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The physiological disorder of citrus granulation is one of the qualitative issues in consumer markets that is not visually detectable. One of the applicable methods for the non-destructive study of the internal tissue of agricultural products is the visible and near-infrared spectroscopy technique. In this research, the VIS/NIR signals in the wavelength range of 200-1100 nanometers were recorded for each sample. Spectroscopy was performed on the samples With contact. Then, the amount of reflectance was calculated in the interaction mode, and absorption spectra were normalized using the Min-Max method. Subsequently, the recorded spectra were smoothed by the moving average (MA) method, the Stavisky-Golay algorithm was applied to each spectrum, and seven statistical features were extracted from each spectrum. Five levels were defined to show the intensity and amount of granulation in the internal tissue of oranges, including levels A, B, C, D, and E. The degree of granulation of each sample was defined based on the dryness and appearance of the dried area using a destructive method. Support vector regression (SVR) and support vector machine (SVM) were used to estimate oranges' moisture content and detect granulation levels in oranges, respectively. The results showed that with the increase and development of the intensity of granulation, the juice bags become harder, drier, and bigger. Their water content decreased; the highest moisture content of oranges was 90.97% in the state without granulated lesions, and the lowest was 83.36% in the state where more than 75% of its tissue was granulated. Also, the examination of ViS-NIR spectra showed that with the development of granulation in oranges, the absorption in the 400-950 nanometer range significantly decreased, and the difference in absorption intensity for different levels of granulation was maximum in the 570-850 nanometer range. Granulation level detection results showed that the overall accuracy of the support vector machine for linear, polynomial, and Gaussian radial kernels was 92.50%, 96.50%, and 95.00%, respectively. The sensitivity of SVM with polynomial kernel in detecting the levels A, B, C, D, and E granulation were equal to 98.0%, 91.40%, 97.30%, 96.80%, and 95.70%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The remaining evidences of the functioning of the glaciers express the past climatic conditions. Kona Goorg valley is located in Chikhdar region in the southwest of West Azarbaijan and has recorded climate changes in its bed. These changes in the late Pleistocene have had a significant effect on the landforms. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the temperature and humidity changes and glacial evidence of the last cold period in Kunegorg valley, northwest of Piranshahr. The research method includes field investigations, sampling, reconstruction methods of temperature and humidity changes, grain analysis and xrd. The results showed that the permanent snow line in the late Pleistocene was about 2563.6 meters. The average rainfall in the region is about 233.8 mm more than the current time and the average annual temperature is about 6.45 degrees Celsius lower than the current time, so the temperature and precipitation conditions are suitable for the formation of glaciers. The decrease in the temperature of the region compared to the present time and the low level of evaporation, which has allowed the accumulation of snow in the region above the equilibrium line, has created the possibility of the formation of glaciers. The results of xrd analysis showed the predominance of chlorite mineral in the surface sample and its absence in the deep sample, which indicates the physical destruction of ultramafic and serpentine rocks in the region. Field observations indicate the possibility of three phases of glacial expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypothesis: Methylene blue and crys‌tal violet dyes are the mos‌t widely used dyes in some indus‌tries such as textiles, silk, and wood. Accumulation of cationic dyes in water resources is harmful to humans, animals, and the environment, so their removal from the effluents of the dyeing indus‌try is essential. Among all the treatment methods, adsorption is one of the mos‌t attractive routes for the treatment of polluted water due to its low cos‌t and simplicity of design. According to the s‌tudies, it can be seen that zeolites modified with iron nanoparticles show a high adsorption capacity in the removal of dyes. However, the use of adsorbents in the form of fine powders is s‌till difficult and their use in continuous sys‌tems is limited due to the cracking and the pressure drop. Methods: To solve the problems of adsorbents in powder form, the ionic gelation method was used to prepare a granular adsorbent based on natural zeolite clinoptilolite modified with Fe3O4 nanoparticles. In order to prepare granules with suitable appearance and high adsorption percentage, the effect of various parameters such as initial pH of the solution, type and concentration of the crosslinking solution and initial ratio of alginate to nanocomposite was inves‌tigated. The synthesized granules were inves‌tigated by XRD, SEM-EDX and BET analysis.Findings: The results showed that the pH was ineffective and the iron (III) chloride solution was optimal with a concentration of (2 w/v%) and an initial ratio of 1:4 alginate to nanocomposite. The maximum adsorption capacity of the prepared granules towards methylene blue and crys‌tal violet adsorption was determined as 12.484 mg/g and 11.904 mg/g by Langmuir isotherm, respectively, which indicated to a high ability of the prepared granules to remove these cationic dyes.

Bed shear stress is one of the most important hydraulic parameters to determine the amount of bed and suspended load and the bed and bank scouring in rivers. Bed shear stress depends on bedforms (ripples, dunes, and anti-dunes) in alluvial rivers. In this study, the effect of artificial ripple bedforms on bed shear stress has been investigated. Two types of uniform granulation with average sizes (d50) of 0.51 and 2.18 mm were used to roughen the surface of the artificial ripples. The bedform length and height were 20 and 4 cm, respectively. The angles of its upstream and downstream to the horizon were selected equal to 16.4 and 32 degrees, respectively. Different flow rates (Q= 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 l/s) and different bed slopes (S= 0, 0.0001, 0.0005, 0.001, and 0.0015) were examined. The results showed that by increasing the particle size on the bed surface, total shear stress b (τb), grain-related bed-shear stress τb (τb ) τb, and form-related bed-shear stress b ( τb) τb increase. The value of τb, τb , and τb in bed form roughened by sediment size of 2.18 mm were, on average, 22.38, 30.86, and 22.3% more than the bed form roughened by sediment size of 0.51 mm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research conducted various experiments using a wind tunnel on soil samples from the most critical parts of dust sources in southeastern of Ahvaz. The main goal of this study is to show the effect of moisture on the movement of soil particles in the dust centers. The laboratory work was carried out in two parts: a: Addition of water to completely disturbed soil surface (wetting in the bag) b: Addition of water to soil layers of samples wetting that was named pseudo undisturbed soil. The results showed that dust generation under natural conditions (dry soils) in a laboratory wind tunnel will be 53 times more than the pseudo undisturbed soils with moisture content of 2-4% in volume. Moreover, soils with moisture contents of 5-8 and 10-12% do not differ significantly from those with 2-4% moisture content in preventing dust generation. If soil surface is disturbed after it is provided with adequate moisture, not only will dust generation not decrease compared to the case when the soil surface was dry but it will also increase by 25 percent. The practical point of this study is that in the study area, increasing soil moisture between 2 to 4% can greatly reduce the formation of dust.

Many factors including climate, type of rootstock, soil properties, geological factors, plant nutrition and irrigation affect the quantity and quality of orange fruit. In this study, the relations between citrus orchards conditions, their soil properties and leaf elements concentration and fruit quality were evaluated. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design and soil, fruit and leaf samples were collected from six different regions of Darab, Fars, Iran. After fruit sampling, land properties such as physiographic features, slope, gravel, altitude and soil physical and chemical properties such as percent of sand, silt, clay, organic matter, calcium carbonate, pH and electrical conductivity and also N, P, K, Fe and Zn availability were determined. Several morphological and qualitative characteristics of fruit including, rind and flesh weight, rind thickness, length, diameter, fruit granulation, flavor, sugar and fruit juice acidity were determined. The contents of N, P, K, Fe and Zn in the collected leaves were determined. Three random samples were taken for each orchard and each replicate consisted of one tree. Results showed that fruit weight was correlated with the land slope, soil pH, electrical conductivity, soil organic matter content, soil N, P and K and leaf K content. Rind thickness showed a significant positive correlation with parameters such as land slope, electrical conductivity, organic matter, silt, clay and soil N, P and Zn and leaf N and K content. However, there was a significant negative correlation between rind thickness and soil gravel and sand contents. The relations between fruit granulation and soils calcium carbonate, gravel, organic matter content and soil K concentration were significant. TSS to TA ratio in fruit juices had significant negative correlation with land altitude, soils silt, calcium carbonate contents and leaf K content. Generally, many soil properties had significant effects on fruit quality but it seems that soil texture, organic matter, pH, P and K were more effective on fruit quality.

Introduction:Lysine is an essential amino acid and has importance in food and pharmaceutical industry. Nowadays, there are different methods such as genetic and growth media optimization to enhance the lysine production. One of the useful methods in optimization of growth media is the response surface methodology. Materials and methods: In this study, lysine was produced by wild type of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC15032 and the production increased by response surface methodology. After selection of M9 culture media as a basic culture media, the effect of different factors such as carbon (glucose), nitrogen (ammonium sulphate) sources and methionine, as an additive, were studied on the lysine production. Then, the culture media and the time of incubation were optimized by response surface methodologyforlysine production. Results: The results showed that in M9 culture media, the amount of the produced lysine was 0.7 milligram per liter. In the optimized culture media (by response surface methodology) which has 14% glucose, 5% ammonium sulphate and 5mM methionine, lysine was produced up to 0.98 gram per liter after 2.5 days incubation. Pareto analysis indicated that methionine is the most effective factor in the lysine production. Finally, the results of granulation showed that the optimum condition for granulation of culture media (containing lysine) was achieved by adding starch, ammonium sulphate and sodium chloride in low pH and 100 °C. Discussion and conclusion: According to the results, the proposed culture media by response surface methodology causes 1400 times increase in the lysine production compared with M9 culture media and methionine had an important role in the production of lysine, probably by inhibiting the other metabolic pathway which has common metabolic precursor with lysine production metabolic pathway.

Many factors including climate, type of rootstock, soil properties, geological factors, plant nutrition and irrigation affect the quantity and quality of orange fruit. In this study, the relations between citrus orchards conditions, their soil properties and leaf elements concentration and fruit quality were evaluated. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design and soil, fruit and leaf samples were collected from six different regions of Darab, Fars, Iran. After fruit sampling, land properties such as physiographic features, slope, gravel, altitude and soil physical and chemical properties such as percent of sand, silt, clay, organic matter, calcium carbonate, pH and electrical conductivity and also N, P, K, Fe and Zn availability were determined. Several morphological and qualitative characteristics of fruit including, rind and flesh weight, rind thickness, length, diameter, fruit granulation, flavor, sugar and fruit juice acidity were determined. The contents of N, P, K, Fe and Zn in the collected leaves were determined. Three random samples were taken for each orchard and each replicate consisted of one tree. Results showed that fruit weight was correlated with the land slope, soil pH, electrical conductivity, soil organic matter content, soil N, P and K and leaf K content. Rind thickness showed a significant positive correlation with parameters such as land slope, electrical conductivity, organic matter, silt, clay and soil N, P and Zn and leaf N and K content. However, there was a significant negative correlation between rind thickness and soil gravel and sand contents. The relations between fruit granulation and soils calcium carbonate, gravel, organic matter content and soil K concentration were significant. TSS to TA ratio in fruit juices had significant negative correlation with land altitude, soils silt, calcium carbonate contents and leaf K content. Generally, many soil properties had significant effects on fruit quality but it seems that soil texture, organic matter, pH, P and K were more effective on fruit quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Different treatments have been tried for healing burn wounds each of which has had its own effects and complications. Therefore, researchers have attempted to develop methods for more rapid wound healing with fewer complications and greater patient satisfaction. This study investigated the effect of topical application of vitamin C solution on granulation tissue formation resulting from burn wounds. Methods: Thirty patients hospitalized in the Burns Ward were divided into the control and intervention groups. The intervention group received topical application of vitamin C solution together with silver sulfadiazine ointment whereas only silver sulfadiazine ointment was used for the control group. Wound healing was observed and given scores on days 1, 3, 7 and 14 using the Bates-Jensen Wound Assessment Tool. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS 16. Results: The results of repeated measures ANOVA showed that there were statistically significant between the two groups with respect to the mean scores for granulation tissue formation (P=0.004). Moreover, topical application of vitamin C significantly improved granulation tissue formation. As for intragroup effects also, the duration of the treatment had statistically significant effects on the mean score given for granulation tissue formation; i.e., there were significant differences between the mean scores given for days 1, 3, 7 and 17 (P=0.000; F=264.430). Conclusion: This study showed that vitamin C has accelerating effect on wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays compost fertilizers are suitable alternative to chemical fertilizers, due to the threats for human health and agriculture products. The most important problems for applying the compost fertilizer in the farm are: transportation (high volume), high moisture content, spreading problem, impurity such as dust and storage. To solve the problems mentioned, pressing process such as converting the compost to pellets and granules are suggested. In this research the effects of some granulation parameters on the percent of useful granules in a laboratory scale rotating drum was evaluated. The percentage of useful granules decreased by increasing the granulation time and increased by increasing the percentage of drum filling. The optimal conditions for granules production was achieved at drum rotational speed of 40.38 rpm, granulation time of 15 min, drum filling of 10% and molasse percentage of 40.97. According to these conditions, the response for useful granule was estimated as 81.6% with R2 of 0.924.

Introduction: Lysine is an essential amino acid and has importance in food and pharmaceutical industry. Nowadays, there are different methods such as genetic and growth media optimization to enhance the lysine production. One of the useful methods in optimization of growth media is the response surface methodology. Materials and methods: In this study, lysine was produced by wild type of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC15032 and the production increased by response surface methodology. After selection of M9 culture media as a basic culture media, the effect of different factors such as carbon (glucose), nitrogen (ammonium sulphate) sources and methionine, as an additive, were studied on the lysine production. Then, the culture media and the time of incubation were optimized by response surface methodology for lysine production. Results: The results showed that in M9 culture media, the amount of the produced lysine was 0.7 milligram per liter. In the optimized culture media (by response surface methodology) which has 14% glucose, 5% ammonium sulphate and 5mM methionine, lysine was produced up to 0.98 gram per liter after 2.5 days incubation. Pareto analysis indicated that methionine is the most effective factor in the lysine production. Finally, the results of granulation showed that the optimum condition for granulation of culture media (containing lysine) was achieved by adding starch, ammonium sulphate and sodium chloride in low pH and 100 °C. Discussion and conclusion: According to the results, the proposed culture media by response surface methodology causes 1400 times increase in the lysine production compared with M9 culture media and methionine had an important role in the production of lysine, probably by inhibiting the other metabolic pathway which has common metabolic precursor with lysine production metabolic pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Aerobic sludge granulation is an advanced phenomenonin which its mechanisms have not been understood. Granulation can be a promising and novel biological wastewater treatment technology to eliminate organic and inorganic materials in future. High salinity is a parameter which leads to plasmolisatian and reduction of the cell activity. This could be a problem for biological treatment of the saline wastewater. Aerobic granule was formed and investigated during this study. Materials and Methods: This study is an intervention study on the treatment of wastewater with 500-10000 mg/L concentration of NaCl by sequencing batch reactor. Asynthesized wastewater including nutrient required for microorganism's growth was prepared. Input and output pH and EC were measured. Range of pH and DO varied between 7-8, and 2-5 mg/L, respectively. SEM technology was used to identify graduals properties. Results: In terms of color, granules divided into two groups of light brown and black.Granule ranged in 3-7mm with the sediment velocity of 0.9-1.35 m/s and density of 32-60 g/L. Properties of granules were varied. Filamentous bacteria and fungi were dominant in some granules. However non filamentous bacteria were dominant in others. EDX analysis indicated the presence of Ca and PO4. Conclusion: Granules with non filamentous bacterial were compact and settled faster. Presence of different concentrations of salinity leaded to plasmolysis of the bacterial cells and increased concentrations of EPS in the system as a result of which granulation accelerated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]