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Introduction: Oxidative stress is involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. It seems that the intake of exogenous antioxidants may be effective in preventing, treating, and reducing the complications of these diseases. Astaxanthin is a carotenoid pigment with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, protecting the nervous system. The present study aimed to assess the effect of astaxanthin on the amount of malondialdehyde and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase) after oxidative stress with hydrogen peroxide in the human neuroblastoma cell line BE (2)-C. Material & Methods: Human neuroblastoma cells were treated in this study with different concentrations of astaxanthin (25, 50, and 100 μM) or 50 μM ascorbic acid (positive control) for 24 h. To induce oxidative stress, they were exposed to hydrogen peroxide at a concentration of 400 μM for 2 h. There was also a control group without treatment and without inducing oxidative stress. The amount of malondialdehyde as an index of oxidative stress and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were measured using calorimetric methods. Results: The obtained results demonstrated that the malondialdehyde concentration was significantly reduced in the groups treated with different concentrations of astaxanthin and ascorbic acid compared to the hydrogen peroxide group (P<0.05). The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase also increased significantly in these groups compared to the group with oxygenated water (P<0.05). Discussion & Conclusion: Astaxanthin appears to counteract the oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide by lowering malondialdehyde levels and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes in BE (2)C cells, thereby protecting the cells from the impact of oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy of the oral cavity, which is usually caused by the most common premalignant lesion of oral leukoplakia (OL). For changes of dysplasia and malignancy, the level of antioxidants in the blood and tissue of patients changes significantly, which may be effective in early diagnosis of malignancies. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate antioxidants (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) in the blood of patients with OSCC and OL. Material & Methods: This study is a case-control study and was conducted on 75 blood samples of patients with OSCC and OL referred to the Cancer Institute of Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ilam. Enzymatic antioxidants [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] and non-enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbic acid, beta-carotene, vitamin E) were evaluated in the blood of patients. The data obtained from this study were evaluated by ANOVA test and the significance level (P<0.5) was considered. Results: The results showed that the mean age in the HC group was similar in both sexes, while in the OL group, the age of women was 4 years younger, and in the OSCC group, the age of women was 2 years older than men. CAT, as an antioxidant indicator, significantly increased in the OL group compared to the HC group and OSCC group (P < 0.000). Also, CAT and SOD activity in OSCC serum samples significantly decreased compared to the HC group (P < 0.000). GPx also showed a significant decrease in both OL and OSCC groups compared to the HC group (P < 0.000). The results related to the non-enzymatic antioxidant factors, beta-carotene, vitamin E, and ascorbic acid, significantly decreased in both OL and OSCC groups compared to the HC group (beta-carotene (P < 0.000), vitamin E (P < 0.000), and ascorbic acid (P < 0.000)). Discussion & Conclusion: The results of this study show that the level of enzymatic antioxidants and beta-carotene in is not related to the degree of dysplasia of oral leukoplakia, therefore, it is not possible to predict the probability of occurrence of malignant oral lesions based on the measurement of the level of antioxidants in patients with OL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Objective: Supplementation of elements such as selenium into a diet is one of the ways to improve fertility. The effects of selenium supplementation vary and are strongly influenced by the source and amount of dietary selenium. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the influence of different sources of oral selenium supplementation on the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and lipid peroxidation of semen in aged broiler breeder roosters. Material and Methods: This research was carried out using 120 broilers aged 45 weeks in a completely randomized design with 10 treatments and 4 replicates and 3 birds in each replicate. The experimental treatments included: the control diet based on standard nutrition requirements of roosters, and adding the following sources of selenium to the basic diet at levels of 0.0, 0.15, 0.30, and 0.45 mg/kg, including sodium selenite, organic selenium, and selenium nano-biochelate. After two weeks of feeding with the basal diet, the roosters received the experimental treatments for 40 days from the beginning of the age of 47 weeks. Semen was collected by abdominal massage from roosters every 10 days once and then the total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase activity, semen lipid peroxidation, and plasma testosterone concentration were measured at the beginning and end of the experiment. Data analysis was done using the GLM procedure of SAS 9.4 software (2012). Results: It was observed that higher levels of selenium (0.30 and 0.45 mg/kg) improved TAC, GPx activity, and decreased lipid peroxidation compared to the control group. Also, the level of 0.30 mg/kg selenium from Celemax and BondaSel sources led to the highest level of glutathione peroxidase activity compared to other treatments (P≤0.05). The highest amount of lipid peroxidation was observed in the control and 0.15 mg/kg of sodium selenite groups. The highest level of total antioxidant capacity and the highest glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity was observed on day 20 of the experiment in the group receiving 0.30 mg/kg Celemax and on day 10 of the experiment in the 0.30 mg/kg sodium selenite groups respectively. The lowest amount of lipid peroxidation on day 20 of the experiment was related to the 0.30 mg/kg BendaSel group. Testosterone concentration in the 0.30 mg/kg Celemax group was significantly higher than the control and 0.15 mg/kg Celemax groups, but no differences were observed among other treatments. Conclusion: The results showed diet supplementation of 0.30 mg/kg of selenium from organic sources (Celemax and BondaSel) to the diet improves the reproductive performance of aged roosters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extended Abstract Introduction and Objective: Supplementation of elements such as selenium into a diet is one of the ways to improve fertility. The effects of selenium supplementation vary and are strongly influenced by the source and amount of dietary selenium. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the influence of different sources of oral selenium supplementation on the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and lipid peroxidation of semen in aged broiler breeder roosters. Material and Methods: This research was carried out using 120 broilers aged 45 weeks in a completely randomized design with 10 treatments and 4 replicates and 3 birds in each replicate. The experimental treatments included: the control diet based on standard nutrition requirements of roosters, and adding the following sources of selenium to the basic diet at levels of 0.0, 0.15, 0.30, and 0.45 mg/kg, including sodium selenite, organic selenium, and selenium nano-bio-chelate. After two weeks of feeding with the basal diet, the roosters received the experimental treatments for 40 days from the beginning of the age of 47 weeks. Semen was collected by abdominal massage from roosters every 10 days once and then the total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase activity, semen lipid peroxidation, and plasma testosterone concentration were measured at the beginning and end of the experiment. Data analysis was done using the GLM procedure of SAS 9.4 software (2012). Results: It was observed that higher levels of selenium (0.30 and 0.45 mg/kg) improved TAC, GPx activity, and decreased lipid peroxidation compared to the control group. Also, the level of 0.30 mg/kg selenium from Celemax and BondaSel sources led to the highest level of glutathione peroxidase activity compared to other treatments (P≤0.05). The highest amount of lipid peroxidation was observed in the control and 0.15 mg/kg of sodium selenite groups. The highest level of total antioxidant capacity and the highest glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity was observed on day 20 of the experiment in the group receiving 0.30 mg/kg Celemax and on day 10 of the experiment in the 0.30 mg/kg sodium selenite groups respectively. The lowest amount of lipid peroxidation on day 20 of the experiment was related to the 0.30 mg/kg BendaSel group. Testosterone concentration in the 0.30 mg/kg Celemax group was significantly higher than the control and 0.15 mg/kg Celemax groups, but no differences were observed among other treatments. Conclusion: The results showed diet supplementation of 0.30 mg/kg of selenium from organic sources (Celemax and BondaSel) to the diet improves the reproductive performance of aged roosters.

Introduction: Diabetes is a type of metabolic disease and one of the most common endocrine diseases. Oxidative stress and inflammation play an important role in the development and progression of diabetes. mTOR signaling pathway play an important role in glucose homeostasis and proliferation of pancreatic beta cells. In the present study, the therapeutic effects of p-cymene on oxidative stress markers and expression of the mTOR gene in diabetic male Wistar rats were investigated. Methods: Diabetes was induced by injecting 55 mg/kg body weight of streptozotocin. Biochemical analyses of pancreatic tissue and real-time PCR were done to investigate the effects of metformin (55 mg/kg body weight) and p-cymene (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight) on the activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes and mTOR gene expression. Results: Streptozotocin decreased catalase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes and decreased the expression of the mTOR gene in pancreatic tissue. Treatment with metformin or p-cymene improved the activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes and the expression of the mTOR gene in a dose-independent manner. Conclusions: Results indicate that p-cymene has antioxidant properties and can regulate the mTOR signaling pathway. Therefore, p-cymene may be effective for the treatment of diabetes alone or in combination with metformin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The pathogenic mechanism underlying non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and progression from non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is not entirely understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of resistance training on the level of antioxidant enzymes in liver tissue of male Wistar rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver. Materials and Methods: In the present experimental study, 21 adult male Wistar rats were purchased and randomly divided into three groups: control, high fat diet and high fat diet+ resistance training groups. Animals in the high-fat diet groups received a high-fat diet including a combination of fructose, carbon tetrachloride and olive oil for 23 weeks. The training group while receiving a high-fat diet, in the final 8 weeks performed the progressive resistance training protocol including carrying weights equivalent to 30 to 100 percent of body weight three sessions a week. At the end of the intervention, level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzymes in liver tissue were measured by enzyme colorimetric method. Also, liver histopathology was performed to confirm the biochemical results. The data collected were analyzed using statistical tests of one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's follow-up test. Results: Liver SOD enzyme level in the high-fat diet+ resistance training group showed significant increase in compared to the high-fat diet group (p = 0.035), but liver GPX enzyme level did not change significantly in the three groups (p = 0.085). The histopathological examination of the liver also confirmed the changes caused by the high-fat diet and the protective effects of resistance training. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be said that resistance training can significantly improve the disorder of antioxidant enzymes and liver tissue steatosis caused by high-fat diet in male Wistar rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Increased production of free radicals occurs due to intense and unconventional physical activity. The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of six weeks of high intensity interval training and Matcha green tea on some cellular oxidants (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in women. Materials and methods: A quasi-experimental applied research was performed in 48 untrained women aged 25-35 years in Tehran, Iran. They were randomly divided into four groups, including supplement (n=12), exercise (n=12), supplement + exercise (n=12), and placebo (n=12). High intensity interval training was performed for six weeks at 85% - 95% maximum heart rate. The supplement groups consumed two capsules of Matcha tea (500 mg) orally daily. MDA and GPX measurements were done using 5mL of blood sampling from the brachial vein at pre-test and post-test stages. Data analysis was carried out in SPSS V23. Results: In current study, high intensity interval training had no significant effect on MDA and GPX indices in inactive women (P>0.05). But, consumption of Matcha tea alone and with exercise showed significant effects on reducing MDA and increasing GPX in women (P< 0.05). Conclusion: It seems that consuming Matcha green tea alongside high intensity interval training in short term can have effects on oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity.

Introduction: Fluoxetine is a drug used to treat depression and has toxic effects on liver cells. Thymoquinone, the most important active ingredient in black seed (Nigella sativa), has several pharmacological effects, including sedation, reduced motor activity, and muscle relaxation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of thymoquinone on reducing the hepatotoxicity effects of fluoxetine. Methods: A total of forty Wistar rats were treated with fluoxetine, thymoquinone, and silymarin for four weeks. Different techniques, including biochemical analysis, qRT-PCR, and histopathological examination, were performed to investigate the effect of drugs on the oxidant/antioxidant system and inflammatory responses. Results: Our results revealed that fluoxetine increased lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation and inhibited antioxidant systems in rat hepatocytes. In addition, fluoxetine increased the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α and also the migration of lymphocytes to liver cells. In contrast, thymoquinone (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) significantly decreased MDA, PC, and TNF-α levels. Moreover, thymoquinone enhanced the catalytic activity of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and GSH. Thymoquinone only at a dose of 40 mg/kg can inhibit the infiltration of lymphocytes into the liver. Conclusion: Thymoquinone exerted liver protective effects against fluoxetine hepatotoxicity by inducing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study suggests that thymoquinone, in combination with fluoxetine, can be used to reduce liver damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Aging is associated with metabolic disorders. Although the beneficial effects of exercise and resveratrol consumption in the health of the elderly has been reported, the combined effect of intermittent swimming and resveratrol consumption on the antioxidant system in liver tissue is not clear yet. Objective This study aims to investigate the combined effect of intermittent swimming and resveratrol consumption on the expression of superoxide dismutases (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver tissue of older rats. Methods In this experimental study, 32 elder rats were divided into four groups: control, swimming, resveratrol and swimming+resveratrol. The resveratrol (100 mg) dissolved in 1% methylcellulose was administrated daily by gavage. The swimming was performed at three sessions per week. The GPx and SOD expression levels were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction method, and the MDA level was measured by ELISA method. Results The GPx level in the swimming+resveratrol group were significantly higher than in the control (P=0.001), resveratrol (P=0.04) and swimming (P=0.002) groups. MDA levels in the resveratrol (P=0.001), swimming (P=0.001) and swimming+resveratrol (P=0.001) groups were significantly lower than in the control group; in the swimming+resveratrol group, it was significantly lower than the resveratrol (P=0.001) and swimming (P=0.009) groups. Conclusion It seems that intermittent swimming and resveratrol consumption have favorable effects on improving the antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidation in liver tissue. Therefore, it is recommended to use intermittent swimming and resveratrol to prevent liver damage in the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effect of foliar application of ascorbic acid on the activity of antioxidant enzymes in mung bean (Vigna radiate L.) under water-deficit stress, a field trial was performed in a split-plot design arranged in completely randomized block design with three replications in the Education and Research Center of Natural Resources Safiabad, Dezful during the two cultivation years (2017 and 2018). Four levels of water-deficit stress treatments were considered in the main plots (25, 50, 75, and 100% of plant water requirement) and combined treatment of foliar application of ascorbic acid in three levels (control, 10, and 20 mM) and genotype including Omidbakhsh VC6173 and Partow cultivars as subplots. The results of mean comparison showed that the highest levels of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase were observed in water-deficit stress of 25% water requirement and no foliar application of ascorbic acid. The highest activity of catalase enzyme was observed under water-deficit stress of 50% water requirement and no foliar application of ascorbic acid. Also, the highest activity of guaiacol peroxidase enzyme was observed in Omidbakhsh VC6173 cultivar under water-deficit stress of 25% water requirement and no foliar application of ascorbic acid. The highest glutathione peroxidase activity was observed in VC6173 cultivar under water-deficit stress of 75% water requirement and 10 mM foliar application of ascorbic acid. Results showed that dehydration stress significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes while foliar application of ascorbic acid due to its antioxidant properties reduced the effects of stress and thus reducing the activity of antioxidant enzymes

Background: Drug-induced epilepsy can be caused by certain medications and chemical agents. Oxidizing agents are among the chemical compounds that cause epilepsy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anticonvulsant and antioxidant effects of amitriptyline on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure in male rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 28 male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were used. Rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=7): Control (0.5 ml normal saline), PTZ (PTZ, 60 mg/kg), treatment group 1 (PTZ, 60 mg/kg + amitriptyline, 10 mg/kg), treatment group 2 (PTZ, 60 mg/kg+ amitriptyline, 20 mg/kg). All injections were intraperitoneal. At the end of the experiments, the rats were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (50 mg/kg) + xylazine (10 mg/kg) and their blood samples were directly drawn from the heart and then the sera were isolated. Oxidative stress markers such as GPx, MDA, NO and GSH were measured. The results were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test to examine the differences between the groups. Results: The results of this study showed that the delay in myoclonic jerks increased in the amitriptyline-treated groups compared to the PTZ group. Also, the delay of general tonic-clonic seizures increased in the treated groups compared to the PTZ group. In addition, serum levels of GSH and GPx in the PTZ group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group. Serum levels of MDA and NO in the PTZ group showed a significant increase compared to the control group. Conclusion: Amitriptyline is able to reduce the seizures induced by PTZ injection in rats. Also, it showed a suppressing effect on some oxidizing agents in this study.

Background and purpose: Increased production of free radicals occurs due to intense and unconventional physical activity. The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of six weeks of high intensity interval training and Matcha green tea on some cellular oxidants (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in women. Materials and methods: A quasi-experimental applied research was performed in 48 untrained women aged 25-35 years in Tehran, Iran. They were randomly divided into four groups, including supplement (n=12), exercise (n=12), supplement + exercise (n=12), and placebo (n=12). High intensity interval training was performed for six weeks at 85% - 95% maximum heart rate. The supplement groups consumed two capsules of Matcha tea (500 mg) orally daily. MDA and GPX measurements were done using 5mL of blood sampling from the brachial vein at pre-test and post-test stages. Data analysis was carried out in SPSS V23. Results: In current study, high intensity interval training had no significant effect on MDA and GPX indices in inactive women (P>0.05). But, consumption of Matcha tea alone and with exercise showed significant effects on reducing MDA and increasing GPX in women (P< 0.05). Conclusion: It seems that consuming Matcha green tea alongside high intensity interval training in short term can have effects on oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Overweight and obesity are related to increased production of free radicals, weakened immune system and metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training and spirulina consumption on the antioxidant indices of overweight and obese men. Materials and Methods: In the present study, which was semi-experimental, practical and single-blind, 44 men (BMI>25(kg/m² )) were purposefully selected and randomly divided into four groups: exercise+spirulina, exercise+placebo, spirulina and placebo. Incremental resistance exercises were performed for 8 weeks. The spirulina and placebo groups took 2 tablets (500 mg) of spirulina and placebo, respectively. Blood sampling was done before and after 8 weeks. In data analysis, t-test (student) and one-way analysis of variance were used. Results: In intra-group comparison, the amount of CAT, SOD and GSH-Px increased significantly in two groups of exercise+spirulina and exercise+placebo (p<0.05). For the SOD variable, the exercise+spirulina group had a significant increase compared to the other three groups and the exercise+placebo group compared to the placebo group (p<0.05). For the GSH-Px variable, the exercise+spirulina group had a significant increase compared to the spirulina and placebo group and the exercise+placebo group compared to the placebo group (p<0.05). CAT changes were not significant between groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Taking spirulina along with resistance training can strengthen the antioxidant status in overweight and obese people and prevent oxidative stress caused by exercise and obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: The use of deep frying oils (DFO) for cooking due to their toxic compounds, oxidation and per-oxidation of lipids and proteins in the long term can lead to neurodegenerative damage and causes the loss of nerve and glial cells of the CNS. Antioxidant defenses include antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase, which act as protective mechanisms in brain tissue and reduce the effects of oxidative stress on the brain by removing free radicals. Reactive lipid aldehydes during a process called carbonylation, change the structure of cellular proteins and create protein carbonyl (PC) which indicates the overall oxidation of proteins and one of the markers of oxidative stress. Methods: In this study, 30 adult male rats with an average weight of 300-350 gr were examined and tested. The rats were kept in special cages with a temperature of 23 ±3 ° C, humidity of 50% and a cycle of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness and were subjected to a standard diet. The subjects were divided into 5 equal groups(n=6) including: 1) Control (CO), 2) Control+DFO (DFO), 3) exercise+DFO, 4) DFO+octopamine,5) DFO+exercise+octopamine. Eight liters of sunflower oil were exposed to 190 - 200 °C for 4 days and eight hours each day. On the first day, the oil was exposed to heat. But from the second day, every day, chicken nuggets, carbohydrates and protein products were fried in it for eight hours. At the beginning of the first week, the subjects were exposed to deep frying oils poisoning 0/1cc per 100 gr of body weight. After induction of DFO intoxication by gavage, octopamine supplementation was injected at doses 81 mMol / kg body weight into rats for 4 weeks. Also, the aerobic exercise protocol was performed for 4 weeks, five times a week on a treadmill at a speed of 26 meters per minute for 20 minutes per day. Chemical analyzes were performed by ELISA method to evaluate the concentration of protein carbonyl (PC) and the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) on cerebellum tissue of rats. Data were analyzed by independent-samples t-test, ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test at (p <0.05) significancy level . Results: The results of this study showed that the concentration of PC in DFO-fed rats increased significantly while the activity of GPx enzyme decreased significantly compared to the control group. It was observed in the groups aerobic exercise increased GPx activity significantly in cerebellum tissue. Also octopamine supplementation increased GPx activity significantly. Although the highest level of GPx activity was observed in the trained group receiving octopamine supplementation, but the interaction between aerobic exercise and octopamine supplementation did not show a significant effect on GPx activity. Aerobic exercise reduced the concentration of PC significantly in cerebellum tissue. Also octopamine supplementation reduced PC concentration significantly. In spite of the lowest concentration of PC was observed in the group of aerobic exercise and octopamine supplementation, the synergistic effects of octopamine and exercise on reducing PC levels were not significant. Conclusion: Nowadays, due to the industrialization of societies and changes in people's lifestyles, the consumption of instant and ready meals, which are often cooked by frying in high-temperature oils, shows a growing trend. Studies have shown that the constant use of fast foods because they are prepared by frying in heated oils several times poses serious health risks and causes obesity, hypertension, neurodegenerative diseases, diseases cardiovascular, type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders. Due to the importance of this issue, in this study, the effects of consuming deep frying oils (DFO) on the induction of oxidative stress in the cerebellum tissue of rats were first studied. For this purpose, transformation of protein carbonyl (PC) as a marker of induction of oxidative stress in the body and changes in the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as one of the active antioxidant enzymes in the body's defense system against oxidative stress were measured in DFO fed rats. As expected, the results of ELISA tests showed that PC increased and GPx activity decreased in the rats fed by DFO compared to the control group, which indicates the induction of oxidative stress in the treatment group. The results of this study showed that aerobic exercise combined with octopamine can reduce the oxidative damage caused by unhealthy diets such as deep frying oils in the brain tissue of rats. The use of octopamine with aerobic exercise through regulation of protein carbonyl levels and the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as GPx appears to be effective in improving the risk of oxidative damage to brain tissue in rats fed deep frying oils. Therefore, it is recommended to use these two interventions as a suitable solution to support the nervous system against oxidative damage in the conditions of regular intake of deep frying oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Drug-induced epilepsy can be caused by certain medications and chemical agents. Oxidizing agents are among the chemical compounds that cause epilepsy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anticonvulsant and antioxidant effects of amitriptyline on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure in male rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 28 male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were used. Rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=7): Control (0.5 ml normal saline), PTZ (PTZ, 60 mg/kg), treatment group 1 (PTZ, 60 mg/kg + amitriptyline, 10 mg/kg), treatment group 2 (PTZ, 60 mg/kg+ amitriptyline, 20 mg/kg). All injections were intraperitoneal. At the end of the experiments, the rats were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (50 mg/kg) + xylazine (10 mg/kg) and their blood samples were directly drawn from the heart and then the sera were isolated. Oxidative stress markers such as GPx, MDA, NO and GSH were measured. The results were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test to examine the differences between the groups. Results: The results of this study showed that the delay in myoclonic jerks increased in the amitriptyline-treated groups compared to the PTZ group. Also, the delay of general tonic-clonic seizures increased in the treated groups compared to the PTZ group. In addition, serum levels of GSH and GPx in the PTZ group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group. Serum levels of MDA and NO in the PTZ group showed a significant increase compared to the control group. Conclusion: Amitriptyline is able to reduce the seizures induced by PTZ injection in rats. Also, it showed a suppressing effect on some oxidizing agents in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Scientific evidence suggests the role of environmental pollutants, especially particulate mater in oxidative stress. However, the regular aerobic training has an important role in enhancing antioxidant defense and resistance to oxidative stress. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of aerobic training on the oxidative stress condition of male Wistar rats exposed to particulate matter. Methods: In this experimental study, 32 male rats (245 ± 8.5 g) aged 10 weeks, were divided into 4 groups of 8 rats each. The rats received the infusion of the particulate matter for 6 weeks through the nose. The exercise program included 6 weeks of aerobic training with 50% of maximum exercise; at the end of 6 weeks of the program, 24 hours after the last exercise session, blood samples were taken. Descriptive one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used in different groups. If analysis were significant, differences between groups were estimated using LSD test. Significance was defined as P≤0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 16. Results: After 6 weeks of aerobic training, levels of Malondialdehyde in both groups: healthy exercise and particulate matter+exercise decreased significantly and in the infected group (P≤0.05), but did not show significant difference compared to the control group (P≥0.05). The level of Superoxide dismutase in the infected group showed a significant increase. There was no significant difference between the two Glutathione peroxidas and catalase enzymes in each group (P≥0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that aerobic training may be effective in reducing lipid peroxidation and enhancing antioxidant defense.

Objective: The production of reactive oxygen species in exercise causes oxidative stress which disturbs the balance of oxidants and antioxidants, causing destructive effects on cells. The present study aims to investigate the effect of three types of massage (Swedish, Russian, Thai) on serum levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) following one session of exhaustive exercise. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 48 female futsal players aged 17-22 years in Zahedan, Iran who were selected using a purposive sampling method, and randomly divided into four groups of Swedish massage (Long strokes with pressing and tapping using hands), Russian massage (Medium to high pressure), Thai massage (Pressure to certain parts of the body) and Control. The exercise program was based on Bruce protocol. Serum levels of MDA, GPX and SOD were measured by before and immediately after exercise and after massage. Data analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA, considering a significance level of P≤0.05. Results: In all three types of massage, there was a significant decrease in serum level of MDA (0.22±0.08), and a significant increase in GPX (1.84±0.46) and SOD (10.02±2.86) levels after exhaustive (P=0.001). No significant difference was observed in the control group. Conclusion: It seems that Russian, Thai, and Swedish types of massage can affect the serum levels of the MDA (as an oxidative stress marker) and the antioxidant enzymes of GPX and SOD during the post-exercise recovery period.

Background: Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Oxidative stress and antioxidant imbalance play a major role in the outbreak and development of diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effect of four weeks of endurance training and consumption of berberine chloride on cardiac tissue antioxidant enzymes in diabetic male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 adult male Wistar rats weighing approximately 200-250 g were randomly divided into 5 groups including healthy control group (without STZ injection, medication and exercise), diabetic control group (with STZ injection) , Diabetic Experimental Group+ Physical Exercise, Diabetic Experimental Group+ Berberine Intake (50 mg/kg), Diabetic Experimental Group+Physical Exercise+Berberine Intake. 24 hours after the last exercise session, the animals were isolated by intraperitoneal injection of ketamine anesthetic and heart tissue to measure the changes of the enzyme superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Paired t-test and ANOVA were used to analyze the data using SPSS software (version 22) and at level α=0.05. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference in the level of CAT, SOD and GPX activity in the diabetic group after the use of berburn supplementation and endurance training (P=0.001). Results showed that there was a significant difference between the amount of exercise effect in the diabetic+training+berberine group with diabetic+training group and diabetic+berbine group. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that endurance training can have a significant and effective effect on the activity of anti oxidant enzymes in the heart tissue of diabetic rats.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Oxidative stress is the connection between diabetes and neuropathies and micro vascular disorders. This study was designed to investigate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Glaucium Flavum on the tissue activity of antioxidant enzymes in the heart and brain of Alloxan induced diabetic rats. METHODS: In this experimental study, 32 male rats were randomly divided into four groups of eight including control, diabetic, diabetic rats treated by Glaucium Flavum with dose of 500mg/kg and diabetic rats treated with Glibenclamide 5μg/kg. Diabetes was induced by single injection of 120mg/kg of Alloxan. After one month, activity of SOD, CAT and GPX were measured in the heart and brain tissues and analyzed. FINDINGS: Cardiac activity of all three enzymes in the diabetic + extract group were significantly higher than diabetic control (p

Background and Aim: At present cellular phones have become very popular, raising concerns about their effect on the health of users. Some studies have shown that use of cellular phones gives rise to a decrease in salivary antioxidative potential. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of lycopene on salivary superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities and the total antioxidative capacity (TAC) of the saliva in cellular phone users. Material and Methods: The present clinical trial was conducted on 20 volunteers with no oral diseases, who used cellular phones in Zahedan Dental faculty at 2017. The subjects’ salivary samples were collected before and one month after taking lycopene and the activities of salivary superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxide and the total antioxidative capacity of the saliva were evaluated. Data were analyzed with SPSS 21. Wilcoxon signed rank was used to compare before and after measurmenrs. Results: The superoxide dismutase levels before and after taking lycopene were 108.37±16.18 and 138.16±20.8, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (P=0.001). The glutathione peroxidase levels before and after taking lycopene were 693.06±9.05 and 676.65±63.45 u/mL, respectively with a statistically significant difference (P=0.001), total antioxidant capacity before and after taking lycopene were 267.72±156.64 and 147.83±120.63 μmol/lit respectively with a statistically significant difference (P=0.001) Conclusion: It seems that, use of lycopene in cellular phone uses resulted in an improvement of salivary antioxidative system, increasing the odds of elimination of free radicals by the saliva. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Aging is associated with increased free radical production. On the other hand, sports activities with the improvement of antioxidant system can reduce the damage caused by aging. This study was performed to determine the effect of the coantinus training (MCT) and high intensity interval training (HIIT) on antioxidant enzymes in the heart of old rats. Methods: This experimental study was performed on 24 male Wistar rats aged 22-24 months. After two weeks of adaptation, animals were allocated into three groups including HIIT (8 rats: 100-80% maximum speed), MCT (8 rats: 65-70% maximum speed) and control group (8 rats the control group did not receive any intervention during the study. The training protocol was performed 5 days in week for 6 weeks. The heart tissues of rats were extracted 48 hours after the last training session. Gene Expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) was analyzed by the ELISA test. Results: SOD was significantly increase in MCT (41.26±3) and HIIT (48.8±6) groups in compare to control (22.62±2) (P

Introdution:Scientific evidence suggests the role of oxidative stress in diabetes and the development of its complications. Pre-preparation by aerobic exercise with increasing antioxidant power of neuronal cells can reduce oxidative stress and increase the resistance of the hippocampal region neurons.Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 6weeks of endurance training on the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes in the hippocampus of experimental diabetic male Wistar rats. Methods:In this experimental study, 24 male rats (245 ± 9.4 g) aged 10 weeks were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each. The diabetic rats were diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of STZ. The exercise program included 6 weeks of moderate intensity endurance training. At the end of 6 weeks,the hippocampal tissue samples were extracted, 24 hours after the last training session. Descriptive one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA)was used in different group. If analysis were significant, differences between groups were estimated using Scheffe post-hoc test. Significance was defined as P≤0.0.Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version23. Results:After 6 weeks of endurance training, the level of superoxide dismutase in both groups, healthy training and diabetic training, was significantly increased, and in the diabetic control group, there was a significant decrease (P

Background Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is an advanced neurological disorder characterized by symptoms such as deficits in social interaction, communication, and cognition. Although sumac fruit contains compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, its effectiveness is limited due to its low bioavailability. Objective This study aims to investigate the neuroprotective effect of sumac extract and sumac nanophytosome on memory and oxidative stress in the hippocampal area of ASD rats. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, pregnant female rats were first divided into healthy and patient groups. In the patient group, 500 mg/kg body weight valproic acid was injected intraperitoneally on day 12.5 of pregnancy. Male rats born in the healthy group were further divided into two healthy control and positive control groups, and those in the patient group were divided into two treatment groups of Sumac Extract (n=6) and Sumac Nano-Phytosome (n=6) 21 days after birth. The control groups received only saline, while treatment groups received SE and SNP (40 mg/kg/PO) for 4 weeks. Novel object recognition test was performed to assess recongnition memory of rats on day 49 after birth. Finally, Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Glutathione Reductase (GRx) and Catalase (CAT) were measured in the hippocampus of rats. Results Valproic acid significantly decreased the discrimination index in novel object recognition test as well as GPx, GRx and CAT, and TAC levels in the hippocampus (P<0.001). Treatment with sumac nanophytosome significantly improved the memory and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (GPx, GRx and CAT) and TAC (P<0.001). Conclusion Sumac nano-phytosome can improve memory deficits and oxidative stress more compared to sumac extract in ASD rats due to increased bioavailability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastic (MP) sorption and transfer of chemical contaminants has been widely reported, yet few studies have investigated combined effects of contaminant-loaded MPs on organisms. Microplastics can act as carriers of environmental chemical pollutants and pesticides. Absorption of these particles by living organisms, especially aquatic organisms, causes changes in the activity of enzymes in the antioxidant pathway and peroxidation of membrane lipids. The aim of this study was to investigate the microplastic effect of polyethylene terephthalate and abamectin pesticide alone and in combination on glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity and lipid peroxidation of zebrafish. In this study, zebrafish were exposed to a concentration of abamectin (0.006 𝑚𝑔 𝐿-1) and two microplastic concentrations of polyethylene terephthalate (5 and 10 𝑚𝑔 𝐿-1) and Their combination (0.006 mg L-1 ABM +5 mg L-1 PET) and (0.006 mg L-1 ABM +10 mg L-1 PET). In this study, the activity of glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde (MDA) were evaluated as indicators of lipid peroxidation. Analysis of results by one-way ANOVA method and significance of Pvalue <0.05 showed that the amount of malondialdehyde in treatment (0.006 𝑚𝑔 𝐿-1 ABM) was significantly decreased compared to the control and glutathione peroxidase activity in treatment 0.006 𝑚𝑔 𝐿-1 ABM +5 𝑚𝑔 𝐿-1PET 𝑎𝑛𝑑 treatment 0.006 𝑚𝑔 𝐿-1 ABM +10 𝑚𝑔 𝐿-1PET was significantly increased compared to the control group. Also, analysis of the results by Two-way ANOVA method showed interaction in 0.006 𝑚𝑔 𝐿-1 ABM +10 𝑚𝑔 𝐿-1PET treatment in glutathione peroxidase enzyme and this effect was not observed in other combination treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effect of selenium (from sodium selenate) on increasing efficiency at water deficit condition a research was conducted in Karaj 1 wheat cultivar in 2014-2015 cropping year with split plot based on completely randomize block design with four replications in Karaj. Irrigation treatments with two levels, normal (I1) and interruption of irrigation at mid flowering (110 days after planting) (I2), which were assigned to main plots and selenium foliar application with six concentrations: 0 (S0), 5 (3.12 micro g.) (S1), 10 (6.24 micro g.) (S2), 15 (9.36 micro g.) (S3), 20 (12.5 micro g.) (S4) and 25 (15.62 micro g,) of sodium selenate per plant (S5) g.ha-1 to sub plots. The results showed that water deficit increased the rate of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde marker. Foliar application of selenium, increased contents of antioxidant (anti oxidation) enzymes under stress condition and was maximum in 20 g. selenium per ha-1. Content of malondialdehyde was decreased and caused significant increase in grain yield. Increasing antioxidants and reduction of malondialdehyde at normal condition was lower. On the other hand, negative effect of malondialdehyde on yield components, cellular membrane stability and antioxidant enzymes at humidity stress condition was higher than normal condition. Significant increase of cytoplasmic membrane stability, grain yield, grain weight and selenium content of seed was obtained when 15 and 20 g. selenium ha-1 were used as compared with those of higher and lower rates of selenium usage under water deficit and normal irrigation. Suppression of free oxygen radicals, and enzyme induction defense mechanisms against oxidative damage has been effective. Therefore, use of exogenous compounds such as selenium may increase the antioxidant capacity of plant against stress.

Background and Objective: Parkinson's disease after Alzheimer's disease is the most common damaging disease of the nervous system. Therefore, it is important to develop new therapeutic approaches to prevent the spread of this disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of two types of continuous and interval aerobic exercises on changes of malondialdehyde, dopamine and glutathione peroxidase in the hippocampus of rats with pseudoparkinsonism. Materials and Methods: In this study, 30 male Wistar rats weighing 250 to 200 g were used. The animals developed pseudoparkinson disease using reserpine at a dose of 1mgkg for two consecutive days, and divided into 6 groups: healthy control group; pseudoparkin control, pseudoparkin+continuous exercise, pseudoparkin+ interval exercise, continuous exercise sham group, and interval exercise sham groups. Exercises were performed on the treadmill for 6 weeks in both continuous and interval methods. Hippocampal tissue was then dissected, and malondialdehyde, dopamine, and glutathione peroxidase enzymes were measured. The results were analyzed using oneway ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test. Results: The results of this study showed that 6 weeks of interval aerobic exercise showed a significant (P<0.01) decreasing effect on reduction value in the levels of malondialdehyde in pseudoparkinsonised in rats, but continuous exercise did not show a significant decrease. However, while no significant differences between both types of exercises in relation to changes in dopamine level, they showed a significant (P<0.05)increase in dopamine levels compared to the pseudoparkinsonised control group, On contrast, intermittent aerobic exercise increased in glutathione peroxidase levels, but continuous training had no a significant effect compared to control pseudoparkinsonised control group (P<0.02). Conclusion: According to the findings of the study, interval aerobic exercise can be used to reduce is more effective in than continous excecise in reducing oxidative stress by modifying the improvement of malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase and dopamine enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is caused by atherosclerosis. Studies have shown that many factors are closely linked to the development and progression of CAD, which include lipid peroxidation, inflammation, lack of relaxant factors and antioxidants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the above-mentioned risk factors in diabetic and non-smoker coronary artery disease patients, by measuring these parameters, patients with atherosclerosis can be diagnosed and treated in people. Methods: In this study, 50 patients with CAD and 50 normal patients with matched age and sex and without CAD as a control were studied. Lipid Profile level were measured by standard methods. The activity of the SOD, GPX, and TAC enzymes in the samples was evaluated using a RandomX kit. Hs-CRP levels were determined by Immunoturbidometric method using Pars test kits. The concentration of MDA in serum samples was evaluated by spectrophotometric method and based on the reaction of thiobarbituric acid. Nitric oxide levels were measured in samples by Gress method. Results: Serum MDA and hs-CRP levels were significantly increased in CAD patients compared to control group. In either case, the enzymatic activities of SOD and GPX erythrocyte and TAC levels were significantly reduced in patients. In the CAD group, total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-C levels were significantly higher and HDL-C levels were significantly lower than the control group. We found low concentrations of NO in the patient group compared with the healthy group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The risk factors such as inflammatory factors and oxidative stress in coronary artery disease diabetic and non-smoker cases can also contribute to the development and progression of atherosclerosis, and it seems that low levels of NO and antioxidant markers can be seen in these patients as Other risk factors for the progression of coronary artery disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Oxidative stress caused by increased glucose causes an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants. Trivalent chromium can boost insulin action, and selenium acts as an antioxidant. This study aimed to investigate the effect of oxidative stress induced by diabetes and the antioxidant role of chromium and selenium in the care of diabetic oxidative stress. Methods: 30 types 2 diabetic patients and 25 healthy individuals participated in this study. Fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and lipid profile was measured in all subjects with a biochemical autoanalyzer. Oxidative stress, glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) indices were performed with special kits. Also, chromium and selenium were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. The results were analyzed using SPSS statistical software (version 19). The correlation between the obtained factors was evaluated using the Pearson test (version 6). (P<0.05) was considered significant. Results: (GSH) and (GPx) were respectively (4.04 ± 0.68 µM and 27.78 ± 4.35 U/ml) that were lower in the diabetic group compared to non-diabetic group (8.26 ± 0.65 and 41.28 ± 0.74). The amount of chromium and selenium in diabetic patients (7.8 ± 0.19 µg/L and 65.24 ± 4.05 µg/L), which is compared to healthy individuals decreased (10.7 ± 0.20 µg/L and 90.60 ± 1.72 µg/L). The P-value in all of them was less than 0.001. Conclusion: It can be concluded that chromium and selenium deficiency, which are antioxidants, affect oxidative stress indices. Therefore, appropriate therapies to strengthen antioxidant defenses can play an important role in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder caused by a defect in the secretion or function of insulin. Arginine is an amino acid that is lower in these patients. Octopine is an arginine derivative. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effect of opine on glucose and stress oxidative indices in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: In this study, 16 male mice were divided into two groups including diabetic and non-diabetic controls and 16 male mice in two experimental groups. The first experimental group received opine treatment at 50 mg and second experimental group received opine treatment at 100 mg of opine for 3 weeks. Diabetes was induced in diabetic rats through intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg of Streptozotocin. Blood samples were enrolled from mice in fasting status and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured by thiobarbituric acid method, glucose levels using Pars-Azmoon Company Kit, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity using Randox (England) kits. Results: The opine consumption had no significant effect on serum glucose and MDA, while 50 mg opine treatment significantly increased the activity of SOD and GPX enzymes in comparison with diabetic rats. Conclusion: The consumption of octopine had no improving effect on blood glucose levels but it improved antioxidant status in diabetic rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present experiment was designed to evaluate the efficiency of the slow-release bolus containing different selenium levels on performance and some blood and milk parameters of Lori Bakhtiari ewes. For this purpose, 45 ewes were divided into three groups (15 in each). Treatments were: 1) control ewes; 2) ewes receiving 0.2 milligrams of selenium per day; and 3) ewes receiving 0.4 mg selenium per day. On the first day of the experiment, all ewes received CIDR and the boluses were fed to the different groups on the same day. During the feeding period the ewes were grazed on the pasture. Blood samples collected from all ewes at 76 days post-mating (mid-gestation) and 30 days postpartum before going to rangeland. The results showed that birth weight, weight at two months of age, average daily gain, milk production, fat content, protein content, non-fat solids content in milk and milk selenium concentration were higher in the groups receiving selenium than the control (P<0.05). Milk production of ewes receiving 0.4 mg selenium per day was higher than those of receiving 0.2 mg selenium per day (P <0.05). Serum selenium and triiodothyronine concentration and blood glutathione peroxidase activity in ewes receiving different levels of selenium were higher than those of control (P<0.05). Overall, both levels of selenium improved the performance of the lambs and some of the blood and milk parameters of the ewes, but the use of 0.40 mg Se/day due to higher milk production is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One the ways to deal with the adverse effects of oxidative stress caused by exercise activities is to use oral antioxidant supplements or to apply natural remedies. Sesamin is the most prominent lignan compound found in sesame seeds, one of the two highest sources of lignans in the human diet (the other being flax). Sesamin is catered to be a nutritional supplement that confers antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects or possibly being an estrogen receptor modulator and fat burner. For this purpose, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of 10 weeks supplementation of sesamin and aerobic exercise on plasma levels of total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase in athletic men. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, in Azarbayjan Shahid Madani University of Tabriz City from January to March of 2016 ,40 male subjects aged between 25 and 20 were randomly selected from placebo (10 subjects) and aerobic exercise (10 students), aerobic training+sesamin (10 people) and sesamin (10 people). The aerobic exercise protocol is (ten weeks / three days / 30-35 minutes). Blood samples were collected from subjects in six stages to evaluate the considered variables. Measurement of levels of antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase measurements were conducted by the Antioxidant capacity and GPX assay kit (ZellBio, German). For data analysis, repeated measures of variance analysis at a significant level of 5 hundredths were used by employing SPSS software, version 20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: Subjects who took sesamin supplementation and performed aerobic exercise showed a significant difference in the levels of total antioxidant and glutathione peroxidase capacity in the groups (P

Introduction: Aging is a process that causes structural and functional changes in the heart. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training on the TGF-β / smads signaling pathway, which induces cardiac fibrosis in elderly rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 18 Wistar rats with age (24 months) and mean weight (511.15 g) were randomly divided into control (n=9) and exercise (n=9) groups. After adjusting to the environment and familiarizing with the practice, the task force performed their program on a treadmill with a steady zero degree slope at a constant speed of 12 m / min for eight weeks and 2 days a week. The training period ranged from 5 minutes in the first week to 52 minutes in the eighth week. The control group did not perform any exercise during this time. Research variables were measured by ELISA method using German ZellBio kit. Inferential t-test was used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed eight weeks of aerobic training on superoxide dismutase (P=0.001), catalase (P=0.006), glutathione peroxidase (P=0.012), transforming growth factor beta (P=0.001) and tissue collagen percentage had a significant effect on the heart tissue of elderly rats. Conclusion: The results showed that aerobic exercise was effective in improving cardiac oxidative stress indices by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes in cardiac tissue because, despite increasing TGF-β levels, it prevented the initiation of cardiac fibrosis signaling pathway, which Decreased collagen expression in the heart of aged rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effect of humic acid on activity of antioxidant enzymes in castor bean a split plot experiment based on completely randomize block design with four replications was carried out at Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch in 2014. Treatments were irrigation with three levels [irrigation at 80% of field capacity (S1) (normal), irrigation at 65% of field capacity (S2) (mid stress) and irrigation at 50% of field capacity (S3) (high stress)] assigned to main plots and humic acid with four levels (without foliar application, one time, twice and three times foliar application) to sub plots. In this study traits like seed yield, 100 seed weight and antioxidant enzymes were estimated. The results showed that the effect of humic acid was significant at 1% level on 100 seed weight and activity of antioxidant enzymes. Mean comparisons indicate that foliar application of humic acid could compensate relative effect of water deficit. It was also revealed that the rate of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase were increased with three times of humic acid foliar applications by 38.8, 34.75 and 37.88 percent under mid stress drought and 26.63, 41.15 and 43.14 percents under high stress drought as compared to control, respectively. Overall, it can be said that use of humic acid have different physiological effects. Humic acid not only increases seed yield of castor bean it also have a positive role in reducing water deficit effects and increasing activity of antioxidant enzymes.

Abstract Background: Operating room personnel are subject to occupational hazards which could lead to an increase in free radicals and develop various diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of consuming green tea on the improvement of the blood oxidative biomarkers in operating room personnel who are exposed to anesthetic gases. Materials and Methods: This study was a before-after clinical trial which was conducted on 24 operating room personnel. They were invited to consume 4 cups of a green tea beverage, prepared from 3 g of green tea leaves in 300 mL of boiled water (at 80˚ C), daily for 8 weeks. Then, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), DNA damage, Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) in the plasma were measured in order to evaluate the level of oxidative stress biomarkers before and after consuming green tea. Results: Green tea consumption by operating room personnel brought about a significant increase in glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase and a considerable decrease in myeloperoxidase and DNA damage. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, green tea consumption as an antioxidant supplement by operating room personnel, who are regularly exposed to anesthetic gases, can minimize oxidative stress and DNA damage considerably. Thus, it is advisable for operating room personnel to consume green tea as a natural antioxidant supplement.

Background & Objective: The use of anabolic steroids causes damage to various tissues, including the kidneys. Aim of present study was to investigate the effect of resistance training with consumption of crocin on catalase and glutathione peroxidase in kidney tissues of nandrolone poisoned rats. Materials & Methods: Thirty rats selected and assigned to 6 groups 1) nandrolone, 2) nandrolone + training, 3) nandrolone + 12.5 mg/kg crocin, 4) nandrolone + 25 mg/kg crocin, 5) nandrolone + training + 12.5 mg/kg crocin, and 6) nandrolone + training + 25 mg/kg crocin. Groups 2, 5 and 6 performed resistance trainings for eight weeks and three sessions per week and groups of 3 to 6 received daily doses of crocin. To analyze the findings of the study, one-way ANOVA and Bonferron's post hoc tests were used (p≤0.05). Results: 12.5 mg/kg crocin, 25 mg/kg crocin, training + 12.5 mg/kg crocin and training + 25 mg/kg crocin have significant effect on reduction of catalase (p=0.001), training, training + 25 mg/kg crocin have significant effect on increase of glutathione peroxidase (p=0.001) also training + 25 mg/kg crocin rather than training + 12.5 mg/kg crocin has more effect on increase of glutathione peroxidase (p=0.001). Conclusion: Although resistances trainings with consumption of 25 mg/kg crocin have an interactive effect on increase of glutathione peroxidase; however, resistance training, crocin consumption and the simultaneous use of crocin and resistance training reduce catalase in the kidney tissue of nondronean poisoned rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Aging is associated with increased free radical production. On the other hand, sports activities with the improvement of antioxidant system can reduce the damage caused by aging. This study was performed to determine the effect of the coantinus training (MCT) and high intensity interval training (HIIT) on antioxidant enzymes in the heart of old rats. Methods: This experimental study was performed on 24 male Wistar rats aged 22-24 months. After two weeks of adaptation, animals were allocated into three groups including HIIT (8 rats: 100-80% maximum speed), MCT (8 rats: 65-70% maximum speed) and control group (8 rats the control group did not receive any intervention during the study. The training protocol was performed 5 days in week for 6 weeks. The heart tissues of rats were extracted 48 hours after the last training session. Gene Expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) was analyzed by the ELISA test. Results: SOD was significantly increase in MCT (41.26±3) and HIIT (48.8±6) groups in compare to control (22.62±2) (P<0.05). GPX was significantly increased in MCT (1.96±0.07) and HIIT (2.28±0.03) groups in comparision with controls (1.37±0.04) (P<0.05) and this increase was higher in the HIIT group than in continuous training group. Conclusion: Continues training and high intensity interval training increase the amount of antioxidant enzymes in heart tissue of aging rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Antioxidants can reduce the occurrence of long-term damages, caused by free radicals. Considering the importance of enhanced oxidative stress in the occurrence of nanoparticle-induced damages and effects of plant extracts on reducing oxidative stress, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of copper oxide nanoparticles and hydroalcoholic extracts of Berberis vulgaris, Descurainia sophia, and silymarin on catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde concentrations in male diabetic rats. METHODS: In this experimental study, 50 Wistar rats (250-350 g) were divided in ten groups (five rats per group): healthy controls, healthy rats receiving nanoparticles, healthy rats receiving Berberis vulgaris, Descurainia sophia, and silymarin extracts (independently), diabetic controls, diabetic rats receiving copper nanoparticles, and diabetic rats receiving the extracts independently. In diabetic groups, diabetes was induced in half of the rats, using alloxan at a dose of 120 mg/kg. In addition to copper oxide nanoparticles, the control and diabetic groups independently received 0.5 cc of Berberis vulgaris, Descurainia sophia, and Silybum marianum extracts via intraperitoneal injection for 30 days. Then, the animals were anesthetized with ketamine and the liver tissues were removed. The concentrations of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde were measured and compared. FINDINGS: In diabetic groups treated with copper nanoparticles, a significant increase was reported in the concentration of malondialdehyde (from 4.7±0.447 to 5.05±0.405). Moreover, a significant decline was observed in the activity of catalase enzymes (from 36.8±1.48 to 36.2±1.4832) and glutathione peroxidase (from 75.4±3.9115 to 72.4±4.3362). Based on the findings, Silybum marianum was more effective than Berberis vulgaris and Descurainia sophia in diminishing the effects of cooper nanoparticles. CONCLUSION: The present results showed that the studied herbal extracts could be used for moderating the effects of oxidative stress, induced by copper oxide nanoparticles

Background: Intensive physical activity results in release of free radicals and oxidative damages in biomacromolecules. Consumption of sulfuric supplements may affect on the levels of oxidative stress following intensive exercises. Therefore, the effect of 6 weeks combined supplementation of methylsulfonylmethane and glucosamine on the glutathione peroxidase and catalase following a plyometric exercise session in amutor male athletes was studied in the present study. Methods: The study was a double-blinded quasi-experimental reseach with a pre- and post-test design in which 22 amateur male were randomly assigned into two groups of supplement (n=11) and placebo (n=11), and participated in two bouts of plyometric exercise before and after the supplementation period. The supplementation period included daily consumption of 3 miligrams/bw combined methylsulfonylmethane and glucosamine for 6 weeks. The serum levels of Glutathione Peroxidase and Catalase enzymes were determined before and after the two plyometric exercise sessions, and the collected data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) at P<0.05 significant level. Results: After controlling the effects of the initial levels, the levels of glutathione peroxidase and catalase enzymes after exercise for the supplement group were higher than the placebo group (respectively, F2,19= 71.73, P=0.001 and F2,19= 191.76, P=0.001). Conclusion: Combined supplementation of methylsulfonylmethane and glucosamine may increase anti-oxidant capacity in athletes through increased levels of glutathione peroxidase and catalase enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One the ways to deal with the adverse effects of oxidative stress caused by exercise activities is to use oral antioxidant supplements or to apply natural remedies. Sesamin is the most prominent lignan compound found in sesame seeds, one of the two highest sources of lignans in the human diet (the other being flax). Sesamin is catered to be a nutritional supplement that confers antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects or possibly being an estrogen receptor modulator and fat burner. For this purpose, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of 10 weeks supplementation of sesamin and aerobic exercise on plasma levels of total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase in athletic men. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, in Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University of Tabriz City from January to March of 2016 ,40 male subjects aged between 25 and 20 were randomly selected from placebo (10 subjects) and aerobic exercise (10 students), aerobic training+sesamin (10 people) and sesamin (10 people). The aerobic exercise protocol is (ten weeks / three days / 30-35 minutes). Blood samples were collected from subjects in six stages to evaluate the considered variables. Measurement of levels of antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase measurements were conducted by the Antioxidant capacity and GPX assay kit (ZellBio, German). For data analysis, repeated measures of variance analysis at a significant level of 5 hundredths were used by employing SPSS software, version 20 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: Subjects who took sesamin supplementation and performed aerobic exercise showed a significant difference in the levels of total antioxidant and glutathione peroxidase capacity in the groups (P<0.05). Also, the changes in total antioxidant and peroxide levels after interference (steps 4, 5, 6) and before interference (steps 1, 2, 3) had meaningful differences in obtained results (P=0.001). Also, the interactive effects of group and time on total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase were also significant (P=0.001). Conclusion: Aerobic exercise and supplementation of sesamin is an effective method to improve the health of mens athlete's immune system. In addition, combining supplementation with aerobic exercise can increase some of the beneficial effects of exercise during a 10-week period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Operating room personnel are subject to occupational hazards which could lead to an increase in free radicals and develop various diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of consuming green tea on the improvement of the blood oxidative biomarkers in operating room personnel who are exposed to anesthetic gases. Materials and Methods: This study was a before-after clinical trial which was conducted on 24 operating room personnel. They were invited to consume 4 cups of a green tea beverage, prepared from 3 g of green tea leaves in 300 mL of boiled water (at 80˚ C), daily for 8 weeks. Then, Myeloperoxidase (MPO), DNA damage, Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) in the plasma were measured in order to evaluate the level of oxidative stress biomarkers before and after consuming green tea. Results: Green tea consumption by operating room personnel brought about a significant increase in glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase and a considerable decrease in myeloperoxidase and DNA damage. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, green tea consumption as an antioxidant supplement by operating room personnel, who are regularly exposed to anesthetic gases, can minimize oxidative stress and DNA damage considerably. Thus, it is advisable for operating room personnel to consume green tea as a natural antioxidant supplement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The beneficial effects of regular exercise in preventing and treating many chronic diseases are known. Considering that the beneficial effects are lost with exhaustion, the purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidative effects of cinnamon bark extract (CBE) supplementation in attenuating markers of oxidative stress induced by an exhaustive exercise in male rats.METHODS: Eighteen male rats (200-300gr) were randomly assigned to: (control group) without treatment (exhaustive exercise group) the rats run on a treadmill to exhaustion in the last session and (supplemented group) the rats supplemented with 200 mg/kg/day of CBE for 10 weeks and run on a treadmill to exhaustion in the last session. After exhaustion of rats, blood samples were collected, then total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was measured by FRAP (Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma) method, plasma thiol concentration and level of malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in the serum samples by a colorimetric method (Hu) and by TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances) method respectively. GPX activity was determined using washed red cell based on Paglia and Valentine method by GPX kit.FINDINGS: Compared to control group (62.01±12.7) activity of GPX in exhaustive group (91.95±18.58) was increased (p

Background and Objective: Flavonoids play an important role in nonenzymatic reaction against oxidative stress. These are polyphenolic compounds in tea structure that could be reacted with free radicals and neutralized them. In this study, we investigated the anti-oxidant impact of Camellia Sinesis on the liver of thioacetamide -injected male albino mice. Material and Methods: In this study, 40 male mice were categorized in five groups of eight. The first group was control. The second and the third group received 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg of thioacetamide, respectively. The fourth group received 100mg/kg thioacetamide followed by black tea (5 gr/100) and the fifth one received 150mg/kg thioacetamide followed by black tea (5 gr/100). Tioacetamide was given via intraperitoneal. After that, for 30 days, they were only fed on black tea (5 gr/100). At the end, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were measured. Results: Based on the results, catalase(CAT) and glutathione peroxidase(GPx) activity were significantly increased in the groups of Thioacetamide and black tea compared to those of only Thioacetamide groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: The increase of these enzymes in tea groups shows the antioxidant effect of black tea that can be caused by Catechin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: In pathogenesis of beta major thalassemia, tissue damage is occurring due to oxidative stress. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of vitamin E supplementation on serum Paraoxonase, SOD, GPX enzyme activity and lipid profiles in beta major thalassemia patients. Materials and Methods: In this clinical tiral study, Sixty (25 males, 35 females) beta major thalassemia patients with age⩾18 years who had criterias to enter the study, were selected randomely in two groups. The patients in interventional group, vitamin E at a dose of 400 mg/day were given for three months, with no supplementations in control group. The enzyme activities of paraoxonase, SOD, GPX and lipid profiles (LDL-c, HDL-c, triglyceride, total Antixidant Capacity) were measured prior and after 3 months in both case and control groups. Data analyzed by using paired t-test. Results: Significant increases in serum levels of vitamin E, Paraoxonase activity, HDL cholesterol (P<0.001), BMI (P⩽0.001) and a significant reduction in GPX activity (P<0.05) were observed in cases compared to controls. Conclusion: The vitamin E supplementation may be useful in reducing oxidative stress and lipid profiles in beta major thalassemic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]