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Introduction: Fair distribution of income in the society is necessary as an important factor for increasing social welfare and raising productivity in the country. In this article, in a practical way, while extracting the status of income distribution in the form of three Generalized Gini coefficient indicators, emphasizing the role of the rich and the poor, the effect of macroeconomic variables on income inequality in the rural areas of the country's provinces were studied using the Quantile panel approach. Method: In this paper, using household income-expenditure information, the Gini coefficient and the generalized Gini coefficient are calculated in the 2006-2019, and then using the Quantile panel regression method and specifying two relationships, to investigate the effects of taxes, government expenses, gross domestic product and financial development are discussed on income distribution in the rural areas of Iran's provinces. Results: The results of this research indicate that increasing the tax rate in rural areas, if the distribution of income among the rich is not appropriate, can improve the mentioned distribution. But the government's expenses in general cause the distribution of income in favor of the poor, which is not significant when these expenses are divided into current and construction expenses. Also, the economic policy maker can use indirect tax as a tool to stabilize the income distribution in a favorable situation. In the end, the effect of financial development is different according to the state of income distribution in rural areas and Kuznets hypothesis is not confirmed in rural areas. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, the effect of macroeconomic variables on the distribution of income in the rural areas of the country is different according to the conditions of the mentioned distribution and which strata of the society are prioritized, and the economic policy maker applies economic tools to Improving income distribution should take into account the mentioned conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the type of relationship between the level of government intervention in the economy and economic growth has always been one of the issues discussed in the field of public sector economics. The most important instrument of the government's intervention in the economy is the expenditure it spends, so that the amount of government expenditures and how it is allocated to different sectors often affects economic variables. In this research, the impact of government expenditure components, which include education, health and military expenditure, along with investment variables and employment rate, on Iran's economic growth during the period of 1350 to 1398 has been investigated. Based on the results of the smooth nonlinear transfer regression model, the nonlinear and threshold relationship in the model was confirmed and the results showed that in the first regime, the effect of health expenditure growth on economic growth was positive and the effect of military and educational expenditure growth was negative. In the second regime, the impact of the growth of health expenditures was negative and the impact of the growth of education and investment expenditures was also positive.

In order to implement structural reform in the government budget of Iran, it is necessary to analyze the budgetary characteristics. This paper attempts to identify the determinants of budget deficit by using ARDL modeling based on the Iranian budget records for the period 1964-2020. Theoretical and empirical evidence both show that three main factors including budgeting structure, macroeconomic situation, and political economic forces could play a definite role in the budget deficit. Long term estimated coefficients of the research models explain that budget deficit will be worsened with bigger size of government, and with the increase in the government expenditure dispersion in comparison with the government revenues dispersion, also with a bigger share of public investment in total investment, and finally with wider GDP gap and inflation gap. Correspondingly, more inequality of income leads to a bigger deficit. The results also indicate that in the economy of Iran expenditures are a driving force that brings about the budget deficit. It is evident that in a resource-based economy, an increase in revenues of resource exports would relocate the economy to the positive output gap and boom cycle that in turn will push governments to a higher level of expenditures and a budget deficit. During the recession period in which government revenues decline, the recurrent expenditures resist adjustment due to its sticky behavior, hence the deficit gets worse. Meanwhile, political economic factors such as weakness of the government power and pressure by interest groups, all together have magnifying effects on worsening the budget deficit. During the era that foreign reserves in Stabilization Account and National Development Fund were enough to compensate deficits, the presence of the wealth effect on government expenditures, and thus on the budget deficit, is confirmed.

This study attempts to investigate the effect of government spending on regional growth in Iran. The relationship between government spending and economic growth is one of the well-known topics in economic literature. One of the problems of developing countries is the failure to achieve sustainable economic growth, which not only causes economic problems such as recession and unemployment, but also cultural, political and social problems. The government economic stabilization policies can be used to narrow the gap between the potential and realized product and to maintain the product near its potential level. One key issue in the field of regional planning is to study and understand the geographical inequalities in different dimensions. In this paper, using the spatial econometric method, the relationship between government spending and regional growth is estimated by applying the regional data of Statistical Center of Iran during 2001-2017, and Excel and R software’s are used to perform the calculations. This study seeks to explain the growth of different regions using government spending, and to answer these questions: Does government spending have a significant effect on growth in the regions? Do the regions converge in terms of economic growth over time? The results indicate the negative effect of government spending, population growth and human capital on regional growth in Iran. In addition, the statistical significance of spatial correlation coefficient indicates the positive diffusion effects of regional economic growth.

The relationship between government spending and revenue during the budgetary disequilibrium can be considered as an important issue in public sector economics. This issue is of high importance in Iran, which oil revenue is the main source of government revenue. The aim of this study is to examine the response of government revenue and spending to budgetary disequilibrium in Iran using a three-variate model, accounting for oil revenue and testing the asymmetry of adjustment process during 1990-2016. The results support the tax-spending hypothesis for Iran. However, according to the long run relationship, the results show that oil revenue stimulates the government to spend more and to collect less tax, which confirms tax displacement hypothesis. ‏Moreover, when the government faces a budget deficit, only government spending responds to budgetary disequilibrium. According to the findings, Iran should reduce its oil-dependence and improve its tax collection system in order to reduce budget deficit.

With regard to the role of fiscal policy in reducing the financial crises, determining the magnitude of the fiscal policy multiplier after the 2007-2008 global crisis became one of the most challenging issues in the field of fiscal policy. In general, the magnitude of the fiscal policy multiplier is estimated larger than one according to the Keynesian viewpoint and smaller than one based on neoclassical viewpoint. The difference in the magnitude of the multiplier comes from the fact that economists believe that the fiscal policy multiplier is influenced by the degree of economic openness, the exchange rate regime, the way monetary policy is applied and the business cycle. Differences about the magnitude of the fiscal policy multiplier among schools of economic thought are evident in both theoretical and empirical dimensions. In this regard, this paper tries to estimate fiscal policy multiplier using structural vector autoregressive model (Blanchard and Peroti, 2002 method and Markov switching approach (Hall, 2009) using the seasonal data for Iran during the period (1990: 1-2017:3). The results of the structural vector autoregressive model showed that the instantaneous multiplier, 10-quarter cumulative multiplier, and the 20-quarter cumulative multiplier of the government expenditure were equal to 0.281, 0.304, and 0.445, respectively. In addition, the corresponding multipliers for taxes were -0. 079, - 0.107 and - 0.171, respectively. Since the fiscal policy multiplier varies based on the economic conditions, the results of the nonlinear Markov switching model showed that the government expenditure multiplier during the recession is 0.828 and it is larger than the same coefficient during the boom period (0.108), on one hand. On the other hand, the tax multiplier during the boom period (-0.194) is larger than its value during the period of recession (-0.092 ).

Referring to recent studies, considering the linear relationship between production and spending can lead to misleading results. Therefore, this study aimed at examining the asymmetric adjustment of government size and production in the Iranian economy, using the seasonal data of the 1969-1996 period and applying threshold vector error correction model (TVECM) to re-examining Wagner's law in Iran. The results of the study indicate that Wagner's law is valid for Iran's economy but there is a causal relationship between GDP and government (ratio of government expenditure to gross domestic product), since Wagner's law in the normal regime (a regime with shrinking shocks) and in the regime of boundaries (the regime with incremental shocks) Is established. In the case of a deviation from the long-run equilibrium, in the second regime, the Wagner's law is faster than the first regime, and, moreover.

Economic theories suggest that increasing uncertainty induces households to reduce the growth of their consumption expenditure. This study aims to examine how to change the consumption expenditure of Iranian households due to uncertainty in government expenditure. To do this, using annual data for 1978-2012, first, a measure for government expenditure uncertainty was introduced, and then its effects on household consumption behavior were analyzed. The results indicate that uncertainty in government expenditure has a negative and significant effect on growth of household consumption expenditure. On the other hand, the effect of government spending uncertainty on consumption expenditure of durable goods is positive. In other words, Iranian households in increasing uncertainty settings face with the growth of consumption spending on durable goods. Thus, the government needs to create transparency in fiscal policy, to reduce policy uncertainty for households as far as possible.

This study explores the effects of liquidity, government expenditure and market structure on the financial development of stock market. Analysis on seasonal data (2001/2-2011/4) is performed by using Vector Autoregressive model. Results of Granger Causality test show a strong causal relationship from government expenditures, liquidity and market structure on financial development of stock market. Also, the analysis of Impulse-Response function indicates a statistically positive and significant effect of market structure shock on financial development index for 5 terms. However, government expenditures and liquidity growth shock don’t have any statistically significant effect on it. Also, results of variance decomposition show that market structure shocks explain 48 percent of variance in financial development index, and 34 percent of variance of itself, in the long-run. However, liquidity and government expenditures growth don’t show any statistically significant effect.

The world is changing at a rapid pace and our viewpoint too. Moreover, the impact of government policy on social and economic growth is changing at the same pace. Many researchers have attempted to estimate the impact of government expenditures on economic growth. In this regard, they have used either a particular statistical model or Ram’s model (1986) employing a production function which criticized because of statistical limitations. The purpose of this article is to introduce an alternative theoretical framework based on the conventional demand theory applied by Bairam (1990). The annual time series data from 1974 to 2005 is employed to examine the effect of government size on economic growth in Iran. The empirical findings indicate that the government expenditures have a positive effect on economic growth which is consistent with the theory used in this paper and also it is in harmony with the empirical results of the similar studies.

Numerous studies using different models have carried out to investigate the effects of different kinds of government expenditure on economic variables. This paper, study the effects of government expenditures on the economic variables in Golestan Province using the social accounting matrix (SAM). To this end, using the multipliers analysis of the social accounting matrix for the year 1994,we examined the effects of government current and development expenditures on products, value added and employment in different economic sectors of the region. One of the advantages of this procedure is the possibility of studying the effects of government expenditures on macroeconomic variables in the region by disagregating them into several sectors. The results indicate that government expenditures on public services and machinary let to more economic activities in the region in comparison with. other sectors. In addition, current expenditures caused more value added in comparison with the government investment in infrastructure in the region.