospital status on them, was observed in 2009 only one hospital from hospitals that were assessed, was with optimal efficiency (Located in district 3). In the 2010 and 2011, the total number of hospitals that were studied in two hospitals in the district is favorable and other hospitals located in other areas, Need to review the performance and are improving efficiency indicators. Conclusion: Pabon Lasso is a tool that using it in addition, comparison of the important indicators of hospital Also they can be used to evaluate the performance and efficiency. This Model enables hospital management to analyze the position of hospital and can it be a useful guide for the future planning. Keywords: Efficiency; Performance Assessment; Hospitals, Teaching; Bed Occupancy; Length of Stay

In this study, rice straw as an abundant and cheap raw material selected to produce soda - anthraquinone pulp. Nano fiber Cellulose of rice straw were added to improve the pulp strength after cationing. Cationed suspension was mixed at three levels including 2, 5 and 10 percent with nano fiber cellulose. Starch and polyacrylamide as cationic chemicals were used to stabilize nano fiber cellulose at 1.5% and 0.2% based on oven dried pulp, respectively. The result showed that there is linear change between stock drainage time and paper strength according to nano fiber cellulose added content. Tensile and burst index were improved at 18.66% and 18.12% respectively by adding 10% of nano fiber cellulose to suspension treated with cationic polyacrylamide. Furthermore, the two indices increased until 19.35% and 19.24% by adding of maximum amount of nano fiber cellulose (10%) to cationed pulp suspension with cationic starch, respectively. The use of nano fiber cellulose had a positive significant effect on paper properties.

Informal settlements were formed as the shadow cities after the industrial revolution and the geographical redistribution of population in Europe. Informal settlements were slowly appeared after industrialization and modernization process as a main characteristic of almost many cities of developing countries. However, this phenomenon acted as an attenuating phenomenon in European countries and over the time and in the context of the location they were solved in the heart of the cities. Therefore, this phenomenon is now confined to the cities of the developing countries. Even the cities in developing countries like our country are also feature this phenomenon. Khoy middle city is not an exception of this rule. This research is classified as an explanatory analytical survey. Like most survey researches, this study focuses on a limited sample and the sampling method is the probable classification technique. In other words, all informal settlements in Khoy city are classified into four geographical categories amongst which four districts were randomly selected. The main purpose of this research was identifying the relationship between development and the increase of residents’ numbers in informal settlements and for this the hypothesis of study was that there was a significant relationship between urban and rural development and the increase of residents’ numbers in informal settlements in Khoy. The results indicated that in contrast to the expectations of many researches in this area, the number of residents in informal settlements would increase with increasing level of urban and rural development.